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中考总复习专题十 非谓语动词、主谓一致和倒装句
考点一 非谓语动词
1、不定式
1、不定式的构成
不定式的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义， 动词不定式的否定形式是 “not +(to+) 动词原形”。
2. 不定式的功能
（1）不定式作主语
动语不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语后置。如：
To learn English well is useful .
=It is useful to learn English well .
It’s important for us to protect the environment .
(2) 不定式作宾语
①不定式用在及物动词后作宾语，常见的及物动词有：begin , choose , continue , decide , expect , fail , forget , hate , help , hop e, learn , manage, mean , need , offer , plan , prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, try , want , wish , determine, afford , agree, start, like 如：
She promised to come at nine o’clock . 她答应九点来的。
I have decided to study English 我已决定学英语了。
②在find,think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在后面。如：
I find it very easy to read English every day . 我认为每天读英语很简单。
③常见的一些接不带to的动词不定式的结构
Why not do ... , Why don’t you do .... , had better (not ) do .... , would rather do , Could/Will you please (not )do .... 如：
I would rather stay in the room 我宁愿待在房间里。
（3）不定式作宾语补足语
tell , ask, want , allow, get , would like , encourage 后常跟动词不定式作宾语被足语。如：
My mother encourages me to learn Japanese .
我妈妈鼓励我学日语。
注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补， 这时不定式要省略to。 这些动词有：一感（feel)、二听（hear, listen to )、三让（let , make , have ) 、四看(look at , see, watch , notice )。 但变被动语态必须加上to . 如：
My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss.
老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。
（4） 不定式作定语
①不定式有时起形容词的作用，修饰名词、代词，在句中担当定语。不定式作定语时，它的位置是在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
He was the first to come to the classroom .
他是第一个来到教室的人。
②如果不定式是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式作的地点、工具等，不定式后面就应有必要的介词。如：
I want some paper to write on .
我想要一些写字的纸。
注意：当不定式所修饰的名词是time , place 或way时， 不定式后面习惯上要省略介词。如：
My prandma had no place to live (in)in the old days.
过去我祖母没有住的地方。
③不定式修饰something , anything, nothing 时，放在它们的后面，如果something , anything, nothing 有形容词来修饰，词序是“something /anything /nothing +形容词+不定式”。如：
Have you got anything to buy
你有什么东西要买吗？
（5） 不定式作状语
不定式放在不及物动词后可以表目的， 也可以放在某些形容词后作状语。如：
He went to America to learn English .
他去美国学英语了 。
They sleep together to keep warm .
他们在一起睡觉来取暖。
I’m glad to see you again . 再次见到你我非常高兴。
（6） 疑问词+不定式
不定式可以和疑问代词who, what ,which及疑问副词when ,how, where 连用构成不定式短语，在句中担当主语、宾语、表语等成分。如：
The question is when to start .
问题是什么时候开始。
What to do is an important problem .
该做什么是一个很重要的问题。
I can’t decide who/whom to invite 我决定不了邀请谁。
注意：“疑问词+不定式”作宾语时，常与不列动词连用：know , show , teach , tell , find out , learn , forget 等 。 如：
We don’t know when to go 我们不知道什么时候去。
He doesn’t know how to make a banana milk shake .
他不知道怎样制作香蕉奶昔。
（7） 不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式为：not/never +不定式。 如：
She asked me not to drive her to the station .
她不让我开车送她到车站。
The teacher tells us never to read the book.
老师告诉我们绝不要读那本书。
（8） 不定式的固定句式
①“too...to..”和“enough to ...”
“too+形容词/副词+to do sth”意为“太....（以至于）不能....”.如：
The student was too frightened to say a word .
这个学生太害怕了，以至于不能说一句话。
Never too old to learn . 活到老学到老。
“形容词/副词+enough to do sth”意为“....足以做....”
He isn’t strong enough to lift the box.
他不够强壮，提不起这个箱子。
The girl is old enough to go to school .
这个女孩已到上学的年龄了。
② “It is /was +形容词+ of/for sb +to do sth”
for sb 句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词，如：easy , difficult , hard , important , possible , interesting 等 。 如：
It was hard for him to study English well .
对他来说学英语太难了。
of sb句型一般用表示主观情感或态度的形容词，如：good,kind, nice, clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful 等。如：
It’s very kind of you to help me .
你帮我的忙真是太谢谢你了。
③ “It’s one’s turn to do sth” 轮到某人做某事了。 如：
It’s my turn to tell the story .
该我讲故事了。
④ “It takes / took ab some time to do sth”某人花多长时间做某事。 如：
It took me 3 hours to repair the TV set .
我用了三个小时修理这台电视机。
2、动名词
1. 动名词的构成
动名词的基本形式为“v.+ing”
2. 常跟动名词的词
英语中有一些动词（短语）后面常跟动名词作宾语。我们初中阶段常见的有：finish , enjoy , mind , miss, be worth , be busy , practice, have fun , have trouble/problems(in ) , feel like , be used to (习惯于) ,give up, keep on , consider, suggest, can’t help . 我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆一些词或短语：
完成练习值得忙：finish, practice, be worth, be busy
继续习惯放弃：keep on , be used to , give up
考虑建议不禁想:consider, suggest , can’t help , feel like
喜欢思念要介意：enjoy , miss, mind .
3. 注意含有介词to的固定短语
在初中阶段的英语学习中，学生常常会遇到含有介词的短语、下列动词短语中的to为介词，其后需要接名词、代词或动名词。
①make (a) contribution (s) to 为...贡献
②devote oneself to 献身，致力于...如：
He devoted himself to helping disabled people .
他一生致力于帮助残疾人。
③look forward to 期盼，盼望。如：
We are so much looking forward to seeing you again .
我们非常盼望再见到你。
④prefer ... to...比起...更喜欢...。 如：
I prefer walking to cycling
我愿意步行，而不愿意骑自行车。
⑤be used to 习惯....；适当....。如：
She is quite used to working hard.
她很习惯努力工作。
4 两组固定搭配
①prefer to do sth . rather than do sth = prefer doing to doing sth 宁愿做某件事而不愿做另一件事。 如：
I prefer to learn English rather than play the piano on Sundays . =I prefer learning English to playing the piano on Sundays.
在周日，我宁愿学习英语，也不愿去弹钢琴。
②need, require , want 后跟不定式和动名词的区别
当need, require , want 作“需要”解时，，后加动名词等于后加不定式的被动式。如：
The window needs cleaning .
=The window needs to be cleaned .
那窗户需要清洗。
3、分词
1. 分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词的基本形式为“动词原形+ing”; 过去分词的基本形式是“动词原形+ed”. 但也有不规则的形式。
2现在分词作宾补和不定式作宾补的区别
我们常见的动词如see, watch , notice , hear 等 ， 接不带to的不定式作宾补，表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作；接现在分词作宾补，表示动作正在进行。如：
I heard him singing in the classroom .
我听到他正在教室里唱歌。（“唱”这个动作正在进行）
I heard him sing in the classroom .
我听到他在教室里唱歌了。 （“唱”这个动作结束）
I saw him going up the stairs.
我看见他正在上楼。 （“上楼”这个动作正在进行）
I saw him go up the stairs.
我看见他上楼了。 （“上楼”这个动作已经完成 ）
3现在分词和过去分词的区别
（1) 在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义。 如：
the exploiting class 剥削阶级
the exploited class 被剥削阶级
（2）在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。如：
the developing country 发展中国家
the developed country 发达国家
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
the risen sun 升起来的太阳
4. have sb do sth , have sb/sth doing sth 和have sth done 的区别
(1) have sb do sth 意为“让某人做某事”，have 可以用let ,make 代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作，且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。 如：
The soldier had the boy stand with his back to his father .
士兵们让这个男孩背对他的父亲站着。
（2）have sb/sth doing sth 意为“让某人/物一直做某事”。Have可以用keep代替，现在分词（doing ）所表示的动作往往具有持续进行的含义。 如：
The two men had their lights burning all night long .
那两个人让灯通宵亮着。
（3）have sth done 意为“让某事被别人做”，即ask sb else to do sth 过去分词（done)所表示的动作由他人（非主语本身）来完成，含有被动意义。如：
The driver had his car washed once a week .
这个司机一周让人洗一次车。
5. 含现在分词的几个常见句式
(1) see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事。如：
I saw him playing basketball with his friends.
我看见他正在和他的朋友们打篮球。
（2）hear sb doing sth 听见某人正在做某事。如：
We heard him reading .
我们听到他正在读书。
（3）watch sb doing sth 观看某人正在做某事。 如：
Mr King watched his son playing with a ball .
金先生看着他的儿子在玩球。
（4）notice sb doing sth 注意到某人正在做某事。 如：
I noticed a man following the girl.
我注意到一个男人正跟着那个女孩。
（5）find sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事。 如：
We found a boy crying under the tree.
我们发现一个男孩正在树下哭泣。
（6) catch sb doing sth 逮住某人正在做某事。 如：
His parents caught him playing computer games.
他父母撞见他在玩电脑游戏。
（7）keep sb doing sth 使某人不停地做某事。 如：
He kept the students reading .
他让学生们一直读书。
考点二 主谓一致和倒装句
1、主谓一致
1. 语法一致原则
主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式时，谓语形式也采用单数形式；主语是复数形式时，谓语动词也采用复数形式。
（1）当and 或both ...and 连接名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 如：
Tom and Mike are good friends 汤姆和迈克是好朋友。
Both Lucy and Lily are students. 露西和莉莉都是学生。
（2）不定代词either , neither , the other , another , anybody , anyone , anything , someone , somebody , something , everyone , everybody , everything , nobody , no one , nothing 等作主语时，谓词用单数形式。 如：
Is there anything wrong with your bike
你的自行车有什么毛病吗？
Everyone is ready for the sports meeting .
大家都为运动会做好了准备。
（3）由each , each ...and , each ... , every...and , every...作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 如：
Each boy and each girl was given a new book .
给了每一个男孩和每一个女孩一本新书。
（4）主语后接with , along with , together with , as well as , rather than , including , besides, like , except , but 等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。如：
Mr Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing .
格林先生将和他的夫人及两个女儿一块儿来北京。
（5）“a number of +名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of +名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 如：
A number of trees are cut down 一些树木被砍倒了。
The number of the students in our class is 32.
我们班学生人数为32.
（6）“a lot of /lots of /plenty of / a pile of / most of +名词”和“分数或百分数+of+名词”等作主语时，谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。如果of后是不可数名词或可数名词单数，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果of后是可数名词复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。 如：
Lots of people have been there很多人去过那儿。
（7）某些只有复数形式的名词（如clothes, trousers , shorts , pants , shoes, gloves ...)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
My shoes were worn out . 我的鞋子穿得不能再穿了。
（8）不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 如：
Reading is learning . 读书就是学习。
2. 意义一致原则
意义一致又叫概念一致，即谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式要看主语所表达的概念。
（1）由and连接的两个名词作主语时，如果是指同一概念（即and后面无冠词）,则谓语动词用单数形式。 如：
The teacher and writer is coming to give us a report next week .
那位老师兼作家下周要给我们作报告。
The singer and dancer has been invited to the party .
那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家已经被邀请请参加聚会了。
（2）表示价格、时间、长度等复数名词、词组作主语时，一般被看作一个整体，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
Three years is a long time 三年是一段很长的时间。
（3）集体名词（如family , team, crowd, company , class , group , government ....)作主语时，如果表示整体概念，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示集体中的成员，则谓语动词用复数形式。 如：
His family is going to move .
他家要搬走了。
(4) people , police , cattle 等集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 如：
The police are helping a girl find her mother .
警察正在帮助女孩找妈妈。
（5）one and a half 的后面接名词复数作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式；one +单数名词+and+a half作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 如：
One and a half cakes are a good meal for the monkey .
=One cake and a half is a good meal for the money .
一个半蛋糕对猴子来说是一顿美餐。
（6）“the+姓氏名词复数”表示“....一家”或“....夫妇”，当它在句中作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。如：
The Blacks enjoy working in China .
布莱克夫妇喜欢在中国工作。
3. 邻近原则
有时谓语动词的形式与主语并不一致，而是与靠近它的名词一致，这种原则叫作邻近原则，又叫就近原则 。
（1）由either ... or ... , neither... nor... , not only ... but (also)... , not ...but.. 或or连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与较近的主语在数上保持一致。如：
Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle . 不仅是我父母，我也盼望看到我叔叔。
(2) There be ...和Here be ...这两个句式中的be动词常与最近的主语在数上保持一致。 如：
There is a table and two chairs in Tom’s room .
在汤姆的房间有一张桌子和两把椅子。
2、倒装句
1. so, neither 倒装句型
so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语
neither +助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语
（1）这两种结构常用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物，意思是“某人/物也是这样”。这种结构中的助动词/be动词/情态动词在形式上与前句的谓语保持一致，而其单复数形式则由后面的主语决定。 如：
Lucy is a good student . So is Lily.
露西是好学生，莉莉也是好学生。
（2）这两种结构的不同点是：
“so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”依附于肯定句，表示前面的肯定情况也适用于后面的人/物，意为“.....也....”
“neither+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”依附于否定句，表示前面的否定情况也适用于后面的人/物，意为“....也不...”. 如：
Tom watched TV last night . So did Ann.
汤姆昨晚看电视了， 安也看了。
Mary didn’t watch TV last night . Neither did Jim .
玛丽昨晚没有看电视，吉姆也没看。
2. There be句型
There be句型是一个表示“存在”的句型，是一个主语在be动词后面的倒装句。如：
There is a tree in front of the building .
大楼前有一棵树。
3. 以副词开头引起的倒装句
在以here , there , out , in , down , away 等副词开头的句子中，如果主语是名词，要用倒装句，谓语动词的单数形式由位于倒装句句尾的主语决定。 如：
There goes the bell 铃响了。
Here are some flowers 这里有一些花。
注意：如果主语是人称代词，就不必倒装。 如：
Here you are. Here it is .
易混易错
动词后接不定式和动名词的区别
1 stop to do sth 停下来去做某事
stop doing sth 停止做某事
Stop to think about it for a moment 停下来想一会儿。
Stop talking , please . 请不要说话。
2. remember to do sth 记住要做某事（动作未发生）
remember doing sth 记得曾做过某事（动作已发生）
Please remember to post my letter 请记得把我的信寄走。
I remember posting your letter 我记得把你的信寄出去了。
3. forget to do sth 忘记做某事（动作未发生）
forget doing sth 忘记做某事（动作已发生）
I forget to bring my homework 我忘记带作业了。
I forget bringing my homework 我忘记已经把作业带来了。
4 try to do sth 努力去做某事
try doing sth 试着去做某事
Please try to do better next time. 下次努力做得更好些。
He tried speaking English to us他试着用英语和我们谈话。
5. go on to do sth 做完一件事， 接着去做另外一件事
go on doing sth 继续不停地做某事
Go on to do the other exercises after you finish this one
做完这道练习题后，接着做其他的。
Go on doing the exercises after a short rest .
休息一会儿之后继续做练习。
6 regret to do sth 对要做的事感到遗憾（未做）
regret doing sth 对做过的事感到遗憾/后悔（已做）
I regret to have to do this , but I have no choice .
我很遗憾必须这样做，但我没有选择。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought . 我不后悔告诉了她我的想法。
7 mean to do sth 打算/想做某事
mean doing sth 意味着做某事
I meant to go but my father would not allow me to .
我想去，但我父亲不会允许我去。
Doing that means wasting time .
那样做意味着浪费时间。
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基础知识专题十 专项练习题
1. We only planned _____ the play for an hour , but in the end , we stayed for three hours.
A watch B. watches C. to watch D. watched
2. Vivian refuses ______ her children to the weekend training centre for extra classes.
A to send B. sending C. sent D. sends
3. The workers are busy _____ windows to the new building these days.
A fix B. fixed C. fixing D. to fix
4. ----Do you have any plans for the coming vacation
---- Sure . We decide _____ Sansha in July .
A visit B. visiting C. visited D. to visit
5. Whenever we kides come over , Auntie Susan just stands there and watches us ______ sure we don’t break anything .
A make B. made C. to make D. making
6. My favorite TV program is The Reader . I think we should spend as much time as we can _____ in our spare time .
A read B. to read C. reading .
7. Mary _____ is my friend , as well as her sister, _______ Chinese in China .
A that ; are studying B. which ; have studied
C who ; study D. who ; studies
8. There _____ an amusement park near my home . I often see children play there .
A am B. is C. are D. be
9. “I’ve never been to Disneyland , Judy.” “_____”
A So have I B Neither am I C. Neither have I .
10. I wanted to see the Beijing Opera , so Lingling offered _____ me to watch an opera .
A took B. takes C. to take D. taking
11. He is not old enough _____ to school .
A gone B going C. went D. to go
12. ----I tried to make Alice _____ her mind but I found it difficult .
----Well, I saw you _____ that when I went past .
A changed ; do B. changes ; doing
C change; to do D. change ; doing
13. -----What would you like to do to relax yourself
----I prefer _____ basketball rather than ____ magazines .
A playing ; reading B. to play ; to read
C play ; read D. to play ; read
14 Joining a summer camp is a great chance ______ free time with your friends.
A spend B. spending C. to spend
15 ----Jane’s spoken English is pretty good.
----Yeah , she works hard and practices _____ it both in and out of class.
A spoke B. to speak C. speaking
16. Our teacher often advises us ______ the habit of making notes while reading .
A to develop B. develop C. to developing D. developing
17. ----Have you read the book Jane Eyre
----Yes. It’s a famous book and really worth _____ .
A to read B. reading C. to be read D. read
18 My parents didn’t allow me _____ to the party .
A go B. to go C. goes D. went
19 Martin was so busy _____ the old that he gave up his part-time job .
A helping B. helped C. to help D. help
20. I will my best to stop my son from ______ the same mistake .
A make B. made C. makes D. making
21. ----China is getting better and better at making high technology products.
----That’s right . People around the world can hardly advoid _______ products made in China.
A not buying B. not to buy C. to buy D. buying
22. We advise parents ____ their children at home alone in order to keep them away from danger .
A leaving B. not to leave C. leave D. to leave
23. It’s necessary for us ______ to our parents when we have problems .
A to talk B. talking C. talk
24. When you leave , please turn off the light ______ energy .
A save B. saving C. saved D. to save
25. ----Do you climb mountains every day
---- Yes, ______ a little exercise . I’m so out of shape.
A getting B. get C. got D. to get .
26. In order _____ for the meeting , my sister forced herself to get up early this morning .
A not to be late B. not being late C. be to late D. being late
27. Jenny , you should practice as often as you can _____ the piano comtetition .
A fail B. to fail C. win D. to win
28. Don’t throw away the waste paper . It needs ______ so that it can be reused .
A to destroy B. destroying C. to collect D. collecting
29. -----What are you going to do when you grow up
-----A singer , but my parents wish me _____ a teacher .
A am B. to be C. will be D. be
30. Alice prefers that _____ short and funny .
A are B. is C. was D. were
31 There _______ a number of books in the library and the number of them ______ increasing .
A has ; is B. have ; are C. are ; is D. is ; are
32 Playing computer games too much _____ bad for students’ health.
A am B. is C. are
33 Neither Li Hua nor I ______ good at writing .
A am B. is C. are
34. ----- _____ there any living things on other planets
-----I have no idea . Maybe we can know more about that in the future .
A Is B. Are C. Has D. Have
35. Doing eye exercises _____ one of the useful last week is very nice .
A is B. are C. were
36. The photo ____ taken by my brother last week is very nice .
A which were B. that is C. that were D. which was
37. There _____ lots of sheep and pigs on my uncle’s farm now .
A was B. were C. is D. are
38. -----Do you need more time to complete the task
----- Yes. Another ten days _______ enough .
A is B. was C. are D. were
39. ----My aunt said she called you yesterday morning , but htere was no answer .
-----Oh, we were at home . Maybe my hushand with my daughter and me ______ my car in the garden .
A were washing B. had washed C. was washing D. washed
40. ----Would you like to go to the amusement park
---- If Jack does , _______ .
A I go , too B. so will I C. neither will I D. so do I
41. ----I’m not going swimming tomorrow afternoon .
----_______ . I have to clean up my bedroom .
A So am I B. Neither am I C. Neither I am D. So I am .
42. Only when the work is done _______ be able to go back home .
A you have B. you will C. will you D. have you
43. I can’t tell you what she said . I’ve promised _____ it a secret .
A keep B. to keep C. keeping D. kept
44. The English teacher keeps advising us _______ more .
A to pratice speaking B. practicing to speak C. to practice to speak
D practicing speaking
45. -----Have you decided _____ the children in the poor area
---- By sending school things to them .
A how to help B. what to help C. where to help
46. I decided ______ at least once a week .
A exercise B. exercised C. to exercise D. exercising
47. ______ the air clean , the gavernment will close some factories in the city .
A Keep B. Keeping C. To keep D. Kept
48. ______ to the party on time , Tony took a taxi there .
A To get B. Getting C. Get
49. There ______ lots of sheep and pigs on my uncle’s farm now .
A was B. were C. is D. are
50. Lingling offered _____ Betty to the teahouse because it’s famous .
A take B. takes C. to take D. taking .
参考答案
1-5 CACDC 6-10 CDBCC 11-15 DDDCC 16-20 ABBAD
21-25 DBADD 26-30 ADDBA 31-35 CBABA 36-40 DDACB 41-45 BCBAA 46-50 CCADC
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