2019年高考英语一轮复习新人教版讲义2019年高考英语一轮复习新人教版讲义：必修1

第一部分 基础知识
必修一　Unit 1 Friendship
1. 与同伴讨论友谊和朋友的重要性，了解同学们的交友观；
2. 重点掌握与促进友谊、提升人际关系相关的词汇、短语和句式。
What's friendship for a teenager? A partner who adds to your happiness? Upset to answer? You have got to calm yourself down. Set down a series of tips in order to find a true friend. He won't ignore or get tired of you on purpose when you suffer from pains. Even if he doesn't exactly disagree with you or even quarrels with you face to face, he won't dislike you. He will walk the dog with you on the highway at dusk and wash your overcoat and dusty curtains and pack them into the suitcase. You can get along well with him or her because you are grateful to him in that he joins in your daily life, which makes you recover from your pain. You may not fall in love with him but your heart will entirely settle down sooner or later.
1. add to one's happiness 给某人增添快乐
2. in order to do sth. 为了
3. be grateful to sb. for sth. 因为某事对某人感激
4. join in 加入
1. 为了找到真正的朋友，你可以写一些小贴士。
Set down a series of tips in order to find a true friend.
2. 即使他不完全同意你的看法，或者会和你面对面吵架，他也不会不喜欢你。
Even if he doesn't exactly disagree with you or even quarrels with you face to face, he won't dislike you.
3. 你可以跟他或她相处得很好，因为他和你的生活息息相关而让你心怀感恩之心。
You can get along well with him or her because you are grateful to him in that he joins in your daily life.
★upset adj. 心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的 vt.(upset, upset)使不安；使心烦
★ignore vt.不理睬；忽视
★calm vt. & vi. (使)平静；(使)镇定
adj. 平静的；镇静的；沉着的
★concern vt.(使)担忧；涉及；关系到
n. 担心；关注；(利害)关系
★power n. 能力；力量；权力
★face to face 面对面地
★partner n. 伙伴；合作者；合伙人
★suffer vt. & vi. 遭受；忍受；经历
★get/be tired of 对……厌烦
★get along with 与……相处；进展
★pack vi. & vt.捆扎；包装；打行李
★fall in love 相爱；爱上
★disagree vi. 不同意
★grateful adj. 感激的；表示谢意的
★dislike n. & vt.不喜欢；厌恶
★join in 参加；加入
★entirely adv. 完全地；全然地；整个地
★dusty adj. 积满灰尘的
★settle vi. 安家；定居；停留
vt.使定居；安排；解决
★recover vi. & vt.痊愈；恢复；重新获得
★exactly adv. 确实如此；正是；确切地
一、重点单词需牢记
1. upset vt. & vi. (upset, upset, upsetting)使不安；使心烦 adj. 心烦意乱的；不适的；不舒服的
upset oneself about sth.为某事烦恼
be upset over/about/at sth. 为……感到不安
be upset by... 被……打乱
be upset that 为……感到不安
Don't upset yourself—no harm has been done.
不要难过——并没有造成任何伤害。
Our arrangements for the weekend were upset by her visit.
她的到来把我们周末的安排给打乱了。
He was quite upset over/about her illness.
他为她的病而忧心忡忡。
2. ignore vt.不理睬，忽视
I said hello to her, but she ignored me completely.
我向她打招呼，可是她根本不理我。
ignorance n. 无知；愚昧；不知道
ignorant adj. (对某事物)不了解的；无知的；无学识的
be in ignorance of/about sth. 不知道某事
be ignorant of/about sth.不知道；没有意识到
3. calm vt. & vi.(使)平静，(使)镇定 adj. 平静的，镇静的
calm down 平静下来
calm sb. down 使某人平静下来
Have a brandy—it'll help to calm you (down).
来点儿白兰地——它能使你平静下来。
calmly adv. 平静地；宁静地；沉着地
calm
指气候、海洋“风平浪静的”，指人“从容镇静”
quiet
指因无骚扰产生的“安静、无动静、无声响”
silent
指“寂静无音的、沉默无言的”或“一片静寂”
still
指“静止的、一动不动的、寂静的”，侧重于静止不动和完全无声，带有感彩。
4. concern vt. & n．使担心，使不安；关于，关系到
be concerned about/for 对……担心
be concerned with涉及；论述
as/so far as sb. be concerned 就某人而言
concern oneself with/in/about sth. 关心某事，忙于某事
have no concern with...与……无关
We are rather concerned about father's health.
我们相当担心父亲的健康。
The book is primarily concerned with Soviet－American relations during the Cold War.
这部书主要讲的是冷战时期的苏美关系。
5. settle vi. 安家；定居；停留 vt.使定居，安家；解决
settle down 镇定下来；居住下来
settle in 在……定居
settle into习惯于；适应于
settle down to sth. 专心致志于
Uncle George didn't settle down until he was nearly fifty.
乔治叔叔一直到快五十岁时才安顿下来。
The family has settled in Canada.
这家人已定居加拿大。
How are the kids settling into their new school?
孩子们在新学校习惯吗？
settlement n. 定居；定居点
settler n. 移居者；殖民者
6. suffer vt. & vi. 遭受，蒙受， 经历；受苦，患病；(常用于否定句)忍受
suffer from 遭受，蒙受
She's suffering from loss of memory.
她患有遗忘症。
Our city suffered serious damage from the hurricane.
我市因飓风遭到严重破坏。
During the war they suffered many hardships.
他们在战争期间吃了许多苦头。
This would cause great hardship and suffering.
这将造成极大的艰难困苦。
She bore her sufferings bravely.
她勇敢地忍受着苦难。
suffering n．(身体，精神上的)痛苦，苦恼；令人痛苦的事
二、重点短语需精通
1. add up (to)合计
The figures add up to 137.
这些数目加起来总和是137。
add to增添；增加；增进
add...to... 把……增添到……
If you add 4 to 3 you get 7.
四加三得七。
I would like to add that we are pleased with the test result.
我还要补充一下，我们对测试结果很满意。
I don't want to add to your troubles.
我不想给你添麻烦。
2. get sth. done 让别人做某事/使得某事被做
After work，she got changed and went dancing with her family.
下班后，她换好衣服同家人一起去跳舞。
He talks loudly and fast，and waves his hands about a lot when he gets excited.
他讲话声音洪亮，语速很快，当他激动时经常四处挥舞他的双手。
get sb./sth. doing使某人/某事物……起来
get sb. to do sth.使/让某人做某事
get done (状态的改变)get作系动词，相当于be
Don't get Tony waiting for you outside all the time.
不要让托尼一直在外面等着。
Our teacher got us to finish our homework.
老师让我们完成我们的作业。
get hurt 受伤　　　　get killed 遇难
get broken 破了 get lost 丢掉，迷路
get tired 累了 get dressed 穿衣
3. go through经历；经受；(仔细)检查；通过；浏览；用完，做完
The country has gone through too many wars.
这个国家经历了太多的战争。
They went through our luggage at the customs.
海关人员仔细检查了我们的行李。
The rope is too thick to go through the hole.
绳子太粗，穿不过这个孔。
We spent several days going through all related reference materials.
我们花了几天时间查了所有的相关资料。
I can't go through with this performance, I'm so nervous.
我无法完成这场表演，我好紧张。
4. in order to为了……
He has to get up early in order to catch the first bus.
为了赶上头班车他不得不早起。
in order to意为“目的是，为了(引导目的状语)”，可位于句首或句中；so as to意为“为了，以便”，也可引导目的状语，不能放在句首，只能位于句中。它们的否定式均为在to前加not。
She arrived early in order to/so as to get a good seat.
她早早到场，以便找个好位置。
In order to get a complete picture, further information is needed.
为掌握全面情况，还需要详细资料。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby up.
悄悄进去，别把宝宝吵醒。
三、重点句式能熟用
1. While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.当你在遛狗的时候，你不小心松开了它，结果它被车撞了。
当从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，若从句的谓语动词是系动词be或包含be的某种形式，此时从句的主语和be动词通常可以一同省略。
While (she was)walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.
她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。
If (it is) heated, water can be turned into vapour.
如果受热，水会变成蒸气。
当从句的主语是it, 且谓语动词是be或包含be的某种形式时，it和be常可同时省略。
If (it /is)possible / necessary, this old temple will be rebuilt.
如果可能/必要的话，将重修这座古庙。
There are only a few books in our school library, if (there are)any.
我们学校图书馆有书，但不多。
2. I wonder if it's because I haven't been able to be outdoors for so long that I've grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. 我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故。我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。
句中it's...that...是强调结构。强调句的结构为“It is/was＋被强调成分＋that/who＋其他成分”。强调句型可以用来强调除谓语以外的各种成分。
It was on Monday night that all this happened.
(强调时间状语)这一切都发生在周一晚上。
It was Mary that/who I met in the street.
(强调宾语)我在街上遇见的是玛丽。
It was I that/who met Mary in the street.
(强调主语)是我在街上遇见了玛丽。
It was in the street that I met Mary.
(强调地点状语)我是在街上遇见的玛丽。
【注意】(1)判断方法：将It is/was...that/who...去掉，看剩下部分是否仍然完整。若完整，则是强调句型；若不完整，则为某种从句。
(2)强调主语时，that或who后面的谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。
3. ... it was the first time in a year and a half that I'd seen the night face to face...这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚……
It/That/This was (would be)the first (second, third...)time＋that从句(过去完成时)。
It/ This/ That is (will be)the first/second time＋that从句 (现在完成时)。
It was the second time that she had visited London.
这是她第二次游览伦敦。
It is the first time that I have seen such a big watermelon.
这是我第一次见这么大的西瓜。
【注意】如果time前有last修饰，一般不用完成时态。
(1)该句型的反意疑问部分为isn't it或wasn't it。
(2)It is(high)＋time＋从句[用一般过去时或should(should 不能省略)＋动词原形]。
(3)the first time意为“第一次”，用作连词引导时间状语从句。
(4)for the first time意为“第一次”，用作介词短语，单独作状语，不接从句。
四、话题写作多积累
训练一：写建议信
建议信是向收信人对某事提出写信人的建议和忠告。建议信有可能是写给个人，就其遇到的某个问题提出自己的看法和观点；也可能是写给某个组织和机构，就改进其服务提出建议或忠告。建议信要写出写信的原因，建议的内容，提出建议的理由，提出的理由要入情入理，语气一定要礼貌当先。因此建议信要写得简明扼要、目的明确、具有合理性和说服力。
第一段：交代所建议针对的背景事件，说明写该信的目的。应该首先肯定对方的优点，然后再写需要改进的地方或针对具体情况提出具体建议或忠告。千万注意不要让别人以为你是在投诉，而不是提建议。
第二段：具体阐述自己的建议并说明理由。理由可以一次列出，尽量不少于两条，以使得所给出的理由更充分，更有说服力。针对该事所存在的可能发生的不良后果提出建议，引出对建议的具体阐述。
第三段：虽然自己给出的建议对方未必接受，但是写信者也要衷心地表达良好的祝愿和期望。
注意：在写建议信的整个过程中都要注意有礼貌，这样收信人读了你的建议信之后才有可能意识到你的出发点是为他着想的，从而更有可能接受你的建议。
(1)表达“建议”的常用句型：
I would like to suggest that...
As far as I am concerned.../In my opinion...
If I were you, I would...
It seems to me that you could...
(2)建议信结尾常用语：
I think it would be more beneficial if you could...
I believe you will take my advice into consideration.
I hope you will find these suggestions useful.
I will be more than happy to see improvements in this regard.
I will be ready for further discussing this matter into details.
Dear ________，
I am______. Your collection of suggestion on______is ______. As is known，________. My suggestions are________：
First，________. (People can________．)
Second, (to make economic profits，)________．
Third，________. (As many of them________．)
【例1】(1)用upset的适当形式填空
①The food__upset__my stomach.
②She felt rather__upset__on hearing the news.
③Is it an__upsetting__message?
④Don't be__upset__. It will be OK.
(2)使用恰当的介词填空
She was completely upset about/over her carelessness because she lost the necklace borrowed from her friend.
upset的过去式和过去分词相同，均为upset，且其本身是一个兼类词，作形容词的时候也是upset。
【例2】用ignore的适当形式填空
(1)He__ignored__the speed limit and drove very fast.
(2)I am embarrassed by my complete__ignorance__of history.
(3)People don't like to ask questions for fear of appearing __ignorant__.
【例3】翻译句子
①天空碧蓝，海上风平浪静。
The__sky__is__blue,__and__the__sea__is__calm.
②他在乡间过着安静的生活。
He__had__a__quiet__life__in__the__countryside.
③房子里空无一人，寂静无声。
The__house__is__empty__and__silent.
④万籁俱寂。
All__sounds__are__still.__
calm是一个典型的兼类词，应该根据语法常识判断其在句中的词性。这几个形容词虽然各有“静”意，但是也各有侧重，使用之前必须了解它们各自在什么语境下使用。
【例4】(1)用concern的适当形式填空
①There is an article that__concerns__the rise of the prices.
②The children are rather__concerned__about their mother's health.
③Officials should__concern__themselves with public affairs.
(2)单句改错
The meeting was concerned about reforms and all present were concerned for their own interests.
about__改为with
concern既可作动词，也可作名词。用作动词时，经常用其系表结构。而concerning 是一个介词，意为“关于”；concerned 是一个形容词，意为“有关的；担心的”。She showed a great deal of concern for her son's illness.
她非常担心她儿子的病情。
I have no concern with the company.
我和该公司没有任何关联。
【例5】根据汉语意思完成句子
(1)He__settled__his child__in__(安顿在)a corner of the compartment.
(2)The new law is partly intended __to__settle__the__problem__ (解决……问题)of foreign lorry drivers ignoring limits to weight and hours at the wheel.
(3)I sorted out my mail, and then __settled__down__to__some__serious__work__ (开始做一些严肃的工作).
settler是指早期到达一个地方定居拓荒的人，早期乘五月花号船为躲避政治迫害而到达美洲大陆的那一批英国人属于settler之列。而immigrant是指一个国家成立后，从外国到这个国家定居的移民，20世纪初大量涌入美国的意大利人就属于immigrant之列。
【例6】根据汉语意思完成句子
(1)Those__who__suffer__from__headaches__ (那些头痛的人)will find they get relief from this medicine.
(2)He__suffered__much__difficulty__ (受过许多苦难)before he became a football star.
(3)The Republican Party once __suffered__a__huge__defeat__ (遭到惨败)in the polls.
suffer 作及物动词时，后面常跟pain/ loss/ punishment/ hardship/ injustice(不公正)/ defeat/ insult(侮辱)；作不及物动词时，常与from连用，意为“受……折磨”，“患……病”，其后的名词多表示非常具体的不幸或痛苦，如： cold/ headaches/ heart trouble/ overwork/ floods/ droughts。
【例1】用add有关短语的适当形式填空
(1)He wrote down the weight of each stone and then__added__up__all the weights.
(2)That is the very coin I need to__add__to__my collection.
(3)He__added__some wood__to__increase the fire.
add up与add up to的用法区别在于，add up的主语通常为人，而add up to的主语多为事或物，且不用于被动语态。
【例2】(1)根据汉语意思完成句子
①讲解后，老师让我们思考问题。
Shortly after the explanation, the teacher got us __thinking.
②我们将很快为你订制一套新衣服。
We will get a new suit__made__for you.
③她试图使他说话。
She tried to get him__to__talk．
(2)用所给词的适当形式填空
Alexander tried to get his work__recognized(recognize)in the medical circles.
get sth. done是“让别人做某事”，即“使得某事被做”， get为使役动词，表示“使；促使”，done是过去分词作宾语补足语，与sth.有逻辑上的动宾关系，这与have sth. done句型的用法一样。
【例3】根据句意，在横线上写出go through 的含义
(1)The stream goes through the field behind our house.流过
(2)He went through the forest for the missing girl.穿过
(3)We have all gone through the required entrance exams. 通过
(4)She went through his jackets and eventually found the keys.仔细检查
【例4】一句多“译”
他努力学习，以赶上他的同学。
(1)He works hard so__that/in__order__that__he could keep up with his classmates.
(2)He works hard in__order__to/__so__as__to keep up with his classmates.
(3)In__order__to__keep up with his classmates, he works hard.
so that, in order that 引导目的状语从句时，从句中需加情态动词may, might, could, can等。在使用in order to/ so as to时，不定式动作的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。
【例1】用所给单词的适当形式填空
(1)Film has a much shorter history, especially when compared__(compare)to such art forms as music and painting.
(2)The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, unless accompanied (accompany)by an adult.
(3)When crossing__(cross)the street, you should be careful.
当所给的词为动词时，判断动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系有助于迅速确定答案，即主动使用现在分词，被动使用过去分词。
状语从句同时具备下列两个条件： ①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；②从句谓语动词是be的某种形式。
【例2】使用强调结构完成句子
(1)It__was__playing__computer__games__that (就是玩电脑游戏)cost the boy a lot of time he should have spent on his lessons.
(2)It__was__I__who/that (就是我)was to blame.
(3)It__was__in__the__museum__that (就是在博物馆)I first met him.
(4)It__was__at__three__o'clock__that__ (就是在三点钟)I got home.
被强调的部分是人时，连词可用that或who；其他一律用that。
在句型“It is/ was not until＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分”中，只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till，until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not...已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，且使用正常语序。
【例3】根据汉语意思完成句子
(1)这是我最后一次问你要钱。
This was the__last__time that I had asked you for the money.
(2)是发表这篇文章的时候了。
It's high__time__that the article were/should be published.
(3)对初次到伦敦的学生们来说，下面哪一个提供了最可靠的信息呢？
For students going/who go to London for__the__first__time,__which of the following provides the most reliable information?
(4)第一次给旅行团讲解时，我心情很不好。
I felt bad the__first__time I talked to a tour group.
(2018届江苏南京质检)
为了更好地了解中学生课外阅读状况，最近你校分别对初中和高中学生进行了一次问卷调查。以下是调查的部分结果。
调查内容
初中生
高中生
喜欢阅读的材料
幽默故事、卡通杂志
通俗小说、科幻小说、经典作品
每年阅读5本以上人数比例
21%
37%
课外阅读少的原因
作业太多，没时间
　　假设你是李华，请给China Daily 的编辑写一封信，简述以上调查结果，并就目前中学生课外阅读状况发表你自己的看法和建议。
注意： 1. 词数：120 左右；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Editor，
Recently a survey has been done to find out the reading habits of middle school students.
When asked what they like to read, junior students said they prefer jokes, stories and cartoon magazines, while senior students like to read pop novels, science fiction and classic works. The survey also shows that only 21 percent of the junior students and 37 percent of the senior students read more than 5 books per year. As for why they read so little, nearly all the students questioned said they have no time to do after－class reading because they have to do endless homework.
Undoubtedly, after－class reading does help with our study and can greatly enrich our life. We students should be given more time to read, and of course, less homework to do.
Yours,
Li Hua
第一段：先明确调查的对象是中学生，调查的项目是他们的课外阅读状况。
第二段：呈现调查结果和内容，从三个角度体现出不同，分别是：
1. 喜欢阅读的材料；
2. 每年阅读5本以上人数比例；
3. 课外阅读少的原因。
通过调查发现初中生更喜欢幽默故事、卡通杂志，而高中生喜欢通俗小说、科幻小说、经典作品，且每年阅读5本以上的人数比例有一定差别。
第三段：结合调查结果给出建议，既要考虑到学生的首要任务是完成学业，也要就丰富学生的课余知识给出合理的建议。
计策1：找逻辑主语
计策2：判断主动还是被动
考向二　在阅读理解中考查“友谊”到“人际关系”
(2018浙江卷一，A)
When I was in fourth grade, I worked part－time as a paperboy. Mrs. Stanley was one of my customers. She'd watch me coming down her street, and by the time I'd biked up to her doorstep, there'd be a cold drink waiting. I'd sit and drink while she talked.
Mrs. Stanley talked mostly about her dead husband, “Mr. Stanley and I went shopping this morning.” she'd say. The first time she said that, soda(汽水)went up my nose.
I told my father how Mrs. Stanley talked as if Mr. Stanley were still alive. Dad said she was probably lonely, and that I ought to sit and listen and nod my head and smile, and maybe she'd work__it__out__of__her__system. So that's what I did, and it turned out Dad was right. After a while she seemed content to leave her husband over at the cemetery(墓地)．
I finally quit delivering newspapers and didn't see Mrs. Stanley for several years. Then we crossed paths at a church fund－raiser(募捐活动). She was spooning mashed potatoes and looking happy. Four years before, she'd had to offer her paperboy a drink to have someone to talk with. Now she had friends. Her husband was gone, but life went on.
I live in the city now, and my paperboy is a lady named Edna with three kids. She asks me how I'm doing. When I don't say “fine”， she sticks around to hear my problems. She's lived in the city most of her life, but she knows about community. Community isn't so much a place as it is a state of mind. You find it whenever people ask how you're doing because they care, and not because they're getting paid to do so. Sometimes it's good to just smile, nod your head and listen.
1. Why did soda go up the author's nose one time?
A. He was talking fast.　　 B. He was shocked.
C. He was in a hurry. D. He was absent－minded.
2. Why did the author sit and listen to Mrs. Stanley according to Paragraph 3?
A. He enjoyed the drink.
B. He wanted to be helpful.
C. He took the chance to rest.
D. He tried to please his dad.
3. Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase “work it out of her system”？
A. recover from her sadness
B. move out of the neighborhood
C. turn to her old friends
D. speak out about her past
4. What does the author think people in a community should do?
A. Open up to others.　 B. Depend on each other.
C. Pay for others' help. D. Care about one another.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。作者在当报童时遇到一位终日悲伤的顾客。作者总是与她聊天，帮助她走出悲伤。
1. B　推理判断题。根据第二段第一句话可知当作者第一次听Stanley夫人说到自己与已经去世的丈夫购物时，肯定会感到非常惊讶。
2. B　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，作者坐下来倾听Stanley夫人说话的目的是为了陪她，给她解解闷，安慰她，使她早日走出悲伤。
3. A　词义猜测题。前一句提到作者坐下来倾听Stanley夫人说话的目的是为了给她解闷，使她早日走出悲伤，由此可以判断work it out of her system意为“从悲伤中恢复过来”。
4. D　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句话可知，作者认为有时候对别人点点头，微笑一下或者停下来倾听别人都是有好处的。
考向一　在语法填空中设题
(2018浙江卷一)
You need to really read at least one good book a week, preferably a classic. This isn't as hard as it sounds, and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while ______ (read)an interesting piece of literature.
【答案】reading　考查非谓语动词。当你在阅读一篇有趣的文学作品的时候可以提高你的词汇量，read的逻辑主语是you，两者之间是主动关系，所以使用动词的－ing形式。while reading相当于while you are reading。
“人际关系类”阅读理解解题技巧
人际关系包括师生关系 、父子关系、同学关系、朋友关系等，常指人与人交往关系的总称。该类语篇以记叙文为主。为了突出人物，往往通过事件渲染不同人物的特点，再通过不同人物之间的关系交织呈现一个故事，多为蕴含生活真理的故事。分析这类文章时有两个计策。
计策1：花开两朵，各表一枝
即抓住文章中两个主角各自的主线，然后将其交织得出文章想要表达的中心。在本文中，可以这样展开分析：
人物
I
Stanley
活动
Paperboy，her doorstep，shocked，listen and nod，church，fund－raiser
customers, sit and drink and talked, her dead husband，leave her husband，life went on
交织
she had friends because of my company
影响
I and my paperboy are good to just smile, nod our head and listen.
计策2：紧抓作者的情感线索
该话题的文章多数以第一人称为主，抓住作者的情感，以此为树干再结合可能涉及的其他人的活动，最后回到主题。例如本文中除了作者之外，还涉及了另外三个人：
I
Others & their actions
kind, shocked but listened，
surprised
Stanley
talked mostly about her dead husband，a new look
puzzled，understanding
Dad
gave reasonable advice
older and faced with problems
Edna
sticks around to hear my problems
it's good to just smile, nod your head and listen.
一、词汇拓展
1. add vt.增加→ __addition__ n．增加物
2. ignore vt.不理睬，忽视 →__ignorance__ n. 忽视；不理睬
3. calm adj. 平静的；镇静的 → __calmness__ n．平静
4. concern vt.涉及；关系到→ __concerned__ adj. 关心的；挂念的
5. entirely adv.完全地；全然地；整个地 → __entire__ adj. 完全的；全然的entirely＝completely＝totally＝wholly adv.完全地；彻底地
6. power n．能力；力量；权力→ __powerful__ adj.有权力的
7. settle vi. & vt.安家；定居；停留→ settlement n．安顿→ settler n. 定居者；殖民者
8. suffer vt.& vi. 遭受；经历；忍受→ suffering n. 苦难，痛苦
9. recover vt.& vi.痊愈；恢复；重新获得→ recovery n．恢复
10. pack vt.& vi. 捆扎；包装→ package n．包裹
11. exactly adv. 确实如此；正是；确切→ exact adj. 确切的
12. disagree vi.不同意 → disagreement n．不同意
13. grateful adj. 感激的；表示谢意的 → gratitude n. 感激；感谢
二、单句语法填空
1. The mother is concerned (concern)about her son who studies abroad.
2. I can't make a judgment on this idea until I have understood it entirely(entire).
3. Please take off your dusty (dust)clothes and throw them into the washing machine.
4. Sometimes a smile is so__powerful__(power)that it can change a person's life.
5. How wonderful! What you said is__exactly__(exact)what I was thinking!
6. The____curtains(curtain)were suddenly drawn and a bright light poured in through the window.
7. Mr. Li__settled__ (settle)in America three years ago.
动词时态的选择除了看句中的时间状语，还可以根据语境进行判断。8. People__suffered__(suffer)a lot during the World War Ⅱ.
9. She__packed__(pack)all her belongings into a suitcase.
10. It took him half a year__to__recover__(recover)from his leg injury.
11. Many __teenagers__(teenager)are spending too much time on computer games.
12. Here are some tips__(tip)for you to improve your spoken English.
13. His parents____disagreed__(disagree)with his plan to go swimming, which made him unhappy.
14. He was surprised at her__calmness__(calm)in face of danger.
15. If you don't stop__gossiping__(gossip)about others, you'll lose most of your friends.
16. He suggests that anyone who dislikes__(dislike)the idea drop the game immediately.
17. Firstly, smoking is harmful to the smokers; secondly__(second), it causes second hand smoke.
18. Actually you don't need to set down too many__items__(item)．
19. Mrs. Brown gave me so much help, so I am very grateful__to__her.
20. Tony swapped his basketball__for__a toy car.
三、用短语的适当形式填空
go through, face to face, pack up, suffer from, get(be)tired of, on purpose, a series of, fall in love, recover from, get along well with, settle down, no longer, join in, disagree with, (be)grateful to
1. According to the latest survey, many people are__suffering__from heart disease.
2. I__get/am__tired__of__watching TV; let's go for a walk.
3. Have you__packed__your brother's things__up?
4. It took the rest of the winter for her to recover__from__her heart operation.
5. The children were noisy but they settle__down now.
6. Try to communicate more with your new classmates if you want to __get__along__well__with__them.
7. John__no__longer__works here; he left about a year ago.
8. Anyone who breaks the school rules __on__purpose__will surely be punished.
9. This troop has gone__through__a lot of cruel wars but remains powerful.
10. It would be dull if you just set down a__series__of__facts in your diary.
11. They__joined__us__in__the discussion on how to stop global warming.
12. It is natural that he should__fall__in__love__with such a beautiful girl.
13. We__disagree__with__you on this point of making friends.
14. I am really very__grateful__to__you for your advice.
15. I went into the room and found myself__face__to__face__with him.
四、课文回顾
Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ. It was because her family was Jewish 1.that they had to hide or they would be 2.caught (catch)by the German Nazis. During that time she wasn't able to be outdoors for so long that she 3.grew (grow)so crazy about everything to do with nature. One evening, she stayed awake on purpose to have a good look at the moon by 4.herself (she), but she didn't dare open a window. Another time she happened to be upstairs at dusk 5.when the window was open. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held her 6.entirely (entire)in their power. It was the first time in a year and a half that she had seen the night face to face. Anne felt very lonely without 7.seeing (see)her old friends, so she had to make 8.a new friend, her diary Kitty, whom she could tell everything to. 9.Sadly (sad), at last, her family 10.were__discovered (discover)and caught by the German Nazis.
be concerned about
＝be worried about
＝be concerned with
discover v. 发现
discovery n. 发现
disappear v. 消失； 不见
discourage v. 使气馁
so...that...意为 “如此……以至于……”，so与that之间是形容词或者副词时必须使用原级。
名词的数可以利用常见修饰词进行判断，例如some 或者many等。
too many 意为“太多”，用于修饰可数名词的复数，eg: too many students
too much 意为“太多”，用于修饰不可数名词，eg: too much money
much too 表示“太”，用来修饰形容词或副词，eg: much too expensive
be/get tired of 对……厌倦
be tired from 因……疲倦
be tired with 因……而疲劳
be tired out ……疲倦极了
cruel adj. 残忍的
be grateful to sb. for sth. 因为某事而感激某人
Key words:
Jewish
hide
be caught
grow crazy about
stay awake
happen to
hold...in their power
feel lonely
be discovered
第一部分 基础知识
必修一　Unit 2 English Around the World
1. 了解英语的基本常识以及其发展，尤其是现在的重要地位；
2. 了解不同种类的英语以及它们的特性。

At present English is playing an important part in the world because of communication. Every country has its own identity in English speaking. It was British that brought English to other countries by making voyages. But can you speak English as fluently as a native English speaker? Actually, it's not easy. Our success is based on practice which needs our efforts. We all hope to speak English fluently, but we aren't officially commanded or requested to speak English. But if you frequently speak English at school and home, your spoken English will gradually be better. When you come up to a native English speaker, you should go straight to him and make use of the chance to talk with him to get your English improved, such as your spelling, usage of expressions, vocabulary and accent. Even if you can't speak standard English, you will be recognized as a good student.
1. because of 因为；由于
2. come up 走近；上来；提出
3. actually adv.实际上；事实上
4. make use of 利用；使用
5. play a part (in)扮演一个角色；参与
1．是英国人在航海时将英语带到世界各地。
It was British that brought English to other countries by making voyages.
2. 我们的成功是以练习为基础，这需要我们付出很多。
Our success is based on practice which needs our efforts.
3. 即使你不能说标准的英语，你也会被看作是一个好学生。
Even if you can't speak standard English, you will be recognized as a good student.
★official adj.官方的；正式的；公务的
★voyage n．航行；航海
★native adj.本国的；本地的 n．本地人；本国人
★base vt.以……为根据 n. 基部；基地；基础
★at present 现在；目前
★gradual adj.逐渐的；逐步的
★vocabulary n．词汇；词汇量；词汇表
★spelling n．拼写；拼法
★identity n．本身；本体；身份
★fluent adj.流利的；流畅的
★such as 例如……；像这种的
★frequent adj.频繁的；常见的
★usage n．使用；用法；词语惯用法
★command n．& vt.命令；指令；掌握
★request n．& vt.请求；要求
★expression n．词语；表示；表达
★recognize vt.辨认出；承认；公认
★accent n．口音；腔调；重音
★straight adv.直接；挺直 adj.直的；笔直的；正直的
★basic adj.基本的
★gradually adv.逐渐地；逐步地
★fluently adv.流利地；流畅地
★frequently adv.常常；频繁地
★recognition n．承认；公认
一、重点单词需牢记
1. native adj.本国的；本地的 n．本地人；本国人
It is easy to see that he is a native Englishman.
很容易看出他是一个土生土长的英国人。
Banana is native to Taiwan.
香蕉是台湾的土特产。
be native to (动植物)原产……的，原属于……的
native land/speaker祖国/说本族语的人
native language/tongue 本族语言/母语
native作形容词用作表语时，常与介词to连用，作名词时常与of连用。
2. base vt.以……为根据 n. 基部；基地；基础
be based on基于，以……为基础
be based in把总部/基地设在……
This play is based on a true story.
这出戏以真事为基础。
The company's headquarters is based in Paris.
该公司的总部设在巴黎。
The explorers set up a base at the foot of the mountain.
探险者们在山脚下建立了基地。
Helping others in trouble is the basis of her philosophy.
帮助有困难的人是她的基本原则。
Many children are unfit as they don't do basic exercises.
许多孩子不健康，是因为他们连基本的健身锻炼都不做。
basis n．基础；根据 (复数形式是bases)
basic adj.基本的
3. latter adj.较后的；后半的；(两者中)后者的
the former...，the latter...前者……，后者……
There are two desks in the room. The former is yellow, the latter is red.
房间里有两张桌子，前者是黄色的，后者是红色的。
late，later，latter，latest，lately
late adj.& adv. 迟，迟的，晚的，晚期，在晚期
later adj.& adv.较迟，较晚一些(late比较级)
latter adj.后者的，后面的；近来的
latest adj.& adv.最新、最近或最迟(late的最高级)
lately adv.最近，不久前
“结构同现”指成对出现的短语，如some..., others；on one
hand... on the other hand；the former..., the latter等。
4. command n．& vt.命令；指令；掌握
at/by/under one's command of 听某人指挥
in command of 指挥着
have a good command of 精通……
command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
The army is under the king's command.
军队由国王直接统率。
She had a good command of the English language.
她精通英语。
The general commanded his men to attack the city.
将军命令部下攻城。
command接that从句作宾语时，从句中的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气(should＋动词原形)，that可以省略，有时接动词不定式充当补足语的复合宾语。
He commanded the work on the building (should)stop.
＝ He commanded to stop the work on the building.
他下令那栋大楼必须停建。
5. request n．& vt.请求；要求
at the request of / by request依照请求，应邀
in request有需要，受欢迎
make a request for... 请求、要求得到……
request sth. from sb.向某人要求某物
request sb. to do sth.请求某人做某事
The performance was repeated at the request of the audience.
应观众要求演员再表演一次。
We requested some information from them.
我们向他们索取一些信息。
The boy requested to go boating with his schoolmates.
那男孩要求与同学一道去划船。
request that...(从句中应使用should型虚拟语气，should可省略)。
They requested that we should not park our car here.
他们要求我们别把汽车停放在这里。
6. recognize vt.辨认出；承认；公认
recognize sb. by/from... 根据……认出某人
recognize...as... 认定；承认……为……
recognize sb./sth....to be... 认为某人/某事物是……
be recognized as 被认出是；被公认为
When he walked out of the station, I recognized him immediately.
当他从车站里走出来时，我立刻认出了他。
The policeman recognized her as a pickpocket.
警察认出她是个小偷。
Everyone recognized him to be the lawful heir/as the lawful heir.
大家都承认他为合法继承人。
recognition n．认识；认出；认可
beyond recognition 完全改了模样；面目全非；无法辨认
二、重点短语需精通
1. because of 因为；由于
He is absent today, because of his illness.
＝ He is absent today because he is ill.
他今天缺席，因为他病了。
because of，due to，owing to以及thanks to的区别
四个短语都有“由于、因为”的意思，都是介词短语，后面不可接从句。
★because of 只能作状语
★due to一般作表语
★owing to 既可作状语，也可以用作表语，平常多用于前一种情况，引导的状语是修饰全句的，因此应用逗号和主句分开。
★thanks to只能作状语，可以表达正面意思，“幸亏；由于”，也可用于讽刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)。
2. come up 走近；上来；提出
Tom came up to him and showed him how to get to the police station.
汤姆向他走去，并告诉他去警察局的路。
It is certain that the question will come up at the meeting.
这个问题在会议上一定会被提出来的。
The snowdrops are just beginning to come up.
雪莲花刚刚开始长出地面。
come up to 达到(标准等)，比得上
come up with 提出，提供
come true 变成现实，成为现实
come across 邂逅
come about 发生
come at 向……扑来，攻击
come out 出版；开花；结果是
come down 落下，塌下
come over (从远处)来到；横过
come into use 开始使用
3. make use of 利用；使用
I make use of my spare time to read books.
我利用空闲时间看书。
make good/ full/ little use of好好/ 充分/ 不充分利用
make the best of 指对(不利的条件等)充分利用
make the most of指尽量利用有利的条件
4. such as 例如……；像这种的
China has many big cities，such as Beijing，Shanghai，Shenzhen and so on.
＝China has many such big cities as Beijing，Shanghai, Shenzhen and so on.
中国有许多大城市，比如北京、上海、深圳等等。
for example，such as 和namely
for example
一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，用逗号隔开，可置于句首、句中、句末。
such as
用来列举同类事物，把其后面的名词连接起来。不可用于句首，后面不跟逗号，不跟句子。
namely
表示全部列举，可以用that is替换。
③He knows three languages, namely__Chinese, English and French.
④Liquids can be changed into solids, for__example,__water can be changed into ice.
使用such as时，后面列举的事物的数量不能等于它前面所提到的总和。
5. play a part (in)扮演一个角色；参与
She plays an active part in local politics.
她积极参与地方政治活动。
She played a major part in the success of the scheme.
她对该计划的成功起了重要作用。
take part (in sth.)参加， 参与(某事)
the best part of sth.(某事物的)绝大部分(尤指一段时间)
for the most part整体上；通常；多半
for my part就我来说
三、重点句式能熟用
1. Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English. 以英语为母语的人即使所讲的英语不尽相同，他们也能够互相交流。
该句是一个主从复合句， even if引导的是让步状语从句。
Even if we could afford it, we wouldn't go abroad for our vacation.
即使我们付得起这笔钱，也不出国度假。
引导让步状语从句的词还有：though, although, even though, as, whether...or not...，whether or not, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whosever, whenever, wherever, however等。
2. Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. 信不信由你，根本就不存在什么标准英语。
believe it or not信不信由你
Believe it or not, he has been to America this year.
信不信由你，他今年曾去过美国。
能用作插入语的不定式短语有：to be frank，to be honest，to be sure，to tell you the truth，to make matters worse，to sum up，to start with，to begin with等。
该句中的there is no such...as...意为“没有/不存在诸如……之类的东西”。such可以与某些不定代词连用，放在不定代词的后面。
There are many such books on sale in the bookstore.
书店里有很多这样的书在出售。
There is no such book as you want.
没有像你所要的这种书。
no such...as没有这样的……
such as例如
such...as...像……这样的……
such...that... 这样……以至于……
四、话题写作多积累
训练二：写英文海报Poster
海报是学生生活中不可或缺的一种应用文写作形式。英文海报有以下特点：
一、内容
海报的内容多是电影、球讯、节目预告、演出动态、招聘等等。
二、格式
单位和日期：与中文海报不同，英文海报的日期应标在右下角。
1．标题：居中标在海报的正上方，用简洁、引人注目的语言概括要宣传的主要内容。如Weekend Ball，English Corner，Volunteers Wanted，Film News等。
2．正文：海报正文可以根据海报内容灵活掌握。一般来说，可以先在海报的最前面使用一些鼓动性较强的词句来吸引读者的眼球，通常采用排比、反问、设问等修辞手法。接着列出所要宣传的活动内容，主要包括活动的主题、目的、时间、地点、费用等，为了使内容更加鲜明清晰，也可以增设小标题。主体内容可以分段，也可以不分。
1. 海报的标题必须简洁明了，词数不能太多，而且必须能吸引读者的眼球。
2. 海报的写作目的就是让读者了解活动的信息，传达信息才是海报最重要的任务，所以文字的修饰要服务于信息，不能玩文字游戏，使读者摸不着头脑。
3. 海报发布时间不可写在末尾，而是写在右下角。
Are you a fan of...?
Are you tired of...?
The Drama Society is preparing...
Why not come and say goodbye to...?
Have you started an interest in...?
Are you thinking about...?
Come and join us...?
Do you know...?
【例1】(1)使用恰当的介词填空
①The panda is native to__west China.
②The Red Indians are natives of__America.
(2)用native的适当形式填空
①The__natives__look down their noses at foreigners.
②The election committee itself was formed with 4 women members who were natives.
【例2】(1)使用恰当的介词填空
①Judgment should be based on__facts.
②Our company's base is__in__Taipei, but we have branches all over the island.
(2)用base的适当形式填空
①Advertisements which__are__based__on these facts have been printed in newspapers and magazines but have not helped much.
②What are you__basing__this theory on?
③The report__based__on figures from 6 different cities in Europe is made up of 6 parts.
④This log together with an analysis of the piece will be the bases for your final paper.
⑤We provide 2－person tents and__basic__cooking and camping equipment.
【例3】从late，later，latter，latest，lately中选择恰当的词填空
①This toy robot is the __latest__craze all over the world.
②Of these two men, the former is dead but the __latter__is still alive. 　
③But some time__later__it began to rain, which made us worried.
④It is very__late__—I should be in bed.
⑤Have you weighed yourself lately?
【例4】(1)使用恰当的介词填空
①For the first time in years, she felt she was__in__command of her life.
②The army is__under/at/by__the king's direct command.
③Liu Huan has a good command__of__ the French language.
(2)用command的适当形式填空
①A general is a man who __commands__a large number of soldiers.
②The officer__commanded__his soldiers to fire.
③You must obey the captain's__commands__no matter what happens.
④The troops__were__commanded__by the famous General Haig.
【例5】(1)一句多“译”
他们曾要求我们把家属也带去。
①They had requested us __to__bring__our__families__ along.
②Our families would go along __at__the__request__of____ them.
③They had requested that we should __bring__our__families__ along.
request指通过正式的手续提出的要求，语气缓和，态度礼貌。
(2)用request的适当形式填空
①It __is__requested__ that no one should touch the exhibits.
②She made repeated requests__ that I should help him.
【例6】(1)使用恰当的介词填空
①Your face was turned away, but I recognized you__by/from__your hair.
②Acid rain is recognized__as__one of the most serious global environmental problems.
表示“认出”的短语还有pick out和make out。
(2)用recognize的适当形式填空
①There is a general__recognition__of the urgent need for reform.
②Eventually Lawrence's novel__was__recognized__as a work of a genius.
③He__recognized__that he was not qualified for the post.
【例1】(1)一句多“译”
他由于粗心大意，数学考试没及格。
①He failed his maths examination __because__of/owing__to__his careless work.
②He failed his maths examination__because__he is always careless in his work.
because of是介词短语，而because是连词，连接句子。
(2)使用恰当的介词短语填空
①Several children are away from school__because__of____illness.
②It was__thanks__to__your stupidity that we lost the game.
③__Owing__to__lack of time, we can't do more than what we have done.
④This error is largely due__to my oversight.
【例2】使用come 构成的短语填空
①The hunter walked across the forest when suddenly a bear __came__at__him.
②The magazine__comes__out__once a month.
③I wish you can__come__over__to England on your holiday.
④The engineers have__come__up__with__new ways of saving energy.
⑤They__came__across__an old school friend in the street this morning.
⑥We won't forget the day when we watched the sun __come__up__on top of the Tai Mountain.
⑦All the bikes this factory produces__come__up__to__the standard.
与come一样，其相关短语多数为不及物短语。
My dream will come true.
＝I will realize my dream.
My book will come out soon.
＝I will publish my book soon.
【例3】根据汉语意思完成句子
①Make__the__best__of (充分利用)the time left.
②You should be outside__making__the__most__of__the sunshine(尽量多晒晒太阳).
【例4】用for example，such as 或namely完成句子
①Noise，for__example__，is a kind of pollution.
②The farm grows various kinds of crops, such__as__wheat, corn, cotton and rice.
【例5】用合适的短语完成句子
①How many countries will take__part__in (参加)the World Cup?
②__For__my__part__ (就我来说), I don't mind where we eat.
③Television seems to __play__a__big__part__in__(起很大作用)all their lives.
④He has __played__an__important__part__in__ (起重要作用)carrying through the whole plan.
play a role (in)在……中担任角色；在……中起作用。
【例1】根据汉语意思完成句子
①即使我有时间也不会去。
I won't go __even__if__/__even__though__I have time.
②即使我现在离开，我也会迟到。
Even__if/Even__though__I leave now, I'll be late.
③无论你想买哪本词典，我都愿意付款。
Whichever__dictionary you want to buy, I'll pay for it.
④我知道你无论做什么，不管最初多么困难，最终都会成功的。
I know__whatever__you try, you'll win in spite of early difficulties.
【例2】(1)根据汉语意思完成句子
①信不信由你， 我们冒雨一直等了两个小时。
Believe__it__or__not,__we were left waiting in the rain for two hours.
②坦率地说，我不太同意你的意见。
To__be__frank,__I don't quite agree with you.
③跟你说实话，我对这件事情的兴趣不大。
To__tell__you__the__truth,__I'm not so interested in the matter.
④总而言之，成功是艰苦努力的结果。
To__sum__up,__success results from hard work.
(2)根据汉语意思完成句子
①在周围地区没有如此现代化的医院。
There is__no__such__kind of modern hospital in the surrounding areas.
②任何这类要求肯定会被拒绝。
Any__such request is sure to be turned down.
③这样的人从来没有存在过。
No__such person ever existed.
(2018届辽宁大连质检)
Sam 是英国某高中戏剧社(Drama Society)的成员，戏剧社在每个周末都会公开演出自导自演的舞台戏剧。因此，戏剧社每周都会出一份海报，介绍本周演出的剧目吸引更多的观众前来观看。以下是本周演出的信息，Sam 据此写了一份宣传海报。
演出目的：欢送即将毕业的高三年级戏剧社的成员
演出剧目：Hamlet
作者：Shakespeare
类型：悲剧
演员：即将毕业的高三年级戏剧社的成员(戏剧社主席Thomas 扮演Hamlet)
演出时间：7月8日星期六晚上7：30
演出地点：学校西门附近的第二剧院
票价：免费
海报发布时间： 7月4日
Graduation Drama Night
Have you just started an interest in English literature?
Are you a fan of Shakespeare?
Are you thinking about what to do this weekend?
Are you tired of all those similar plots of Hollywood movies?
If yes, come and join us this weekend. The Drama Society is preparing a wonderful drama night for you this weekend. It's a special night because it is also a farewell party for the members in Grade Three. This is their last performance in senior high school. So why not come and say goodbye to our best actors and actresses?
Play: Hamlet
Type: Tragedy
Time: 7：30 pm, July 8, Saturday
Place: No.2 Theatre near the west school gate
Actors: Members from Grade Three, with the chairman Hamlet
Ticket: Free
The Drama Society
July 4
海报的开头采用设问的修辞方法，与读者对话，引起读者的兴趣并吸引他们接着往下阅读。 海报的正文部分先用几句话描述本次活动最特殊也是最吸引人的地方，即这是毕业生成员的告别演出，所有演员均为毕业班学生，以活动的特殊性来吸引读者的注意，使得海报主次分明，结构灵活生动，而且信息转达清晰避免了冗长的叙述。
考向一　在语法填空中设题
(2016全国卷Ⅲ) Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which ______ (gradual)turned into chopsticks.
【答案】gradually　考查副词。本空修饰动词短语turned into。
考向二　在短文改错中设题
(2017全国卷Ⅰ) A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car.
________________________________________________________________________
【答案】late改为later　考查副词。这里表示“几分钟之后”，later意为“以后”。
考向三　在完形填空中考查与“语言”有关的知识
(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that exploration. I myself went through this __1__ process and found something that has changed my __2__ at college for the better: I discovered ASL—American Sign Language(美式手语)．
I never felt an urge to __3__ any sign language before. My entire family is hearing, and so are all my friends. The__4__languages were enough in all my interactions (交往). Little did I know that I would discover my __5__ for ASL.
The __6__ began during my first week at college. I watched as the ASL Club __7__ their translation of a song. Both the hand movements and the very __8__ of communicating without speaking __9__ me. What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the __10__. This newness just left me __11__ more.
After that, feeling the need to __12__ further, I decided to drop in on one of ASL Club's meetings. I only learned how to __13__ the alphabet that day. Yet instead of being discouraged by my __14__ progress, I was excited. I then made it a point to __15__ those meetings and learn all I could.
The following term, I __16__ an ASL class. The professor was deaf and any talking was __17__. I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant. __18__， if there had been any talking, it would have __19__ us to learn less. Now, I appreciate the silence and the __20__ way of communication it opens.
1. A. searching B. planning　　　C. natural 　　　D. formal
2. A. progress B. experience C. major D. opinion
3. A. choose B. read C. learn D. create
4. A. official B. foreign C. body D. spoken
5. A. love B. concern C. goal D. request
6. A. meeting B. trip C. story D. task
7. A. recorded B. performed C. recited D. discussed
8. A. idea B. amount C. dream D. reason
9. A. disturbed B. supported C. embarrassed D. attracted
10. A. end B. past C. course D. distance
11. A. showing B. acting C. saying D. wanting
12. A. exercise B. explore C. express D. explain
13. A. print B. write C. sign D. count
14. A. slow B. steady C. normal D. obvious
15. A. chair B. sponsor C. attend D. organize
16. A. missed B. passed C. gave up D. registered for
17. A. prohibited B. welcomed C. ignored D. repeated
18. A. Lastly B. Thus C. Instead D. However
19. A. required B. caused C. allowed D. expected
20. A. easy B. popular C. quick D. new
【语篇解读】这是一篇夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了在大学入学初期逐渐了解并深入学习美式手语的经历，说明了环境对于探求新知识的重要性。
1. A　根据下文found可知searching process与前文的exploration相吻合。作者亲身经历了这个探索过程后发现这个让自己的大学经历更加美好的东西：美式手语。
2. B　根据第三段倒数第二句话可知，美式手语改变了作者在大学学习的经历。
3. C　我以前从未有过学习手语的紧迫感。
4. D　根据上一句话可知，这里的语言与口语有关，我掌握的口头语言在我的交往中已经足够了。
5. A　根据最后一段第三句话可知，作者发现自己已经爱上了学习手语。
6. C　作者在本段介绍了自己喜欢上美式手语得从他大学入学后的第一周说起。
7. B　根据本句中的translation of a song可知，作者看了俱乐部表演的一首歌的手语翻译。
8. A　而communicating without speaking是一种交流理念，是手的移动姿势和不用说话就能交流的理念吸引了我。
9. D　根据下句的anything I had experienced 可知，这是让作者感到全新的一次体验。
10. B　作者之前从来没有体验过手语，即所看到与我在过去所体验到的完全不同。
11. D　这种全新的体验让我禁不住想了解更多。want more了解更多，掌握更多。
12. B　根据上一段最后一句话可知，从那之后，我感到有必要学习更多手语的知识，因此我决定参加美式手语俱乐部的会议。
13. C　因为是手语，即通过手势表达语意，结合第二段第一句可知，那一天我只学习了如何用手比画字母。
14. A　根据discouraged可知，作者学习的速度并不快，但是，作者没有因为自己进步慢而感到气馁，相反，作者感到非常兴奋。
15. C　根据本段第一句话可知，然后作者决定努力去参加美式手语俱乐部的活动，尽可能多的学习手语技能。make it a point 意为“把……作为努力的目标”。
16. D　选修某一门课程需要登记注册，到了第二学期，我注册了美式手语课程班。
17. A　根据deaf可知，教授耳聋，讲话是被禁止的。
18. C　与之相反的是，如果交流中有讲话的参与，这势必让我们少学习一些技能。
19. B　手语交流比语言交流复杂，如果通过语言交流，就用不着学习复杂的手语了。
20. D　根据This newness just left me ________ more可知，作者认为手语交流是一种全新的交流方式，如今，我由衷地欣赏寂静无声及由此带来的新的交流方式了。
计策1：所给提示词是形容词时，判断句中所缺成分
计策2：熟记副词修饰动词，副词，形容词或者引起一个句子
计策1：了解late，later，lately，latter和latest的区别
计策2：了解later的用法
1. 完形填空中以第一人称讲述自己学习某一语言的经历，以自己的心理变化为主线，将在学习这一语言中遇到的“疑惑”、“障碍”和“恍然大悟”贯穿起来，所以既要注意事件发展的顺序，也要注意作者的心理变化。
2．平时多关注与世界各地的“语言”有关的语篇，包括主流语言的种类和历史，以及现在面临的问题。
3．平时多关注在跨文化交往中因为语言运用不当或对文化习俗的无知造成的交际障碍。
4．完形填空的文章实际上是由两部分信息构成：一是已知信息，就是“此”，二是未知信息，就是“彼”。做完形就是一个从已知信息中找出未知信息的过程。解出一个具体完形填空的关键是要找出与这个空相关联的所有已知信息。很多同学就会盯着这个空前后去找已知
信息，目光短浅，所以有几道题目总是很难选对，因为仅在空前后很难找到我们做题所需要的已知信息。这些已知信息不仅可以分布在空前后，而且可以分布在各段落中，也可以分布在整篇文章中。
一、词汇拓展 actually侧重于实际的事，而不是凭空想象或推测的事。
1. official adj.官方的；正式的；公务的→officially__adv. 官方地；正式地
2. actual adj. 实际的；现行的；真实的→actually__adv.实际上；事实上
3. base vt.以……为根据 n．基部；基地；基础→basic__adj. 基本的
4. gradual adj.逐渐的；逐步的 →gradually__adv.逐渐地；逐步地
5. spell vt.拼写 →spelling__n．拼写；拼法
6. fluent adj.流利的；流畅的 →fluently__adv.流利地；流畅地→fluency__n. 流利；雄辩
7. frequent adj.频繁的；常见的→frequently__adv.常常；频繁地→frequency__n．频率；发生次数；周率
8. use n．使用，利用，用途，效用 →usage__n．使用；用法；词语惯用法
9. command n．& vt.命令；指令；掌握→commander__n. 司令官；指挥官
10. express n. 快车 v. 表达 →expression__n．词语；表示；表达
11. east n. 东方 adj. 东的 →eastern__adj.东方的；东部的
12. recognize vt.辨认出；承认；公认→recognized__adj. 公认的 →recognition n．认出，识别；承认
13. light n. 光 adj.明亮的 v. 点；照亮；点燃 →__lightning__n．闪电
14. block n．街区；块；木块；石块 →__blocked__adj.被封锁的；堵塞的
二、单句语法填空
1. Only high__officials__(official)had access to the president.
2. However, both are fill tools, and both are__frequently__(frequent)used.
3. This is a book on modern English__usage__(use)．
4. The soldiers were __commanded__(command)to attack the city during the night.
5. Visitors__are__requested__(request)not to touch the exhibits.
6. He had a passive__expression__(express)on his face, which made her angrier.
7. He looked at the envelope and__recognized__(recognize)Jenny's handwriting immediately.
8. The aim of this book is to teach a new learner__basic__(base)English.
9. As a matter of fact，there is no such person__as__you mentioned just now.
10. As is known to all，the African elephant is native__to__Africa.
11. I will give him a present as an__expression__(express)of gratitude.
12. As the weather__gradually__(gradual)becomes warmer and warmer，he will pick up soon.
13. When we saw the road__blocked__(block)with snow，we decided to spend the holiday at home.
14. You'll be able to choose a room__based__(base)on your own personal tastes.
15. Of the two the__latter__is better than the former.
三、用短语的适当形式填空
be different from，be based on，because of，more than one，believe it or not，play an important part in，make the most of，come up with, be native to，communicate with
2. __Believe__it__or__not,__all the people present have agreed to the plan.
3. She__played__an__important__part__in winning the match.
4. Jack__comes__up__with__an absolutely great idea.
5. City life__is__different__from__country life.
6. As we all know, banana__is__native__to__Taiwan.
7.__More__than__one__answer is to your question.
8. With Internet, he can__communicate__with__Hong Kong and Beijing directly.
9. Teaching is an art __based__on__a science.
10. You should be outside__making__the__most__the sunshine.
四、语法(直接引语和间接引语)
1．“Put your coat in the closet，”the landlord said to him.
The__landlord__asked__him__to__put__his__coat__in__the__closet．
2．The father said to his children，“Don't move！”
The__father__told__his__children__not__to__move.
3．He said，“Get everything ready before 8：00.”
He__told__us__to__get__everything__ready__before__8：00．
4．The old man said，“Come here again next week.”
The__old__man__asked__us__to__go__there__again__the__next__week.
5．“Let's sell the old car and buy a new one，”said Peter.
Peter__suggested__selling__the__old__car__and__buying__a__new__one.
6．“Don't make so much noise，children.” she said.
She__told__the__children__not__to__make__so__much__noise.
五、单句改错
1. Basing on a true story, the novel is very moving.
Basing改为Based__________________________________________________________________________
2．The general commanded that the soldiers would set off right now.
would改为should__________________________________________________________________________
3．The open air celebration has been put off because the heavy rain.
because后加of__________________________________________________________________________
4．Another plan came up with at the meeting held the other day.
去掉with__________________________________________________________________________
5．Your spare time should be made full use of to doing some useful things.
doing__改为do__________________________________________________________________________
6．More than one person have a good command of English in the research unit.　
have改为has__________________________________________________________________________
7．The film is based on the novel written by Guo Jingming is popular among the youth.
去掉film后的is或film后加that/which_______________________________________________________________
8．Sorry，I don't recognize you at first，for it has been a long time since we last met.
don't改为didn't__________________________________________________________________________
9．They began to think about that what use could be made of this chance.
去掉that__________________________________________________________________________
10．We'll have to stay at home because the bad weather.
because后加of__________________________________________________________________________
六、课文回顾
The English spoken in England in the past was quite 1.different(differ)from the English spoken today. Between about AD 800 and 1150, English became less like German. In the 1600's, Shakespeare made use of a 2.wider__(wide)vocabulary than ever before.
In the 18th century, British people 3.brought(bring)English to Australia, 4.where it was used by a larger population. From 1765 to 1947, English became the language for government and 5.education(educate)in India. 6.__At present the number of the people using English 7.is__increasing(increase)rapidly.
Two people had great effects on the English changes. One was Shakespeare, who enlarged the English vocabulary; 8.the other was Noah Webster, who wrote the most important dictionary that gave American English its own identity.
In a word, English is 9.gradually(gradual)developing 10.based(base)on the pace of society.
really强调与事实或现实不相违背，也可表示不快、惊奇或某种含蓄的怀疑。
truly强调客观存在的真实性，没有任何虚假。
后缀－cy可以变形容词为名词，表示“性质，状态”，例如accurate的形容词。
express bus 特快公共汽车
express company 快运公司
express highway 高速公路
express train 特快列车
express delivery 快递
express fee 快递费
express goods 快运货
light up＝brighten 点燃；照亮
under sb.'s command 在某人的指挥下
have (a)command of spoken French 运用法语口语的能力
native ability 天生的才能
native land 本国，祖国
native language 本族语言
native tongue 母语
go native 入乡随俗
be native to(动植物)原产于……的，原属于……的
because of
＝as a result of
＝owing to
come up with
＝put forward
＝think of/up
make the most of
＝make the best of
＝make use of1. He is absent today __because__of__his illness.
＝make good use of
＝make full use of
＝take advantage of
直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order，request等。如ask sb.to do (用于肯定祈使句)，ask sb.not to do (用于否定祈使句)。不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都做相应的变化。有些直接引语含有“建议”“劝告”的祈使句，可用suggest，insist，offer等动词转述。
如：He said，“Be seated, please.”
→ He asked us to be seated.
如：He said，“Let’s have a rest.”
→He suggested us having a rest.
常见动词后的宾语从句中需用“(should)＋ do”虚拟语气有：
一个坚持：insist
两个命令：order，command
三个建议：suggest，advise，propose
四个要求：demand，require，ask，desire
注意：在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气，其形式为“ (should)＋do”。这一句型中使用的形容词 (宾补)与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。
many a的意思是“许多”，more than one的意思是“不止一个”，从意义上，它们表示复数，但用作主语时，谓语却习惯上用单数。
Many a fine man has died in that battle.
许多优秀的士兵死于那次战役。
More than one man has been dismissed.
不止一人被解雇了。
Key words：
spoken in England
less like German
Shakespeare
Shakespeare
Australia
India
two people
in a word
第一部分 基础知识
必修一　Unit 3 Travel Journal
1. 了解旅游常识，懂得如何为旅行做计划准备，包括确定旅游时间、地点、路线、交通工具、费用，以及其他物质方面的准备。
2. 学习并掌握本单元所学词汇和短语，学会根据旅游、地理等主题将词汇进行分类记忆，以便逐步扩大词汇量。
What kind of transportation do you prefer for your journey? I am fond of cycling. You may think of the disadvantages and shortcomings of bikes. But I am determined to cycle as usual. I hope I can persuade you to plan your schedule for a bike trip and organize it properly. You needn't waste any bike fares. Don't be stubborn. Don't care about the slow pace. Don't change your mind. Don't give in. Just be bent on your journey. Make up your mind to find a good view at any altitude with an active attitude. Ever since graduating/graduation, I have seen the water flow by the temple/cave. I have seen the flames of the fire in the valleys beneath the stars. Follow me! Watch the weather forecast! Pick up your parcel! Take your reliable friends. Let's go cycling! Finally, remember to buy insurance for yourself and tell us your experience in your journal in details.
1. ever since 从那以后
2. persuade vt.说服；劝说
3. schedule n．时间表；进度表 vt.为某事安排时间
4. be fond of 喜爱；喜欢
5. care about 关心；忧虑；惦念
6. change one's mind 改变主意
7. give in 投降；屈服；让步
8. attitude n．态度；看法
9. view n．风景；视野；观点；见解vt. 观看；注视；考虑
1. 但是像往常一样我决心已定。
But I am determined to cycle as usual.
2. 全身心地投入到你的旅行中来吧！
Just be bent on your journey！
★prefer vt.更喜欢；选择某事物(而不选择其他事物)
★journal n．日记；杂志；定期刊物
★transport n．运送；运输 vt.运输；运送
★flow vi. 流动；流出 n．流动；流量
★cycle vi. 骑自行车
★graduate vi. 毕业 n．大学毕业生
★finally adv.最后；终于
★shortcoming n．缺点
★stubborn adj.顽固的；固执的
★organize vt.组织；成立
★determine vt.决定；确定；下定决心
★journey n．旅行；旅程
★pace vi. 缓慢而行；踱步 n. 一步；速度；步调
★bend n．弯；拐角 vt.(bent, bent)使弯曲
★boil vi. (指液体)沸腾；(水)开
★forecast n．& vt.预测；预报
★parcel n．小包；包裹
★pillow n．枕头；枕垫
★midnight n．午夜；子夜
★flame n．火焰；光芒；热情
★beneath prep. 在……下面
★temple n．庙宇；寺庙
★cave n．洞穴；地窖
★disadvantage n．不利条件；不便之处
★determined adj.坚决的；有决心的
★insurance n．保险
★reliable adj.可信赖的；可靠的
一、重点单词需牢记
1. prefer vt.更喜欢；选择某事物(而不选择其他事物)
prefer sth. 喜欢某事/物
prefer doing sth. 更喜欢做某事
prefer ＋ to do sth. (表示特定场合下)更喜欢做某事
prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事
prefer A to B/prefer doing A to doing B宁愿……而不愿……
prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A而不愿做B
prefer ＋ that－clause (虚拟语气)＋(should)＋do喜欢做某事
Of the two coats, I prefer that blue one.
两件外套中，我更喜欢蓝色的那件。
I prefer Kate to go on vacation with us next Sunday.
我宁愿凯特下周日跟我们去度假。
I prefer speaking the truth to lying.
我宁愿讲实话而不愿说谎。
Would you prefer that we put off our meeting till next week?
你是否更愿意把我们的会议推迟到下一周？
preference n．偏爱，优先选择
by preference 首先，最好
in preference to 优先于……
have a preference for 偏爱……
2. disadvantage n．不利条件；不便之处
(put / keep sb.)at a disadvantage (使某人)处于不利
to one's disadvantage
＝ to the disadvantage of sb. 对某人不利，使某人吃惊
Snow is not always a disadvantage to a mountain goat.
雪并不一定会对山羊不利。
He knows how to turn a disadvantage into an advantage.
他懂得如何变弊为利。
take advantage of 利用
to one's advantage 对某人有利
have/gain/get/win an advantage over 胜过，优于
We took advantage of the fine weather and spent the day at the beach.
趁着天气好，我们到海滩过了一天。
You have the advantage of me in experience.
在经验方面，你胜过我。
3. persuade vt.说服；劝说
persuade sb. to do sth.
＝persuade sb. into doing sth. 说服了某人做某事
persuade sb. not to do sth.
＝persuade sb. out of doing sth. 说服了某人不要做某事
try to persuade sb. to do sth.
＝advise sb. to do sth. 尽力说服某人做某事
persuade sb. of sth. 使某人信服某事
persuade sb. that 从句 使某人信服……
I was unable to persuade him to do what I said.
我没能说服他按我所说的去做。
We persuaded him out of his foolish idea.
我们劝他停止他的愚蠢的想法。
She was not persuaded of the truth of my statement.
她不相信我的话是真的。
talk/ reason sb. into/out of doing sth.
＝ sb. into/out of doing sth. 说服某人做/不做某事
trick sb. into/out of doing sth. 诱使某人做/不做某事
urge sb. into/out of doing sth. 怂恿某人做/不做某事
4. schedule n．时间表；进度表 vt.为某事安排时间
ahead of schedule提前
behind schedule比规定时间晚
according to/on schedule按时间表，及时，准时
be scheduled for sth.按照安排做某事
be scheduled to do sth.按照安排做某事
We finished the project ahead of schedule.
我们提前完成了这项工程。
I have accomplished the task on schedule.
我按时完成了任务。
The delegation is scheduled to arrive tomorrow.
代表团定于明日到达。
scheduled adj.预定的
scheduling n．行程安排；时序安排
5. determine vt.决定；确定；下定决心
determine ＋ to do... 决心，决意(要……)
determine sb. to do使……决定……
determine ＋ that/wh－clause决心……
determine ＋ n．决定……
be determined to do sth. 决心干某事
We are determined to get the work done before May 1.
我们下定决心要在五一节前完成这项任务。
What determined you to marry him?
是什么使你下决心要嫁给他的？
determined adj.坚决的；有决心的
determination n．决心
decide, determine与make up one's mind
decide指经过考虑或商量，在几种可能中做出决定。
determine为书面语，指已下定决心，把某件事确定下来。
make up one's mind语气更强，指已打定主意，毫不动摇。
6. bend n．弯；拐角 vt.(bent, bent)使弯曲 vi. 弯身；弯腰
bend down/over/forward/backward 俯身/弯腰/前倾/后仰
bend oneself to 专心于， 致力于
bend one's mind to sth. 专心于某事物
be bent on sth./doing sth. 专心于(做)某事
There is a sharp bend in the road here.
这段路上有一处急转弯。
Can you bend down and touch your toes without bending your knees?
你能弯下腰、不屈膝摸着你的脚趾吗？
The boys bent their attention on making model ships.
男孩们聚精会神地制作船舶模型。
7. attitude n．态度；看法
attitude常与介词to或者towards搭配
He has a positive attitude towards life.
他对生活持有积极的态度。
the key to success/ the bike成功/自行车的钥匙
the answer to the question问题的答案
the exit/ entrance to the cinema电影院出口/入口
the solution to the problem 解决方案
8. view n．风景；视野；观点；见解 vt. 观看；注视；考虑
a bird's－eye view 鸟瞰； [喻]概要
on a long view 从长远看
go out of view 在视野内消失掉
at first view 初看， 一见(就)
be lost to view 看不见了
There's a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.
从我们旅馆的窗口可以看到湖的美丽风光。
The view is cut off by the next building.
旁边的楼房挡住了视野。
view，scene，scenery，sight 和look
view指从远处或高处看到的视野范围内的风景；
scene意为“景象；风光”时包括其中的人物、动作和行为；
scenery指一个地区的“整个风景”，尤指乡村中的自然景色；
sight指“情景，奇观”， 强调看到处于视野以内或为视力可及的东西，常用复数形式，指人文景观；
look 用于人时指“神态”或“样子”，用于物时指“面貌”。
二、重点短语需精通
1. be fond of 喜爱；喜欢
I am not overly fond of cooking.
我不怎么喜欢烹饪。
She has many shortcomings, but we are all fond of her.
她虽然有很多缺点，但我们都喜欢她。
表示“喜欢”的词或词组还有：
enjoy 指在某种活动中获得乐趣，后面常用名词、代词和动名词形式；
prefer意为“更喜欢”，指在两者中比较喜欢其中一个；
like 侧重介绍性格和习惯上的爱好。
2. care about 关心；忧虑；惦念
The young should care about the old.
年轻人应该关心老年人。
I don't care about whether he leaves or not.
我不在乎他离不离开。
care about意为“忧虑，关心，惦念”，相当于 be worried about 或be concerned about。
care for 意为“喜欢(like or love sb./ sth.)”，常用于否定句和疑问句；还可表示 “照顾，照料”，与look after / take care of 同义。
3. change one's mind 改变主意
We have leaned over backwards to persuade him to change his mind, but all to no avail.
我们已经竭力说服他改变主意，可是完全没用。
bring back to mind 使回想起
keep/bear in mind 记住
have something / somebody in mind 心里想着某事/某人
read one's mind 看出某人的心思
take something off one's mind去掉某人的心事
lose one's mind 失去理智
4.give in 投降；屈服；让步；交上
After the fighting, the enemy gave in. 战后敌人投降了。
Seeing that he could not persuade me, he had to give in (to my view). 由于无法说服我，他不得不让步。
Please give in your examination papers now.
现在请交上试卷。
give away 送给人；分发；泄露，暴露
give back送还；恢复(健康)
give off散发出
give out用完；耗尽；没有了
give up放弃；不再做；把……献给……
give birth to 生(孩子)；造成……的原因
三、重点句式能熟用
1. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.自从初中起，我和我姐姐王薇就一直梦想来一次伟大的自行车旅行。
该句是现在完成时态的句子，只不过将现在完成时态的典型的时间状语提前置句首了。在ever since中，ever放在since之前是用来表达说话人强调句中动作或状态持续时间长的语气的。如果句中动作或状态持续时间较短，就不能用ever。无论是since还是ever since，都与现在完成时态连用。
2. Although she didn't know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly. 尽管她对到某些地方的最佳路线并不清楚，她还是坚持认为自己把这次旅行安排得很妥当。
该句中insist之后的宾语从句使用的是虚拟语气。“insist ＋ that从句”，若表示“坚持(要求)”，要用虚拟形式“(should)＋ 动词原形”；若表示“坚持说，坚持认为”，则不用虚拟形式。
We insisted that she should come to the party.
我们坚持认为她应该来参加这个聚会。
He insisted that he was right. 他坚持说他是对的。
insist on/upon doing坚决做，坚持做
3. When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience. 当我告诉她那里空气稀薄，呼吸困难，而且天气很冷时，她却说这将是一次有趣的经历。
句中“...the air would be hard to breathe ...”是“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋不定式”结构，其中不定式的谓语与主语在意义上是动宾关系，但要用主动形式表示被动意义，这一类的形容词通常可以描绘主语的情绪、态度、品质属性或者难易程度，如hard，difficult，easy，nice，interesting，important，pleasant和comfortable等。
Your writing is impossible to read.
你写的字太难辨认了。
Do you think the water is safe to drink?
你认为这水喝起来安全吗？
4. Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it. 一旦她下了决心，什么也不能使她改变。
句中once的用法较多，意思也比较丰富，既可以用作连词，也可以用作副词。用作连词时，意为“一旦……就……”，连接时间状语从句，相当于as soon as。
Once you start, you will never give up.
一旦开始了，你就不要放弃。
all at once 突然；同时
at once 立刻，马上；同时
(every)once in a while 偶尔，有时，间或
more than once 不止一次，多次
once again / more再一次
once and again一再，再三
once or twice 一两次；有时，偶尔
once upon a time从前
四、话题写作多积累
训练三：写电子邮件
书信和电子邮件是人们进行书面交流的两种重要形式。这两种形式的写作是高考中出现频率最高的题型。从内容上看，近几年高考书信写作主要包括道歉信、致谢信、笔友信、慰问信、投诉信、邀请信、介绍信、求职信、读者请求的解答信及其答复读者的信等。而电子邮件指用电子手段传送的信件，其本质还是书信。
第一步 构建框架，清晰行文，谋篇布局有成足
审题时首先确定写信人的身份、写信的对象及写信的目的，然后根据写信目的结合提纲内容确定信中应该包含哪些要点内容，结合写信目的及提纲中的要点，构思书信的框架及写作顺序。并结合构思的内容列出一些关键词语。
第二步 打造亮句，增色文章，词法句法有章法
按照构思的写作思路及内容开始写作，用正确的句子结构将所列的关键词汇及短语连词成句，再加以适当的变换句型，增添细节。
第三步 串句成文，保证流畅，文法标点有规范
写完以后进行通读，对细节进行润色修改，形成一篇完整、流畅的书信。对于书信和电子邮件来说，从文法上来说，切忌主客不分或模糊、名词的单复数错用、句子零碎、动词与主语不能保持一致， 时态滥用和标点不准确，应该尽量使结构对称，让人容易理解。
(1)信件开头常用语
①写信给他人
I'm writing to ask if you can come next week.
How time flies！It's three months since I saw you last.
How are you getting on with everything?
How nice to hear from you again!
Nice to read your letter/e－mail today.
②回信给他人
Your letter came to me this morning.
I have received your letter of July 20th.
I'm glad to have received your letter of...
I'm writing to thank you for your help during...
I'm pleased to hear that you're coming to China for a visit.
Thank you for your letter.
(2)信件常用结束语
Please remember me to your whole family.
Give my best regards (wishes)to your mother.
Wish you success. /Wish you the best of health.
Looking forward to your next visit/ early reply to China!
Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you!
Best wishes/regards!
【例1】(1)使用所给单词的适当形式填空
①She preferred __to__go__(go)with us rather than__stay__(stay)behind.
②I would prefer__reading__(read)books to __watching__(watch)TV.
③I'd prefer you ____to__drive__(drive), if you don't mind.
④Would you prefer that I __(should)go__(go)with you？＝ Would you prefer me__to__go__(go)with you?
由于prefer本身含有比较意义，故不可与比较级连用。在prefer A to B/prefer doing A to doing B中，to是介词，to前后分别为平行的名词、代词或者v.－ing。
(2)用prefer的适当形式填空
①Which is your preference,__tea or coffee?
②It is chosen in preference to another.
③She __preferred__that she (should)do it alone when she was in trouble.
【例2】使用恰当的介词填空
①England's players would be left __at__a disadvantage against those of the rest of the world.
②The situation is __to__our children?s
disadvantage.
③Jane took advantage __of__the lunch hour to finish her homework.
④He has the advantage __of__me when he talks about science.
⑤You will find it __to__your advantage to go to the country for a change.
disadvantage的基本意思是“不利条件，劣势”，指条件、环境、地位等劣于他人或其他事物，而不指物质方面的缺点，是可数名词。
【例3】根据汉语意思完成句子
①我们已经说服了他远离网吧。
We have persuaded him to keep away from the net bar. ＝ We have persuaded him __into__keeping away from the net bar.
②我们怎么才能说服她别相信他呢？
How can we persuade her __out__of__believing/__not__to__believe__in him?
③我们劝他停止他愚蠢的计划。
We persuade him__out__of__his foolish plan.
④通过多次劝告，我说服他戒了烟。
I've__persuaded__him to give up smoking by __advising__him many times.
⑤她劝我要谨慎。
She__advised__me to be cautious.
persuade sb. to do sth.指成功说服某人做某事；
try to persuade sb. to do sth.指试图说服某人做某事，含有未能成功的意思；
advise sb. to do sth. 指建议某人做某事，对方是否采纳则不一定。
【例4】(1)使用恰当的介词填空
①The election was held six months __ahead__of__/behind__schedule.
②A presidential election was scheduled __for__last December.
(2)用schedule的适当形式填空
①The conference will be convened as scheduled．
②The president__is__scheduled__for a speech tomorrow.
③The building __is__scheduled____to be completed and handed over by the end of the year.
【例5】(1)用determine的适当形式填空
①The proposal had been dropped in the face of__determined__opposition.
②I __am__determined__to win the game.
③All this increased my__determination__to try in every way to fight against that war.
(2)完成句子
①She made up her mind to go and settle in America.
＝ She__was__determined__(determine)to go and settle in America.
②__I__am__determined__to__go__(我已下定决心要去)and nothing will stop me.
③__Determined__(determine)that he would not come back again, he left his home alone.
④That incident__determined__(determine)her to be a nurse.
【例6】(1)使用bend的恰当形式填空
①He__bent__the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber.
②I like the graceful__bends__of Gothic windows.
③The students __bent__their attention on listening to their teacher.
(2)同义句转换
他一心扑在这项工程上。
He was fully __bent__on the project.
＝ He was fully __devoted__to the project.
＝ He was fully __absorbed__in the project.
【例7】(1)根据汉语意思完成句子
①As you get older, your__attitude__towards__success__(对成功的看法)changes.
②It's not his work that bothers me; it's__his__attitude__(他的态度).
③__Attitudes__are__(人们的态度)beginning to change.
(2)单句改错
The country desperately needs more houses, and the key for the problem, as usual, is money.
for改为to_______________________________________________________
【例8】从view，scene，scenery，sight 和look中选择合适的单词完成句子
①You can enjoy the extraordinary__sight__of unbroken cloud plains.
②The__scene__is a perfect dream when you see the sun rising slowly in the east.
③An aeroplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking__view__of the world.
④She could get a great__view__of the mountain from her bedroom window.
⑤The__scenery__in the mountains is very beautiful.
⑥The old city has taken on a new__look__.
【例1】完成句子
①I__prefer__jazz to rock music.
②More and more young people are fond__of__ playing tennis nowadays.
③I'm fond of __playing__(play)the piano.
④I__like/enjoy__reading newspapers.
⑤He enjoys __talking__(talk)to me.
be fond of 表示“喜欢”，后接名词、代词或动名词形式。
【例2】完成句子
①The only thing he__cares__about__(在乎)is money.
②I don't really __care__for__(喜欢)red wine.
③I don't __care__(about)__(关心)what happens to him.
④Who will __care__for__(照顾)your child if you are out?
【例3】使用mind的相关短语完成句子
①I__make__up__my__mind__(下决心)to study hard.
②No matter what you say, I won't__change__my__mind__(改变主意).
③Once my daughter__has__made__up__her__mind__(下定了决心), nothing can be done to __change__her__mind__(使她改变主意).
④We must __keep/bear__in__mind__(牢记)that “No pains, no gains”.
【例4】使用恰当的词组填空
①He won't __give__in__to__(屈服)the enemies.
②You were supposed to __give__in__(交上)your homework four days ago.
③He __gave__up__(放弃)learning English because it was hard to learn.
give in 意为“上交”时，为及物动词词组；意为“让步，投降”时，为不及物动词词组，若表示“向……让步/投降”，要用give in to。 give up 意为“放弃”，后加名词或动名词。
【例1】用所给单词的适当形式填空
①Ever since then I __have__been__longing__(long)to meet him face to face.
②I __have__lived__(live)here ever since I was a child.
③It __is__(be)just a week since we arrived.
【例2】用所给单词的适当形式填空
①We insisted that the manager__(should)be__(be)present at the meeting.
②He insisted that he__had__done__(do)right.
③He insisted that we__(should)accept__(accept)these gifts.
④They insisted upon__sending__(send)a car over to fetch us.
⑤He insisted that he__was__(be)the best，so he insisted that he__do__(do)the work all by himself.
【例3】根据汉语意思完成句子
①有时候她很不容易理解。
She was difficult__to__understand__at times.
②他是唯一一个被授予这种荣誉的外国人。
He was the only foreigner__to__be__given__such an honour.
③这把椅子看上去很硬，但坐起来很舒服。
The chair looks rather hard, but it is very __comfortable__to__sit__on__.
不定式后面如果是不及物动词，要在其后加适当的介词与主语构成动宾关系。
【例4】根据汉语提示完成句子
①Physics is easy to learn__once__(一旦)you understand the rules.
②__Once__(曾经)he lived in America, but now he lives in England.
③He told me__once__again__(再次)to be sure to put out the light before leaving.
④I see them__once__(一次)every two months.
⑤__Once__upon__a__time__(从前)there was a giant with two heads.
once用作副词时，意为“曾经；一度；从前”。它是一个不确定的时间副词，其位置一般是在行为动词之前，系动词之后。once用作副词，也可意为“一次”。
(2017全国卷I)
假定你是李华，正在教你的英国朋友Leslie学习汉语。请你写封邮件告知下次上课的计划。内容包括：
1. 时间和地点；
2. 内容：学习唐诗；
3. 课前准备：简要了解唐朝的历史。
注意：
1．词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Leslie，
I am very happy that you have made great progress in learning Chinese and you are interested in Chinese culture. Now I'll tell you the next learning programme. On July 20, we are going to learn poems of the Tang Dynasty which you are interested in the Lecture Hall. As a foreign learner, it is difficult for you to understand the true meaning and the culture of them. Therefore, before class, you can read some books related to the history of the Tang Dynasty to better appreciate the poems.
Be sure to go to the Lecture Hall on time. You cannot miss the wonderful poems.
Best wishes.
Yours，
Li Hua
1. 不要受中文习惯的影响
由于受中文的影响，许多同学在写英文书信时，开头总喜欢用“Hello/ How are you？/ How do you do？”等问候语作为开头，其实这些是不符合英文书信的写作习惯的。与中文信件不同，英文书信正文的开头不是先写一些问候语，而是直接说明写信人的身份及写信目的。
2. 要简明扼要
英文书信讲究简洁，只要涵盖提纲中的要点内容，将写信的目的、要表达的意思表达清楚即可，且不可脱离主题随意增加无关内容。
3．用语要得体
写信时要注意写信人和收信人之间的关系，称呼、语气、用语等方面相符。另外，还应该注意书信中应该以书面语体为主，要避免过于口语化的表达，比如Hello, Bye－bye等。
考向一　在单项选择中设题
(2016天津卷)I'm going to________advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle.　
A. put 　　B. make 　　C. take 　　D. give
【答案】C　句意：我要利用这次旅行来探索这个城堡的历史。短语take advantage of，意为“利用”，属于固定搭配。
考向二　在补全短文中设题
(2017全国卷I)
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill－cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. __1__
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. __2__ We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor's bill for my son's food poisoning.
I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun－filled holiday in the wilderness. __3__ Instead, we had a pop－up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature－loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.
__4__ We have done a lot of it since. Recently, we bought a twenty－eight－foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built－in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.
__5__ It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.
A．This time there was no tent.
B．Things are going to be improved.
C．The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D．I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
E．I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F．After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.
G．There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
【语篇解读】对野营曾怀偏见和抵触情绪的作者偶然发现野营的好处良多，只不过是自己原来没有找到适合自己的方式而已，故而建议大家找到适合自己的方式亲近大自然。
1. D　根据前文所述可知，作者不热衷于“野营”，而下文转述自己找到了适合自己的方式多次野营，故所缺句表示转折关系。故选D。
2．C　根据前句可知，介绍我去野营的朋友认为，我此去野营是件“开拓性的事情”，所缺句可对前文加以补充说明，即野营对我来说很难。故选C。
3．A　作者以前野营是住在帐篷里，根据下一句话可知，所缺句为归结上文(不用帐篷)，和提示下文(用什么方式)的作用，故选A。
4. F　根据后文可知，作者全家多次野营，故所缺为本段的主题句，故选F。
5. E　所缺句是作者总结自己对野营的态度，根据后文作者对人们提出的建议和忠告可知，他对野营是持积极支持态度的，故选E。

计策1：熟记与advantage有关的短语
计策2：了解advantage及其反义词的用法
计策1：抓首句
牢记每一段的第一句话的重要地位，定下段意的基调之后“以小见大”；
计策2：看前后
牢记“瞻前顾后”找线索，通过关键词将选项中的关键词进行定位；
计策3：理情感
紧扣作者的情感变化，跟随作者的情感主线找到判断关键词的方向。
计策4：试做题
如果在段首，先看右，再看上一段段尾。如果在段中，一般先看空格的左边。然后再看空格右边，找复现。如果是段尾句，则先看空格左边。如果空格没有再去找本段的中心主题。
一、词汇拓展
1. journal n．日记；杂志；定期刊物→journalist n．记者→journalism n．新闻业
2. transport n．运送；运输 vt.运输；运送→__transportation__n. 运输；运送
3. prefer vt.更喜欢→__preference__n．更喜欢某事物 →__preferable__adj.(对某人来说)更可取的
4. advantage n．有利条件；便利之处→__disadvantage__n．不利条件；不便之处
5. persuade vt.说服；劝说→__persuasion__n. 说服， 说服力→persuasive adj. 善于说服的 　
6. cycle vi. 骑自行车→__cyclist__n. 骑自行车的人
7. graduate vi. 毕业 n．大学毕业生→____graduation__n. 毕业， 分划， 得学位
8. final n．决赛 adj. 最后的→__finally__adv.最后；终于
9. organize vt.组织；成立→__organized__adj. 有组织的→__organization__n. 组织，团体
10. determine v．→__determination__n．决心；坚定性→__determined__adj.有决心的；意志坚定的
11. insure v．投保险→____insurance__n．保险
12. rely v. 依靠，依赖→__reliable__adj.可信赖的；可靠的
二、单句语法填空
1. The film last night__transported__(transport)us back to New York of the 1950s.
2. As a __journalist__(journal), he interviewed many government officials.
3. The government has ruled out further increases in train__fares__(fare)next year.
4. Father is thankful to me for__persuading__(persuade)him to give up smoking.
5. The road__bends__(bend)to the left and goes straight.
6. They keep in touch with each other since they__graduated__(graduate)from college.
7. He__organized__(organize)the party successfully.
8. She__boiled__(boil)the eggs soft.
9. He got a position with an__insurance__(insure)company.
10. There was an explosion and the plane burst into__flames__(flame)．
11. Bob gave me much help when I was in trouble. He is really a__reliable__(rely)person and you can depend on him.
12. A __determined__(determine) person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is.
13. The teacher wanted to know if we can use the word __properly__(proper).
14. Do you remember all the__details__(detail)of the story you have just read?
15. She__cycled__(cycle)to school instead of taking the bus.
三、用短语的适当形式填空
dream about，take out，be interested in，as usual，(be)dressed in，graduate at/from，be fond of，at midnight，in detail，care about，give in(to sb.)，keep pace with
1. She__graduated__from__an American college in 2017.
2. I should have studied this report __in__detail__．
3. He often__dreams__about__his days in the countryside.
4. We all should have some people to __care__about,__because friendship is very important in our life.
5. Finally，Tom__gave__in__and agreed to travel with them.
6. All my family__are__fond__of__(listening to)folk music.
7. She walks so fast that I can't__keep__pace__with__her.
8. He__is__interested__in__the traffic problem of an entire city.
9. It's getting cool and I have to__take__out__my woolen gloves.
10. After her husband died, she__was__dressed__in__deep black for the rest of her life.
11. I really can't stand you. You're late, __as__usual__.
12. It was__at__midnight__that I got back home yesterday.
四、句型转换
1. Although he ran very fast, he still failed to brush the world record.
Fast__as__he__ran,__he still failed to brush the world record.
2. We insisted that you should give up smoking.
We insisted__your__giving__up__smoking.
3. Once the picture is seen, it can never be forgotten.
Once __seen,__the picture can never be forgotten.
4. At last, we made him change his mind.
At last, we__got__him__to__change__his mind.
5. “Who is speaking there？”， asked the teacher.
“Who__is__it__that__is__speaking__there？”， asked the teacher.
五、单句改错
1. Child although he is, he knows a lot.
although改为__as　
2. When I got back home I saw a message pin to the door.
pin改为pinned__________________________________________________________________________
3. It was in the street where there were lots of shops I met him.
I__前加__that__________________________________________________________________________
4. John made his little sister to cry, which made his mother unhappy.
第一个made__改为got__/删去cry前的to__________________________________________________________________________
5. He insisted that he should be right and should be set free immediately.
第一个should__be改为__was__________________________________________________________________________
六、课文回顾
My sister was fond of traveling. Ever since graduating, she 1.had__been__determined__(determine)to organize a trip to an old temple. Since transporting fare was expensive, she decided to use a bicycle to cycle there not 2.caring__(care)about the disadvantages.3.Her__(she)stubborn attitude was always her shortcoming. Once she made up her mind to do something, no one could persuade her to change her mind. Finally, we gave in 4.__as__ usual though we preferred to take a train.5.__After__ we prepared everything, including the schedule，6.__reliable__(rely)weather forecast and the insurance, we began our trip.gave in
Our journey was along a river 7.__flowing__(flow)from a high altitude. Our pace was slow because the river frequently had many sharp bends through deep valleys，8.__where__ the water seemed to boil. Just as I recorded in my journal, it was really a hard journey. But we also enjoyed great 9.__views__(view). One night, I put my head on my pillow－parcel of wool coats，10.__and__ lay beneath the stars.When the flame in front of our cave went out at midnight, I found the sky so beautiful!
though 引导的让步状语从句可用部分倒装的形式(注意：倒装后位于句首的名词之前不用冠词)，但 although 一般不这样用。此时though可以使用as替换。
Poor though I am，I can afford it.
我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。
Child though he was，he did quite well.
他虽是孩子，但干得很好。
Key words：
fond of
determine to
organize
cycle
stubborn attitude
no one could persuade
the schedule
along a river
the water
a hard journey
enjoyed
borrow/buy/read a journal
借阅/买/阅读 期刊/杂志
keep a journal 记日记
write journal 为期刊〔杂志〕写稿
academic/medical journals 学术/医学杂志
daily/weekly journals 日/周刊
come full cycle 兜了一圈，回到原位
complete the cycle 完成了周期
make a cycle 构成一个循环周期
pass through a cycle 经过一个周期
transport 作动词时意为“运输，运送”，而 transportation 是名词，意为“运送，运输”。
fare 指的是乘坐公共汽车、轮船、出租车等交通工具的费用。
fee 常用复数，指给律师、医生等专业人员的服务费、酬金或(考试的)报名费、(加入俱乐部的)会费等。price 强调(物品)价格。
expense 主要指支出，费用。
go into detail(s)详细叙述
in detail 详细地
give full detail 详述……
work out detail 定出细目
chief detail 主要细节
an eye for detail 明察秋毫
in full detail 详尽地
dream up 设想出，虚构，梦到，梦想
dream about 梦见，梦想
dream of 梦见，梦想
put on 主要表达“穿”的动作。强调 “穿”“戴”的动作，后接衣服、鞋帽等。
wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。宾语可以是衣、帽，也可以是饰物、奖章等。
dress的宾语通常是人，意思是“给……穿衣服”。
dress oneself 或 get dressed表示给自己穿衣服。
be dressed in 的意思是“穿着”，表示状态。
be in 表示穿着的状态，后接表示衣服或颜色的词， 着重于服装的款式或颜色。它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。
have on的意思是“穿着，戴着”。
第一部分 基础知识
必修一　Unit 4 Earthquakes
1. 学习并理解“中国唐山地震的不眠之夜”“地震后重建的新唐山”“美国旧金山1906年地震”。
2. 了解地震的有关知识，学习在地震或突遇的灾难中如何自救、救人。
What is the headline of the newspaper? Are there any frightening events today? I can judge you are frightened. Oh, here is an earthquake. What shocking news! Water pipes burst. Brick walls and metal bars were in ruins. Electricity was hard to get. Millions of buildings were trapped in the dirt. The wells were buried and the canals were destroyed. The quake caused damage to the nation. The whole nation would suffer from extreme pains. You can not find tracks of the alive. It seemed as if the world was at an end. A great number of coal miners had no shelter. It is useless crying. Rescue workers were giving a hand sincerely. We should congratulate ourselves on living in a safe place. Express sincere thanks to the reporters, who made others know the disaster.
1. in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪
2. rescue n. & vt. 援救；营救
3. judge n. 裁判员；法官 vt. 断定；判断；判决
4. right away 立刻；马上
5. congratulate vt. 祝贺
1. 电很难接通。
Electricity was hard to get.
2. 看起来世界末日好像到了。
It seemed as if the world was at an end.
3. 哭泣是没有用处的。
It is useless crying.
★earthquake n. 地震
★burst vi.(burst, burst)爆裂；爆发
★event n. 事件；大事
★nation n. 民族；国家；国民
★ruin n. 废墟；毁灭 vt. 毁灭；使破产
★suffering n. 苦难；痛苦
★extreme adj. 极度的
★injure vt. 损害；伤害
★dirt n. 污垢；泥土
★destroy vt. 破坏；毁坏；消灭
★shock vt. & vi.(使)震惊；震动
★trap vt. 使陷入困境 n. 陷阱；困境
★electricity n. 电；电流；电学
★disaster n. 灾难；灾祸
★useless adj. 无用的；无效的；无益的
★dig out 掘出；发现
★frighten vt. 使惊吓；吓唬
★bury vt. 埋葬；掩埋；隐藏
★shelter n. 掩蔽；掩蔽处；避身处
★damage n. & vt. 损失；损害
★express vt. 表示；表达 n. 快车；速递
★frightened adj. 受惊的；受恐吓的
★frightening adj. 令人恐惧的
★congratulation n. 祝贺；(复数)贺词
★sincerely adv. 真诚地；真挚地
一、重点单词需牢记
1. burst vi.(burst, burst)爆裂；爆发 n. 突然破裂；爆发
burst in/into突然闯进；破门而入
burst out突然迸发；爆发；突然激动地喊叫
burst out doing... ＝burst into＋n. 突然做某事
burst with anger/joy勃然大怒/乐不可支
burst into cheers爆发出欢呼声
The police burst through the door.
警察破门而入。
There was a burst of laughter in the next room.
隔壁房间里突然爆发出一阵笑声。
2. ruin n. 废墟；毁灭 vt. 毁灭；使破产
ruin oneself毁掉自己
in ruins严重受损；破败不堪
fall/come into ruin逐渐破碎
bring...to ruin使……失败；使……毁坏
The rain ruined my painting.
这场雨把我的画给毁了。
An earthquake left the whole town in ruins.
那次地震过后，全城到处是颓垣断壁。
ruin、destroy、damage、hurt、harm、wound与injure
★ruin强调一次性彻底毁灭，程度严重且不能修复。
★destroy指通过有力或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用，一般不能或很难修复，有时用于比喻意义。
★damage多指对价值和动能的破坏，以无生命的东西居多。
★hurt 多指肉体方面的伤害，常伴有痛感。作借喻时常指对精神或感情方面的伤害。
★harm指被“损害，伤害”的东西不再完整、美丽。
★wound 主要指刀伤，枪伤，也可以指感情上的创伤。
★injure“伤害，损害”，意义较广，着重指偶然事故对人或物的容貌、内部器官、生理机能的“损害”。
3. shock vt. & vi.(使)震惊；震动 n. 休克；打击；震惊
be/get shocked 触电
be shocked at 对……感到惊讶
It gave me quite a shock to be told I was seriously ill.
听说我的病很严重，我吃了一惊。
They were shocked by her rudeness.
他们对她的无礼感到震惊。
shocked adj. 震惊的；震撼的
shocking adj. 令人震惊的；骇人听闻的
4. rescue n. & vt. 援救；营救
rescue...from...把……从……营救出来
come to/ go to one's rescue ＝ rescue sb. 援救某人
a rescue team 救援队
a rescue mission 救援任务
rescue workers 救援人员
He dived from the bridge to rescue the drowning child.
他从桥上跳入水中去抢救那溺水儿童。
The police came to his rescue and pulled him out of the river.
警察来救他，把他从河里拉了出来。
5. trap vt. 使陷入困境 n. 陷阱；困境
trap sb./sth. into(doing)．.. 诱使某人/某物(做)……
be trapped in 被……困住
Some miners were trapped underground after the collapse.
塌方后，有些矿工被困在地下。
The police set a trap to catch the thief.
警察设下了捉拿窃贼的圈套。
trapper n. 设陷阱者；设陷阱捕兽者
6. bury vt. 埋葬；掩埋；隐藏
be buried alive 被活埋
be buried under 为……所压倒；沉浸于，忙于
bury (oneself)in 埋头于；专心于；退居于(乡间等)
＝be buried in
bury one's head in the sand
自欺欺人，逃避现实(来自鸵鸟的习性)
Henry buried the dead dog in the backyard.
＝ The dead dog was buried in the backyard by Henry.
亨利把死狗埋在后院。
He is burying himself in his books, paying no attention to anything else.
他埋头于书本，其他事一概不问。
7. congratulation n. 祝贺；(复数)贺词
congratulate vt. 祝贺，向……道喜
congratulations (to sb.)on sth. 就……(向某人)祝贺
congratulate sb. on sth. 为某事向某人祝贺
The letter arrived in congratulation of my graduation from the university.　
我收到了大学毕业的贺信。
Congratulations on your success!
祝贺你获得了成功！
We congratulated him on having passed the exam.
我们祝贺他通过了考试。
8. judge n. 裁判员；法官 vt. 断定；判断；判决
judge sb./ sth. by/from 通过……判断……
judging from... 从……来看，根据……判断
His father used to be a judge.
他的父亲过去是一名法官。
She's a good judge of wine.
她是鉴别酒的专家。
The blind can't judge colours.
盲人无法判断颜色。
Don't judge a man by his looks.
不要以貌取人。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
从他所说的话来看，他是个诚实的人。
二、重点短语需精通
1. think little of不重视；认为……没有价值
She thought little of my work. 她不看重我的工作。
He thought little of my suggestion.他不重视我的建议。
think little/poorly /nothing of轻视；忽略
think much/highly/well of重视；看重，评价高
What do you think of ...？认为……怎么样？
think twice 再三考虑
think about考虑；回想；想起
think of考虑；记忆，记起
think sth. over仔细想；谨慎思考；作进一步考虑
think sth. out认真考虑；仔细盘算
think sth. up想出，发明
2. right away 立刻；马上
I'll return the book to you right away.
我会马上把书还给你。
If war breaks out, we shall be called up right away.
如果战争爆发，我们将立即被征召服役。
right now ＝ at once ＝ immediately ＝ in no time立刻，马上
3. at an end 结束；终结
The war was finally at an end.
战争终于结束了。
at the end of在……尽头；在……末端
by the end of到……结束时；到……时候为止
in the end最后；终于
come to an end结束
put/bring...to an end结束……
put an end to结束……；终结……
4. a (great)number of 许多；大量的
I gave away a (great)number of books to the children there.
我向那儿的孩子捐献了许多书。
表示“许多；大量”的词语可分为以下几类：
＋可数名词复数
＋不可数名词
＋可数名词或不可数名词
＋单数可数名词＋单数谓语动词
三、重点句式能熟用
1. In the farmyards，the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. 在农家大院里，鸡甚至猪都紧张得不吃食了。
句中含有too...to...结构，意为“……以至于不……”。
These pillars are too thin to carry the roof.
这些柱子太细，支撑不住屋顶。
too...to...句型在下列情况下表示肯定意义；
(1)too后的形容词是anxious, eager, easy, glad, kind, ready时，too表示very、extremely的含义。
(2)too前有only，but，all修饰时，表示“非常”。
(3)和never, can't连用时，表示“非常，不会不”。
2. It seemed as if the world was at an end! 仿佛到了世界末日！
as if＝as though意为“仿佛，像，似乎”，通常用在be，look，seem，sound，taste，smell及feel等连系动词的后面。如果表示真实情况应该用陈述语气；如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气， 其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。引导方式状语从句时也要用虚拟语气。
How wild his white hair looked as if it had been electrified!
他的白发十分凌乱，好像触了电似的！(虚拟语气)
She seems as if she is going to cry.
她似乎要哭了。(陈述事实)
He behaved as if nothing had happened.
他表现得好像什么也没发生。(虚拟语气)
as if (though)后面除了跟句子外，还可以跟名词、动词不定式、形容词(短语)、介词短语和分词。 另外，as if (though)还可以表达感叹语气，来对某项建议、假设和推测表示不赞成、惊讶、不满和厌恶等。
As if we were all stupid and he alone clever!
哼，就仿佛我们都是傻瓜只有他一个人聪明似的！
He raised his hand as if to take off his hat.
他举起他的手，好像要取下帽子。
3. All hope was not lost.不是所有的希望都破灭了。
本句中使用了部分否定，即all...not＝not all...都是“部分否定”，也称“半否定”。
all，both，each，every，everyone，everything，always，whole，wholly，entirely，altogether等具有总括意义的词与否定词not连用时，一般都表示部分否定，其中all，both, each，every无论在not之前还是之后，都表示部分否定，表示“不都；并非都”。
All that glitters is not gold.
发光的不一定都是金子。
Not all body languages mean the same thing in different countries.
并非所有的肢体语言在不同的国家里都有相同的意思。
Each machine here is not produced in our plant.
这里的机器不全是我们厂生产的。
而no，none，never，nobody，neither，nothing，no more，no longer等表示否定意义的词与谓语一起使用构成了全部否定。
四、话题写作多积累
训练四：写报道
报道就是把获得的信息快速而准确地用书面形式进行传递。它的结构一般分为四个部分：标题、导语、主体、结语。新闻五要素(5W)缺一不可， 指的是时间(when)，地点(where)，人物(who)，起因(why)，结果(whereupon)。
(1)标题解大意：浓缩概括全文的中心实质问题。用来说明消息内容，通常以醒目的文字出现在消息之上的简短文字，能简明扼要地向读者揭示新闻的主要内容，使其在最短的时间内获取最多的信息。
(2)导语述事实：通常为文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要话题和最主要的事实。它是新闻文体区别于其他文体的特有概念。通常包含5W和1H。
(3)正文细道来：在导语的基础上，引入更多的与主题相关的事实，使之更加详实、具体，并展开评论，进而得出结论。
(4)结语来总结：报道的结语一般是最后一句话或者一段话，通常对全文内容作概括性的总结，或对新闻时间的发展趋势做出预测。
I'd like to say something about...
A terrible accident happened.
He finished first in the race.
It happened that...
He went on riding though the red light was on.
Good news comes on crutches.
Bad news travels quickly.
报道写作时的注意事项
(1)注意人称：除评论部分用第一人称外其余段落都应该用第三人称。
(2)注意时态的正确使用：要用一般过去时。
(3)注意新闻的必要要素不可缺少。
【例1】(1)用burst相关短语的适当形式填空
①The police __burst__into__the__house__(闯进屋子)and arrested the thief.
②Much to my surprise, she __burst__out__crying/burst__into__tears__(号啕大哭)the instant she read the letter.
(2)同义句改写
Hearing the interesting story，all the people present burst into laughter.
Hearing the interesting story，all the people present __burst__out__laughing__．
【例2】(1)根据汉语提示完成句子
① The bad weather has__ruined____(毁了)all my pleasure for the holiday.
②A large number of churches __were__ruined__(毁了)after the revolution.
③A village once so attractive was __ruined__(毁了).
(2)从ruin、destroy、damage、hurt、harm、wound与injure中选择合适的单词完成句子
①The strong wind __damaged__several houses.
②He fell off the bike and __hurt__his arm.
③The earthquake __destroyed__many lives.
④You'll __ruin__your health if you go on like that.
⑤She's afraid that in their fight he would__harm__the child.
⑥The bullet __wounded__him in the leg.
⑦John fell down from the tree and __injured__his back.
【例3】用shock的适当形式填空
①Mr. Smith got __shocked__when he touched the wire.
②They __were__shocked__at the news.
③Jane, __shocked__at the news of the earthquake, was at a loss for words.
④Earthquake __shocks__are often felt in Japan.
⑤All the people present felt __shocked__at the __shocking__news.
【例4】(1)使用恰当的介词填空
①Michael rescued a boy__from__drowning.
②They came__to__his rescue on hearing his cry.
③We rescued him__from__the enemy's camp.
(2)用rescue的适当形式填空
①The mother, along with her two children, has__been__rescued__from the sinking boat by a passing ship.
②The firemen__rescued__five children from the burning house yesterday.
【例5】使用恰当的介词填空
①We were trapped __for__an hour in the traffic jam.
②She was trapped __in__the burning house.
③I was trapped __into__telling the police all I knew.
④The thief was trapped __by__the police in an old house.
【例6】同义句改写
Because she buried herself in the film，she didn't know it was snowing outside.
①Burying__herself__in__the__film,__she__didn't__know__it__was__snowing__outside.(用现在分词短语作状语改写)
②Buried__in__the__film,__she__didn't__know__it__was__snowing__outside.(用过去分词短语作状语改写)
bury常借喻表示“埋头于……”“沉浸于……”，宾语常是思想、工作、事业等。
【例7】用congratulate的适当形式填空
①He is __to__be__congratulated__for his success.
②I send you my warmest __congratulations__on your success.
congratulation用作祝贺语时，通常用复数形式；作为“祝贺”这一抽象意义时，通常用单数形式。
③The loser __congratulated__the winner of the race when the game came to an end.
congratulate后不接带不定式的复合结构或that从句。
【例8】用judge的适当形式填空
①__Judging__from his appearance, he must be a rich man.
②In her__judgment,__he must be from the south.
③Sometimes it is difficult for scientists to make a __judgment__about what may be happening without signals from the spaceship.
【例1】根据汉语提示完成句子
①The government __thinks__much/highly/well__of__(非常重视)his invention because it'll benefit the country.
②The foolish boss __thought__little__of__(不重视)my suggestions on that project.
③He __is__thinking__about__(正在考虑)travelling in the summer holidays.
④I can't __think__of__(想起)his name then.
⑤Please __think__over__(仔细考虑)what I said.
⑥He __thought__out__(想出)a new idea. 【例2】用right away的同义短语完成句子
I want it typed right away, please.
＝ I want it typed right__now,__please.
＝ I want it typed at__once,__please.
＝ I want it typed immediately,__please.
＝ I want it typed in__no__time,__please.
【例3】用end的相关短语填空
①How many English words had you learned __by__the__end__of__last term?
②He became an outstanding doctor __in__the__end__．
③My uncle will fly to China __at__the__end__of__this year.
④The long hot summer __came__to__an__end__.
【例4】单句改错
①In the past two years, the number of automobile accidents in Beijing have decreased.
have改为__has___________________________________________________
②The number of competitors are limit.
are改为is_________________________________________________________
③A number of problems has arisen.
has改为have_______________________________________________________
④Large quantities of there was polluted.
was改为were_____________________________________________________
①a number of意为“一些，很多”，相当于 many, 后接可数名词复数，当它作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
②the number of意为“……的数量、数目”，作主语时谓语动词用单数。
③large quantities of＋名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。
④ large amounts of＋不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。
【例1】翻译句子
①The ropes are too high for children to reach.
那些绳子太高，孩子们够不着。
②I'll be only too pleased to be able to do the job for you.
我能为您效劳，真是十分高兴。
③All too soon all this ended.
很快这一切都结束了。
all too soon总是太早；过得太快。
④It's never too late to learn.
活到老，学到老。
【例2】根据汉语意思完成句子
①他做起事来好像是个电视专家。
He acts as if he __were/was__(be)a TV expert.
②你看上去似乎并不在乎。
You look as if you __don't__care__(not care).
③那棵树看上去好像很久没人给浇水了。
The tree looked as if it __hadn't__been__watered__(water)for a long time.
④他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的。
He talks about Rome as if he __had__been__(be)there before.
⑤他张开嘴似乎要说什么。
He opened his mouth as if he __would__say__(say)something.
＝ He opened his mouth as if __to__say__(say)something.
⑥看起来似乎要下雪了。
It looks as if it __might__snow__(may snow).
⑦她待他如陌生人。
She treats him as if he __were__(be)a stranger.
【例3】(1)根据汉语意思完成句子
①并非什么都好。
Everything__ is not right.
②没有什么能改变她的想法。
Nothing__can change her mind.
(2)将下列句子改为全部否定
①Not everything she did pleased him.
Nothing__she__did__pleased__him.
②Both of them are not my brothers.
Neither__of__them__is__my__brothers.
③I do not remember all the details.
I__do__not__remember__any__of__the__details.
④She is not always excited.
She__is__never__excited.
(2018届辽宁沈阳模拟)
5月1日，高三(5)班的学生志愿者Li Hua和Zhang Fan去阳光敬老院(Sunshine Nursing Home)开展志愿者活动(送水果、打扫、聊天等)。假如你是校英语报的记者，请按下列要点用英语写一则100～120个词的新闻报道。
1. 时间、地点、任务、活动；
2. 老人们的反应；
3. 简短评论。
注意：报道的标题和记者姓名已给出(不计词数)。
Student Volunteers Brought
Sunshine to the Elderly
On May Day, two students from Class Five, Grade Three, Li Hua and Zhang Fan, went to Sunshine Nursing Home to do some voluntary work.
When they arrived, they received a warm welcome, and out of respect, they gave the elderly flowers and fruits.Then, they immediately began to work.First they cleaned the windows and then swept the floor.After everything was finished, Li Hua and Zhang Fan sat in the yard and chatted with the elderly people.When it was time for the two volunteers to leave, the elderly people said they appreciated their kindness and it was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.
Li Hua and Zhang Fan were very happy because what they did has brought joy to others and enriched their own lives.
By Liu Yue, School Newspaper
1. 标题醒目：标题中的关键词是Student Volunteers和Elderly。
2. 导语概括：导语陈述了事件的时间、地点、人物和内容摘要。
3. 正文详述：本段详细描述了事件经过。志愿者受到了老人们的欢迎。而从志愿者的诸多活动(送水果、打扫、聊天等)和老人们的反应可以看出这次活动取得了很大成功。
4. 结语概括：最后，对此次志愿者活动进行评价。
考向一　在语法填空中设题
1. (2017全国卷Ⅰ) Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both，______is not good for the health.
2. (2017全国卷Ⅲ) Sarah，______has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
【答案】1.which　考查定语从句。吃太多的脂肪和盐对健康有害。句中含有定语从句，先行词to have too much of both，定语从句中缺少主语，因为是非限制性定语从句，所以用which引导。
2．who　考查定语从句。句中含有非限制性定语从句，先行词为Sarah，故要用who。
考向二　在阅读理解中考查“人和自然”话题
(2016北京卷，B)
Surviving Hurricane Sandy (飓风桑迪)
Natalie Doan, 14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York. Living just a few blocks from the beach, Natalie can see the ocean and hear the wave from her house. “It's the ocean that makes Rockaway so special，” she says.
On October 29, 2012, that ocean turned fierce. That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalie's family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the city's bridge closed.
When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many of Natalie's friends had lost their homes and were living far away. All around her, people were suffering, especially the elderly. Natalie's school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.
In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie. Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless high－rise buildings.
“My mom tells me that I can't control what happens to me，” Natalie says. “But I can always choose how I deal with it.”
Natalie's choice was to help.
She created a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help. Natalie posted introduction about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collecting when his house burned down. Within days, Patrick's collection was replaced.
In the coming months, her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much－need supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.
Today, the scars (创痕)of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air. The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. “I can't imagine living anywhere but Rockaway，” Natalie declares.
“My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before.”
1. When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane, she found ________.
A. some friends had lost their lives
B. her neighborhood was destroyed
C. her school had moved to Brooklyn
D. the elderly were free from suffering
2. According to Paragraph 4, who inspired Natalie most?
A. The people helping Rockaway rebuild.
B. The people trapped in high－rise building.
C. The volunteers donating money to survivors.
D. Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people.
3. How did Natalie help the survivors?
A. She gave her toys to the kids.
B. She took care of younger children.
C. She called on the White House to help.
D. She built an information sharing platform.
4. What does the story intend to tell us?
A. Little people can make a big difference.
B. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
C. East or West, home is best.
D. Technology is power.
【语篇解读】Natalie是一个14岁的孩子，她生活的地方遭到了飓风桑迪的袭击，受灾严重。看到人们在帮助家乡重建，Natalie也加入了进去，Natalie创建网站来分享求助信息，帮助捐赠者找到需要的受助者。Natalie的行为得到了社会的认可和表扬。
1．B　段落大意题。A项未提及；根据第三段最后一句话可知，学校没有搬走，而是暂时去Brooklyn上学，排除C；根据第三段第三句话排除D；根据第三段第一句话可知，他们的街区被飓风毁了，故选B。
2．A　细节理解题。根据第四段第一句话可知，那些帮助Rockaway恢复重建的人给了Natalie鼓舞。故选A。
3．D　根据倒数第三段的第一句话可知，Natalie创建了一个网站来分享和匹配求助信息和捐赠信息。故选D。
4．A　写作意图题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句话可知，Natalie的助人行为得到了社会的认可和赞扬，说明小人物也可以有大作为，故选A。
计策1：看标点符号确定是否是定语从句
计策2：若是定语从句就判断从句类型
计策3：看从句中缺少什么成分后选择关系词
计策1：略读定大意
本文介绍了一个普通女孩所做的大事。
略读课文后可以得出以下判断：
主人公：Natalie
身份：student
飓风前：lucky to live in Rockaway
飓风后：unlucky to be attacked hard
(第1题答案)
决定：help
原因：men and women helping Rockaway recover (第2题答案)
方式：created a website (第3题答案)
结果：成功(第4题答案)
计策2：细读找出处
通过再次速读文章会发现：
第2段第2句：That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. 呈现了本来在这里幸福生活的Natalie和她的邻居们遭遇到的前所未有的打击，与第1题的B项中的her neighborhood was destroyed吻合。
第4段第一句话In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie. 说明正是那些救助Rockaway的人们鼓舞了Natalie，让她有了一个大胆的想法，与第2题的A项的The people helping Rockaway rebuild吻合。
第7段第1句话She created a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help.说明Natalie觉得通过利用网络让更多的人帮助受灾者，而网站的性质也有“广而告之”的功能，与第3题的D项的She built an information sharing platform 表述吻合。
第一段第一句话Natalie Doan, 14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York.说明Natalie本来是一个普通的纽约女孩，但是她的大胆设想和努力付出帮助了更多需要帮助的人，而倒数第二段最后一句话Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change. 说明她的付出得到了认可和赞扬，说明她做到了“人小鬼大”。
计策3：了解网络的功能
文章中的website和第3题中的information sharing platform有异曲同工之妙，是考生应该了解的网络的基本常识。
一、词汇拓展
1. quake n. 震动 → __earthquake__n. 地震
2. nation n. 民族；国家；国民→__national__adj. 民族的
3. dirt n. 污垢；泥土→__dirty__adj. 脏的national holiday 国庆日
4. suffer vt. & vi.遭受；忍受；经历→__suffering__n. 苦难；痛苦
5. extreme adj. 极度的→__extremely__adv. 极度地
6. injure vt. 损害；伤害→__injury__n. 损害
7. survive vi.幸免；幸存；生还→__survivor__n. 幸存者；生还者；残存物→__survival__ n. 幸存
8. use n. 用途 vt. 使用→__usage__n. 用法→__useless__adj. 无用的；无效的；无益的→__useful__adj. 有用的
9. shock vt. & vi.(使)震惊；震动n. 休克；打击；震惊→__shocked__adj. 震惊的→__shocking__adj. 令人震惊的
10. electric adj. 电的→__electrical__adj. 与电有关的，用电的→__electronic__adj. 电子的→__electricity__n. 电；电流
11. mine n. 矿；矿山；矿井→__miner__n. 矿工
12. report vt. 报道→__reporter__n. 记者
13. frighten vt. 使惊吓；吓唬→__frightened__adj. 受惊的；受恐吓的→__frightening__adj. 令人恐惧的
14. congratulate vt. 祝贺→__congratulation__n. 祝贺；(复数)贺词
15. judge n. 裁判员；法官 vt. 断定；判断；判决→__judgment__n. 裁判；判断
16. sincere adj. 真诚的；真挚的→__sincerely__adv. 真诚地；真挚地
17. express vt. 表示；表达 n. 快车；速递→__expression__n. 词语；表示；表达
18. cycle vi.骑自行车→__cyclist__n. 骑自行车的人→__bicycle__n. 自行车→__recycle__vt. 回收利用；再利用
二、单句语法填空
1. The flood__destroyed__(destroy)a lot of houses and many people became homeless.
2. After__electricity__(electric)was cut off, the lights went out.
disaster, calamity和catastrophe 这三个词均可指不幸的灾难。
3. __Disasters__(disaster)always come suddenly and cause a lot of damage.
4. The__frightened__(frighten)girl was speechless after she saw the terrible scene.
5. A car accident happened with two people killed and one seriously__injured__(injure)．
6. St. Petersburg was almost in __ruins__(ruin)after it was under attack for 900 days by the Germans.
7. The rescue workers put up a lot of tents so that the homeless survivors could be __sheltered__(shelter)．
8. Please give him my__congratulations__(congratulate)when you see him.
9. The river__burst__(burst)its banks and flooded the village.
10. They were badly__shocked__(shock)by the news of her death.
11. There are 54 students in his class, and one－third of them__are__(be)girls.
12. Her__injury__(injure)made her retire from the State Department.
13. Luckily no one__was__trapped__(trap)in a burning house yesterday.
14. Wang Lin had won the first prize in the__national__(nation)examination.
三、用短语的适当形式填空
dig out，think little of，at an end，right away, a number of, the number of, in ruins, be gone, judging from, burst into tears, find a shelter to hide
at the end 在……的末尾
be at an end 完毕
be at one's wit's end 无法可想1. Failing again doesn't mean that the world is __at__an__end__．
2. On hearing the good news, he shared it with his parents __right__away__．
3. He __thought__little__of__my advice and that made me very angry.
4. __A__number__of__people were killed in the earthquake. We don't know exactly __the__number__of__them.
5. He was buried by an avalanche (雪崩)and had to __be__dug__out__．
6. After the big fire, all of their houses were__in__ruins__．
7. The days when the Chinese had to obey others __are__gone__forever.
8. When I told her the bad news, Helen__burst__into__tears__.
9. Mice ran out of the fields__to__find__shelters__to__hide__．
10. __Judging__from__what he said, he must be an honest man.
四、课文回顾
Strange things happened in Tangshan on July 28, 1976，1.__which__were signs of earthquakes.2.__For__a few days, water in the wells rose and fell. From the 3.__cracks__(crack)of wells smelly gas came out. Mice, chicken, pigs and even fish became nervous. But people in the city of Tangshan didn't think much of them. At 3：00 am, everything began to shake.It seemed that the world was at 4.__an__end. One－third of the nation 5.__felt__(feel)it. A huge crack cut across the city. The city lay in 6.__ruins__(ruin).
Two－thirds of the people died or 7.__were__injured__(injure). Then later that afternoon，another big quake 8.__shook__(shake)Tangshan. People began to wonder how long the disaster would last. But all hope was not 9.__lost__(lose). Soldiers came to help those survivors.10.__Slowly__(slow), the city began to breathe again.
national affairs 国家大事
national defence 国防
national dress 民族服装
national flag 国旗
national games 全国运动会
national income 国民收入
national textbook 全国通用教材
national university 国立大学
shock强调“震惊，使毛骨悚然，使愤慨”，表示不快的事情。
surprise的含义是使人一愣，这种吃惊可能包含着高兴，也可能包含害怕或忧虑，语气较弱。
amaze强调“使惊异，困惑”，还有“惊叹，佩服”的意思。
astonish表示“对不平常的事大吃一惊”、“几乎无法使人相信”，但没有“惊叹”的意思。
electric为“电的，用电的，带电的”，指任何电动的或发电的装置，被修饰的物体本身可带电；
electrical为“电的，与电有关的，电气科学的”，指与电有关的事物，被修饰的词本身并不能带电。
disaster指人为的或自然的灾祸；
calamity指造成的灾祸比disaster更大；
catastrophe指造成的损失无法补偿。
shelter from the rain 避雨
shelter from sunlight 避光
shelter from trouble 避开麻烦
find shelter in 在……里躲避
form a shelter 构成掩体/隐蔽物
seek/take shelter 寻求/得到庇护
由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of＋名词”构成的短语以及由 “分数或百分数＋名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
bring ruin upon oneself 自取灭亡
bring sb.to ruin 使某人毁灭
fall into ruin 坍塌
Key words：
strange things
in Tangshan
on July 28, 1976
didn't think much of them
began to shake
One－third of the nation
huge crack，died
another big quake
all hope
came to help breathe again
第一部分 基础知识
必修一　Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—A Modern Hero
1. 了解Nelson Mandela的生平事迹，了解伟人所应具备的优秀品质，学习他们在艰苦的环境下为人类做贡献、不追求享乐的高尚精神，以提高自身素质。
2. 能用恰当的语言简单地描述人物，并简单地表达自己的意见。
What are the qualities of a great person? Active, generous, selfless, devoted, hard－working or willing to help others? What is your opinion? Sun Yat－sen founded the first Republic based on three principles. Gandhi fought for freedom in peaceful ways. Mandela worked as an educated lawyer to offer legal guidance to the poor black people in trouble or out of work. He believed all are born equal and every one shouldn't lose heart. But the black suffered cruelty and terror and even reached a stage where many begged for food from their relatives. He set up ANC Youth League. He was hopeful about equal rights but failed. He decided to answer violence with violence. As a matter of fact, he attacked the laws and blew up government buildings. In 1962, he was sentenced to prison where no one could escape but he came to power as president in 1994. Most people voted for him. Also he was rewarded with the Nobel Peace Prize.
1. quality n. 质量；品质；性质
2. peaceful adj. 和平的；平静的；安宁的
3. devote vt. (与to连用)献身；专心于
4. in trouble 在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等的处境中
5. turn to 求助于；致力于
6. lose heart 丧失勇气或信心
1. 你的看法是什么？
What is your opinion?
2. 但是黑人遭受的残忍和恐怖甚至到了不得不向亲戚们乞求食物来生存的阶段。
But the black suffered cruelty and terror and even reached a stage where many begged for food from their relatives.
★mean adj. 吝啬的；自私的；卑鄙的
★active adj. 积极的；活跃的
★generous adj. 慷慨的；大方的
★found vt. 建立；建设
★lawyer n. 律师
★fee n. 费(会费、学费等)；酬金
★out of work 失业
★hopeful adj. 怀有希望的；有希望的
★stage n. 舞台；阶段；时期
★vote vt. & vi. 投票；选举 n. 投票
★attack vt. 进攻；攻击；抨击
★as a matter of fact 事实上
★blow up 使充气；爆炸
★equal adj. 相等的；平等的
★willing adj. 乐意的；自愿的
★unfair adj. 不公正的；不公平的
★escape vi. 逃脱；逃走；泄露
★educate vt. 教育；训练
★come to power 当权；上台
★beg vi. 请求；乞求
★relative n. 亲戚；亲属
★reward n. 报酬；奖金 vt. 酬劳；奖赏
★set up 设立；建立
★sentence vt. 判决；宣判
★opinion n. 意见；看法；主张
★selfish adj. 自私的
★selfless adj. 无私的；忘我的
★selflessly adv. 无私地；忘我地
★devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的
★guidance n. 指导；领导
一、重点单词需牢记
1. quality n. 质量；品质；性质 adj. 优质的
be superior in quality 质量好
give a taste of one's quality 显显自己的本领
be of good/bad quality好/坏的品质
be of the best quality最好的品质
be of high/poor quality优质/劣质
The changes of quantity cause the changes of quality.
量变引起质变。
The sweater is of good quality.
这件毛衣质地很好。
qualification n. 资格，学历
qualified adj. 有资格的
quality和quantity
quality 表示“质量”。和quality连用的动词有improve, judge；连用的形容词有poor，high，good, top等。quantity 表示“数量”，常与large，small等词搭配。
2. devote vt. (与to连用)献身；专心于
devote oneself to献身于……；致力于……
devote...to...把……奉献于……；把……专注于……
devote one's life to...把一生致力于/奉献于……
Zaragoza has devoted all his life to the field of science.
Zaragoza把他的一生都献给了这一科学领域。
devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的
devotion n. 关爱；关照；奉献；忠诚
be devoted to...专心于……；奉献于……
类似于devote...to...的结构中to为介词的词组还有：
object to 反对　　　　　attend to 办理；照顾；注意听
look forward to 期待 be opposed to 反对
stick to 坚持 lead to 导致
pay attention to 注意到 be related to 与……有关
see to 负责…… refer to 提到；指的是
3. vote vt. & vi. 投票；选举 n. 投票；选票；表决
take a vote on就……投票
give one's vote to/for 投赞成……的票
vote for/against 投票赞成/反对……
vote in/out选出/罢免某人
Not everybody has the vote. 并不是每个人都有投票权。
I gave my vote to Mr. Wang. 我把票投给了王先生。
(2)用vote的适当形式填空
①He won the election because he got most__votes__．
②Tom__was__voted__in as their new chairman.
voter n. 选民，投票人
voting n. 投票；选举
4. attack vt. 进攻；攻击；抨击
make an attack on/ upon 攻击，向……进攻
open an attack 开始进攻
be attacked with (a disease)患/害病
have an attack of (病情)发作
The planes began their attack on the city.
飞机开始攻击这个城市。
Can the town be secured against attack?
能保护这个市镇不受攻击吗？
5. equal adj. 相等的；平等的 vt. 等于；比得上 n．同等的人；相等物
be equal to sth./doing sth.等于/胜任某物/做某事
A equals B in... A在……方面比得上B/与B相匹敌
without equal无与伦比
feel equal to [口]能胜任，有能力去做
be the equal to one's word 说到做到
A pound is roughly equal to 500 grams.
一磅约等于500克。
She did not feel equal to receiving visitors.
她身体不适， 不能接见客人。
equality n．平等
equally adv. 相等地；同等地；均等地
6. escape vi. 逃脱；逃走；泄露 n. 逃脱
escape from...从……逃脱；逃避
escape doing/being done 逃避(被)做某事
escape death ＝ a narrow escape死里逃生
We were lucky to escape being punished.
我们很幸运，没有受罚。
The soldier escaped from the enemy's prison.
这个士兵从敌人的监狱里逃了出来。
The thief jumped into a car and made his escape.
小偷跳上汽车逃走了。
7. reward n. 报酬；奖金 v．报答；奖赏
as a reward (for...)作为 (对……的)报答
give a reward to sb. for sth. 为某事给某人报酬(或赏金)
reward sb. with sth. for sth.为某事用某物/事报答某人
It's a reward for virtue. 那是对美德的回报。
She was rewarded for her efforts with a cash bonus.
她因自己的努力而得到一笔奖金。
名词
动词
award
奖品，奖金
意为“授予，颁发”，常用搭配：award sb. sth. ＝award sth. to sb.
reward
报酬，奖金或一些非金钱类的报酬
多指因对方的工作、服务、帮助而给予的报酬或奖赏，常用搭配：reward sb. for (doing)sth.
【例8】用opinion相关短语的适当形式填空
①我对此实在不能形成什么看法或意见。
I can't __form__any__idea__or opinion about it.
②他请我对那些画提提意见。
He __asked__my__opinion__of the pictures.
③我认为你的外套不值这么多钱。
__In__my__opinion,__your new coat is not worth so much money.
8. opinion n. 意见；看法；主张
What's your opinion of the plan? 你认为这项计划怎样？
ask the opinion of sb.征求某人的意见
form an opinion about形成……的看法
in one's opinion就某人的观点看来
What is your opinion of...?
＝What do you think of...?
＝ How do you like...?
＝ How do you find...? 你觉得……怎么样？ (用于询问对人或事物的喜欢程度、态度、看法等)
二、重点短语需精通
1. out of work 失业
He was out of work when the factory closed.
工厂倒闭后他失业了。
out of employment 失业
be laid off 被裁员，被解雇
out of business破产；歇业 　　　out of control失控
out of repair失修 out of order有毛病
out of date过时 out of one's reach够不着
out of danger脱险 out of question毫无疑问
out of the question不可能的 out of patience失去耐心
2. as a matter of fact 事实上
As a matter of fact, I was the one who did it.
其实，做这件事的就是我。
in fact ＝ in reality实际上，事实上
As a matter of fact, I was worked out.
事实上我已经筋疲力尽了。
Everyone likes the stranger, but in reality, he is a criminal.
每个人都喜欢这位陌生人，但其实他是个罪犯。
3. in trouble 在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等的处境中
The boy caused a lot of trouble to his parents; he was always in trouble.
这个男孩给他的父母招来很多麻烦，他甚为苦恼。
ask for/look for trouble找麻烦
make trouble制造麻烦
take trouble to do sth. 费心做某事
get into trouble遇到麻烦
have trouble (in)doing sth.
＝ have difficulty (in)doing sth. 做某事有困难
save/spare trouble省事
get sb. into/out of trouble使某人陷入或摆脱困境
4. turn to 翻到；转向；求助于；致力于；查询，咨询
Please turn to Page 40.
请翻到40页。
Follow the main road until it branches, and then turn to the right.
顺着这条大路走，在路的分岔口向右拐。
However，when it is something beyond my competence，I turn to my classmates or teachers for help.
但是当事情超出我的能力时，我向同学或老师求助。
We have to turn to some bigger companies for technical help.
我们不得不向一些更大的公司寻求技术援助。
5. lose heart 丧失勇气或信心
Don't lose heart; you still have more chances.
别灰心，你还有更多的机会。
lose one's heart to爱上，喜欢
heart and soul全心全意
break one's heart心碎
put one's heart into把全部心思放在
learn/know by heart记熟
take heart 鼓起勇气，振作起来
6. come to power 当权；上台
As soon as their party came to power，they changed the law.
他们的政党一上台，他们就开始修改法律。
be in power 当权，执政
take/seize/lose power掌握/夺取/失去权力(政权)
within/beyond one's power在权力范围之内/之外
由come into＋名词可构成的短语：
come into action 开始行动
come into fashion 流行
come into effect 生效
come into office 就职
7. set up 设立；建立
How long will it take to set up the projector?
把这个放映机安放好需要多长时间？
A new government was set up after the war.
新政府于战后成立。

set about doing sth. 开始做或处理；着手做……
set out to do sth. 开始做或处理；着手做……
set aside 留出/节省(时间或钱)；对……不予考虑
set off 引爆；激发；出发；启程
be set in...以……为背景，故事发生在……
8. be sentenced to 被判处……(徒刑)
He was sentenced to 10 years in a labour camp.
他被判处劳动改造10年。
He has been sentenced to pay a fine of $500.
他被判罚款500美元。
announce sentence on sb.宣布对某人的判决
be sentenced to hard labour被判服苦役
be sentenced to six months in prison被判处六个月监禁
be under the sentence of death被判处死刑
have sb. sentenced to death判某人死刑
sentence sb. to death判某人死刑
receive a sentence of two years 被判两年徒刑
三、重点句式能熟用
1. I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.我第一次向一个(参观)小组谈论(罗本岛监狱的情况)时，心里很不好受。
句中的the first time用作连词，用来引导时间状语从句，意为“第一次……”。
He was writing a letter the first time I saw him.
我第一次见到他时，他在写一封信。
名词(短语)作连词，引导时间状语从句的有：
the moment/the minute/the instant
＝as soon as 一……就……
every time每次
each time每当……
next time下次……时
last time上次……时
any time在任何时候
by the time到……为止
2. ...only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.……只有到那个时候，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。
only then did we decide to answer violence with violence是倒装结构。当only修饰副词或其他状语置于句首时，句子要部分倒装。
Only recently have I thought of them.
直到最近我才想起他们。
Only after the lesson did she discover that she had lost her handbag.
下了课她才发现自己丢了手提包。
Only when the war was over was he able to return home.
只有战争结束，他才能回家。
四、话题写作多积累
训练五：写人物介绍
人物介绍是高考中常见的书面表达形式之一，它主要是简单介绍某人的生平，从外貌到性格，从事迹到品质来进行描述。若作者语言基础扎实，就会写得有声有色。如果作者思想深刻，夹叙夹议，就会给人以教育和启迪。
1. 人物写作通常需要介绍人物的姓名、年龄、外貌、学历、经历、专业、爱好、特长、事迹、性格等多个方面，但英语写作需要严格按照写作要求来写，要包括所给的全部信息点，既不能遗漏，也不能随意添加。
2. 对题目所给的信息要进行适当重组，安排好写作顺序，突出重点信息。
3. 正确运用描写人物的词汇和句型。
写作步骤：
(1)Birthday and birth place
(2)Family background
(3)Education
(4)Big events in his or her life ( 按时间顺序 )
(5)Evaluation评价
1. Birthday and birth place
was / were born on...in...
2. Family background
1)a poor / rich family, 2)his (her)family was so poor that..., 3)with the help of his parents, 4)his father was very strict with him..., 5)the son of a poor family, 6)when he was a small boy, 7)as a child, 8)during his (her)childhood, 9)spend his childhood in..., 10)live a happy (hard)life, 11)a boy of 15
3. Education
1)graduate from...university, 2)When at college, he majored in..., 3)receive a doctor's degree, 4)be well educated, 5)go abroad for further studies
4. Big events in his life
1)be interested in..., 2)work hard at..., 3)devote his lifetime to..., 4)do research about / into..., 5)be fond of..., 6)be strict in sth., 7)have a．..way of doing sth., 8)try one's best to do sth.，9)encourage sb. to do sth.，10)fight for，11)give up one's life for sb. / sth., 12)win a prize in...competition, 13)be good at
5. Evaluation
1)one of the best (most important)．.., 2)set a good example to sb.，3)a model teacher, 4)be respected by everyone, 5)sing high praise for...，speak (think)highly of..., 6)his hard work brought him great success, 7)his heroic story spread all over the country, 8)remember sb. forever, 9)be honored as..., 10)be famous as..., 11)be regarded as...
【例1】完成句子
①他仔细检查家具的品质。
He examined the__quality__of__the__furniture carefully.
②他具备了一个成功商人应具有的所有品质。
He has__all__the__qualities__of a successful businessman.
③这种新型号质量非常好，而且也不贵。
This new model is__of__high__quality__and is not expensive either.
④他死了，留下大量未发表的作品。
He died and left__a__large__quantity__of__unpublished works.
⑤毫无疑问， 他能胜任这份工作。
There is no doubt that he__is__qualified__for__the job.
quality用于指“商品”时，表示商品“质量”，通常用单数形式quality；表示“商品的性能”时一般用复数形式qualities。
【例2】(1)完成句子
①他全身心投入研究，没时间和我们过周末。
__Devoted__to his research，he spared no time to spend a weekend with us.
②怀特夫人，我的一位忠实的朋友，献身于教学，她对孩子们的关爱使我们投票选了她。
Mrs. White, a__devoted__friend of mine, devoted__herself__to__teaching__and her__devotion__to children made us vote for her.
(2)单句改错
①Jane devoted her life to protect animals in the wild and achieved a lot.
protect改为protecting
②The lawyer was so kind that he devoted all his spare time he had helping the disabled.
had后加to
【例3】(1)使用恰当的介词填空
①我们开会对这个问题进行投票表决。
We hold a meeting to take a vote__on__the issue.
②很少有人投票反对这项新政策。
Few people vote__against__the new policy.
【例4】完成句子
①敌人彻夜都在攻击我们的机场。
The enemy__attacked__our airport all night.
＝ The enemy__made__an__attack__on__our airport all night.
②州长因没履行一项竞选时的承诺而被新闻界抨击。
The governor__was__attacked__by the press for failing to keep a campaign promise.
【例5】(1)完成句子
①玛丽与比尔的智力不相上下。
Mary__is__quite__equal__to__Bill in brains.
②他能胜任管理办公室的工作。
He __is__equal__to__running the office.
(2)单句改错
①I hope that he proves equal in the challenge.
in改为to
②Though she is young，she has no equal to music.
to改为in
equal还可作“能胜任的，合适的”解，指有力量、勇气、能力等做某事，是表语形容词，与to连用，后接名词或动名词。
【例6】完成句子
①无论是谁触犯法律都避免不了受到处罚。
Whoever breaks the law won't __escape__being__punished__．
②这个士兵从敌人的监狱里逃了出来。
The soldier__escaped__from__the enemy's prison.
③一旦钓住，鱼就没机会逃脱。
Once hooked，fish __have__no__chance__of__escape__．
escape 后接动词时要用动名词。escape的过去分词形式不是表示被动而是表示完成，如escaped prisoner意为“逃犯”。
【例7】(1)完成句子
①他总是认为公司会因为他的努力工作而奖赏他。
He always believed that the company would __reward__him__for__his efforts.
②我送给他一本书来答谢他的帮助。
I gave him a book __in__reward__for__his help.
＝ I__rewarded__him__with__a book for his help.
(2)用reward或者award完成句子
莫言被授予诺贝尔文学奖。在他的业余时间，他总是乐于帮助年轻作家，我们怎样才能报答他的好意呢？
Mo Yan__was__awarded__the Nobel Prize in Literature. In his spare time，he has always been ready to help young writers. How can we__reward__his kindness?
下面两句话的意思不同：
They have sought the opinion of the workers in the factory.他们征求了厂内工人的意见。
They have a good opinion of the workers in the factory.
他们对这家工厂的工人评价高。
【例1】用out of 相关短语的适当形式填空
①到此书出版时，它已经过时了。
It was already __out__of__date__by the time it was published.
②飞机失控，坠入大海。
The plane got __out__of__control__and crashed into the sea.
③他上星期病得很重，但现在已脱离了危险。
He was very ill last week but is now__out__of__danger__．
④他的房子那时已破旧了。
His house got __out__of__repair__then.
【例2】同义句转换
他自称是足球明星，可事实上他球技平平。
He claims to be a football star. As a matter of fact, he is just an indifferent player.
＝ He claims to be a football star, but__in__fact,__he is just an indifferent player.
＝ He claims to be a football star, but__in__reality,__he is just an indifferent player.
【例3】根据汉语提示完成句子
①He never comes except when he is__in__trouble__(有麻烦)．
②Don't imagine that you're the only person __in__trouble__(不幸).
③The boy __got__into__trouble__(出事了)when he left home to live in London.
④That's none of your business. Please don't __ask__for/look__for__trouble__(找麻烦)．
⑤Students growing up from nursery school to college __have__trouble__(有困难)dealing with realities.
【例4】观察句子，写出黑体部分的含义
①He was the one I always turned to for strength and security.____求助于__
②If you turn to Page 40，you will find it.__翻到__
③More and more people turn to computer science.__从事于；致力于__
④As I climbed out of the car at the hospital and turned to thank her，she smiled and told me not to lose faith.__转向__
⑤You shouldn't always turn to the dictionary when you meet new words in reading.__查阅__
【例5】完成句子
①不要失去信心，一切都会好起来的。
Don't __lose__heart,__all will turn out well.
②她喜欢上了一位年轻士兵。
She __lost__her__heart__to__a young soldier.
③这男孩背下了这首诗。
The boy__learned__the poem__by__heart__.
【例6】完成句子
①据说这位新总统上台时会面临很多困难。
It is said that when the new president __comes__to__power,__he will have to face many difficult problems.
②这届政府已执政两年。
The government has been__in__power__for two years.
③要为医疗站筹集五千块钱是一项他们力不能胜的任务。
The raising of 5，000 yuan for the clinic was a task __beyond__their__power__. 　
④我父亲已丧失了工作能力。
My father has __lost__his__powers__to work.
【例7】 用set的适当短语填空
①A fund __will__be__set__up__(将设立)for the dead men's families.
②He__set__aside__(放一边)his own work and __set__about__(着手)helping me.
③She listened attentively and __set__down__(记下来)every word he said.
④The novel __is__set__in__(以……为背景)pre－war London.
【例8】完成句子
①一个凶手被判三年徒刑，另一个被判处死刑。
One murderer was__sentenced__to__three years in prison and the other was sentenced __to__death__．
②那小偷被判5年监禁。
The thief__received__a sentence__of__5 years in prison.
③法官宣判他服苦役。
The judge __sentenced__him__to__do__hard labour.
【例1】 完成句子
①每当我在公园看到这位老人时他都在专注读报。
__Each__time__I see the old man in the park，he is absorbed in reading newspapers.
②下次我遇到他，我会告诉他这个消息的。
__Next__time__I meet him, I'll tell him the news.
③这是我第一次通过考试。
That is the first time that I__have__passed__(pass)the exam.
It was the first time (that)．..是固定句式，it也可换成this或that，first也可换成second，third等以表达不同的意义。It will be/is＋the first time (that)＋主语＋动词的现在完成时。It was＋the first time (that)＋主语＋动词的过去完成时。
【例2】完成句子
①只有用上你全部的时间和精力，你才能把这项工作做好。
__Only__with__all__your__time__and__energy__can you do this job well.
②只有以这种方式我们才能学好英语。
__Only__in__this__way__can__we__learn English well.
③似乎只有一部分孩子明白。
Only some of the children __seemed__to__have understood it.
④只有当他病情严重时他才住院。
Only when he is seriously ill __does__he__ever stay in hospital.
only放于句首，修饰主语，句子不用倒装。如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。
(2018届山东青岛质检)
假设你是李华，是校英语俱乐部的成员。英语俱乐部下次交流的话题是My Hero，请你写一篇英语发言稿，介绍你班身残志坚的同学——王跃。内容包括：
1. 他不能正常地走路；
2. 他对待生活和学习的态度；
3. 你敬佩他的原因。
注意：
1．词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear friends,
My name is Li Hua. I would like to share my hero with you, one of my classmates named Wang Yue.
When Wang Yue was born, he suffered from a rare disease, making him unable to walk normally. However, Wang Yue stays positive about life. He works hard at his lessons and his ambition is to become a scientist.
Wang Yue is my hero because he never gives up his dream although he has a physical disability. His example inspires us to try our best to make our dream come true.
That's all. Thank you.
【构思】
体裁
记叙文
话题
人物介绍
时态
一般现在时和一般过去时
人称
第三人称
【重点词组】
1. 与某人分享share...with sb.
2. 遭受；患有suffer from
3. 结果as a result
4. 对……保持乐观be/stay positive about　
5. 努力学习……work hard at...
6. 放弃梦想give up one's dream
7. 尽全力try one's best
8. 使梦想成真make one's dream come true
【句子升级】
1. I would like to share my hero with you，and he is one of my classmates named Wang Yue. (用名词短语作同位语改写句子)
I would like to share my hero with you，one of my classmates named Wang Yue.
2．When Wang Yue was born, he suffered from a rare disease，which made him unable to walk normally. (用现在分词短语作结果状语改写句子)
When Wang Yue was born, he suffered from a rare disease, making him unable to walk normally.
考向一　在短文改错中设题
(2017全国卷Ⅱ)
In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.
【答案】that改为which　考查定语从句。此处是一个非限制性定语从句，缺少主语，指前面的garden，应该使用which。
考向二　在阅读理解中考查“名人”话题
(2016全国卷Ⅰ，A)
You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?
Jane Addams(1860—1935)
Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need.In 1931，Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
Rachel Carson(1907—1964)
If it weren't for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today.Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world's lakes and oceans.
Sandra Day O'Connor(1930—present)
When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员)and，in 1981, the first woman to join the U． S. Supreme Court. O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.
Rosa Parks (1913—2005)
On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil－rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired I giving in，” said Parks.
1. What is Jane Addams noted for in history?
A. Her social work.　　　　　　　　B. Her lack of proper training in law.
C. Her efforts to win a prize. D. Her community background.
2. What is the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by the law firm?
A. Her lack of proper training in law.
B. Her little work experience in court.
C. The discrimination against women.
D. The poor financial conditions.
3. Who made a great contribution to the civil－rights movement in the US?
A. Jane Addams. 　　　　　　 B. Rachel Carson.
C. Sandra Day O'Connor. D. Rosa Parks.
4. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?
A. They are highly educated. B. They are truly creative.
C. They are pioneers. D. They are peace－lovers.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了几位著名的女性，她们都为人类的进步做出了很大的贡献。
1. A　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话可知她是一个社会工作者，而且获得了诺贝尔和平奖。
2. C　细节理解题。根据第四段中的she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman可知，她因为自己是女性而被法律公司拒绝录用。
3. D　细节理解题。根据末段倒数第二句中and kicked off the civil－rights movement可知，Rosa Parks对民权运动做出了贡献。故选D。
4. C　推理判断题。根据文章对这几个人物的介绍可知，这些女性都是在各自的领域为社会做出贡献的先驱。故选C。

计策1：看标点，确定定语从句的类型
计策2：that不能引导非限制性定语从句
计策1：多读名人传记
古人说：少年养志。如何养志，通过读名人传记是一个很好的方法。名人传记的故事都来源于现实，可以让我们对现实社会有一个正确的认识和了解，有利于培养个人的正确价值观，也能帮助我们树立远大的志向。在选择读书的时候，也要注意选择好的版本和有学习价值的人物。
计策2：通过专有名词定位重要信息
每篇文章不论长短都有其中心思想，用以支持和发展中心思想的具体信息就是命题时的重要依据。答题时要围绕中心思想，特别留意阅读材料中的有关数字、时间、专有名词、原因和特点等具体信息。题干中的标识语是从阅读材料中快速寻找答题依据的“路标”。
计策3：找关键词
理清语篇陈述的基本事实，可以按时间顺序逐一整理，把握文章主角的人生经历。一般来说，可以按照下面要素去归纳整理，即什么人、在什么时候、什么地方、做了什么事、体现了他什么品格、作者有什么评价、这事产生了什么影响、对我们有什么启迪。这一过程是解答阅读题的基础，也是关键，也是将文章串联起来的重要关键词。
一、词汇拓展
1. quality n. 质量；品质；性质 adj. 优良的， 高级的→__qualified__adj. 有资格的→__qualification__n. 资格， 限制， 条件
2. mean adj.吝啬的；自私的；卑鄙的 v. 意欲；打算→__meaning__ n．意义→__meaningful__ adj. 有意义的→__meaningless__adj.没有意义的
3. active adj. 积极的；活跃的→__actively__adv. 积极地，主动地；活跃地
4. generous adj. 慷慨的；大方的→__generously__adv. 慷慨地→__generosity__n. 慷慨，大方
5. self n. 自我；自身→__selfish__adj. 自私的→__selfless__adj. 无私的；忘我的→__selflessly__adv. 无私地；忘我地
6. devote vt. 献身；专心于→__devoted__adj. 忠实的；深爱的→__devotion__n. 热爱；投入
7. found vt. 建立；建设→__founder__n. 创立者，奠基者
8. peace n. 和平；和睦 →__peaceful__adj. 和平的；平静的；安宁的→__peacefully__adv.和平地
9. law n. 法律→__lawyer__n. 律师
10. guide v. 指导；管理→__guidance__n. 指导；领导→__guideline__n. 指导方针；参考
11. legal adj. 法律的；依照法律的→__illegal__adj.非法的，违法的
12. hopeful adj. 怀有希望的；有希望的→__hopefully__adv. 怀有希望地→__hopeless__ adj. 没有希望的
13. vote vt. & vi. 投票；选举 n. 投票；选票；表决→__voter__n. 选民
14. violence n. 暴力；暴行→__violent__adj. 暴力的，猛烈的
15. willing adj. 乐意的；自愿的→__unwilling__adj. 不情愿的
16. fair adj. 公正的；公平的→__unfair__adj. 不公正的；不公平的→__fairly__ adv. 相当
17. educate vt. 教育；训练→__educated__adj. 受过教育的；有教养的→__education__ n. 教育→__educator__n. 教育工作者，教育家
18. beg vi. 请求；乞求→__beggar__n. 乞丐
19. relative n. 亲戚；亲属→__relation__n. 关系→__related__adj. 相关的
20. terror n. 恐怖；可怕的人；恐怖时期→__terrorist__n. 恐怖分子→__terrible__adj. 可怕的
21. cruel adj. 残忍；残酷→__cruelty__n. 残忍；残酷
二、单句语法填空
1. It was__generous__(generosity)of you to give me a hand with my English.
2. Your__relatives__(relative)are the members of your family.
3. Two of the prisoners have__escaped__(escape)．
4. You shouldn't think only about your own needs. It's too__selfish__(self)．
5. Some of the games are full of__violence__(violent). Too much fighting is not good for young kids to play.
6. Young people should__be__educated__(educate)in how to protect nature.
7. The official ordered the prisoners__be__sentenced__(sentence)to death right away.
8. Lots of__heroes__(hero)lost their lives in fighting with the fire.
9. Many young people are__willing__(will)to be volunteers in helping those in poor areas.
10. He studied law in his__youth__(young), and later, he became a lawyer.
11. The old man__rewarded__(reward)the boy with a smile for helping him.
12. He__equals__(equal)me in strength but not in intelligence.
三、用短语的适当形式填空
1. The sudden heavy snow __stopped__ them __from__ getting home as early as expected.
2. His glasses fell down to the ground and broke__into__pieces．
3. Don't __worry__about__her health; I think she will take good care of herself.
4. I just can't understand why she is __out__of__work__ again.
5. You can't __lose__heart__ in face of any difficulty.
6. Boys and girls, let's do our best to help those __in__trouble__．
7. It is reported that the new president will __come__to__power__ next month.
8. It is said that a new factory will be __set__up__ in my hometown.
9. The murderer will __be__sentenced__to__death__ for killing a few girls.
10. The thief will __be__put__in__prison__ for stealing quite a few expensive cars.
四、课文回顾
Nelson Mandela was the first black president of South Africa. He 1.__devoted__(devote)all his life to making black and white people equal. In 1952, he 2.__founded__ (found)a law office to offer guidance to the poor black people 3.__on__ their legal problems. Elias was helped by him when he was in trouble and then he became more 4.__hopeful__ (hope)about his future. Later when Mandela set up the 5.__organization__ (organize)of the ANC Youth League he joined it as soon as possible and fought together for the equal 6.__rights__ (right). They first broke the law in a 7.__peaceful__(peace)way. Only when that was not allowed did they decide to answer violence with violence. Elias didn't like 8.__violence__(violent), but he was happy to help blow up some of the government buildings because of their dream. They 9.__were__put__(put)into prison because they broke the laws. Mandela seized every chance to educate the prisoners in prison. With what he learned Elias got a job after he was out of prison. But soon he lost the job because of his experience. After Mandela came to power in 1994, he was given the job 10.__as__ a guide on Robben Island.
be mean about 在……上吝啬的
be mean of 对……羞愧
be mean to 对……不好的
be active about some business 积极从事某种商业活动
be active in doing good 积极做好事
be active in one's movements 动作灵敏
be active in work 积极工作
be generous in 乐于……的，在……上不吝惜的
be generous in giving help 乐于帮助
be generous to sb. 对某人宽宏大量的
be generous with one's money 用钱大方
break law 犯法
follow the law 做律师；法律解决；诉讼
give up law 放弃法律
go to law 打官司
keep the law 维护法制
make a law 制定法律
obey the law 遵守法律
pass a law 通过法律
have no relatives 没有亲戚
the close/distant relative 近/远亲
the elderly relatives 年长的亲属
relative to 关于……的，和……比较起来
self service 开架销售；自助餐；自我服务的
self disguise 伪装自己
self repair 自修复；自动恢复；自修；自行检修
self control 自制力；自制；无法自拔；自身对照
以o结尾的名词的复数形式
指人和农作物的加－es，其他的加s(或者是有生命的加－es，无生命的加－s)：
如：Negro—Negroes (黑人); hero—heroes (英雄); tomato—tomatoes (西红柿)；potato—potatoes (土豆)。
而下面的单词加“－s”。photo—photos (相片); zoo—zoos (动物园); radio—radios (收音机)；piano—pianos (钢琴)。
put...in prison，in trouble，set up，out of work，be sentenced to death，break into pieces，come to power，worry about，lose heart，stop...from
break into song 突然唱起歌来
break into tears哭起来
break into loud cheers开始大声地欢呼
break into a cold sweat出了一身冷汗
break into exclamations 惊叹不已
come to life 苏醒；清醒
come to the main business到了主要议程
when it suddenly came to me that突然想起
Key words：
Nelson Mandela
equal law office
Elias
was helped
the ANC Youth League
broke the law
violence
put into prison
educate
job
Robben Island