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句子成分专题
学习目标:1.掌握不同的句子成分。2.掌握五种基本句型结构。3.掌握动词填空题的解题技巧。
一、句子成分概述
【知识梳理】
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。除此之外还有插入语和感叹语。
句子成分 英文名 说明 常用词类 例句
主语 subject 句子所要说明的动作或者状态的主体(人或事物)。 名词、代词 A year is divided into 12 different star signs.(名词)You worry too much at times.(代词)
谓语 predicate 表示主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。 动词 He practices running every morning.(动词)
宾语 object 表示动作的对象或承受者。在动词之后的叫动词宾语,在介词之后的叫介词宾语。 名词、代词 The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.(代词)
定语 attributive 限定或修饰名词、代词。 形容词、分词 China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分词)
状语 adverbial 修饰动词、形容词、副词之用,表示时间、地点、状态、程度等含义。 副词 You do not give up easily.(副词)He wanted to go home.(副词)
宾语补足语 object complement 有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。 名词、形容词、副词、分词 They call the baby panda Xi Wang.(名词)This problem made me very unhappy.(形容词)We saw her entering the room.(现在分词)
表语 predicative 放在系动词之后表示主语的身份、性质、特征和状态。 名词、代词、形容词 The weather has turned cold.(形容词)
同位语 appositive 在名词或代词之后,对前者加以说明的成分。 名词、代词 We students(名词) should study hard.
批注:同位语在初中不做考查,也不需要学生掌握,有能力的学生做了解即可。在讲解其他句子成分时可以适当让学生举例句。
【例题精讲】
指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分
1.The students got on the school bus. 主语
2. He handed me the newspaper. 宾语
3. I shall answer your question after class. 谓语
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 定语
5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 状语
6. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 宾语补足语
批注:这个例题主要是用来检验一下学生对句子成分的基本了解如何,让学生自己完成,判断画线的词所做的句子成分,由于同位语不需要掌握可以不设置题目。
【课堂练习】
指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分
1. The apples tasted sweet.
( )
2. His wish is to become a scientist.
( ) ( )
3. Tom came to ask me for advice.
( )
4. He found it important to learn English.
( ) ( )
5. Do you have anything else to say
( )
答案:1.表语 2.主语 表语 3.状语 4.形式宾语 真正的宾语 5.定语
二、主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等定义
【知识梳理】
(1) 主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
【例题精讲】
写出下列画线部分词的词性和结构名称,总结能够做主语的词类和结构
1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.( )
2.We often speak English in class.( )
3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.( )
4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.( )
keys: 1. 名词; 2. 代词; 3. 数词; 4. 不定式;
【课堂练习】
5.Smoking is harmful to the health.( )
6.The rich should help the poor.( )
7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.( )
8.It is necessary to learn a foreign language.( )
5. 动名词; 6. 名词化的形容词; 7. (主语)从句; 8. it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式
批注:上面的例句可以让学生判断画线部分是什么词性或结构做句子的主语,写在括号内,然后总结出主语可以由什么词或结构充当,这里学生不容易总结出来的是动名词(学生会说成现在分词或动词ing),名词化的形容词,主语从句及it做形式主语这几条,教师可以一边引导,一边讲解。
(2)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如:You like to dream about everything.
2、复合谓语:
1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如:You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
2)由系动词加表语构成。
如:We are students.
【例题精讲】
1. I found he _________ (explain) the problem to his students when I walked into his office.
2. The local government promised that they _________ (stop) farmers from taking more land.
3. Jerry, it’s the third time that you __________ (forget) to bring your math book.
答案:1. was explaining; 2. would stop; 3. have forgotten;
【课堂练习】
4. All foods can make a person fat if too much ________ (eat).
5. She __________ (live) in this city for years when I met her in 1990.
keys: 4. is eaten; 5. had lived
批注:中考谓语动词的考查是重点,时态和语态是动词填空题必考的内容。所以需要学生理解谓语动词的构成,简言之就是中学阶段学的八种时态的结构和被动语态的结构。
(3)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
【例题精讲】
写出下列画线部分词的词性和结构名称
1.Our teacher of English is American.( )
2.Is it yours ( )
3.The weather has turned cold. ( )
4.The speech is exciting. ( )
5.Three times seven is twenty-one ( )
keys: 1.名词 2.代词 3.形容词 4.分词 5.数词
【课堂练习】
6.His job is to teach English. ( )
7.His hobby is playing football. ( )
8.The machine must be out of order. ( )
9.The class is over. ( )
10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.( )
6.不定式 7.动名词 8. 介词短语 9.副词 10.表语从句
(4)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、名词化形容词、不定式短语、动名词短语、宾语从句 充当。
【例题精讲】
写出下列画线部分词的词性和结构名称
1.They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday.( )
2.Can you hear me ( )
3.How many dictionaries do you have I have five. ( )
4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.( )
5.He refused to do extra work. ( )
6.I enjoy listening to popular music. ( )
7.I think(that)he is suitable for his job.( )
keys: 1.名词 2. 代词 3.数词 4.名词化形容词 5.不定式短语 6.动名词短语 7.宾语从句
【课堂练习】
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. We are talking about how ______________(divide) you into 4 groups.
2. Don’t give up _______________ (work) out the maths problem.
3. People live in cold climates prefer ____________________ (use) warm colours.
4. Do you mind my _________________ (open) the window
5. Do you dare ________________________many cheaper clothes ( import)
keys: 1. to divide 2. working 3. to use 4. opening 5. to import
批注:能做主语的词和结构同样能做宾语。
说明1:宾语一般放在及物动词和介词之后。其中介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。
说明2:及物动词后跟的宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语两种。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象。直接宾语指物。间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作涉及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。
不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟,如:give, show(给…看), bring, pass, buy 等。如:
1. Our teacher told us a story. (us为间接宾语,a story为直接宾语)
2. The sun gives us light and warmth.(us为间接宾语,light and warmth为直接宾语)
3. We sent him a letter. (him为间接宾语,a letter为直接宾语)
间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后。在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。
间接宾语前加“to”的动词有:
give , feed, hand, lend, offer, pay, post, sell, take, teach, show , send , read , pass , lend , tell , return , write 等。
加for的动词有:make , buy , do , get , play(演奏),order(命令),sing , pay(为…交钱), build, cook, find, leave, pick, save等。
(5)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语一般由形容词、分词、定语从句、代词、不定式短语、动名词、介词短语充当。
【例题精讲】
写出下列画线部分词的词性和结构名称
1.Guilin is a beautiful city. ( )
2.Don’t touch the boiling kettle(水壶). The fallen leaves covered the ground in autumn.( )
3.There are thirty women who are dressed in the same colour. ( )
4.His great progress in English made us surprised. ( )
keys: 1. 形容词 2.分词 3. 定语从句 4.代词
【课堂练习】
5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. ( )
6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. ( )
7.He is reading an article about how to learn English. ( )
答案: 5.不定式短语 6.动名词 7.介词短语
批注:1:当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something 等时,定语要放在代词之后。
如:I told him something interesting. 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。(形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语)
He has something to do . 他有一些事情去做(to do 为不定式作后置定语)
2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。
如:The boys in the room are in Class Four. 这间屋子里的男孩子们是4班的。(in the room 是介词短语作the boys的后置定语)
(6)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:
状语种类如下:
How about meeting again at six (时间状语)
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语)
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. (条件状语)
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)
People ran in fear when the earthquake happened .(方式状语)
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语)
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)
She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)
I am taller than he is.(比较状语)
【例题精讲】
写出下列画线部分词的词性和结构名称
1.Light travels most quickly. ( )
2.He has lived in the city for ten years.( )
3.He is proud to be a member of the Party.( )
keys: 1.副词 2.介词短语 3.不定式短语
【课堂练习】
4.He is in the room making a model plane.( )
5.Wait a minute. ( )
6.Once you begin, you must continue.( )
4.分词短语 5.名词 6.状语从句
(7)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:动词+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语充当。
【例题精讲】
写出下列画线部分词的词性和结构名称
1.His father named him Dongming.( )
2.They painted their boat white. ( )
3.Let the fresh air in. ( )
keys: 1.名词 2.形容词 3.副词
【课堂练习】
4.You shouldn’t ask him to lend his money to you.( )
5.We saw her entering the room. ( )
6.We found everything in good order.( )
4.不定式短语 5.现在分词 6.介词短语
用所给词的适当形式填空
1. He wanted to make himself ________________(feel) relaxed.
2. A man was found ________(die)in his house.
3. The suspect was seen __________________( breathe) heavily.
4. A witness saw a man ___________( run ) quickly out of the Sunshine Shopping Mall just now.
keys: 1.feel 2.dead 3. breathing 4.run
3、简单句的五种基本句型
【知识梳理】
1.简单句的五种基本句型
句型 例句
1、主语+不及物动词 We work.
2、主语+系动词+表语 He is a student.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语 Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语) My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补) Tom made the baby laugh.
2.Subject (主语) + Predicate (谓语)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思,这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,动词后不可以直接接宾语,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常见的动词如:work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen, rise等。如:
1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
4. Who │cares 管它呢
5. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
3.Subject (主语) + Link. V(系动词) + Predicative(表语)
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。
1)be 本身没有什么意义,只起联系主语和表语的作用,后可接动词外的任何词;
2)感官动词类 look, feel, smell, taste, sound等
3)表示变化:get, grow, become, turn, fall, go等
4)表示状态延续:stay, keep, prove等
4.Subject(主语)+ Predicate(谓语)+ Object(宾语)
此句型的特点:谓语动词都是实义动词,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
5.Subject(主语)+ Predicate(谓语)+ Indirect Object(间接宾语)+ Direct Object(直接宾语)
此句型的特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常可改为S +V+DO(直接宾语)+prep(介词)+IO(间接宾语)
1) I give you help.
2) I sent him a book.
3)I bought May a book.
4)He told me that the film was great.
5)He asked me what he should do.
批注:接双宾: give, hand, offer, pass, promise, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等(+to)
choose, fetch, get, play(演奏),save, sing, spare, buy等(+for)
6.Subject(主语) + Predicate(谓语) + Object(宾语) + Objective Complement(宾语补足语)
此句型的特点:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
【例题精讲】
完成下列句子
1. 谁知道答案
______________ the answer?
2. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。
He refused _____________________.
3. 他喜欢看书。
He ____________________________.
4. 他说:“早上好!”
He __________________________________________
5. 我想喝杯茶。
I want _______________________________________
6. 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。
We all think ___________________________________
keys: 1.Who knows 2. to help them 3. enjoys reading 4. said "Good morning." 5. to have a cup of tea 6. that Jack is an honest boy
【课堂练习】完成句子。
1)他把墙涂成白色了。
He painted________________.
2)他发现他的鞋坏了。
He found_________________.
3)我听见有人叫我的名字。
I heard___________________.
4)我们给孩子取名叫汤姆。
We_______________________.
5) 我们送他出去。
We sent_____________.
keys: 1. the wall white 2. his shoes broken 3. my name called 4. named our baby Tom 5. him out
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