Unit 1 Great scientists
单词考点
characteristic的用法
⑴[C]特性;特征;特色 ⑵有特点的;有某种特色的
短语:be characteristic of=be typical of是……的典型特征
注:character[C,U]性格;[C]人物;[C]角色;[C]字体
辨析:一个人可能你只有一种“性格”(character),但可能有多种“特性,特点”(characteristic),所有这些“特征、特点”便构成了一个人“总的特征、特点、品质”(character)。
put短语
put away把……收起来放好
put forward提出;向前拨
put in(表状态)放入;添加,把……写入;提出,提交;花时间(=spend);打断,插嘴;进港
put out扑灭
put off推迟,拖延
put aside节省(钱、时间);储蓄;储蓄……备用
put into(表动作) 把……放进……;把……翻译成
put down放下;写下,记下;镇压
put up张贴,挂起;(+sb.)(为……)提供膳宿,投宿
put up with忍受;忍耐
put on穿上;上演
put through接通电话
3.conclusion——conclude的用法
⑴[C,U]结束,终结[C]推论,结论
短语:arrive at /come to/reach/draw a conclusion得出结论
make a conclusion下结论;结束
in conclusion总而言之
eg:In conclusion,I’m very happy to see you here.
⑵(使)结束;得出结论
短语:conclude(sth.)with…用……结束(某事)
conclude…from…从……中推断出……
4.be infected with感染上…
5.defeat,beat,win区别
⑴defeat(=beat)“打败”,但defeat暗含被打败者不一定服输。beat暗含被打败者完全服输了。宾语一般为人、团队等。另外,defeat还有“使……落空”“使……不能实现”“使……失败”“挫败”“把……难住”,beat还有“(持续地有节奏地)跳(动)/(拍)打”的意思。
⑵win赢,战胜,宾语一般为比赛(项目)、奖品、奖项、奖励、奖金、荣誉、尊重等。win sb.sth.为某人赢得某物。
eg:①We had to admit that we were defeated/beaten by them.
②A lack of money defeated their plan.缺钱导致他们的计划失败。
③He won first prize in the writing competition.
④The last question on the paper defeated me.考卷上的最后一个题把我难住了。
6.expert的用法
⑴熟练的;经验或知识丰富的 短语:be expert at/in熟悉……;精通……
⑵[C]行家;专家 短语:an expert at/in………方面的专家
7.attend vt&vi照顾,护理;出席,参加;专心,注意—attendance[U]出席,到场,参加—attendant[C]服务员;侍者
短语:
attend(on)sb.照料、看护、服侍某人
attend a meeting/a lecture/school参加会议/听报告/上学
attend to sb./sth.接待(顾客);处理、专心于某事
注:attend,join,join in,take part in参加 区别
8.expose“暴露;揭露;使曝光”的用法
短语:be exposed to暴露于;接触
expose sb./sth.to…使某人/某物暴露于……;使某人/某物接触……
9.deadly致命的 常见的以-ly结尾的形容词有:friendly,ugly,likely,lovely,lively,daily,weekly,monthly等。
10.cure的用法
⑴治愈某人;解决问题
短语:cure sb.of sth.治好某人的…病;纠正某人的坏习惯
⑵[C]疗法
短语:a cure for…治愈……的方法
区别:cure,treat,recover
⑴cure多指药物治疗并治愈某种疾病或改正不良习气。强调结果。
⑵treat“治疗;医治”指治疗病人的全过程或活动。强调动作。
⑶recover“痊愈,复原”主要指从病中康复了。
11.challenge的用法
⑴向……挑战 challenge sb. to (do) sth.向某人挑战(做)某事
⑵[C]挑战
短语:meet a challenge满足要求;完成任务
accept/take/face a challenge应战
12.absorb“吸收;吸引;使专心”的用法
短语:be absorbed in/into全神贯注于
absorb…into…把…吸收进…
注:absorbed聚精会神的;专心致志的
13.affect“影响;侵袭;相当于;使感动;激起(悲伤、愤怒、爱等情绪)”
短语:be affected by...被……侵袭;被……感动
be affected with...患……病
区别:affect,effect,influence
⑴affect多指不好的影响。当宾语是人时,表示引起心智或情感上的影响,即“使……感动”。
⑵effect是名词,指由于某种原因直接产生的结果。常用短语为have an effect on...“对……有影响”
⑶influence指对人的思想、观念、心理等内在的东西产生的影响,或对人的决定、行为等造成某种程度的影响。
14.suspect的用法
⑴怀疑
短语:suspect sb.of (doing)sth.怀疑某人(做过)某事
suspect sb.to be…怀疑某人…
suspect that…怀疑…(尤指坏事可能属实或发生)
15.介词to……的表示所属的固定搭配有:
the key
the way
the trip to介
the answer
the identity
the clue
16.blame的用法
⑴责备,谴责
短语:be to blame(for)(=should be blamed(for))(因)应受责备 注:此时,应用主动表被动
blame sb.for (doing) sth.因(做)某事责备某人
blame sth.on sb.把某事归咎于某人
take the blame承担责任
lay the blame on sb.责备某人
⑵[U]责备,过失
短语:get the blame受到责备
bear/take the blame for sth.对某事负责
put/place/lay the blame on sb.for sth.将某事归咎于某人
17.link…to把……连接到……上
link……with/and……把……和……连/联系起来
link up(with)结合;使联合起来
区别:connect,combine,unite,link,join区别
⑴connect指两事物在某一点上相连接,一般要通过媒介物连接,但彼此又保持独立或指“认为有联系或有关系”。
⑵combine指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起或指把性质不同的东西合并成一体;着重指为了共同目的而结合在一起。
⑶unite指两者或两者以上事物的紧密结合,强调结合后的一致性和统一性,含极难分开之意。
⑷link指连环式的连接,或用结合物或其它方式连接,强调连接的牢固性和不可分割性。还可指不同事物之间的联系或关系,常用be linked with。
⑸join侧重把原来不相连接的事物紧密地连接在一起,是任何事物的直接连接,但仍可再分开。也指把分散的或几个部分的人或物联合起来,或加入到某个团体中去。
18.announce,declare区别
⑴announce指提前宣布或公开宣告大家关心的事。另外,他还有“某事预示着……的到来”之意。(+sth./that从句)
⑵declare指在正式场合宣布官方的立场或态度,后可跟双宾语。另外,它还有“断言、宣称”之意。(+sth./that从句/双宾语)
19.with certainty肯定地(注:certainty—certainly adv.“当然”)
20.instruct vt“命令,指示,教导”的用法(—instruction n.[C]“说明,操作指南”)
短语:instruct sb.in sth.教授某人某事
instruct sb. to do sth.命令/指示某人做某事
instruct sb.that告知某人某事
as instructed按照指示
区别:teach,instruct,educate
⑴teach指直接教某人知识或技能等,侧重传播知识。
⑵instruct指系统、详细、精心传播知识,侧重教授与指示。
⑶educate内容比teach广泛,侧重动机或结果,或对潜在能力的开发。
21.responsible有责任的;负责的(—responsibility n[U]“责任,负责”[C]“职责,义务”.)
短语:be responsible to sb.对某人负责
be responsible for sth.对某事负责
注:responsible作前置定语意思为“可信赖的,可靠的”;作后置定语意思为“负责的,主管的”。
22.contribute捐献;捐助;贡献(+to)有助于;促成
短语:contribute to有助于,导致,促成,捐助;向……投稿
contribute……to… 把……贡献给…;向……提供/捐助…;向……投稿
另:contribution[C,U]贡献;捐献(物);稿件
短语:make contributions to(doing)sth.对……做出贡献
注:contribute与devote的区别
⑴在表示“献身于某一事业或目标”时,要用devote,不用contribute,即contribute后不可接one’s life或oneself.
⑵devote只作及物动词,contribute还可作vi,后接to介。
23.apart from除……之外;此外(=but/except或besides)
区别:apart from,in addition to,besides,except,except for
⑴apart from(=but/except或besides),意思根据上下文而定。
⑵in addition to(=besides),一般位于句首。
⑶besides(=in addition to)强调除此之外,还包括其他。
⑷except指从整体中除去一部分,后接同类事物。
⑸except for指对某种情况进行具体细节方面的修正。后接不同类事物,而是整体中的一个细节、一个方面。
24. be strict with sb.对某人要求严格
be strict in sth.对某事要求严格
25.sense短语、句型
make sense有意义;讲得通;有道理;是明智的;理解(vi)
make sense of理解;明白
make no sense没有道理,讲不通
in a sense从某种意义上说
There’s no sense in doing sth.做某事是没有道理的/作用的。
26.enthusiastic热心的,满腔热情的——enthusiasm[U]热情;热心
be enthusiastic about/over/for sth.对某事热情
be enthusiastic about doing sth.对做某事有热情
27.cautious小心的,谨慎的—cautiously adv 小心地,谨慎地—caution n[U]谨慎;小心 v警告;提醒
短语:be cautious about/of(doing)sth.对(做)……小心/谨慎
with caution小心谨慎地
caution sb.about/against sth.提醒某人提防某事
28.reject拒绝;不接受;抛弃
区别reject,refuse,decline与deny
⑴reject用于正式场合,如外交或商业条款之类,另外还有“抛弃、剔除”之意。不接动词不定式作宾语。或指由于某物、某事、某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当的拒绝,有鄙弃之意。
⑵refuse指拒绝他人的请求或拒绝自己不想要的事物,一般态度坚决,肯定无疑的拒绝。多用于refuse sth.,refuse to do sth.,或refuse sb.sth.的结构中。
⑶decline指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
⑷deny指否认(观点)。
另:Ⅰdecline+sth./to do/doing;refuse+sth/to do;reject+sth.;deny+sb. sth. /doing拒绝给予某人某物/否认做…
Ⅱ后跟名词的区别:refuse/decline+an invitation.refuse+a permission.
decline/reject+a suggestion.reject,refuse,decline+an offer.reject+a plan/a proposal.
29.so…that...与such…that...“如此……以致于……”的区别
⑴二者都可引导结果状语从句。
⑵so为副词,such为形容词。
⑶具体结构如下:
so+adj/adv原级+that ××××××××××××××××××××
so+adj+a/an+n(可单)+that such+a/an+adj+n(可单)+that
so+many/few+ns(可复)+that such+adj+ns(可复) +that
so+much/little(少的)+n(不可数)+that such+adj+n(不可数)+that
(注:⒈只修饰形容词、副词原级时,只可用so。
⒉修饰单数名词时,二者可以互换。(即:so+adj+a/an+n(可单)+that= such +a/an+adj+n(可单)+that)
⒊修饰复数和不可数名词时,多多少少用so,不多不少用such。)
另外,so/such...as to do ...“如此……以致于……”后接to do不定式表示结果。可与such...that...互换。
eg:①He was so careless that he forgot to write his name on the paper.
=He was so careless as to forget to write his name on the paper.
②How could he have been such an idiot(大傻瓜)that he trusted them.
=How could he have been such an idiot(大傻瓜)as to trust them.
课文考点
every time等时间名词引导的时间状语从句
有时候,一些时间名词可以相当于连词,引导时间状语从句。如:every/each time,the first time,next time,the last time,the moment/the instant/the minute/the second,immediately,instantly,directly等。
eg:①Immediately the meal was over,he switched on the radio.
②The last time we talked he said he needed another three days.
suggest用法
⑴建议;提议 suggest+sth.(to sb.)=suggest(to sb.)sth.
suggest doing sth.
suggest one’s doing sth.
suggest that从句(should+v)
注:suggest只跟单宾语。do you suggest可作插入语。
⑵暗示,表明
suggest+sth./that从句(真实语气)
handle用法
⑴[C]柄,把手
⑵处理,操纵
construction“建设;建筑物”的用法
construction n—construct v建设;修建;创建;组成
短语:be under construction在修建中;在建设中
construct sth.from/out of/of sth.用某物修建某物
have使,让
⑴have+宾语+do“让…做某事”,不定式作宾补可以指现在、将来或可能发生的动作。
eg:①They had me repeat the message.
②I won’t have you say such things.
③I won’t have you blame it on me.
⑵have+宾语+doing “让…一直/持续做某事”,现在分词作宾补可以表示主语有意让别人去做或无意引起某人可能去做或表示遭遇。另外,have+宾语+doing若用于否定句中,have意为“容忍”。
eg:①Tom tried to have her talking.But no use.
②I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that.
③Why should we have the boy standing in the corner the whole morning.
⑶have+宾语+done “使…被做”过去分词作宾补可表示主语有意识的行为或表示“遭遇”、“经历”(动作违背主语的意愿)
eg:①We ought to have her examined by a doctor. ②The old woman had her handbag stolen.
4.lead to介(=result in)导致;通向,通往
5.only if,if only区别
⑴only if“只要,只有” 主句须用半倒装。eg:Only if I have a lot of money,will I buy a new car.
⑵if only“但愿,要是……就好了”常引导一般虚拟语气。eg:If only I were a millionaire.
6.arise,rise,raise
一般来说,arise,rise为vi,而raise为vt。
⑴arise产生,发生,出现 ;站起身 多以抽象名词或以无形的事物作主语,如an argument,a problem,a question, quarrel,a doubt,a storm,a difficulty,disagreement等。
eg:①He arose and walked to the window.
②A new problem has arisen.
⑵rise上升,升起来;(站)起来
eg:①The sun rises in the east.
②It was too weak to rise.
⑶raise举起,使……上升 后常跟a flag,a hat,a glass;the price,the salary,the temperature,the voice等。
eg:①She raised her hand to ask a question.
②The company raised the salary to make their excellent workers stay.
Unit 2 The United Kingdom
单词考点
consist用法
consist of(=be made up of=be composed of)由……组成;由……构成 本身无进行,无被动。
consist in在于
consist with与……一致
eg:①The book consists of eight chapters.
②Success consists in diligence(勤奋)and modesty(谦虚).
③What he said consists with what he did.
divide用法
短语:
divide…(up)into把…分成;把…割开/分开
divide…(up)(between/among sb.)把…分配(给某人)
divide A by B 用A除以B
eg:①The teacher divided our class into five groups.
②He has decided to divide the books between Class One and Class Two.
③Thirty divided by six is five.
区别:divide,separate
⑴divide指把整体分成部分,常与into/between/among等连用。
⑵separate指把原来连在一起或混在一起的东西分开,常与from连用。
eg:①England is separated from France by the channel.
②You can divide the apple into four parts.
注:separate可作形容词,意为“分离的,分开的;单独的;分别开的,分居的”。
3.accomplish完成(任务);达到(目的);实现(计划、诺言等)
eg:①I’ve accomplished my task.
②China has accomplished the Eleventh Five-year Plan smoothly in spite of the financial crisis.
区别:accomplish,achieve,complete,finish
⑴accomplish指通过不懈努力、不怕困难、坚持到底而最终完成预期目标、完成了计划或达到了目的。
⑵achieve指取得重大的成就或完成重要的任务而让人敬佩,强调排除各种困难完成宏伟目标。
⑶complete强调完整地终结,含有使某事完善、完整,补足缺少部分的意思。
⑷finish普通用词,指完成普通的日常任务。
eg:①It could be accomplished only through patient work.
②The project must be completed within a year.
③He finally achieved success.
④I haven’t finished my homework.
conflict[C/U]矛盾,冲突(两种思想、信仰、说法等的)冲突,抵触
短语: be in conflict with=conflict with与……冲突 come into conflict with与……冲突
eg:①He found himself in conflict with her parents over his future career.
②The results conflict with early findings.
be unwilling to do sth.不愿意做……
其中,unwilling常作表语,意为“不乐意的,不愿意的”;也可作前置定语,意为“不情愿的,迫不得已的,勉强的”。eg:①She is unwilling to accept my advice. ②I saw her unwilling expression on her face.
break短语
break away(from)(从……中)逃脱,挣脱;(从……中)脱离,背叛(政党、国家等)
break in破门而入,闯入;打断,插嘴
break down(机器)损坏,出故障;分解(化学变化);破坏;(身体)垮;(精神)崩溃
break out(战争、火灾等)突然发生,爆发
break up解散;分手;打碎;分解,拆散;关系破裂
break through冲破;突破
break into破门而入;突然……起来
7.credit用法
⑴credit[U](借钱偿还的)信用,信誉;赞扬;赊
(greatly)to one’s credit为……带来荣誉;值得赞扬
eg:①To his credit,Jack never told anyone exactly what had happened.
②Greatly to Zhang Jike’s credit,he won a precious gold medal at the 2012 Olympic Games.
注:to one’s credit单独使用时,意为“值得赞扬的是”。
短语:
be of credit有名望
get/receive credit for因为…而得到荣誉
give sb.credit for为…而称赞某人;信任某人
do sb.credit/do credit to sb.使…值得赞扬;为…增光
get credit for因…而得到好评
on credit以赊购方式
⑵相信
eg:①I don’t credit his story.
②Please credit my honesty.
convenience[U]便利,方便[C]便利的事物,便利设施
convenient方便的,便利的(主语一般不是人)
短语:
for (the sake of)convenience为了方便起见
for one’s convenience(=for the convenience of sb.)为了某人的方便
at one’s convenience在某人方便的时候
be convenient for sb./sth.对某人/某事是方便的
It’s convenient for sb.to do sth.某人方便做某事
attract吸引;引起注意------attraction[U]吸引;吸引力(for)[C]有吸引力的事物/地方------attractive有(吸)引力的,引人注意的
短语:
attract A to B把A吸引到B上
attract one’s attention引起某人的注意
collection[U]收集,采集,搜藏[C]收藏的东西;收藏品;募捐
a collection of…一个……的收集
11.leave短语
leave behind忘带,遗留,留下;把…抛在后面;把……抛在脑后
leave out遗漏;省略,省去;不考虑,不理会,忽视
leave for动身去某地
leave aside不予考虑;搁置一边
leave about/around乱扔,乱放
leave over留下;剩下
leave off停止;中断
leave alone让…单独呆着,不理会;更不用说
leave…to…把…交给…(未处理)
leave alone更不用说;不理,让……单独呆着
12.furnish为(房屋等)配备家具;向…提供供应(=supply/provide)—furniture[U](可移动的)家具—furnished 带家具的;配备好家具的(常作定语)
eg:①Having bought the house,they couldn’t afford to furnish it.
②He bought a lot of furniture for his new house.
③There is a fully furnished flat.
13.possibility[C,U]可能性[C]机会;可能的办法
句型:
There’s a/no possibility that从句。
短语:
the possibility of doing sth.
注:possibility一般不接动词不定式作后置定语。
eg:①There is no possibility that Tom can win first prize in the math.②The possibility of solving the traffic problem is remote.
区别:probable,likely,possible
⑴按照程度大小排列,顺序为:probable>likely>possible.
⑵句型:It is probable/likely/possible that从句。
⑶sb./sth.is likely to do sth.
⑷It is possible(for sb.)to do sth.
14.quarrel[C]争吵;争论;吵架争吵;吵架
短语:
have/make a quarrel with sb.over/about sth.=quarrel with sb.over/about sth.与某人就某事争吵
settle a quarrel解决纠纷
eg:①A struggling man should have no time to quarrel with others.
②She quarreled with her brother over their father’s will(遗嘱).
15.alike,like作形容词的区别
⑴alike只作表语,不用very修饰,多用much,very much修饰。
⑵like可作定语或表语,可用very修饰。
注:alike可作副词,意为“一样地,像似地;一样程度地”。
like可作介词,意为“如同,和…一样”。
eg:①The twin sisters look alike.
②The brothers are very like.
③His uncle promised him $100 if he could earn a like sum.
16.place短语
take the place of(=take one’s place)代替
take one’s place代替;使某人就座
take place发生;举行
take a place as…担任…的职位
in place of代替
in place在适当的位置
in one’s place处于某人的位置
in the first place首先,第一
out of place不合适;不在适当的位置上
17.arrange筹备;安排;整理(后接单宾)
短语;
arrange(for)sth.安排/筹备某事
arrange(for sb.)to do sth.安排(某人)做某事
arrange sth.for sb.为某人安排某事
arrange that从句 安排…
注:arrange后不接双宾语。用作vt表示“安排”“准备”时,其后通常接事情,而不接具体的人或东西;若接具体的人或东西,则需后接介词for。
18.delight[U]快乐,高兴,喜悦[C]乐事------delight(使)高兴,(使)欣喜-------delighted高兴的,快乐的------delightful令人愉快的
短语:
in/with delight高兴地
to one’s delight(=to the delight of sb.)令某人高兴的是
take(great)delight in从…中取乐;以…为乐
at/with/by为某事而高兴
be delighted to do sth.为做某事而高兴
that从句 为某事而高兴
delight sb.取悦某人
delight in(doing)sth.以做…为乐(尤指不好的事)
19.thrill使激动;使胆战心惊n[C]兴奋,刺激;使人兴奋激动的事-----thrilling令人兴奋的------thrilled激动的
课文考点
1.refer(—referred—referred—referring)用法
短语:
refer to提到,谈到,参考,查阅
refer to…as把…称作…
2.find“发现”用法
(to be)adj
(to be)adv
(to be)介短
find+ sth./sth.+ (to be)n
doing
done
+that从句
3.remain的用法
⑴(+n/pron/adj/介/分词)仍然是;保持是
⑵停留,逗留,留下;剩下,剩余,遗留
搭配:
remain to be done有待于……
注:remaining剩余的,常作前置定语。而left只作后置定语。
remains剩余物,一般用复数形式。
6.常用特殊虚拟语气句型
⑴It is strange/astonishing/amazing/surprising/shocking/wonderful/shameful“可耻的,丢脸的”...+that从句(特殊虚拟语气should+V原),其中,should意为“竟然,居然”。
eg:It’s amazing that he should finish all the work in only one day.
⑵It’s+n.(a pity/a shame/a surprise/a wonder等)+that从句。
⑶It’s+insisted/ordered/commanded/suggested/advised/proposed/demanded/desired/requested+that从句。
time短语
at one time过去有一段时间
at a time 一次
at any time随时;任何时候
at the time在那时,在那段时间
all the time一直
at times(=sometimes)有时
in time及时;终有一天
on time按时;准时
in no time立刻,马上
at all times无论何时
behind time(=late)晚的,迟的
for the time being暂时
Unit 3Life in the future
单词考点
impress给某人留下印象——impression[C/U]印象;感想;印记——impressive给人印象深刻的;感人的
短语:
impress sb. with sth.(=impress sth.upon/on sb.)使某人牢记某事
impress …on…把……印在……上
be impressed by/with sth.对……印象深刻
have/get a good /bad impression of sb./sth.对…印象好/不好
make/give/leave a/an…impression on sb.给某人留下…的印象
eg:①The teacher impressed the importance of English on /upon me.
②It’s important to make a good impression at your interview.
take短语
take up拿起;接受;开始从事;继续做/讲;占据(时间、空间等)
take down拿下;写下;记下
take in消化;吸收;收留;领会;理解;欺骗;包含,包括
take on呈现;聘用;承担
take over接管,接替;控制
take off起飞;脱下,摘掉;成功,突然大受欢迎
take back收回;撤销
take apart拆开,拆卸
take for(误)认为
take out取出
take to(doing)开始沉迷于;对…产生好感;养成…的习惯
previous在前的;早先的
一般作前置定语,指时间或顺序在前。常与介词to连用。
短语:
be previous to在…之前;先于
be uncertain about对……拿不准/不确定
eg:They ‘re uncertain about what to do.
区别surroundings, environment, circumstance环境
⑴surroundings专指自然环境,强调周围的事物这一环境。
⑵environment既可指自然环境,也可指精神环境,强调对人的道德及观念的形成起潜移默化作用的环境。
⑶circumstance指会影响到人或人的行为的“情况、环境”,必须用复数形式。
tolerate容忍;忍受(—toleration容忍(精神);宽容(态度)— tolerant 容忍的;宽容的)
tolerate+n/pron/doing,一般其后不接to do不定式。
be tolerant of/towards对……容忍或宽容
7.lack[单,U]缺少;缺乏(无被动)缺少;缺乏
短语:
(a)lack of...缺少…
lack (for)...缺少…
注:lacking(常作表语)缺乏的
短语:
be lacking in(=be lack of)缺乏……
through lack of因为缺乏……
区别:
be short of与be lack of
⑴be short of+具体事物(钱)
⑵be lack of+抽象事物(信心、勇气、创造力)
eg:①The plant died because it lacked water.
②He missed another chance just because he was lacking in courage.
③The plan came to a stand for lack of money.
adjust调整;调节;适应------adjustment调整;调节
短语:
adjust…to…改变…以适应…
adjust oneself to使自己适应
adjust to (doing)sth.适应于……
make an adjustment/adjustments to…对…做出调节;适应…
9.有关feet的短语
be/get back on one’s feet重新站起来;(困境后)恢复;完全复原,恢复过来
struggle to one’s feet挣扎着站起来
rise to one’s feet站起来
jump to one’s feet跳起来
stand on one’s feet自立
keep one’s feet站稳脚跟
eg:①Suddenly he fell to the ground,but in a while he was back on his feet.
②He needs time to be back on his feet after the divorce.
10.fasten(使两部分)系牢,扎牢,扣紧;(使)关紧,盖好;(眼睛)注视,盯住
短语;
fasten…to/on…将…系/扣/钉/装在…上
fasten A and B together将A和B系/扣/钉/装在一起
fasten…on…(使…)盯在…上
fasten/fix one’s attention on=stare at sb./sth.
eg:The door will not fasten.门关不紧。
11.sight的短语
lose sight of看不见;忽略,忘记(表动作)
lose one’s sight失明
out of sight看不见;视线以外(表状态)
catch sight of看见
at first sight初看时;乍一看
at the first sight of看见…时
in the sight of sb.(=in one’s sight)在某人看来
in/within sight看得见;在视野内
eg:①They fell in love at first sight.
②He will faint at the sight of blood.
12.sweep短语
sweep up打扫,清扫
sweep aside放(堆)到一边;不予理会
sweep away冲走,扫清;肃清,迅速消灭
sweep over袭击,将…一扫而光;风靡,向…扩展
sweep out扫掉;清除
13.press vt的用法(—pressure n.“压力”)
短语:
press the button按下按钮
press sb. to do sth.逼迫/催促某人做某事
press sth.on sb.勉强某人接受某物
press down按下
14.switch的用法
⑴[C]开关;转换,转变;改变;替换
短语:
turn on/off the light switch
make a switch做了一个改变/变更
a switch in…在…方面的转变
eg:There has been a switch in our plans.
⑵转换;转变;改变
短语:
switch from…to…由…转变为…
switch on把(点灯或电器等)打开;接通
switch off把(点灯或电器等)关掉,关上;切断;不听,不理睬
switch over转变;转换频道
switch to变换到…
eg:①Let’s switch seats.
②She successfully switched from a student to a film star.
③They switched the location of the movie to Hawaii.
注:switch,open,turn的搭配
⑴开关门、窗、盒子等
open/close/shut the door/window/box
⑵开关电器(如:收音机、电灯等)
switch on/off the radio/light
⑶开关电器(如:收音机、电灯等)、水、煤气
turn on/off the radio/water/gas
15.slide into(快捷而悄声地)移动;滑行;溜进
短语:
slide into bad habits渐渐染上坏习惯
slide over略过
16.optimistic乐观主义的
短语:
about对…乐观
be optimistic
that从句 …是乐观的
17.speed的用法
⑴加速
短语:
speed up加速
⑵速度
短语:
at a speed of以…的速度
with full speed尽快地
at high/low/full/top speed以高速/低速/全速/高速
18.instant的用法
⑴瞬间;片刻
短语:
in an instant一会儿后
for an instant一会儿
the instant(=instantly=immediately=as soon as)从句 一……就……
⑵立刻的;立即的;紧急的;(食品)速食的;速溶的
⑶adv(=immediately=at once)立刻,马上,迅即
19. for渴望、渴求某物
be greedy
to do sth.渴望做某事
20.be representative of是……的典型特征;代表
注:represent代表----representation[U]代表;表现----representative[C]代表;典型人物典型的;有代表性的(+of)
21.settlement定居;解决(—settlevt.“定居”“决定”vi./vt.“(使)坐下来;(使)下沉;(使)停下来;(使)停息”)
短语:
arrive at/come to/reach/achieve a settlement达成和解;达成协议;解决;决定
settlement to……的解决方案
课文考点
aspect n[C]“方面;层面”
短语:
from every aspect从各个方面
in this aspect在这方面
区别:aspect,side,angle
⑴aspect着重指以特定观点对事物进行观察或考虑。
⑵side可与aspect换用,但更着重构成事物全貌的一个或多个方面。
⑶angle专指从某一角度观察、考虑事物的某个方面。
2.suffer经受,蒙受;感到痛苦(无被动)
suffer pain/loss/defeat/poverty/hunger/punishment/hardship/damage遭受…
suffer from患…病;受…折磨
3.remind提醒;使记住的用法
about/of sth.
remind+sb. that从句
to do sth.
5.consider的用法
⑴认为
(to be)adj/n
consider+sb./sth.+ as+n
to have done sth.
+that从句
⑵考虑
(doing)sth.
consider
that从句
6.examine,test,check区别
⑴examine指通过检查或查看看是否有异常情况。如医生检查身体,车站进行安检等。
⑵test指化学检测或小测验。
⑶check指通过核对,看是否有错误出现。
7.no more,no longer区别
⑴no more=not…any more(位于句末)表示动作或次数上不再重复。
⑵no longer=not…any longer(位于句末)表示时间或状态上不再延续。
8.blame的用法
短语:
blame sth.on/upon sb.把…归咎于某人
blame sb.for sth.因…而责备某人
be to blame(主动表被动)应受责备(=should be blamed)
Unit 4 Making the news
单词考点
1.involve牵涉;涉及;包括;使参与(卷入)
短语:
be involved in牵涉到;卷入;使参与;一心做
注:involved作前置定语,意为“复杂的”;involved作后置定语,意为“涉及的”。
eg: an involved case; the people involved
offer的用法
Vt 提出,主动给予;出价;开价 n给予(物),出价,提议,意图,报价
搭配:
offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.给某人提供某物
offer to do sth.主动提出做某事
3.delighted短语
at/by 因…而高兴
be delighted with 对…感到高兴
to do 很高兴做某事
that从句 很高兴…
4.submit vt./vi,递交;呈递(文件等)
短语:
submit…to…把…递交给/呈递给…
submit to…向…屈服;臣服于…
5. cover的用法
1.作Vt时,“(常与with连用)盖;覆盖;(指新闻记者)报道(审判、选举、动乱之类的大事);(指钱)够(某事物之)用;包括(某事物);涉及;处理;适用于 ”
2.作n时,“遮盖物;盖子;罩子;(图书、杂志的)封面”
6.eager的用法
搭配:
be eager for/about/after渴望得到某物
be eager to do sth.渴望做某事
be eager that从句 渴望……(特殊虚拟语气should+do)
区别:eager,anxious,keen
⑴eager指“以巨大的热情渴望实现愿望或达到目的”,有时也指“由于其他感情影响而表现急不可耐的”。
⑵anxious指“热切地希望实现愿望,并因顾虑愿望落空而心情不安,感到焦虑的”。
⑶keen指“对某人、某物怀有极大的兴趣或热情的”。
eg:①He is anxious to know the result of the college entrance examination, because he is eager to be admitted to it.
7.assist“帮助”的用法
搭配:assist sb.in/with sth.帮某人某事
assist sb.in doing sth.帮助某人做某事
assist sb.to do sth.帮助某人做某事
eg:He assisted his neighbour in repairing the fence.
区别:assist,aid,help
⑴assist暗含这种帮助起着次要的作用;受协助的人自己做主要的一部分工作。
⑵aid含有接受帮助者因为弱小或因灾等而需要帮助的意思。
⑶help和以上两个词的差别在于,help含有比较强的“目的”意义。可以指具体或抽象意义上的“帮助”。
8.concentrate on集中;全神贯注于
9.acquire,obtain,gain,attain区别
⑴acquire指经过不懈努力、不断地“学”、“问”获得学问、技术等抽象的东西,也可指养成习惯。
⑵obtain指经过努力或付出代价或经过很长时间而得到期望已久的东西。
⑶gain指需要做出比obtain更大的努力,往往是通过竞争获得某些有价值的东西,常译为“赢得”。
⑷attain正式用语,指经过艰苦努力而实现目标或使人达到完美境地。
10.inform告知;通知
搭配:
of/about sth.通知某人某事
inform sb. to do sth.告知某人做某事
that从句通知某人某事
keep sb.informed of sth.随时告知某人某事
11.meanwhile
⑴同时,其时(句子副词);对比之下,另一方面
⑵[U]in the meanwhile(=in the meantime)在此期间,与此同时
eg:①They’ll be here soon.Meanwhile we’ll have some coffee.
②If you can be there at 6:00,you can help me select the plants,and I can tell you some news meanwhile.
③In the meanwhile I’ll wait for my old friend of mine.
④In the accident, many people were killed, but meanwhile(不过)there are some who were unhurt.
12.case[C]情况;病例;案例
短语:in case假使;免得;以防万一(引导状语从句)
in case of假使;万一
in any case无论如何
in no case绝不(置于句首时,主句要用半倒装)
in this/that case如果是这样/那样的话
as is often the case (with…)(对…)是常有的事
注:在定语从句中,case作先行词,引导词用关系副词引导时只用where引导。类似的先行词有position,situation,condition,point,stage,activity等。
13.accuse指责(某人有错、犯罪);指控;控告;谴责
搭配: accuse sb.of(doing)sth.(=charge sb.with(doing) sth.))控告某人做某事
14.so as to,in order to“为了”区别
⑴二者都可作目的状语。否定形式都是在to前加not.
⑵位于句首时只能用in order to.
15. of/about 对…内疚的
be guilty
of犯…罪
16.deny的用法
搭配:
deny (doing)sth.否认(做)某事
deny sb.sth.拒绝给某人某物
deny oneself自制;舍弃
deny+that从句
区别:deny,decline,refuse,reject
⑴deny指“坚定地否认某事为真实的”。
⑵decline指“较正式地、有礼貌地谢绝”。
⑶refuse是普通用语,指“坚决、果断或坦率地(不友善地)拒绝”。
⑷reject指“以否定、敌对的态度而当面拒绝”(指通过抛弃或送走、专横地拒绝),主语可以是人或物,后接名词,不可接动词不定式。
17.demand用法
⑴[C,U]需要,需求[C]所需之物
短语:
in demand(of)需要;受欢迎
on demand一经要求
make demands提出要求
meet the demand for满足…的需要
satisfy one’s demands满足某人的需要
⑵vt./vi.要求
demand sth.from/of sb. 向某人要某物
demand to do sth 要求做某事
demand of sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
demand that从句(特殊虚拟语气) 要求…
18.gifted有天赋的
短语:
be gifted in/at(=be talented in/at)在……方面有天赋
have a gift for/of…对…有天赋
19.ahead of在……前面(时间、空间、程度)
短语:
ahead of time/schedule提前
go ahead(口语)干吧,用吧,请吧;前进;继续
20.accurate, exact,precise,correct区别
⑴accurate指通过细心等主观努力避免差错,从而达到精确,也可指钟表的时间准确或对事物的叙述确切。
⑵exact强调完全依据事实,丝毫不差或者指与事实、原样或标准完全相符。
⑶precise比exact更准确。强调范围界限的鲜明或细节的精密,经常指仪器的精密。
⑷correct指符合一般准则的正确无误。
eg:①My watch is accurate.
②He made an accurate measurement of my garden.
③I forget the exact time.
④Please check whether the details are correct.
⑤I want to buy a precise instrument to complete the difficult task.
21.be senior to介...比……年长;比……级别高 反义词为:be junior to...比……级别低
22.approve的用法
⑴“批准,认可”
短语:
approve sth.
⑵vi.“同意,赞同”(与介词of连用)
approve of (sb’s doing) sth.
23.process的用法
⑴“[C]过程,进程[C]程序,步骤;工序,制作法”
短语:
in the process of 在……过程中
in process在进行中
in the process of time随着时间的推移
⑵“加工,处理(文件、信息等)”
短语:
process……into把……加工成/制作成
eg:In this way,the milk is made into cheese.
24.appointment[C]约会,预约[C/U]任命,选派[C]工作,职位
短语: with sb.与某人约会
make/have/fix an appointment
to do sth.约好做某事
keep the appointment守约
cancel the appointment取消约会
break the appointment失约,违约
the appointment to/as… …的任命
区别:date,appointment
⑴date通常指恋爱时的约会。
⑵appointment通常指与人谈生意或与医生等事先约定的见面。
注:appoint指派,委派,任命,约定
短语:
appoint sb.to do sth.指定/派某人做某事
polish的用法
⑴vt.“修正,修改;修饰”“磨光;擦亮某物”
eg:①My composition was carefully polished and checked before handing in.
②He polished his glasses with handkerchief(手绢).
⑵vi.“……起来”常用主动表示被动。
短语:
polish up擦亮;磨光;改善;润色
polish sth.off很快做完某事;迅速吃光某物
crimen.[U]“违法犯罪活动(总称)”[C]“罪,罪行”—criminal adj.“犯罪的,刑事的”n.[C]“犯人,罪犯”
搭配:
commit a crime犯罪
fight against crime与犯罪活动作斗争
violent/pretty/serious crime暴力的/轻微的/严重的犯罪
eg:①It’s time to fight against street crime.
②He was unware that she had committed a crime.
professional adj.“职业的;专业的”的用法(—profession n.[C]“职业;行业”)
eg:①You need professional qualification and training on the job.
②She is at the very top of her profession.
短语:
by profession/occupation在职业上
区别:profession,occupation,job,work
⑴profession[C]指需要专门技能的“职业”,从业者经过特殊的教育或训练,如律师,教师,医生等。
⑵occupation[C,U]指填写在表格上的“职业”。
⑶job[C]普通用词,指任何有报酬的工作。
⑷work[U]指如何工作或体力、脑力劳动。
unusual adj.“不同寻常的,独特的”反义词为usualadj.“寻常的,普通的”
句型:
It’s unusual for sb.to do sth..对某人来说做……是不寻常的。
eg:It’s not unusual to feel very angry in a situation like this.
admirable adj.“值得赞扬的,令人钦佩的”—admirevt.“称赞,佩服”—admirationn.“称赞,佩服,感叹”
eg:Mary is an admirable objective in study.
课文考点
语法:半/部分倒装的用法(须借助于be动词、助动词或情态动词)
⑴否定词(hardly,never,few,little,seldom,not,nothing,nowhere等)或否定短语(not only,not until,no sooner,no longer,by no means“绝不,一点也不”,in no way“决不”,at no time“从不;决不”等)位于句首时,主句需用半倒装。(注:not only…but also…连接两个并列的句子,not only位于句首时,符合前半倒后不倒的原则)
eg:①Never has she seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.
②Not until he retired from teaching three years ago did he consider having a holiday abroad.
③To our surprise,not a single word did our monitor say in the discussion last Friday.
④Not only does he do his own work well,but also he helps others with their work.
⑤Not only has Tom been to Canada,but also he knows some Canadians.
⑵only+副词(短语)/介词短语/状语从句,作状语,位于句首时,主句需用半倒装。(注:“only+主语”位于句首时,主句不需用倒装;但“only+宾语”位于句首时,主句可用正常语序,也可用半倒装。)
eg:①Only in this way can you solve the problem.只有用这个方法你才能解决这个问题。
②Only I can help you.只有我能帮助你。
③Only his mother he will obey.他只服从他母亲。
④Only one more point will I make.只是还有一点我要说说。
⑶so短语或such(短语)位于句首时,主句需用半倒装
eg:So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.
⑷neither…nor…“既不……,也不……”连接并列句且位于句首时,两个并列句都需用半倒装。但连接并列主语时,不可用倒装。
eg:①Neither did I know him,nor did I meet him.
②Neither can I win the game,nor do I want to.
③Neither he nor I have been to Beijing.
⑸neither(=nor=no more)“也不”位于句首时,主句须用半倒装。(注:只有一种形式,neither/nor/no more+bev/助v/情v+主语。表示以上否定的情况也符合另一方。)
eg:①------I didn’t agree with him.
-----Neither/Nor/No more did Mary.
②------I don’t play tennis.
------ Neither/Nor/No more do I.
③He didn’t turn up. Neither/Nor/No more did his brother.
not only/just…but (also)作并列连词的用法
have a good “nose” for对…很敏感;善于发现…
get the wrong end of the stick完全误读,弄错
go(与副词连用或在疑问句中用于how之后)发生,进行,出现,结果
be skeptical about/of sth.怀疑某事
set to do sth(=set about doing)着手做某事;开始干某事
get sth. straight/right清楚无误地了解某事物
Unit 5 First aid
单词考点
1.aid ⑴ [U]帮助;援助;资助 [C]帮助者,助手;有辅助作用的事物
搭配:
do/give/perform/carry out/offer first aid实施急救
come/go to one’s aid帮某人的忙
with the aid of...(=with one’s aid)在…的帮助下
in aid of...为了帮助……
eg:①He was too busy to come to my aid.
②Teachers give their lessons with the aid of computers.
⑵帮助,援助
搭配:
aid sb. with sth.以某物帮助某人
aid sb. in (doing) sth.帮助某人做某事
aid sb. to do sth.帮助某人做某事
aid sth.有助于……
eg:①He aided her in her escape.
②His friend aided him with money.
③A good dictionary can aid language learning.
区别:aid,help,assist
⑴aid正式用语。指援助处于困难或危险境地的人,即“救护”。或指脱离危险或战胜困难,侧重于强者对急需帮助的弱者的帮助,指(尤其用金钱)援助一群人。
⑵help普通用语。在日常生活和口语中使用较多,不表救护。
⑶assist指在行为过程中起辅助作用。
eg:①He asked me to assist him in finishing his plan.
②He helped me with my homework.
2.injury[C]损害;伤害
搭配: do an injury to sb.(=do sb. an injury)
区别:injury,wound,hurt,harm
⑴injury指在意外事故中身体机能受到伤害。
⑵wound指在战场上或战斗中受伤,如刀伤、剑伤、枪伤等。
⑶hurt普通用语。既可指身体上,也可指精神上、感情上的伤害。
⑷harm指对有生命机体的不明显、非直接的伤害,常指损害一个人的健康、事业或权利等。
3.situation的用法
situation,condition,case和point一样,在定语从句中作状语时,后常用where,in which引导,而occasion后常跟when引导的定语从句。
区别:situation,condition,state
⑴situation指一定时期内总的情况、形势、事态,亦可指国际、国内局势,为可数名词。
⑵condition单数形式表示人或物本身的状况,在这个意思上与state相近;而复数形式则指事物之外的环境与情况,与circumstances意思相近。
⑶state用单数形式表示人或事物的情况及状况,可与不定冠词连用,常用于in a state of或in a...state。
4.variety[C]品种,种类,种种[C]多样(化),变化(性)
短语:a (wide/great/large)variety of…各种各样的…;多种多样的…
varieties of…各种各样的
5. electric用电的,电动的,带电的,发电的
electrical电的,与电有关的,电气(科学)的
electronic电子的
6.swell的用法
⑴肿胀;膨胀;鼓起;充满(激情)
短语:
swell up肿起来,胀起来
swell out(使)鼓起]
swell with pride/anger洋洋得意/怒气冲冲
⑵swollen肿胀的
短语: be swollen with/from因…而肿胀起来
7.over and over again重复地;再三地(=again and again=over and over=over and again)
over again再一次
8.squeeze“挤(入);压(出),榨(出)”短语
squeeze out挤出,榨出
squeeze out of从…中挤出/榨出
squeeze through挤着通过
squeeze...into...把……挤进/塞进……
9. place的短语
in place在适当的位置;适当
out of place 不在恰当的位置上,不适当
in place of(=instead of)代替,取代
take place发生
take the place of代替;入座,站好自己的位置
in the first place首先,第一
10.vital的短语
be vital to/for sb./sth.对…至关重要的
be vital to do sth.做某事是至关重要的
It’s vital that ...(should)do……做……事至关重要的/生死攸关的
11. a number of+ns+谓(复)
the number of+ns+谓(单)
注:修饰number可用large或small。
12.put one’s hands on(=find)找到
13.treat的用法
⑴对待;看待
treat sb. as/to be把……视作/看作……
treat sb.with respect/kindness尊重某人/友好待人
treat sb.well/badly对待某人好/不好
⑵医治;医疗
treat sb.for…治疗某人的…
treat sb.with sth.用某物治疗某人
区别:treat,heal.cure
⑴treat侧重动作,而heal.cure侧重结果。
⑵heal多用于治愈疾病。
⑶cure多用于治愈外伤。
⑶款待,招待
treat sb.to…用…款待/招待某人
⑷[C]请客,做东
eg:Let’s go out to lunch.It’s my treat.
14.apply用法
⑴申请,请求
apply to do sth.申请做某事
apply for申请,请求
apply (to sb.)for sth.(向某人)申请某物
⑵运用,应用
apply sth.to…将某物用在…上
⑶有效,适用
apply to sb./sth.
⑷贴,涂,敷
apply sth.to…
短语:apply oneself to专心于,致力于
eg:①The can’t apply to everyone.
②The nurse applied some medicine to the wound.
15.under pressure在压力下
注:pressure对应的动词为:press“挤;压;按”
16. make a difference起作用;有影响;区别对待
make no difference (to sb.)(对…)没有影响,(对…)没有作用
17.temporary“短暂的;暂时的;临时的”—temporarily“短暂地;暂时地”反义词为:permanent“永久的”
deliberately“故意地”“不慌不忙地,小心翼翼地”的用法
assess vt.“评估,评定(性质、数量等)”;“估算,核定(数量、价值等)”
搭配:assess sth./sb. (at sth.)评价,评定(性质、质量)
assess sth.(at sth.)估算,估计(数量、价值)
assess that...评定(估算)……
eg:①The technique is being tried in classrooms to assess what effects it may have.
②Damage to Haiti after the earthquake is assessed at over $7 billion.
课文考点
depend on/rely on
⑴依靠,依赖,指望(主语为人)
⑵取决于,视…而定(主语为物) 无进行时,
短语:
depend on sb./sth. to do/doing指望某人/某物做某事
depend on sb./sth.for sth.依靠某人/某物获得某物
depend on it that从句句型
注:与depend on it that从句相类似的句型有see to/answer for/rely on/insist on/stick to it that从句等。
2.honor的用法
⑴[U]敬意,尊敬;荣誉,名誉[C]光荣的人或事[只用单数]光荣,荣幸
短语: do sb.an honor(=do sb.the honor of sth.)给…的光荣,给…带来荣誉,赏光
in honor of 为纪念,为庆祝,向…表示敬意
eg:He is an honor to our school.
⑵尊敬,尊重;给以荣誉,给予表扬(奖励、头衔、称号)
短语: be/feel honored to do sth.做某事感到荣幸
eg:All of us should honor our parents.
3.when(=and then)作并列连词的用法
be going to do……when
be about to do……when
had (just)done……when
4There is no doubt that从句
5.damage vt&n【U】损坏;毁坏
eg:The bridge was damaged by the flood.
区别:damage,destroy,ruin
⑴damage指对价值和功能的破坏,多用于无生命的东西,一般可以修复。
⑵destroy指通过某种有力的或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用,一般不能或很难修复,有时用于比喻意义。
⑶ruin强调毁灭的彻底性,并且是一次性的行动。这种毁灭也许力量不是很大,但其严重性却使其不能修复,它强调的是长期结果。
6.stick to介粘住;坚持;信守诺言
eg:Stick to your promise.
7.pourvi“(雨)倾盆而下,不断涌现”vt“倾倒,斟(饮料)”的用法
短语:pour in涌入
pour down淌下
pour out…(to sb.)涌出;倾吐,倾诉
pour oil on the flames火上浇油
pour oil on troubled waters调解争端
pour cold water on给……泼冷水,使沮丧
pour (sb.)a cup of tea(给某人)倒杯茶
eg:①It never rains but it pours.
②Tears were pouring down her cheks.
③The fans poured out of the stadium cheering wildly.l
8.have a good “nose”for sth.对某事物很敏感;善于发现某事物
eg:He has a nose for a news story.
9.be meant to do sth.意在做某事;应该做某事
语法知识:
状语从句中的省略