Module 2 The natural world>Unit 3 the earth语法

7A Unit3 The Earth 语法课
Grammar 1:可数名词与不可数名词
?1、可数名词?
定义：指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西；可数名词分为单数和复数两种形式.
单数名词前可以用不定冠词a／an修饰
?名词复数形式变化：?
（1）规则变化?
?????1）一般变化，?在名词后加-s，
如：book—books;?bag—bags??
?????2)?以s,?x,?ch,?sh结尾的名面，加-es，
如：bus—buses;? box—boxes;? watch—watches;?
wish—wishes;? glass—glasses??
?3)?以辅音字母加-y结尾的单词，变y为i再加-es，
如：city—cities; ?country—countries;?
study—studies;? ?family—families??
?4)?以f或fe结尾的单词，有些将f或fe变为v,?再加-es;?有些只加-s?:
?wife—wives;? knife—knives;? wolf—wolves;
?thief—thieves;? shelf—shelves;? myself—myselves;?
life—lives;? half—halves; ?leaf—leaves;????
?roof—roofs; ?chief—chiefs;? belief—beliefs;??
proof—proofs;??????? ?handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handerchieves(手帕／头巾)?
记住下面这首顺口溜，相信你就不会觉得难了。?
妻子（wife）持刀(knife)去宰狼(wol)f，小偷(thief)吓得发了慌；?躲在架后(shelf)保己
命(myself)，?半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光。?
?按：顺口溜中的红体字是中学阶段学过的九个以—f(e)结尾的名词：wife(妻子)，knife(小
刀)，wolf(狼)，thief(小偷)，shelf(架子)，self(自己)，life(生命)，half(一半)，leaf(树叶)。这九个词变复数时，都是改-f(e)为ve再加-s。由self构成的复合词，其变化与self相同(如：myself→ourselves；yourself→yourselves；himself，herselfitself→themselves)。?
5)?以o结尾的名词，有些加-s?，有些加-es。如：
hero—heroes;? Negro—Negroes;? potato—potatoes;? tomato—tomatoes?
?photo—photos;? radio—radios;? piano—pianos; ?studio—studios;?
bamboo—bamboos; ?zero—zeros/zeroes;??
(2)不规则变化?
???child—children; ?foot—feet; ?tooth—teeth;? goose—geese;?
mouse—mice;? man—men;????????? woman—women?
???注意：由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式同上。Englishman—Englishmen; ?Frenchman—frenchmen;??
但German—Germans(不是合成词)?
(3)单复数同形??????deer，sheep，fish，?Chinese，Japanese?
(4)有些名词只用复数形式：?
clothes(衣服);?pants(短裤；裤子);?jeans(牛仔裤);?shorts(短裤);?glasses(眼镜);?scissors(剪刀)??
?这类词常与a?pair?of?，?two?pairs?of?这样的短语连用?
(5)某些词虽以s结尾，但仍为单数；?
???a.??maths,?politics,?physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数；???
?b.?news为不可数名词；?
???c.??the?United?States(the?US);?the?United?Nations(the?UN)?应视为单数;?
?2、不可数名词?
定义：指不能用数字计算的词，如物质名词(?air，water)和抽象名词(advice，work)。通常只有单数形式。不可数名词表示数量的时候，可以用量词来表达，其结构是：数词+量词+of+名词。如:?a?bottle?of?water,?two?cups?of?tea。?
注：
（1）一般现在时中，单数可数名词和不可数名词后要用动词的第三人称单数形式；可数名词复数后要用动词原形。如：?
This?orange?comes?from?Germany.?This?coffee?comes?from?Germany.??These?oranges?come?from?Germany.?
（2）不可数名词的量词?
物质名词的数量，一般用单位或容器的量表示，即“单位＋of＋物质名词”的形式。
?如?a?piece?of;? a?bottle?of；??a?glass?of?；?two?cups?of??
I?had?a?bowl?of?soup?and?two?cups?of?tea?just?now.?我刚刚喝了一碗汤和两杯茶。?
【典型例题】
单项选择
( B ) 1. I have _____ and a cup of orange juice for supper.
A. two bread B. two pieces of bread C. two breads D. two pieces of breads
( C ) 2. Everyone needs _____ and water to live on Earth.
A. airs B. aires C. air D. an air
(C ) 3. --- What's on the table?
--- There are three _____ on the table.
A. cup of coffee B. cups of coffees C. cups of coffee D. cup of coffees
( A ) 4. _____ a table and two chairs in the room.
A. There is B. There being C. There are D. There be
(A ) 5. The cat catches two _____ on my uncle's farm.
A. mice B. dog C. tiger D. mouse
【课堂小测】
一、写出下列名词的复数形式。
1. orange?___s_________ 2.class?_____es________ 3. text?___s__________
4. monkey _s____________? 5. piano ____s_________ 6. child?____ren_________
7. shelf?___ves_________ 8. bed?____s_________ 9. country?__ies___________
10. family?_ies____________ 11. toy?____s_________ 12. foot?____ee_________
13. Japanese?_____________ 14. radio?______s_______ 15. photo?____s_________
16. army??____ies_________ 17. tomato?___es__________ 18. fox?___es__________
19. woman?_____e________ 20. knife?____ves_________ 22. sheep?_____________?
二．根据句意，用a，an, much或many填空，补全句子。
1. I eat ___an______ apple every day.
2. Mum, I want to have ___an______ orange.
3. He buys __many_______ bananas.
4. In the morning, I drink ___much______ milk.
5. He has __a_______ map.
6. Carla has ___many______ different books.
7. There is ___much______ water on the road.
8. He knows __many_______ different languages.
9. I book ___a______ room for my brother.
10. In China, there are ___many______ foreigners(外国人).
三、选择填空。
（ ）1. There ?? ? ????? on the wall. They are very beautiful.
A. are photoes ??? ??B. are photos C. is a photo??????? D. is photos
（ ）2.?There are four???? ?? and two ?????? ???? in the group.
A. Japanese, Germen??? B. Japaneses, Germen
C. Japanese, German??? D. Japanese, Germans
（ ）3. That’s ????????? art?book.
???? A. an? ? B. a?? C. the? D are
（ ）4. The boys have got ???????? already.
??? ?A.?two bread? B. two breads ?C.?two pieces of bread? D. two piece of bread
（ ）5. The old man wants????????? .
??A.?six boxes of apples?? B.?six boxes of apple
C.?six box of apples??? D.?six boxs of apples
（ ）6. There ? ????? some ?????? in the river.
???? A. is, fish?? B. are, fishs? C. is, fishs? D. are, fish
（ ）7. There ???? two ???? in?the box.
?? ?A. is, watch? B. are, watches ?C. are, watch D. is, watches
（ ）8. We should clean ?????? twice a day.
?? ? A. our tooth? B. our tooths C.teeth D.our teeth
（ ）9. They come from two ______
A. country B. countries C. a country D. countrys
（ ）10. How many ______ do you see in the picture?
A. tomatos B. tomatoes C. tomato D. the tomato
（ ）11. They are______.
A. woman teachers B. women teachers C. women teacher D. woman teacher
（ ）12. There are some ______ in these _______.
A. knifes, pencil-boxes B. knives, pencils-box
C. knives, pencil-box D. knives, pencils-boxes
（ ）13. There is no ______ in the plate.
A. apples B. oranges C. rice D. eggs
（ ）14. ______ and ______ are not friends.
A. Foxs, wolfs B. Foxes, wolfs C. Foxes, wolves D. Foxs, wolf
四、将以下单复数句进行转换。
1. This is a knife.
__These are knives___
2. That is a tomato.
_Those are tomatoes_______
3. That child is very good.
_Those children are very good______
4. These are mice.
_This is a mouse______________
5. Those are children.
_That is a child_______________
?
Grammar 2 : there?be?句型
1.概念引入
There be 句型也叫“存在句”，结构是There be +名词+（地点），表示“在某地/时 有 某物/人”。
There is a girl in the classroom.
2.There be句型的谓语动词
There be句型中，谓语动词be，应该和后面最近的主语保持一致，遵从就近原则
There _______some milk in the bottle.
There ______some apples on the table.
There_______ a bed and two chairs in the bedroom.
There be句型各种时态
一般将来时中，be的前面要加上be going to / will, 此时谓语是is/are going to be或者will be
　　 e.g. There will be a match in our school tomorrow.
　　 =__________________________________________
　　明天我们学校将要有一场比赛。
4.There be句型的句式变化。
（1）否定句
There be句型的否定句是在be动词的后面直接加not。
There is a boy in the room. 房子里有一个男孩。
否定句： 　　
There is some water in the bottle.瓶子里没有一些水
否定句：
（2）一般疑问句
There be句型的一般疑问句是把be动词提到句子的开头，大写。
肯定回答：Yes, there is/are.
否定回答：No, there isn’t / aren’t. 　　
There are some flowers in the garden.花园里有些花。
一般疑问句:
肯定回答：
否定回答：
注意事项：there?be?句型与have句型的区别?
There?be?句型和have都表示“有”的含义。
区别如下：There?be表示“某处存在某物或某人”；have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”，它表示所有、拥有关系。?如：???
?He?has?two?sons.???他有两个儿子。?
There?are?two?men?in?the?office.????办公室里有两个男人。
当have表示“包括”、“存在”的含义时，There?be?句型与其可互换。如：????
?A?week?has?seven?days.?=There?are?seven?days?in?a?week.?一个星期有七天。
【典型例题】
一．根据句意，用适当的be动词填空，补全句子。
1. There _________ a book and two pens on the desk.
2. There _________ many apples in the bag.
3. There _________ much water in the glass.
4. There _________ an egg on the table.
5. There _________ many animals in the zoo.
6.There a teacher in the front of the classroom.
7.There some food on the plate.
8. there many children on the playground?
9. there any beautiful flowers in the room?
10. There not many fruits on the plate.
二．根据汉意填空：
1 在桌子上有一个大蛋糕。
a big cake on the table.
2 在墙上有一些图片吗？ 不， 没有。
pictures on the wall? No, there aren’t.
3 在树上没有一些苹果。
There apples on the tree.
4 在盘子里有许多水果。
There many fruits the plate.
5 在房子前有一棵树吗？是的，有。
a tree in front of the house? Yes, there is.
6 今晚在我家有一个聚会。
a party in my house tonight.
7 在盘子里没有一些桃子。
There on the plate.
8桌子上没有一些蛋糕。
There on the table.
9桌子下有两条狗。
There under the table.
10墙上有三幅图片。
There on the wall.
三．改错：
1 There is many fruits on the table.
2 Are there three pears ? No, there isn’t.
3 There aren’t some books in the bag.
4 Are there a flower in my hand? Yes, there is.
5 Is there a apple on the tree? Yes, there is .
四．单选
( )1.There?___?any?rice?in?the?bowl.?????????????????????????
????A.?are??????B.?is??????C.?isn’t?????D.?aren’t??
( )2.There?___?many?apples?on?the?tree?last?year.??????
?A.?have?been????B.?were??????C.?are??????D.?is??
( )3.---There?______?a?concert?this?evening???
---Yeah.?Exciting?news!?
??????A.?are?going?to?be????B.?is?going?to?be????C.?is?going?to?have????D.?will?have?
(???)4.There___?not?____?milk?in?the?cup?on?the?table?.?
A.?are,?many????B.?are?,?much????C.?is?,many??????D.?is?,much??
(???)5.How?many?___?are?there?in?the?room?????????
????A.?apple?????B.?students????C.?milk??????D.?paper
(???)6.There?______?great?changes?in?such?kind?of?computers?in?the?last?few?years.??
??A.?is?????B.?are?????C.?will?be????D.?have?been?
(???)7.There?_____?a?film?tomorrow?evening．??
A．will?have????B．have????C．is?going?to?be?????D．has?
(???)8.There?________?a?football?match?on?TV?this?evening.???????
???A.?will?have? B.?is?going?to?be? C.?has? D.?is?going?to?have?
【综合能力提升训练】
一.?语法填空题。（共10小题，每小题1分）?
阅读下面短文,?按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,?在空格处填入一个适当的?词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。?
January?28th?is?21._____?(I)?birthday.?I?want?to?have?22._______?birthday?party?at?my?home
?that?day.?I?need?to?buy?some?bananas,?pears?and?23._______?(apple)?because?my?24._________?
(friend)?like?fruit?very?much.?I?also?need?to?buy?some?French?fries（薯条）and?ice?cream?
because?each?of?us?25._______?(like)?French?fries?and?ice?cream.?For?lunch,?we?have?chicken?26._______?hamburgers.?After?lunch,?I?want?to?let?them?see?my?sports?collection?(收藏).?I?have?six?
basketballs,?three?ping-pong?bats,?five?baseballs?27._______?one?soccer?ball.?My?friend?Jerry?
28.?______?(play)?tennis?very?29._______?(good).?We?play?it?together.?I?think?we?can?enjoy?
30.______?(play)?it?on?my?birthday.?
二.?完形填空。（共10小题，每小题1.5分）?
阅读下面短文,?从短文后每小题的三个选项中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项。?
Mr?Smith?works?in?an?office.?He?is?very__31__?and?has?no?time?to?have?a?good?rest.?Every?evening,?when?he?comes?back?from?his?office,?he's?always?tired?and?__32__?to?go?to?bed?early.?But?his?wife?often?has?a?lot?of?things?to?__33__?him?after?supper.?She?doesn't?stop?__34__?.So?it?is??usually?too__35__?when?she?is?asleep.?But?Mr?Smith?must?__36__?to?work?on?time?in?the?morning.?
?? One?day,?Mr?Smith?feels?bad?and?cannot?go?to?work,?so?he?goes?to?the?__37__.?And?Mrs?Smith?
goes?there?with?him.?Before?her?husband?says?what?is?wrong?with?him,?the?woman?tells?the?doctor?all?and?the?doctor?understands?why.?When?the?doctor?__38__?the?medicine?to?Mrs?Smith,?he?says?
to?her,?"This?one?is?for?your?husband?and?that?one?is?for?__39__．”?
????“For?me?”?the?woman?says.“I?am__40__I?don't?need?any?medicine!”?“I?don't?think?so.”
?says?the?doctor.“They?are?sleeping?pills（药片）.?Your?husband?can?soon?be?all?right ?if?you
?take?them．”
?(??)?31.?A.?happy????????????B.?free? C.?busy?
(??)?32.?A.?wants??????????????B.?uses????????C.?learns?
(??)?33.?A.?listen???????????????B.?say????????C.?tell?
(??)?34.?A.?playing???????????B.?finding????????C.?talking?
(??)?35.?A.?fast???????????????????B.?late????????C.?early?
(??)?36.?A.?get?off???????????? B.?get?up????????C.?get?down?
(??)?37.?A.?office??????????????B.?hospital????????C.?school?
(??)?38.?A.?brings????????????B.?drinks????????C.?finishes?
(??)?39.?A.?her?????????????????B.?him????????C.?you?
(??)?40.?A.?fine????????????????B.?helpful????????C.?glad?
三.?阅读理解。（共15小题，每小题1分）?
????阅读下列短文，从每小题的四个选项中选出最佳选项。?
A
??Here?are?some?phone?messages?and?an?email.?Read?them?and?find?out?some?useful?information（信息）you?need.?
(??)?41.?Tom?wrote?the?email?to________.?????
A.?ask?Susan?for?a?computer?game?????B.?talk?about?the?exams????
?C.?thank?Susan?for?her?present?????D.?ask?Susan?to?see?a?film?
(??)?42.?_______will?have?exams.?
A.?Tom?????????????B.?Peter????
C.?Susan????????????D.?Lucy?
(??)?43.?Deathball?3?is?the?name?of_______.?????
A.?a?good?movie?????B.?an?interesting?book?????C.?a?story D.?a?TV?play?
(??)?44.?Peter?and?Lucy?will?meet?at?______.?
A.?Peter's?house??B.?the?cinema?C.?Lucy's?house???D.?the?park?
(??)?45.?In?the?phone?messages,?"2",?"u"?and?"c"?should?be?written?as?______.????
A.?two;?you;?see????B.?too;?view;?see??????C.?two?o'clock;?you;?say????D.?to;?you;?see?
B
The?Earth?goes?around?the?Sun,?and?the?Moon?goes?around?the?Earth.?When?our?part?of?the?Earth?
turns?to?the?Sun,?it's?the?day.?When?our?part?of?the?Earth?turns?away?from?the?Sun,?it?is?the?night.????The?Sun?is?much?bigger?than?the?Moon.?But?sometimes?the?Moon?looks?bigger?than?the?Sun?
because?it's?much?nearer?to?the?Earth.?The?Sun?is?very?bright.?It?gives?very?strong?light.?The?Moon?looks?very?bright?too.?But?it?doesn't?give?any?light.?
?? The?Moon?looks?much?bigger?and?brighter?than?the?stars.?But?in?fact,?the?stars?are?much?bigger
?than?the?Moon.?They?look?smaller?than?the?Moon?because?they're?much?farther?(更远的)?
away?from?us.?
(??)?46.?______?goes?around?the?Earth.?
A.?The?Moon??????B.?The?Mars?C.?The?Sun?????????D.?The?star?
(??)?47.?When?it?is?the?night,?_______.????
?A.?we?can't?see?any?stars?in?the?sky?
B.?the?Moon?looks?much?smaller?than?the?stars?????
C.?our?part?of?the?Earth?turns?away?from?the?Sun?????
D.?our?part?of?the?Earth?turns?to?the?Sun
( )48.?Why?does?the?Moon?look?bigger?than?the?Sun?sometimes??????
A.?Because?the?Moon?comes?out?only?at?night.?????
B.?Because?the?Moon?is?bigger?than?the?Sun.?????
C.?Because?the?Moon?is?far?away?from?the?Earth.?????
D.?Because?the?Moon?is?much?nearer?to?the?Earth.
?(??)?49.?Which?of?the?following?is?TRUE??
A.?The?stars?are?much?farther?away?from?us?than?the?Moon.?????
B.?The?Sun?is?bright?but?it?gives?weak?light.?????
C.?The?stars?look?much?bigger?than?the?Moon.?????
D.?The?stars?are?not?bigger?than?the?Moon.
?(??)?50.?We?may?read?this?passage?in?a_____.?
A.?storybook??????????B.?magazine?
C.?cookbook??????????D.?comic?book?
C
The?Earth?is?about?4,600?million?years?old.?People?live?on?Earth?for?only?35,000?years.?But?we?change?(改变)?the?Earth?in?many?ways.?Many?things?we?do?are?good,?but?some?are?not?good?for
?the?Earth.?
Water?pollution?
??????A?lot?of?people,?birds?and?fish?die?each?day?because?of?water?pollution.?Factories?pollute?the?water.?As?a?result,?the?water?in?many?rivers?and?lakes?is?now?very?dirty.?
Air?pollution?
???In?big?cities,?factories,?cars?and?buses?are?the?main?causes?(原因)?of?air?pollution.?Many?people?
in?cities?now?have?health?problems.?For?example,?Mexico?used?to?be?a?beautiful?sunny?capital,?but?today?there?are?many?clouds?in?the?sky.?And?many?people?get?ill?because?of?the?polluted?air.???
Soil?(土壤)?pollution?
?????In?order?to?have?a?better?harvest（收获）,?some?farmers?use?chemicals?(化学物质)?in?their
?fields.?That'?s?bad?for?the?soil.??
Hope?for?the?future?
?????These?problems?are?very?serious(严重的)?for?our?future,?so?all?of?us?should?do?something?to?
protect?the?environment.?If?we?can?stop?pollution,?the?Earth?will?become?more?and?more?beautiful.?
(??)?51.?How?old?is?the?Earth??????
?A.?About?4,600?million?years?old.??????B.?About?3,500?million?years?old.??????
C.?About?4,800?million?years?old.??????D.?About?3,700?million?years?old.?
(??)?52.?Which?of?the?following?make?the?Earth?change?a?lot??
A.?Plants.???????????B.?People.?
C.?Animals.????????D.?Clouds.?
(??)?53.?There?are_____?kinds?of?pollution?in?this?passage.?
A.?two??????????????B.?three?
C.?four?????????????D.?five?
(??)?54.?Which?of?the?following?is?NOT?true??????
A.?Mexico?is?not?a?beautiful?sunny?capital?now.?
?B.?The?water?in?many?rivers?and?lakes?is?now?very?dirty?because?of?factories.????
?C.?Now?fewer?farmers?use?chemicals?in?the?fields.?????
D.?Factories,?cars?and?buses?can?cause?air?pollution.
?(??)?55.?The?writer?wrote?this?passage?to?ask?us?to_______.?????
A.?learn?about?the?Earth?????B.?thank?the?Earth?????C.?clean?the?Earth?????D.?protect?the?Earth