第29课时 名词和冠词
(一)名词
名词是表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念的名称的词。在句中做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。对于名词的考查主要涉及以下考点：21教育名师原创作品
1．名词的辨析与运用；
2．可数名词复数形式的变化规则；
名词的定义
3．不可数名词数量的表达；
4．名词所有格的用法及构成。
名词的分类
类别
用法
例词
普通名词
可数
名词
个体
名词
表示某类人或东西中的个体
student，table，
car，apple
集体
名词
表示若干个个体组成的集合体
class，police，
family，team
不可
数名
词
物质
名词
表示无法分为个体的实物
hair，water，
milk，money
抽象
名词
表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念
time，knowledge，
health，peace
专有名词
表示地名、人名、语言、组织机构、月份、星期、节日等(专有名词的首字母需要大写)
Beijing，Tom Smith，
English，WTO，March，
Monday，Easter
【即时训练】
用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，每词限用一次。
advise，succeed，rest，healthy，season
1．Mr Hu gives me some __advice__ on how to learn English well.21cnjy.com
2．Doing exercise is good for our __health__．
3．I like winter best of all the __seasons__ because I can play in the snow.
4．It's nice and cool here.Let's sit down and have a __rest__．2-1-c-n-j-y
5．You can never imagine how difficult the road to __success__ is.21*cnjy*com
可数名词的单数
和复数形式
名词的数
◆可数名词
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。当表示泛指时，名词前需加不定冠词a或an。不定冠词a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前，an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前，如a pen，an egg，an hour等。其复数形式分为规则变化和不规则变化两种：2·1·c·n·j·y
1．规则变化
类别
构成方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
book—books
key—keys
以s，x，ch，
sh结尾的词
加－es
box—boxes
dish—dishes
以“辅音字
母＋y”结尾
的词
变y为i，再加－es
story—stories
country—countries
以f或fe
结尾的词
变f或fe为v，
再加－es
leaf—leaves
life—lives
以o结尾
的词
有生命的加－es
hero—heroes
potato—potatoes
tomato—tomatoes
无生命的加－s
piano—pianos
photo—photos
2.不规则变化
(1)元音字母或词尾发生变化。 如：
foot—feet tooth—teeth
man—men woman—women
policeman—policemen mouse—mice
child—children
(2)单复数形式相同。 如：
sheep—sheep fish—fish deer—deer
(3)表示“某国人”的单、复数变化
a．单复数同形。如：
Chinese—Chinese Japanese—Japanese
b．变man为men。如：
Englishman—Englishmen
Frenchman—Frenchmen
c．词尾加-s。如：
American—Americans Australian—Australians
Canadian—Canadians German—Germans
Indian—Indians Russian—Russians
【口诀】中、日不用变；英法联盟a变e (man-men); 其他“s”加后面。
(4)通常只用作复数形式的名词。 如：
glasses 眼镜 trousers 裤子
clothes 衣服 scissors 剪刀
shorts 短裤 chopsticks 筷子
注意：(1)有些单词形式为单数，意思为复数。如：
people，police
(2)有些单词形式像复数，意思为单数。如：
physics，politics
(3)单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：team(团队，队员)，class(班，同学)，family(家，家庭成员)21世纪教育网版权所有
(4)当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。如：
不可数名词的
概念和分类
an apple tree—three apple trees
a girl friend—two girl friends
(5)由man或woman所组成的复合名词变复数时，两个名词都要变成复数形式。如：
a man doctor— five men doctors
a woman teacher—four women teachers
(6)“数词＋名词(＋形容词)”构成复合形容词时，中间的名词只用单数。如：
a five-year-old girl a 100-metre race
◆不可数名词
不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算，没有词形变化，这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。
1．不可数名词没有复数形式，做主语时谓语用单数形式。如：
The water in the river is very dirty now.现在河里的水很脏。21教育网
2．不可数名词前不能用不定冠词或数词修饰。
3．不可数名词需要计量时，要借助于“a＋量词(可数名词)＋of＋不可数名词”结构；数量大于一时，要把a变为具体数词，量词变为复数形式。如：21·cn·jy·com
a bottle of yogurt一瓶酸奶
three bags of rice三袋大米
4．能修饰不可数名词的词或短语有：much，little，a little，a bit of，some，any，a lot of，lots of，plenty of等，以此来表示不同的数量。如：some money 一些钱www.21-cn-jy.com
5.有的名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。如：
fish 鱼—fishes鱼的种类
paper纸—papers试卷、论文、报纸
work工作—works 作品
glass玻璃—glasses眼镜
light 光—lights灯
time时间—times次数
chicken 鸡肉—chickens小鸡
room 空间、余地—a room 房间
sand 沙子—sands 沙滩
experience 经验—experiences 经历
【即时训练】
根据句意及汉语提示写出单词的正确形式。
1．People not only in China but also from many other __countries__(国家)are influenced by Confucius(孔子)．【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
2．Mr Wang is an excellent maths teacher with lots of __experience__(经验)in teaching.
3．You'd better take care of your __teeth__(牙齿)，or you'll suffer from serious pain.
4．I admire Qian Xuesen most.He's the Father of China's Missiles as well as the __pride__(骄傲)of China.21·世纪*教育网
5．Lucy is interested in collecting__coins__(硬币)．
名词所有格的
概念和形式
名词所有格
名词所有格表示所属关系。一般有“'s”所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式。
1．“'s”所有格 常用于有生命的名词。
(1)一般单数名词在词尾加“'s”。如：my sister's book Mike's mother【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
(2)复数名词以-s或-es结尾的直接在词尾加“'”，如果不是以-s结尾的直接在词尾加“'s”。如：
Teachers' Day 教师节 Children's Day 儿童节
boys' 200-metre race 男子两百米赛跑
(3)名词＋'s可以表示“某人家” “店铺”“诊所”等处所。如：
at Mr Black's 在布莱克先生的家
at the doctor's 在诊所
(4)由and连接的并列名词的所有格分两种情况。如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只需在最后一个名词后加“'s”；表示各自所有时，需要在每个名词后加“'s”。如：【出处：21教育名师】
Mike and Ben's room(共住一间)
Mike's and Ben's rooms(各自的房间)
(5)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的事物的名词，也可以在词尾加“'s”构成所有格。如：
five minutes' walk步行五分钟的路程
(6)somebody，anybody等复合不定代词有else修饰时，所有格应放在else后面。如：
somebody else's wallet 别人的钱包
2．of所有格常用于无生命的名词。 如：
the legs of the desk 桌腿
a map of China 一幅中国地图
3．双重所有格
双重所有格就是将“'s”所有格和of所有格结合在一起使用。有两种形式：
(1)of＋“'s”所有格。如：
a friend of my father's 我爸爸的一个朋友
(2)of＋名词性物主代词。如：
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
【区别】
a photo of Jack's 杰克照片中的一张
a photo of Jack 一张杰克的照片
【即时训练】
用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1．It's twenty __minutes'__ (minute)ride from my home to the zoo.www-2-1-cnjy-com
2．Tea is one of the __world's__ (world)favourite drinks.21*cnjy*com
3．__Women's__ (woman)Day is coming.I'd like to buy a nice present for my mother.
4．The schoolbag under the desk is my __brother's__ (brother)．He left it there just now.
5．Tom Green is an old friend of my __uncle's__ (uncle)．【版权所有：21教育】
(二)冠词
冠词是一种虚词，本身不能单独使用，常放在名词前面，帮助说明名词所指的人或物的含义。冠词分为不定冠词a/an和定冠词the。对于冠词的考查主要涉及以下考点：【出处：21教育名师】
1．定冠词的基本用法；
2．不定冠词的基本用法；
3．零冠词的用法；
4．冠词的固定搭配。
不定冠词
不定冠词a/an只用于可数名词单数前，表泛指，a用于发音以辅音音素开头的单词前，如a book，a man，a university等，an用于发音以元音音素开头的单词前，如an hour，an English teacher，an umbrella等。不定冠词的具体用法如下表：21*cnjy*com
用法
举例
①用于可数名词的单数形式前，指一类人或物。
This is a table.
②泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。
A man is waiting for you at the gate.
③用于第一次提到的人或物前。
I saw a girl under the tree just now.
④表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强。
I have a mouth，a nose，two eyes and two ears.
⑤表示“每一”的概念，相当于every。
Take the medicine three times a day.
⑥用于某些固定短语中。
a few，a little，have a rest
注意：不定冠词用在序数词前，表示“再一；又一”。如：
Although he has failed three times，he wants to try a fourth time.尽管他失败三次了，但是他还想再试一次。21世纪教育网版权所有
【即时训练】
用a或an填空。
1．I want to be __an__ engineer when I grow up.
2．The family had __a__ good time in Shanghai Disneyland.21教育网
3．__An__ apple a day keeps the doctor away.
4．—Is there __a__ bank near here?
—Yes，there is.
5．Peter is__an__ honest boy.He never tells lies.
定冠词
定冠词在单、复数名词、可数名词和不可数名词前都可使用，表特指。定冠词的主要用法如下表：
用法
举例
①用于可数名词前，表示一类人或物。
The horse is a useful animal.
②指前文提到过的人或物，或特指某人或某物。
I have a cat.The cat is white.
③指谈话双方都知道的人或物。
Please close the door.
④用于序数词和形容词的最高级前。
March is the third month of a year.
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
⑤用于指世界上独一无二的事物。
The moon is far smaller than the earth.
⑥用于江河、海洋、山脉等地理名词前及由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
the Pacific Ocean，the Great Wall of China
⑦用于表示方位的名词前。
Shanghai is in the east of China.
⑧用在乐器名称的前面。
Can you play the piano？
⑨在某些形容词前加定冠词，表示一类人或物。
The young should take care of the old.
⑩用于姓氏复数形式之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇两人”。
The Smiths are having lunch.
?用于某些固定短语中。
in the morning，on the left，by the way
【即时训练】
根据句意及汉语提示补全句子。
1．—Do you know __the__girl__(女孩)over there?
—Yes，she's good at __playing__the__guitar__ (弹吉他)very much.21cnjy.com
2．—Would you please__turn__off__the__TV__ (关掉电视)?
—OK，just a minute.
3．Monday is__the__second__ (第二)day of a week.
4．Jack is__the__tallest__ (最高的)boy in his class.
5．The bank is__on__the__right__ (在右边)．
零冠词的用法
零冠词
英语中在一些场合下名词前面是不需要冠词的，这种现象可称作“零冠词”。不用冠词的情况如表：
用法
举例
①在某些专有名词、抽象名词或物质名词前。
China is a great country.
Paper is made from wood.
②复数名词表示一类人或事物时。
My parents are both doctors.
③名词前已有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或数词等修饰时。
Her bag is in that car.
I have two questions to ask.
续表
④在星期、月份、季节、节日前。
I often sleep late on Sunday morning.
My birthday is in June.
⑤在一日三餐、球类活动及学科名称前。
I'd like noodles for lunch.
Tom likes playing football.
⑥用于某些固定短语中。
by bus，at home，after school
注意：(1)若特指某月或某季节时，则要在月份和季节前加定冠词the。如：
In the summer of 2015，I travelled to Australia.在2015的夏天，我去澳大利亚旅游了。
(2)在某些词组中，名词前用冠词和不要冠词的意义有所不同。如：
in class在课堂上 in the class在班里
in hospital生病住院 in the hospital在医院里
at table在吃饭 at the table在桌子旁
【即时训练】
根据句意及汉语提示补全句子。
1．Would you like to__play__basketball__ (打篮球)with me after school?www.21-cn-jy.com
2．Lily usually goes to school__by__bike__ (骑自行车)．
3．He went to work__without__breakfast__ (没吃早饭)．
4．It's warm __in__winter__ (在冬天)in the city.
5．__National__Day__ (国庆节)is on October 1st.
,过关检测
I.用适当的冠词填空。(不填用“/”表示)
1．She went to __a__ European university to study art.__The__ university is really amazing.
2．Li Ming plays __the__ violin after __/__ supper every day.2·1·c·n·j·y
3．—Do you know how to spell __the__ word“napkin”in English?【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
—Yes.It begins with __an__“n”．
4．There is __an__ old picture on __the__ wall.
5．We plan to get to the airport by __/__ car.
6．Miss Lee taught me to be __an__ honest person.I will never forget __the__ words that she said.
7．She started swimming at __the__ age of six.
8．Mary wants to be __a__ good doctor when she grows up.21·世纪*教育网
9．David is __an__ eight-year-old boy with short black hair.www-2-1-cnjy-com
10．Moana is __the__ most interesting cartoon film I've ever seen.2-1-c-n-j-y
II.根据句意及汉语提示写出单词的正确形式。
1．My favourite __subject__ (科目)is English.
2．He has a special __ability__ (能力)to write with two hands at the same time.
3．Grandma went to the market and bought some meat，eggs and __tomatoes__ (西红柿)for lunch.
4．The Silk Road is a __bridge__ (桥梁)for trade and culture exchange between China and other countries.
5．Mother thinks it is a __waste__ (浪费)of time to play computer games.21·cn·jy·com
Ⅲ.用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，每词限用一次。
photo，glass，cousin，children，player
1．My __cousin's__ bedroom is much cleaner than mine.I think I should learn from her.
2. She took lots of beautiful __photos__ during her stay in Europe.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
3．Soccer is played by so many people all over the world，but only a few __players__ are truly great.
4．Jack has brown hair and he doesn't wear __glasses__．【版权所有：21教育】
5．We want to sell some of our things in a yard sale and give the money to a __children's__ home.
课件13张PPT。课件24张PPT。课件5张PPT。第29课时 名词和冠词
Ⅰ.根据句意及中文提示写单词。
1．When I was saying goodbye to my friends and __relatives__(亲戚)，I cried.
2．Let's search for more __information__(信息) about the animal on the Internet.
3．China is carrying the two-child policy to avoid __population__(人口)problem.
4．She practises the __pronunciation__(发音) of English words every day to improve her spoken English.
5．It's accepted by everyone that knowledge is the most valuable __treasure__(财富) for human beings.
6．Bob did his homework carelessly，so there were many spelling and grammar__mistakes__(错误)．
7．The school speech__contest__(竞赛)on the environment will be held on 31st May.
8．It's a wise __choice__(选择)to wear the white tie.It matches your shirt well.
9．Would you please pass me the __dictionary__(词典)？I need to look up a word in it.
10．Mr White，the principal，has made a great __contribution__(贡献) to the growth of the school.
11．Wang Hai joined the army after__graduation__(毕业)．21·cn·jy·com
12．Qian Xuesen，the Father of China's Missiles.He is the __pride__(骄傲) of China.
13．Bill will be a __reporter__(记者) to interview the football players in the coming Tokyo 2020 Olympics.www.21-cn-jy.com
14．He has much __experience__(经验)as an engineer，so he can build the bridge successfully.
15．The Belt and Road Initiative(一带一路倡议)will help China improve the __relationship__(关系)related countries，especially Pakistan.2·1·c·n·j·y
Ⅱ.用所给词的适当形式填空。
16．There are two__children__(child) in her family.21·世纪*教育网
17．The post office isn't far from here.It's only about five __minutes'__(minute) walk.
18．Linda，please sweep away the__leaves__(leaf)on the ground.21世纪教育网版权所有
19．We have invited a__scientist__(science) to give us a speech on space.www-2-1-cnjy-com
20．There are some__potatoes__(potato) in the basket.2-1-c-n-j-y
21．Kaili is one of the most beautiful__cities__(city)in Guizhou.21*cnjy*com
22．Please follow the rules.Don't touch the __photos__(photo) in the museum.
23．These__women__(woman)in beautiful dresses will have a party this evening.
24．When Tom was running，he suddenly fell down and broke one of his__teeth__(tooth)．
25．We saw some__mice__(mouse)in the old dirty house.21教育网
Ⅲ.从方框中选择恰当的单词并用其适当形式填空。
home，sense，wish，promise，artist
26．An __artist__ can use his drawings to tell about beautiful mountains，the blue sea and many other things.21cnjy.com
27. I am sure Cindy will be able to find the hotel—she has a pretty good __sense__ of direction.
28．Tom，blow out all the candles on the birthday cake and then make a__wish__．
29．He was born in Italy，but he has made China his second __home__．【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
30．My father has made a __promise__ that he will take me to Tibet next month.
Ⅳ.用a，an，the或/填空。
31．Amy is__an__ American girl.She is __a__ university student.【出处：21教育名师】
32．It's such__a__ wonderful movie that I want to see it __a__ second time.21教育名师原创作品
33__The__ woman who is playing __the__ piano is our new English teacher.21*cnjy*com
34__The__ Smiths have done a lot of things for __the__ poor.
35In her opinion，__the__third photo is__the__ most beautiful.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
36Now more and more foreigners are learning__/__ Chinese.【版权所有：21教育】
37．—It's__a__ nice day，isn't it?
—Yes，what__/__fine weather!
38．There is__an__ “h” in the word “hour”，and __the__ “h” doesn't make a sound.
39．—When will__the__ car race begin?
—I'm not sure.Maybe next week，or maybe __the__ week after next.
40．Donald Trump，__a__71-year-old businessman，was chosen __/__ President of the US in 2016.
课件10张PPT。
