英语语法专题复习:动词的时态和语态 经典教学课件 (共50张PPT)

课件50张PPT。2018届二轮复习
动词时态和语态知识梳理常用时态归纳 英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者, 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词或含及物意义的短语动词才能转换成被动语态。被动语态常由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。动词的被动语态1. 几种形式的被动语态(以动词give为例)
一般现在时态 am/is/are given
一般过去时态 was/were given
一般将来时态 shall/will be given
一般过去将来时态 should/would be given
现在进行时态 am/is/are being given
过去进行时态 was/were being given
现在完成时态 has/have been given
过去完成时态 had been given
将来完成时态 shall/will have been given
过去将来完成时态 should/would have been given2. 特殊结构的被动形式
(1)双宾动词的被动结构
双宾动词变为被动结构时, 一般将主动结构中的间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语, 直接宾语不变。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语, 间接宾语之前则应加介词to或for。
(2)带复合宾语的动词的被动结构
带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时, 一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语, 而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语为主语补足语)。(3)“be＋过去分词＋不定式”式的被动结构
如:
He is reported to have broken a world record.
据报道他已经打破了一项世界纪录。
She is said to know three languages.
据说她懂三门语言。 (4)“it＋be＋过去分词＋从句”式的被动结构 如：It’s said that she has some supernatural powers.
据说她有一些超自然能力。
It’s reported that they have discovered a new star.
据报道他们已发现一颗新恒星。
常见的结构还有：
It is known that...众所周知
It is suggested that...有人建议
It is believed that...人们相信(5)“get＋done”构成被动语态
此种形式用来表示状态或情况, 常考的形式如下：
get married 结婚；get engaged 订婚；
get hurt/wounded 受伤；get lost 迷路；
get drunk 喝醉了；
get caught/stuck/trapped 被困；
get dressed 穿好衣服；
get run over 被(车)轧等。考点归纳动词时态考点归纳动词的时态是历年高考中一个非常重要的考点。近几年高考试题命题常有以下三种情况：
一、题干中用了标志性的时间状语或某种句式
? ? 时间状语代表动作发生的时间点或时间段，不同类型的时间状语分别对应不同的时态。其次，注意一些常用句式中要用固定的时态。【考例1】The manager _____ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. (2012 大纲全国卷II)
A. has told ? ? ? ? ? ?????????? B. is telling
C. has been telling ? ? ? ? D. will have told
【分析】选C。由时间状语since 9 am判断, 该句谓语动词应该用现在完成时; 又根据语境可知设空处强调动作现在还在进行, 故用现在完成进行时。【考例2】Close the door of fear behind you, and you _____ the door of faith open before you.? (湖南2012)
A. saw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. have seen
C. will see ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. are seeing
【分析】选C。本题用了“祈使句+ and + 陈述句”句式。在该句式中, 祈使句相当于if引导的条件状语从句, 陈述句相当于主句, 所以and后面的陈述句要用一般将来时, 故选C项。【考例3】Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _____ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. (安徽2012)
A. keeps ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. keep
C. have kept ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. had kept
【分析】选A。本题考查时态和主谓一致。根据题干中的时间状语on Mondays through Saturdays可知, 该句叙述的是现在的事实, 所以用一般现在时; 且因为主语Walmart是第三人称单数, 所以谓语动词用keeps。【考例4】
—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?
—I’m sorry, but by then I _____ to Beijing. How about five?? (陕西2012)
A. fly ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. will fly
C. will be flying ? ? ? ? ????? D. am flying
【分析】选C。根据题干中的two o’clock this afternoon以及by then可知, 设空处表示在将来的某个时间点正在做某事, 故选C项。【考例5】They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house _____. (四川2012)
A. is being rebuilt???? ?????? B. has been rebuilt
C. is rebuilt????? ??????? ?????? D. has rebuilt
【分析】选A。根据时间状语for the moment与are living可知, rebuild所表示的动作正在发生; 且house与rebuild之间是被动关系, 所以要用被动语态。二、题干所用时间状语或特殊句式有较强迷惑性
虽然题干中用了某个时间状语或某种特殊句式, 但这些线索不足以构成判断动词时态的依据。这时, 考生需要通过分析题意及其它逻辑关系, 并挖掘隐含的时间信息, 最后得出正确的选项。【考例1】Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I _____ on Friday.? (辽宁2012)
A. get paid ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. got paid
C. have paid??????? ????????? D. had been paid
【分析】选A。I was wondering if ... 句式表示委婉语气, 并不表示过去, 且根据on Friday可知，until从句的动作尚未发生, 但时间状语从句中需用一般现在时表将来, 故选A项。【考例2】The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he _____ some European business partners.? (江苏2012)
A. would meet ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. is meeting
C. meets ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. had met
【分析】选D。题干中虽然用了句式sb. is said to have done sth.，但设空处并不能用一般现在时。从have arrived back可知，“回来”发生在过去，所以“会见”欧洲生意伙伴发生在“回来”之前，即过去的过去，因此设空处需用过去完成时。三、题干不提供时间状语，也非某种特殊句式
? ? 结合题干中其它动词的时态以及前后句语境判断要用的时态。
【考例1】
—Did you ask Sophia for help?
—I _____ need to — I managed perfectly well on my own. (2012大纲全国卷II)
A. wouldn’t??? ?? ??????????????? B. don’t
C. didn’t ?? ?????????????????????? D. won’t
【分析】选C。由Did you ask和managed可知，答语中破折号前的谓语动作发生在过去，故排除B、D两项；A项为过去将来时，不符合语境。【考例2】The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers _____.? (山东2012)
A. will leave ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. are leaving
C. have left??????? ??????????? D. were leaving
【分析】选D。主句谓语动词的时态是一般过去时，从句要用相应的过去时态，且leave的进行时可用来表达按计划或安排即将发生的动作，故选D项。【考例3】
—Look! Somebody _____ the sofa.
—Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it. (江西2012)
A. is cleaning ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. was cleaning
C. has cleaned???? ???????????? D. had cleaned
【分析】选C。根据Look!可知，设空处表示现在的情况，且根据I didn’t do it可知，清扫沙发这件事已经有人做了，故选C项。被动语态考点归纳 被动语态用法很多，除与各种时态或情态动词相结合考查外，还有以下几种常考点：
一、一些特殊动词或短语动词不用被动语态
有些及物动词或短语动词不能用于被动语态，如cost, fit, have, wash, belong to, come true, consist of, come into being, date back to, take place, turn out, run out, break out等。【考例】Food supplies in the flood-stricken area _____. We must act immediately before there’s none left. (重庆2012)
A. have run out ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. are running out
C. have been run out??? ????? D. are being run out
【分析】选B。run out意为“用完”, 不用于被动语态, 且根据第二句可推断, 食物快用完了, 故用are running out表示即将发生的动作。二、主动形式表示被动意义
1. 某些连系动词，如feel, sound, smell, look, taste, prove等。
2. 某些可与well, easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如read, write, sell, wash等。
3. 某些可与can’t, won’t等连用的不及物动词，如move, lock, open, shut等。三、非谓语动词的某些主动形式表示被动意义
1. 在“be +形容词+不定式”结构中，不定式表示的动作与句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动意义。用于此结构的常见形容词有：cheap, comfortable, difficult, hard, easy, light, heavy, expensive, pleasant, interesting, fit等。【考例】This machine is very easy _____.
Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. (辽宁2012)
A. operating??????? ????????? B. to be operating
C. operated???????? ????????? D. to operateD2. 在have(有), find, lend, give等动词的宾语后跟不定式, 不定式表示的动作与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系, 且句子的主语是不定式动作的执行者时, 不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
【考例】I have a lot of readings _____ before the end of this term.? (山东2010)
A. completing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??B. to complete
C. completed???????? ?????????? D. being completedB3. 在be worth doing和be to blame结构中，动词-ing形式或动词不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。如：
The book you bought me is worth reading.
Officials believe that more than one person may be to blame for the fire.
4. 当want, need, require表示“需要”时，其宾语可用动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义。真题再现1. When I first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I _____ my mind. (2013新课标全国卷I)
A. have changed ? ? ? ? ? ??B. change
C. had changed ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. would change2. We _____ very early so we packed the night before. (2013新课标全国卷II)
A. leave ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. had left
C. were leaving?????? ??????? D. have left3. Hurry up, kids! The school bus _____ for us! (四川2013)
A. waits ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. was waiting
C. waited ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. is waiting4. —Could I use your car tomorrow morning?
—Sure. I _____ a report at home. (江苏2013)
A. will be writing ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. will have written
C. have written ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. have been writing5. On Monday mornings it usually _____ me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.? (陕西2013)
A. takes???????????????? ????? ??? B. is taking
C. took ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. will take6. The girl has a great interest in sport and _____ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years. (福建2013)
A. took ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. is taking
C. takes ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. has been taking7. He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he _____ it for a very long time. (辽宁2013)
A. has had ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. had had
C. has ?????????? ?????????? ?????? D. had8. If nothing _____, the oceans will turn into fish deserts. (湖南2013)
A. does ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. had been done
C. will do ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. is done9. —So what is the procedure?
—All the applicants _____ before a final decision is made by the authority. (北京2013)
A. interview ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. are interviewing
C. are interviewed ? ? ? ?D. are being interviewed10. A Midsummer Night’s Dream _____ at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland. (重庆2013)
A. opens????? ?????????????????? ?B. is opened
C. will open ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. will be opened巩固练习1. My brother is a successful businessman now, but he _____ as an ordinary clerk in a small company for five years.
A. worked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. is working
C. has worked??????? ??????? D. had worked2. Forget the terrible experience, face the problem bravely, and you _____ a new way to success.
A. find ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. will find
C. found ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. have found3. The workers _____ the road for two years, but nobody knows when they will finish it.
A. had been building ? ? ? B. have built
C. have been building ? ? D. had built4. When we reached the school gate, some teachers and students _____ there and then they showed us around the school.
A. wait????????????? ?????? ?????? B. had waited
C. have waited ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. were waiting5. By the end of next month, we _____ the eight chapters including all the language items.
A. reviewed ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. will review
C. have reviewed ? ? ? ? ? D. will have reviewed6. After the two children _____ to bed at night, the tired mother has to wash clothes for the family.
A. are sent??? ??????????????????? B. were sent
C. will be sent??? ??????? ?????? D. have been sent7. The young man has been working in the foreign company since 2005, when the company _____ in China.
A. is founded?? ????????????????? B. founded
C. was founded??? ???????????? D. has founded8. The workers were very tired because they _____ for ten hours without a rest.
A. worked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. have worked
C. had worked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. had been working9. Good morning! I want to know whether my computer I left here three days ago _____ yet.
A. repairs ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. repaired
C. was repaired ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. has been repaired10. All entertainment programs _____ since the earthquake broke out.
A. cancel ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. cancelled
C. have been cancelled ? ? D. had been cancelled