第21讲 定语从句（原卷版）
定语从句是历年高考中出现比较频繁的考查内容，无论在单项选择、完型填空还是阅读理解等项目中都占有较大比例。教师在辅导学生进行一轮复习的时候，首先要注重定语从句语言知识的梳理，夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，避免偏题、难题；避免有争议的怪题。教师需要把定语从句部分的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通，形成定语从句的网络构架，通过语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识阅读与写作能力。
本讲要求教师对定语从句的知识点进行梳理，逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
I．Summarize the adjective clause（定语从句概述）
定语从句是修饰名词或代词的；由关系代词或者关系副词引导；被修饰的词叫先行词；有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。关系副词引导定语从句时，关系副词在从句中充当状语；另外关系副词还可以由介词 + 关系代词替代。
常用的关系代词：
先行词是人 — who, whom, whose, that
先行词是物 — which, whose, that
常用的关系副词：
修饰时间 — when
修饰地点 — where
修饰原因 — why
关系副词 = 介词 + 关系代词
why = for which
where = in/ at/ on/ ．．． which
when = during/ on/ in/ ．．． which
II．Review the attributive clauses led by relative pronouns．（复习由关系代词引导的定语从句）
常用的关系代词：
先行词是人 — who, whom, whose, that
先行词是物 — which, whose, that
1）The man who/that was sitting there yesterday is a middle school teacher．
（在从句中做主语）
昨天坐在那儿的那位先生是中学教师。
2）The boy who /that is standing over there is my brother．（在从句中做主语）
站在那边的那个男孩是我弟弟。
3）The woman (whom/that) you saw in my room is my mother．
（在从句中做宾语时可省略）
你在我房间看到女士是我母亲。
4）The letter (which/that）I received yesterday is from my family．
（在从句中做宾语时可省略）
我昨天收到的那封信是我家人寄来的。
5）This is Tom whose mother is our English teacher．
（在从句中表示“谁的”用whose引导）
这是汤姆，他的妈妈是我们的英语老师。
III．限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别：
限定性定语从句是对先行词进行修饰和限制，如果去掉从句，句意不完整或概念不清。
非限定性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
People who take physical exercise live longer．
进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。 (若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
His daughter who is in Boston now is coming home next week．
他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。 (若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)
非限制性定语从句常有逗号与主句分开，有时去掉逗号意义不同。
I have a brother who is a doctor．
我有一个当医生的兄弟。 (兄弟不止一个)
I have a brother, who is a doctor．
我有一个兄弟，他是当医生的。 (只有这一个)
IV．Review the attributive clauses led by relative adverbs．（复习由关系副词引导的定语从句）
常用的关系副词：when, where, why
关系副词 = 介词 + 关系代词
why = for which
where = in/ at/ on/ which
when = during/ on/ in/ which
1．where指地点，在从句中做地点状语。
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born． 上海是我出生的城市。
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down．
我十年前住过的房子已经拆掉了。
2．when引导定语从句表示时间，在从句中做时间状语。
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school．
我仍然记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
(2) The time when we got together finally came．
我们相聚的时间终于到了。
3．why指原因，在从句中做原因状语。
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane．
请告诉我你错过飞机的原因。
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today．
我不知道他今天看起来不高兴的原因。
4．“介词+关系词”结构：
介词后面的关系代词不能省略，在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when，where和why互换。
(1) The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is not clear．
他拒绝邀请的理由还不清楚。
(2) From the year when / in which he was going to school, he began to know what he wanted when he grew up．
从他上学的那一年起，他开始知道他长大后想要什么。
(3) This is the house where I lived two years ago．
= This is the house in which I lived two years ago．
这是我两年前住过的房子。
(4) Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
= Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
(5) This is the reason why he came late．
= This is the reason for which he came late．
这就是他迟到的原因。
I．下列情况必须用“that”引导，而不能用“which”。
1．先行词是everything，little，few，much，all，anything，nothing或者是由none, much, only 修饰。
The only thing that is important is to find our way home．
唯一重要的事是要找到回家的路。
Have you got anything that belongs to me?
你那有我什么东西吗？
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen．
小偷最后交出了他偷的东西。
Is this all that is left?
就剩下这一个了吗？
2．先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用that。
This is the best book (that) I’ve ever read．
这是我读过的一本最好的书。
This is the third baby (that) Mary gave birth to．
这是玛丽生下的第三个孩子。
3．先行词被the only，the last 修饰时，用that。
He is the only person that I want to see now．
他是我此时唯一想见的人。
4．先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。
We talked about the things and persons that we saw then．
我们谈论的是当时见过的人和事。
5．定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。
A plane is a machine that can fly．
飞机是能飞的机器。
6．“time”做先行词表示“第……次”时用that。
This is the first time that I have been to Beijing．
这是我第一次去北京。
II．“that”不能用于非限定性定语从句。
在非限定性定语从句中，先行词指物时只能用 “which”，不能用“that”，而且“which”不能省略。
This is John’s book, which is very interesting．
这是约翰的书，这本书很有趣。
I like to talk with Tom, who is my old friend．
我喜欢同汤姆交谈，他是我的老朋友。
III．which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
当先行词不是主句中的某个词而是整个主句时，关系代词用which或as，但二者的用法也有区别。
1．which引导的非限制性定语从句一般跟在主句之后，而as引导的从句可在主句前、主句后，也可以在主句中间。
I failed again in the match，which was a great pity．
As we had expected，he opposed the plan．
2．which通常意为“这；这一点”，as通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等，意为“正如”。
He sold his bicycle，which surprised me．
As we know，smoking is harmful to our health．
＝Smoking is harmful to our health，as we know．
注意：有时限制性定语从句也可用as引导，但此时先行词前一般有the same，as，such，so等词修饰。
3．which引导的此类定语从句与前面的主句往往存在着“因果”逻辑关系，主句为“因”，which引导的定语从句表示“果”。
Jim is addicted to computer games，which upsets his parents very much．
知识点一 由关系代词引导的定语从句
例1：（2018?北京）She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit．
A．?which??????????? ?B．?who??? ??????????????C．?as??????????? ?????D．?that
【答案】A
【解析】句意：她和家人骑车去上班，这有助于他们保持健康。这是一个非限制性定语从句，空格处指代前面整个句子，所以用which引导非限制性定语从句， which在从句中作主语。who指人；that不能用于非限制性定语从句；as通常翻译成“正如、就像”，因此可排除，故答案为A。
变式训练1：
1）He told us the stories and writers?_____?interested him．?
A．?that ???B．?which? ??C．?what? ??D．?who
2）His parents wouldn’t let her marry anyone _____ family was poor．
A． whom B． whose C． who D． which
知识点二 由关系副词引导的定语从句
例2：（2018?江苏）Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line．
A．?that?????????????????????????B．?where??????????????????????C．?which??????????????????????D．?when
【答案】B
【解析】句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它地区在同一起跑线上的领域。这是一个限制性定语从句，先行词area指地点，而且从句主系表结构完整，只缺少状语，当先行词指的是时间、地点、原因，而且先行词在从句中作状语时，从句分别由关系副词when，where，why引导。此句的先行词指地点，并且在从句中做地点状语，所以用where引导，故答案为B。
变式训练2：
1）We are living in an age ??? ????most of things are done on cell phones．
A．?which????????? ??? ??B．?that????????????? ??C．?whose????????????? ???D．?when
2）Who can give me the reason __________ he hasn’t turned up yet?
A． for why B． which C． why D． on which
知识点三 “介词+关系词”结构引导定语从句的用法
例3：Nowadays, more and more young ladies, ??????? figures most are fine enough, are going on a diet．
A．?who??????? ?????B．?whose?????????????????C．?of whose??????????????D．?of whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如今，越来越多的年轻女士都在节食，其中大多数身材都不错。句中先行词ladies在非限定性定语从句中作figures的定语，再根据most表示“大部分”，后接介词of表示范围，相当于most of young ladies' figures。故答案选C。
变式训练3：
1）I?was?given?three?books?on?cooking,?the?first?_____?I?really?enjoyed．?
A．?of?that ???B．?of?which? ??C．?that? ??D．?which
2）Last?week,?only?two?people?came?to?look?at?the?house,?_____?wanted?to?buy?it．
? ?A． none?of?them? ? B． both?of?them??
C． none?of?whom??? ? D． neither?of?whom
知识点四 as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
例4：Due to the rising rents, the new graduate has decided to leave Beijing for his hometown, ??????? ?have many other classmates．
A．?so???????????????????B．?as????????????????C．?which???????????????????D．?nor
【答案】B
【解析】句意：由于租金上涨，这位新毕业的大学生决定离开北京回家乡，正像许多其他同学做的那样。此句为非限制性定语从句，所以，答案A和D可以排除，as和which均可以引导非限制性定语从句，在本句中，as表示“正如，就像”，故选择B。
变式训练4：
1）I want to use the same tools________ used in your factory a few days ago．
A．?as was??????????? ?B．?which were??????????????C．?as were???????????????D．?which
2）_______ has already been pointed out, grammar is not a set of dead rules．
A．?It??????????????????? B．?Which?????????????????? ??C．?As????????? ??????????D．?What
知识点五 非限制性定语从句
例5：（2018?天津）Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia．
A．?whom?????????????????B．?that?????????????????????C．?whose????????????????????D．?her
【答案】C
【解析】句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。该句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，whose在从句中表示所属关系，意为……的，所以用关系代词whose。故选择C。
变式训练5：
1）You?can?find?whatever?you?need?at?the?shopping?center，_____?is?always?busy?at?the?weekend．??
? A．?that? ?B．?where??????????C．?what?????????D．?which
2）We climbed up to the top of a hill, ?_____?we got a good view of the whole forest park．
A． which B． where C． when D． that
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1．Children who are not active or _____ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly．
A．?what??????????????????B．?which????????????????????C．?whose???????????????????D．?that
2．Newly released data point to an increase in cell-phone use among children ?????? some worry is changing the very nature of childhood．
A．?why?????????????? ???B．?which?????????? ???????C．?who?????????????????????D．?where
3．Wu Lei is the only Chinese player ?? ?????has made it onto the latest World Soccer 500 list．
A．?who???????????? ???B．?which????????????????????C．?whose??????????????????D．?whom
4．Facebook is a very famous social networking website founded in 2004 ____ millions of people interact with one another．
A．?when???????????????????B．?that?????????????????C．?which??????????????????D．?where
5．—Haven't you realized the use ??????? the used paper? —Yes, already．
A．?we make of????????B．?which we make???????C．?for our making???????D．?for us to make
6．We all like James because he is a man ______ everybody thinks is pleasant ______．
A．?who; to be got along with????????????????B．?whom, to get along with
C．?who; to get along with?????????????????????D．?whom; to be got along with
7．Have you ever been in a situation _____ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?
A．?where?????????????? ?????B．?which????????????????????C．?that?????????????????????D．?as
8．Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _____ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night．
A．?when?????????????????B．?if???????????? ????C．?which???????????????D．?since
9．Last week I picked up a beautiful vase in the market, ____ the price was very reasonable．
A．?which????????????????B．?whose????????????????C．?of which??????????????????D．?where
10．The stadium _____ stands a theatre will be reconstructed．
A．?beside which????????????????B．?for which?????????????C．?when????? ???????D．?which
11．The following speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control
A．?most of them????????B．?most of that?????????C．?most of which??????? D．?most of what
12．The CCTV program, A Bite of China attracts many people to Suqian to taste local food, _____ up to half are from overseas．
A．?in which????????????????B．?for whom??????????????C．?with which????????????D．?of whom
13．On her birthday, she received a nice present from her parents _____ a note was attached, saying "We love you so much．"
A．?that???????????? B．?to which?????????????????C．?in which?????????????????D．?which
14．There is no simple answer, ???is often the case in science．
A．?when????????????????????B．?that??????????????????? ?C．?as???????????????????????D．?where
15．I want to use the same tools________ used in your factory a few days ago．
A．?as was??????????? ??B．?which were???????????????C．?as were????????????????D．?which
16．He is such a person ?? always helps others without claiming a reward, ???? makes
him popular in the community．
A．?that; that?????????????B．?that; which??????????????C．?which; which??????????D．?as; which
17．— Hello, is Mr． Smith in?
— Sorry, there is ______person ______ you referred to in my office．
A．?such no; that?????????????? ?B．?such no; whom???
?C．?no such; who??????????? ???D．?no such; as
18．Teachers are those who use themselves as bridges, over ??? ???they invite their students to cross．
A．?them?????????? ??B．?which????????? ?????C．?whom???????????????D．?those
19．John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of ______ are family members．
A．?them??????????????????????B．?that????????????????????C．?which????????????????????D．?whom
20．We really appreciate our learning environment, ______ we can have direct communication．
A．?whom??????? ?????B．?which???????????????????C．?where???????????????D．?when
二、句型训练（Choose the right words in brackets）
1．I won’t forget the date __________ I was born． (on which / on when)
2．Did you find the paper __________ I wrote my letter? (which / on which)
3．Did you find the composition __________ I wrote just now? (which / with which)
4．Did you find the pen __________I wrote just now? ( which / with which )
5．This is the room __________ I lived． (in which / in where)
6．I don’t know the reason __________ he hasn’t come today． ( that / for which)
7．He still remembers the days __________ they lived in Tianjin． (on which / in which)
8．This is the watch __________ I am looking for． (which / with which)
9．The man __________ you talked is my friend． (with whom /whom)
10．The plane __________we flew to Canada is very comfortable． (which /in which)
三、Translate the following into Chinese（英译汉）
1．Harbin is the city where I was born．
2．I still remember the day when Mary first came to the school．
3．Do you know the reason why he looks unhappy today?
4．The reason why / for which they refused the help is not clear．
5．This is the house where I lived two years ago．
Or: This is the house in which I lived two years ago．
6．Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
Or: Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
四、Translate the following into English（汉译英）
1．青岛是他20年前出生的城市。
2．他们五年前住过的房子被拆掉了。
3．我仍然记得我们初次见面的那一天。
4．他们相聚的时刻终于到来了。
5．请告诉我你错过飞机的原因。
6．我不知道他今天早上迟到的原因。
7．他拒绝参加会议的理由不清楚。
8．那就是他上学的那一年。
9．这是汤姆三年前住过的房子。
10．我们住的房子不大。
第21讲 定语从句（解析版）
定语从句是历年高考中出现比较频繁的考查内容，无论在单项选择、完型填空还是阅读理解等项目中都占有较大比例。教师在辅导学生进行一轮复习的时候，首先要注重定语从句语言知识的梳理，夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，避免偏题、难题；避免有争议的怪题。教师需要把定语从句部分的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通，形成定语从句的网络构架，通过语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识阅读与写作能力。
本讲要求教师对定语从句的知识点进行梳理，逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
I．Summarize the adjective clause（定语从句概述）
定语从句是修饰名词或代词的；由关系代词或者关系副词引导；被修饰的词叫先行词；有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。关系副词引导定语从句时，关系副词在从句中充当状语；另外关系副词还可以由介词 + 关系代词替代。
常用的关系代词：
先行词是人 — who, whom, whose, that
先行词是物 — which, whose, that
常用的关系副词：
修饰时间 — when
修饰地点 — where
修饰原因 — why
关系副词 = 介词 + 关系代词
why = for which
where = in/ at/ on/ ．．． which
when = during/ on/ in/ ．．． which
II．Review the attributive clauses led by relative pronouns．（复习由关系代词引导的定语从句）
常用的关系代词：
先行词是人 — who, whom, whose, that
先行词是物 — which, whose, that
1）The man who/that was sitting there yesterday is a middle school teacher．
（在从句中做主语）
昨天坐在那儿的那位先生是中学教师。
2）The boy who /that is standing over there is my brother．（在从句中做主语）
站在那边的那个男孩是我弟弟。
3）The woman (whom/that) you saw in my room is my mother．
（在从句中做宾语时可省略）
你在我房间看到女士是我母亲。
4）The letter (which/that）I received yesterday is from my family．
（在从句中做宾语时可省略）
我昨天收到的那封信是我家人寄来的。
5）This is Tom whose mother is our English teacher．
（在从句中表示“谁的”用whose引导）
这是汤姆，他的妈妈是我们的英语老师。
III．限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别：
限定性定语从句是对先行词进行修饰和限制，如果去掉从句，句意不完整或概念不清。
非限定性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
People who take physical exercise live longer．
进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。 (若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
His daughter who is in Boston now is coming home next week．
他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。 (若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整)
非限制性定语从句常有逗号与主句分开，有时去掉逗号意义不同。
I have a brother who is a doctor．
我有一个当医生的兄弟。 (兄弟不止一个)
I have a brother, who is a doctor．
我有一个兄弟，他是当医生的。 (只有这一个)
IV．Review the attributive clauses led by relative adverbs．（复习由关系副词引导的定语从句）
常用的关系副词：when, where, why
关系副词 = 介词 + 关系代词
why = for which
where = in/ at/ on/ which
when = during/ on/ in/ which
1．where指地点，在从句中做地点状语。
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born． 上海是我出生的城市。
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down．
我十年前住过的房子已经拆掉了。
2．when引导定语从句表示时间，在从句中做时间状语。
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school．
我仍然记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
(2) The time when we got together finally came．
我们相聚的时间终于到了。
3．why指原因，在从句中做原因状语。
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane．
请告诉我你错过飞机的原因。
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today．
我不知道他今天看起来不高兴的原因。
4．“介词+关系词”结构：
介词后面的关系代词不能省略，在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when，where和why互换。
(1) The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is not clear．
他拒绝邀请的理由还不清楚。
(2) From the year when / in which he was going to school, he began to know what he wanted when he grew up．
从他上学的那一年起，他开始知道他长大后想要什么。
(3) This is the house where I lived two years ago．
= This is the house in which I lived two years ago．
这是我两年前住过的房子。
(4) Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
= Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
(5) This is the reason why he came late．
= This is the reason for which he came late．
这就是他迟到的原因。
I．下列情况必须用“that”引导，而不能用“which”。
1．先行词是everything，little，few，much，all，anything，nothing或者是由none, much, only 修饰。
The only thing that is important is to find our way home．
唯一重要的事是要找到回家的路。
Have you got anything that belongs to me?
你那有我什么东西吗？
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen．
小偷最后交出了他偷的东西。
Is this all that is left?
就剩下这一个了吗？
2．先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用that。
This is the best book (that) I’ve ever read．
这是我读过的一本最好的书。
This is the third baby (that) Mary gave birth to．
这是玛丽生下的第三个孩子。
3．先行词被the only，the last 修饰时，用that。
He is the only person that I want to see now．
他是我此时唯一想见的人。
4．先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。
We talked about the things and persons that we saw then．
我们谈论的是当时见过的人和事。
5．定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。
A plane is a machine that can fly．
飞机是能飞的机器。
6．“time”做先行词表示“第……次”时用that。
This is the first time that I have been to Beijing．
这是我第一次去北京。
II．“that”不能用于非限定性定语从句。
在非限定性定语从句中，先行词指物时只能用 “which”，不能用“that”，而且“which”不能省略。
This is John’s book, which is very interesting．
这是约翰的书，这本书很有趣。
I like to talk with Tom, who is my old friend．
我喜欢同汤姆交谈，他是我的老朋友。
III．which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
当先行词不是主句中的某个词而是整个主句时，关系代词用which或as，但二者的用法也有区别。
1．which引导的非限制性定语从句一般跟在主句之后，而as引导的从句可在主句前、主句后，也可以在主句中间。
I failed again in the match，which was a great pity．
As we had expected，he opposed the plan．
2．which通常意为“这；这一点”，as通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等，意为“正如”。
He sold his bicycle，which surprised me．
As we know，smoking is harmful to our health．
＝Smoking is harmful to our health，as we know．
注意：有时限制性定语从句也可用as引导，但此时先行词前一般有the same，as，such，so等词修饰。
3．which引导的此类定语从句与前面的主句往往存在着“因果”逻辑关系，主句为“因”，which引导的定语从句表示“果”。
Jim is addicted to computer games，which upsets his parents very much．
知识点一 由关系代词引导的定语从句
例1：（2018?北京）She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit．
A．?which??????????? ?B．?who??? ??????????????C．?as??????????? ?????D．?that
【答案】A
【解析】句意：她和家人骑车去上班，这有助于他们保持健康。这是一个非限制性定语从句，空格处指代前面整个句子，所以用which引导非限制性定语从句， which在从句中作主语。who指人；that不能用于非限制性定语从句；as通常翻译成“正如、就像”，因此可排除，故答案为A。
变式训练1：
1）He told us the stories and writers?_____?interested him．?
A．?that ???B．?which? ??C．?what? ??D．?who
【答案】A
【解析】句意：他给我们讲了那些使他感兴趣的故事和作家。此句为限制性定语从句，该句的先行词是stories and writers，当先行词同时指人和指物时，关系代词要用that。which不能同时修饰两个分别指人和物的先行词，what不引导定语从句，而且what又是先行词和关系代词的结合体，此处已经有先行词了，所以可以排除。who只修饰人。故答案为A。
2）His parents wouldn’t let her marry anyone _____ family was poor．
A． whom B． whose C． who D． which
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他的父母不会让她嫁给贫穷家庭的人。此句为限制性定语从句，其先行词是anyone，whose表示……的（所属关系），在从句中作定语，修饰family，指任何人的家庭。who在从句中做主语，该从句缺少的是定语。Which在从句中可做主语宾语等，但不作定语。所以选择whose引导，故答案为B
知识点二 由关系副词引导的定语从句
例2：（2018?江苏）Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line．
A．?that?????????????????????????B．?where??????????????????????C．?which??????????????????????D．?when
【答案】B
【解析】句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它地区在同一起跑线上的领域。这是一个限制性定语从句，先行词area指地点，而且从句主系表结构完整，只缺少状语，当先行词指的是时间、地点、原因，而且先行词在从句中作状语时，从句分别由关系副词when，where，why引导。此句的先行词指地点，并且在从句中做地点状语，所以用where引导，故答案为B。
变式训练2：
1）We are living in an age ??? ????most of things are done on cell phones．
A．?which????????? ??? ??B．?that????????????? ??C．?whose????????????? ???D．?when
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我们生活在一个很多事情都是由手机完成的年代里。该句是一个带有定语从句的句子，先行词是an age，从句是一个被动语态，句子结构完整，先行词an age在从句中作时间状语，所以要由关系副词when引导。故答案为D。
2）Who can give me the reason __________ he hasn’t turned up yet?
A． for why B． which C． why D． on which
【答案】C
【解析】句意：谁能告诉我他还没来的原因。该句的先行词是reason，在从句中表示原因（他为什么还没有到达？）答案A是错把for which与why弄混淆了，why = for which；答案B的which用于“介词+关系词”结构（“介词+关系词”结构可以与关系副词when，where和why互换），答案D的on which在从句中表示在某段时间或者在某物之上等，答案D如果是for which才是正确的，前面强调了why = for which。故答案为C。
知识点三 “介词+关系词”结构引导定语从句的用法
例3：Nowadays, more and more young ladies, ??????? figures most are fine enough, are going on a diet．
A．?who??????? ?????B．?whose?????????????????C．?of whose??????????????D．?of whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如今，越来越多的年轻女士都在节食，其中大多数身材都不错。句中先行词ladies在非限定性定语从句中作figures的定语，再根据most表示“大部分”，后接介词of表示范围，相当于most of young ladies' figures。故答案选C。
变式训练3：
1）I?was?given?three?books?on?cooking,?the?first?_____?I?really?enjoyed．?
A．?of?that ???B．?of?which? ??C．?that? ??D．?which
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我得到了三本烹调方面的书，其中第一本是我真正喜欢的。这也是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是books，空格处first后面修饰的是先行词，并且作从句enjoyed的宾语，在从句中作宾语既可以用that，也可以用which，然而主句说的是三本书，从句the first告诉我们是喜欢三本中书的第一本（the first of the books），of which表示整体与部分的关系，其结构是：“部分+ of + which (整体)”，故答案为B。
2）Last?week,?only?two?people?came?to?look?at?the?house,?_____?wanted?to?buy?it．
? ?A． none?of?them? ? B． both?of?them??
C． none?of?whom??? ? D． neither?of?whom
【答案】D
【解析】句意：上个星期，仅有两个人来看房子，这两个人也都不想买。这句也是非限制性定语从句，先行词是two?people，在从句中做主语。首先答案A和B可以排除，因为them不能引导定语从句，答案C中的none指代三个以上时用，答案D中的neither指代两个，所以答案D正确。故选择答案D。
知识点四 as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
例4：Due to the rising rents, the new graduate has decided to leave Beijing for his hometown, ??????? ?have many other classmates．
A．?so???????????????????B．?as????????????????C．?which???????????????????D．?nor
【答案】B
【解析】句意：由于租金上涨，这位新毕业的大学生决定离开北京回家乡，正像许多其他同学做的那样。此句为非限制性定语从句，所以，答案A和D可以排除，as和which均可以引导非限制性定语从句，在本句中，as表示“正如，就像”，故选择B。
变式训练4：
1）I want to use the same tools________ used in your factory a few days ago．
A．?as was??????????? ?B．?which were??????????????C．?as were???????????????D．?which
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我想用几天前在你们工厂使用的那些工具。该句也是考查as引导的定语从句。as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语，同时当as做主语时，谓语常用系动词。本题中as作从句的主语。故选择C。
2）_______ has already been pointed out, grammar is not a set of dead rules．
A．?It??????????????????? B．?Which?????????????????? ??C．?As????????? ??????????D．?What
【答案】C
【解析】句意：正像已经有人指出的那样，语法并不是一套死规则。As has already been pointed out相当于as is known to all。故选择C。
知识点五 非限制性定语从句
例5：（2018?天津）Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia．
A．?whom?????????????????B．?that?????????????????????C．?whose????????????????????D．?her
【答案】C
【解析】句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。该句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，whose在从句中表示所属关系，意为……的，所以用关系代词whose。故选择C。
变式训练5：
1）You?can?find?whatever?you?need?at?the?shopping?center，_____?is?always?busy?at?the?weekend．??
? A．?that? ?B．?where??????????C．?what?????????D．?which
【答案】D
【解析】句意：你可以在购物中心找到你需要的任何商品，购物中心在周末总是很忙碌。这句是非限制性定语从句，先行词是shopping?center在从句中做主语that不能引导非限制性定语从句where在从句中做地点状语，而空白处缺少的是主语；what引导名词性从句，不是定语从句的关系词，可以排除。which在从句中指代shopping?center，在从句中做主语，故选择D。
2）We climbed up to the top of a hill, ?_____?we got a good view of the whole forest park．
A． which B． where C． when D． that
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我们爬上了山顶，在那里我们可以看到整个森林公园的美景。此句为非限制性定语从句，句中的the top of a hill是先行词，指地点，后面的非限制性定语从句中主语、谓语、宾语完整，缺少一个地点状语，故选择B。
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1．Children who are not active or _____ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly．
A．?what??????????????????B．?which????????????????????C．?whose???????????????????D．?that
【答案】C
【解析】句意：不爱活动或日常饮食含高脂肪的孩子会很快长胖。what不是定语从句的关系词； which关系代词，在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语；whose表示……的，在定语从句中做定语；that关系代词，在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语。这里分析语境可知，关系词代替先行词在定语从句中做定语，故答案选C。
2．Newly released data point to an increase in cell-phone use among children ?????? some worry is changing the very nature of childhood．
A．?why?????????????? ???B．?which?????????? ???????C．?who?????????????????????D．?where
【答案】B
【解析】句意：最新公布的数据显示儿童手机的使用在增加，一些人担心这将会改变儿童的天性。which引导定语从句指代an increase in cell-phone use，在从句中作主语，some worry是插入语，故选择B。
3．Wu Lei is the only Chinese player ?? ?????has made it onto the latest World Soccer 500 list．
A．?who???????????? ???B．?which????????????????????C．?whose??????????????????D．?whom
【答案】A
【解析】句意：吴磊是唯一的一位登上世界足球500强榜单的中国选手。句中player是先行词，关系词在从句中做主语并且指人时用who。后面的定语从句中缺少的是主语，故选择A。
4．Facebook is a very famous social networking website founded in 2004 ____ millions of people interact with one another．
A．?when???????????????????B．?that?????????????????C．?which??????????????????D．?where
【答案】D
【解析】句意：成立于2004年的Facebook（脸谱/脸书）是一个非常著名的社交网站，数以百万计的人在此网站上相互交流。该句中先行词为website，在从句中作地点状语，所以，关系副词用where。故选择D。
5．—Haven't you realized the use ??????? the used paper? —Yes, already．
A．?we make of????????B．?which we make???????C．?for our making???????D．?for us to make
【答案】A
【解析】句意：— 你还没有意识到我们对旧纸的使用吗？— 不，已经意识到了。make use of固定短语，“利用．．．．．”，此处the use做先行词，在后面的定语从句中做宾语，故答案选A。
6．We all like James because he is a man ______ everybody thinks is pleasant ______．
A．?who; to be got along with????????????????B．?whom, to get along with
C．?who; to get along with?????????????????????D．?whom; to be got along with
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我们都喜欢詹姆斯，因为他是一个每个人都认为很好相处的人。man是先行词，“everybody thinks”是插入语，定语从句缺少主语，因此用who引导；get along with的逻辑主语是everybody，二者是主动关系，故答案选C。
7．Have you ever been in a situation _____ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?
A．?where?????????????? ?????B．?which????????????????????C．?that?????????????????????D．?as
【答案】A
【解析】句意：你是否曾经处于一种你知道另一个人是对的，但你却不能同意他的看法的境况？该句是一个限制性定语从句，句中的先行词为situation，在从句中做地点状语，所以使用关系副词where，故选A。
8．Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _____ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night．
A．?when?????????????????B．?if???????????? ????C．?which???????????????D．?since
【答案】A
【解析】句意：由于经济危机，在当地五星级酒店住一个晚上就要6,000元的日子一去不复返了。先行词是days，后面的定语从句意思是“Local 5－star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night during the days”，所以关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，因此用关系副词when，when = during the days。请注意：先行词days和定语从句local 5－star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night被谓语部分隔开了，选A。
9．Last week I picked up a beautiful vase in the market, ____ the price was very reasonable．
A．?which????????????????B．?whose????????????????C．?of which??????????????????D．?where
【答案】C
【解析】句意：上周，我在市场买了一个漂亮的花瓶，它的价格很合理。此处vase做先行词，指物，在定语从句中做介词of的宾语，the price of which = of which the price，故选C。
10．The stadium _____ stands a theatre will be reconstructed．
A．?beside which????????????????B．?for which?????????????C．?when????? ???????D．?which
【答案】A
【解析】句意：这个体育馆将被重建，它的旁边矗立着一个剧院。“____ stands a theatre”是定语从句，修饰the stadium，剧院旁边的那个体育馆将要重建。该从句是由beside +关系代词（介词+关系代词结构）引导的。the stadium在从句中做介词beside的宾语，应用关系代词which，故选择A。
11．The following speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control
A．?most of them????????B．?most of that?????????C．?most of which??????? D．?most of what
【答案】C
【解析】句意：植物的生长速度受很多因素的影响，其中大多数是超出我们控制的。根据两句之间是逗号，没有连词，判断后一句是定语从句；先行词为factors，非限制性定语从句指物只能用which，故选C项。如果选A项，前面必须要有连词；B项that不能用于前面有介词和非限制性定语从句中；D项what也不能引导定语从句。故选择C。
12．The CCTV program, A Bite of China attracts many people to Suqian to taste local food, _____ up to half are from overseas．
A．?in which????????????????B．?for whom??????????????C．?with which????????????D．?of whom
【答案】D
【解析】名意：中央电视台的“舌尖上的中国”吸引了许多人来宿迁来品尝当地食物，其中好多人来自海外。该句中many people为先行词，在非限制性定语从句中作介词of的宾语，所以只能用who的宾格whom，意思为“这些人当中的一半来自海外”。故选择D。
13．On her birthday, she received a nice present from her parents _____ a note was attached, saying "We love you so much．"
A．?that???????????? B．?to which?????????????????C．?in which?????????????????D．?which
【答案】B
【解析】句意：在生日那天，她收到了一份父母送给她的礼物，上面附有一张纸条，纸条上写着：“我们非常爱你”。 attach… to．．．，固定短语，“附在……上”；该句是限制性定语从句，先行词是present，做介词to的宾语，介词后面的引导词指物用which，故答案为B。
14．There is no simple answer, ???is often the case in science．
A．?when????????????????????B．?that??????????????????? ?C．?as???????????????????????D．?where
【答案】C
【解析】句意：没有简单的答案，在科学上情况通常是这样。????? is often the case in science是非限制性定语从句，本句的先行词是空格前的整个句子，且从句中缺少主语。选项中有此用法的是as。as在句中意为“正如，正像”。“as is often the case”常被看作是一个固定搭配，意为“情况通常是这样”，符合句意。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故选C。
15．I want to use the same tools________ used in your factory a few days ago．
A．?as was??????????? ??B．?which were???????????????C．?as were????????????????D．?which
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我想用那些几天前在你们工厂使用的那些工具。此句考查的是as引导的定语从句。as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。本题中as作从句的主语。故选C。
16．He is such a person ?? always helps others without claiming a reward, ???? makes
him popular in the community．
A．?that; that?????????????B．?that; which??????????????C．?which; which??????????D．?as; which
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他是一个帮助他人不求回报的人，这使得他在社区中十分受欢迎。第一空后always helps others缺主语，可知第一空应用as来引导定语从句；第二空引导的是非限制性定语从句，且在句中做主语，故应用which，故选D。
17．— Hello, is Mr． Smith in?
— Sorry, there is ______person ______ you referred to in my office．
A．?such no; that?????????????? ?B．?such no; whom???
?C．?no such; who??????????? ???D．?no such; as
【答案】D
【解析】句意：— 你好，Smith先生在吗？— 抱歉，在我们办公室里没有你说的这样一个人。such作为形容词+名词，no否定词放在前边，no such +名词“没有这样的……”。先行词是such person，与as构成固定搭配such … as，故答案为D。
18．Teachers are those who use themselves as bridges, over ??? ???they invite their students to cross．
A．?them?????????? ??B．?which????????? ?????C．?whom???????????????D．?those
【答案】B
【解析】句意：教师是这样的人，他们把自己作为桥梁，请学生横跨而过，并鼓励学生去修建自己的桥梁。bridges做先行词，指物，放在介词over后面引导非限制性定语从句，故选B。
19．John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of ______ are family members．
A．?them??????????????????????B．?that????????????????????C．?which????????????????????D．?whom
【答案】D
【解析】句意：约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，大部分人是家庭成员。先行词为40 people，定语从句中of 后缺少宾语，故使用whom。them为人称代词，不能引导定语从句；介词之后不能用that，应予以排除；which指先行词为物。所以表示人的关系代词who的宾格，故选择D。
20．We really appreciate our learning environment, ______ we can have direct communication．
A．?whom??????? ?????B．?which???????????????????C．?where???????????????D．?when
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我们非常欣赏我们的学习环境，在这样的环境里，我们可以直接交流。learning environment是先行词指物，排除A和D；先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，意思是：在这样的环境中，所以用关系副词where引导，排除B。故选择C。
二、句型训练（Choose the right words in brackets）
1．I won’t forget the date __________ I was born． (on which / on when)
【答案】on which
【解析】先行词是date，on which = when（我不能忘记我出生那天的日期。）
2．Did you find the paper __________ I wrote my letter? (which / on which)
【答案】on which
【解析】从句中wrote的宾语是letter，而先行词是paper，on which=on the paper。（你找到我要写信的纸了吗？）
3．Did you find the composition __________ I wrote just now? (which / with which)
【答案】which
【解析】先行词是composition，从句“which I wrote just now”修饰composition，在从句中作wrote宾语，写作文。（你找到我刚才写的作文了吗？）
4．Did you find the pen __________I wrote just now? ( which / with which )
【答案】 with which
【解析】先行词是pen，wrote的汉语意思是写或写字，此处是写字的意思，从句的意思是用先行词pen来写（注意区别于第三题），所以选择with which。（你找到我刚才写字的那支笔了吗？）
5．This is the room __________ I lived． (in which / in where)
【答案】 in which
【解析】先行词是room，in which= where。（这是我住过的房间。）
6．I don’t know the reason __________ he hasn’t come today． ( that / for which)
【答案】 for which
【解析】先行词是reason，在从句中作状语，表示原因，所以选择for which=for the reason。（我不知道他今天还没来的原因。）
7．He still remembers the days __________ they lived in Tianjin． (on which / in which)
【答案】 on which
【解析】先行词是days，在从句中作状语，表示时间，所以选择on which，on which=on the day。（他一直记得他们在天津生活的时光。）
8．This is the watch __________ I am looking for． (which / with which)
【答案】 which
【解析】先行词是watch，在从句中作look for的宾语，所以选择which。（这就是我正在寻找的那块表。）
9．The man __________ you talked is my friend． (with whom /whom)
【答案】 with which
【解析】先行词是man，在从句中作talked with的宾语，所以选择with whom。（跟你谈话的那位先生是我的朋友。）
10．The plane __________we flew to Canada is very comfortable． (which /in which)
【答案】 in which
【解析】先行词是plane，从句的意思是we flew to Canada in the plane，所以选择in which。（我们乘坐的飞往加拿大的飞机很舒适。）
三、Translate the following into Chinese（英译汉）
1．Harbin is the city where I was born．
哈尔滨是我出生的城市。
2．I still remember the day when Mary first came to the school．
我仍然记得玛丽第一次来学校的那一天。
3．Do you know the reason why he looks unhappy today?
你知道为什么他今天看起来不高兴吗？
4．The reason why / for which they refused the help is not clear．
他们拒绝帮助的理由还不清楚。
5．This is the house where I lived two years ago．
Or: This is the house in which I lived two years ago．
这是我两年前住过的房子。
6．Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
Or: Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
四、Translate the following into English（汉译英）
1．青岛是他20年前出生的城市。
Qingdao is the city where he was born 20 years ago．
2．他们五年前住过的房子被拆掉了。
The house where/in which they lived five years ago has been pulled down．
3．我仍然记得我们初次见面的那一天。
I still remember the day when/on which we first met each other．
4．他们相聚的时刻终于到来了。
The time when they got together finally came．
5．请告诉我你错过飞机的原因。
Please tell me the reason why/for which you missed the plane．
6．我不知道他今天早上迟到的原因。
I don’t know the reason why he came late this morning．
7．他拒绝参加会议的理由不清楚。
The reason why/for which he refused to attend the meeting is not clear．
8．那就是他上学的那一年。
That was the year when/in which he was going to school．
9．这是汤姆三年前住过的房子。
This is the house where/in which Tom lived three years ago．
10．我们住的房子不大。
The house in which we live is not big．
