第7讲 Sharing 词汇篇
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熟练掌握重点单词及其用法；
能够熟练运用重点短语和句型。
一. 重点词汇
1. adjust vt.&vi.调整；使适合.
[重点用法]
adjustment n. 调整；修正
adjustable adj. 可调节的；可调整的
adjust(sth.／oneself)(to sth. )使适应；适应。
注意：该词作不及物动词时，其意思是“适应于”，后常跟介词to。
[典例]
1) I usually adjust my watch before I go to work in the morning. 我通常早上上班前校准我的表.
2) It seems that the newcomers have adjusted themselves in the schoo1.
新来的同学看来适应了学校生活。
3) He adjusted himself very quickly to the heat of the country.
他使自己很快适应了这个国家炎热的气候。
4)The desks and seats can be adjusted to the height of any child.
这些桌子和凳子能被调整到适合任何孩子的高度。
participate vi.参与；参加; 分享
[重点用法]
participant n. 参与者，共享者
participate in a discussion参加讨论
participate in profits分享利润
participate in sb.’s sufferings分担某人的痛苦；与某人共患难
[典例]
1) If only I could participate in your good fortune. 要是我能分享你的好运就好了
2) When in grief, you need some friends to participate in your suffering.悲伤时，你需要朋友帮你分担痛苦。
otherwise adv.用别的方法；其他方面adv & conj.否则；不然
[重点用法]
and otherwise等等；其他
but otherwise然而在别的方面却
or otherwise或相反
[典例]
1) He is slow but otherwise he is a good worker. 他虽慢，但在其他方面却是个好工人。
2) He reminded me of that; I should otherwise have forgotten.
幸亏他提醒了我，要不然我就忘了。
3) You should go now，otherwise you'll miss the bus. 你现在该走了，否则就赶不上公共汽车了。
4) He thinks otherwise. 他是另外一种想法。
arrangement n.安排；排列.
[典例]
1) He arranged the books on the shelf. 他把书架上的书整理了一下。
2) We have arranged a party. 我们准备了一个晚会。
3) Arranged with her to meet at 8. 和她商定8点钟见面。
[重点用法]
arrange v. 安排, 排列, 协商
come to an arrangement谈妥；达成协议
make arrangement for为……做好准备；为……做好安排
make arrangement with sb. 与(某人)商定或约好，(和某人)达成协议；做好准备；做出安排
donate vt.捐赠
[重点用法]
donation n. [C]捐赠物；n. [U]捐赠，赠送
donator n. 捐赠者
donate sth. (to sb. ／sth. )捐赠，赠送(钱、物等)
make a donation(donations)l
提示：donate虽然是及物动词，常与介词to搭配，但位于直接宾语前的介词to不能省略。类似用法
的词语还有：introduce sb. to sb. ；explain sth. to sb. 等。
[典例]
1) All the teachers and schoolmates donate blood to the nation annually.
全校师生每年都向国家献血。
2) Would you like to make a donation to our charity appeal?
你愿意响应我们慈善团体呼吁来捐物吗?
3) Donation is the act of giving to a fund or cause. 捐赠是对某一基金或事业的赠送行为。
purchase vt.& n.买；购买; (以某种代价)换得；(经过努力)取得，赢得(常与with连用)
[典例]
1) The new couple spent some money on the purchase of the furniture necessary for their new house. 这对
新婚夫妇花费了一些钱购买新房子里必需的家具。
2) The farm was sold at ten years’ purchase. 这农场以相当于10年间土地收入的价钱售出。
[重点用法]
made a purchase买件东西
leave sb. to his purchase让某人自谋生路
live on one's purchase 自谋生计，自找活路
purchase freedom with blood以血的代价赢得自由
purchase and sale买卖
distribution n.分配；分发；分布状态
[重点用法]
distribute v. vi. 分配；散布
distribute sth. To把某物分[配, 发]给...
distribute sth. among把某物分[配, 发]给......
[典例]
1) At present, the distribution of profits cannot satisfy most of the people.
目前利润的分配未能满足大多数人民。
2) Before the opening ceremony of the super-market, some workers are sent to distribute handbills on the
Street.超市开业前，一些工作人员被派去街上散发传单。
8. relevant adj. 有关的，相应的
[典例]
1) More relevant details have been found out.找到了更多有关的细节
2) He refused to say anything not relevant to the present question. 他拒绝回答和目前的问题无关的内容。
9. operate v. 操作，运转，开动，起作用
[典例]
1) The medicine operated quickly.这药很快就起作用了。
2) He is operating a patient on the head. 他正在给病人头部做手术
3) He helped his father with operating a business.他帮他的父亲经营着一家企业
二. 重点词组
1. be dying for sth／to do sth迫切想要；渴望
[短语归纳]
be thirsty for sth／to do sth渴望
[典例]
1) I'm dying/thirsty for something to eat.我极想吃点东西。
2) She is dying/thirsty to know where you have been. 她极想知道你去了哪儿。
3) After a long dry season the trees are dying/thirsty for water.经过一个漫长的旱季，树木迫切需要水分。
2. the other day 几天前
[典例]
1) I came across my old friend in the street in the other day.我几天前在街上碰见一个老朋友。
2) I heard of the news in the other day, but I dared not tell you.
几天前我就听说这个消息了，但不敢告诉你。
3. stick out. 伸出,突出，坚持到底
[短语归纳]
stick to sth. 坚持(to是介词)
stick with sb／sth继续支持某人／某事
提示：stick(stuck, stuck)不规则动词
[典例]
1) Don't stick your head out of the car window. .不要把头伸到车窗外。
2) Stick with me and you'll be all right. 有事你来找我就没问题了。
4. in need. 在困难中；在危急中
[短语归纳]
in need/want of需要
the need for sth.对……的需要
at one’s need在某人困难时
satisfy/meet one’s needs满足某人的需要
[典例]
1) After the lack of water for a long tie, crops are in great need of water.
长时间缺水后，庄稼急需要水.
2) As we all know, everyone in the world has a need for affection.
我们大家都知道，每个人都有对感情的需要
三. 重点句子
1. Sometimes I wonder how relevant chemistry is to these students, most of whom will be going back to
their villages after Year 8 anyway. 有时候，我真想知道化学对这些孩子究竟有多大的用处。他们中大
多数学完八年级以后就回到他们的村庄去了。
[解释]名词/代词/数词+of+which/whom…引导定语从句
[典例]
1) She has two sons, both of whom are serving in the army.她有两个儿子，都在部队服役。
2) Today my mother bought several shirts, one of which is for me.
今天妈妈买了几件衬衣，其中一件是给我的。
2.You asked whether I’m getting to know any local people.你问我是否了解当地的老百姓。
[解释]get to+喜好/认识，表示渐变的过程。
[典例]
1) I got to realize how important the happy life was as I grew older.
随着年龄的增长，我逐渐意识到幸福生活的重要性。
2) I got to like the flat we were going to move in.我逐渐地喜欢上我们即将搬进去的公寓。
(2015湖南长沙高二)He wore shoes that looked 30 years old, too small for his feet，with holes all over them, his toes______out.
A. Stuck B. Came C. Went D. rushed
2. Because Edgar was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he _____ his opinion.
A. stuck at B. stuck to C. stood for D. stuck out
(2015黄冈高二下)---I’d like to apply for the position of assistant manager, sir.
---What experience do you have that is to this position?
Relevant B. Convenient C. Superior D. Contrary
4. (2015江苏苏州高二下)As a teacher you have to your method to the needs of slower children.
A. Recommend B. Distribute C. Reflect D.adjust
5. (2015山东淄博高二下)Students in our school are encouraged to more activities after class in order to broaden their knowledge.
A. Attend B. Join C. Take part D. Participate in
基础演练
一. 根据句子结构，用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空
1) They encouraged the _______ to _______ in the singing performance after the contest.(participate)
2) The doctor are ________ on an ______ of a factory who got injured when _______a machine, and the ________ is said to last over ten hours.(operate)
3) The seats in the plane are ________ , and you can ________ them to a certain angle. The ______ is not difficult to make. (adjust)
4) The drinks were ________ to them by coca cola company and they received _______from other companies as well. (donate)
5) Our department will be in charge of _______the conference. Would you please give us some suggestions on the _______ for it? (arrange)
巩固提高
二.课文词汇等填空
根据课文内容完成下面语法填空，注意单词拼写和词语用法：
Jo worked at a bush school 1 classroom were made from bamboo and grass. There’s no electricity or water there. It 2 the students about two hours 3 (get) to the school. Jo hoped to make some difference to the children’s lives by teaching them. The other day, Jo visited Tombe’s home. When they arrived 4 the village, Tombe’s mother who 5 (work) in the garden , started crying “ieee ieee”. Tombe’s father led them to his house, 6 low bamboo hut with grass 7 (突出) out of the roof, 8 he could only see a few tin plates and cups and greens. That night Jo and Jenny slept on a 9 (新近地) made platform. They left the village the next morning 10 many goodbyes and shaking of hands.
1. The criminal, as well as some ______ people, was arrested by the police yesterday.
A. Relevant B. Skilled C. Released D. lucky
2. I ______ my university professor in the supermarket near my house, which was out of my expectation.
A. came out B. came across C. came about D. came along
3. The plan has to be _______ to meet the real situation.
A. adjusted B. Adapted C. Produced D. refounded
4. Students are encouraged to _________ the design competition for robots at the university.
A. take part B. Operate C. join to D. participate in
5. The man I ______ yesterday in the street is my manager.
A. paid a visit B. had a talk C. Met D. dropped
6. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, Chinese astronauts __________ walk in space.
A. anxious to do B. eager for C. are dying to D. are longing to
7. In ______ Chinese culture, marriage decisions were often made by parents for their children.
A. Historic B. Remote C. Traditional D. further
8. A live program on TV is calling on people to ______ money or some other things to the people who have suffered from the flood in Henan Province.
A. Donate B. Lend C. Put D. pay
9. His careless driving _______ him his life last year.
A. Cost B. Spent C. Paid D. took
10. Do you ______ your friends through thick and thin?.
A. stick out B. stick to C. stick with D. stick
11. The man I _________ yesterday is Mr. White
A. paid a visit B. had a talk C. dropped in D. came across
12. The organization is badly _________ of hands.
A. Relevant B. Donated C. in need D. dying
13. Sue is good at .singing and her voice sounds _________.
A. Soft B. Softly C. Sweetly D. Well
14. Do you know when the plane will take off? The passengers are ________ to know it.
A. Agreeing B. Dying C. Deciding D. Desiring
I can’t meet you on Sunday. I’ll be engaged.
A. Also B. Just C. Nevertheless D. otherwise
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单项选择
1. In China, people over sixty-five can enjoy some ________ in public places as long as they can provide their identifications.
A. Advantages B. Good C. Privileges D. welfare
2. It remains doubtful ________ immediate measures could be taken to prevent underground water pollution.
A. How B. Whether C. When D. where
3. Make sure the gas is turned off after a bath, which would ________ cause danger.
A. Anyhow B. Meanwhile C. Furthermore D. otherwise
4. Suffering from war,poverty and illness, many African children are ________ food, love and care.
A. in case of B. in charge of C. in face of D. in need of
5. According to experts, China needs to ________ its one-child family planning policy to fight against a worsening gender (性别) imbalance and an aging population.
A. Arrange B. Apply C. Adapt D. adjust
6. When reading English novels, I often ________ some idiomatic expressions that I can't understand.
A. come across B. go over C. get across D. take over
7. The mother ________ many things to get her daughter a good education.
A. Purchased B. Produced C. Sacrificed D. stored
8. —She decided to________ the kidney (肾) of her dying son to a sick boy in the hospital.
—She is a great mother.
A. Award B. Donate C. Subscribe D. distribute
9. —I'd like to apply for the position of assistant manager, sir.
—What experience do you have that is relevant __________ this position?
A. Of B. With C. About D. to
10. After his third novel, Mr. King's imagination seemed to ________, so he decided to travel around the world to broaden his horizons.
A. set up B. pick up C. speed up D. dry up
二. 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
词数：335
完成时间：7分钟
难度：****
A bad Working Memory ( 大脑的工作记忆) – the brain's temporary storage box -- may explain, new research suggests, why one child cannot read his or her history book and another gets lost in math. As many as 10 percent of school-age children may suffer from poor working memory. British researchers said in a report last week, yet the problem is rarely identified.
"You can think of working memory as a pure measure of your child's potential. Many psychologists consider working memory to be the new IQ (智商), because we find that working memory is one of the most important predictors (预示物) of learning ability,' said Dr. Tracey Alloway of Britain’s Durham University.
Many children with poor working memory are considered lazy or dull. Working memory allows people to hold in their minds and deal with a few items, such as telephone numbers, over a short period of time. Alloway compares working memory to a box. For adults, the basic box size is thought to be three to five items. It's important, therefore, to put in the right things. Irrelevant (不相关的) information will clutter working memory.
The question many researchers are struggling with is how to help children with this problem, which appears to be closely, related to a lack of attention.
"In children with learning difficulties, it becomes a huge issue, especially around middle school, when the demands on working memory really grow," said Dr. Mel Levine, co-founder of All Kinds of Minds, a nonprofit organization in North Carolina that studies learning difficulties.
Memory training may help improve working memory. Alloway has a tool that allows teachers to assess (评定)the working-memory capacity of children as young as 4; it has been used in 35 schools across Britain.
Levine’s organization trains teachers through a program called Schools Attuned, which is working with several thousand schools across the United States, Canada and Europe. While he is not sure working memory can be expanded, Levine said children can be taught ways to do better in school.
41. Which of the following is a characteristic of working memory?
A. It has a limited capacity.
B. It is usually better in children than adults.
C. It improves with use.
D. It can cause a lack of attention.
42. According to the new research, ___________.
A. the importance of working memory has been long recognized
B. working memory is becoming recognized as a factor in intelligence
C. laziness can weaken working memory
D. working memory helps people remember things forever
43. What does the underlined word "clutter" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Change B. Improve C. Strengthen D. Confuse
44. Which of the following may help improve a child' s working memory?
A. Expanding the brain' s storage box.
B. Training the memory.
C. Remembering more things.
D. Being reminded frequently.
45. According to the passage, Dr. Mel Levine has ___________.
A. invented tools to help improve a child's working memory
B. founded an organization to train teachers to help students with this problem
C. identified the problem clearly
D. compared working memory to a box
三. 读写任务
阅读下面一篇一位美国朋友希望找个中国大学生作为游伴的博客短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
I 'm 19-year-old, named Boobi Smith, a young college student from USA. I hereby earnestly invite a Chinese young college student preferring to make a three -week touring trip with me in China.
My plan, based on some travelling information on the Internet, is to set off next weekend when the summer vacation officially begins. The first stop is Kunming, the world-renowned city for its beauty and mild temperature. We'll get there by train and stay there for 2 days, and then we'll head for Jinggangshan, a former revolutionary base as well as a natural beauty spot. After a 3-day visit there, we will take a long-distance coach to a nearby port city by the Changjiang River and board a downstream ship to Shanghai, so that we can enjoy the great scenery alongside the third longest river in the world. As everybody knows, Shanghai is the busiest and fastest developing city in China. I'd like to have a look at its prosperity, so the stay there will be about half a week. A 4-day visit to these two cities near Shanghai is a must. All together, our trip will last about three weeks.
I only expect that my travel-mate could split the expenses with me, and talk with me in English, and he or she would be an excellent guide.
Those interested please contact me through email (Smith Boobie @ssnet.com).
[写作内容]
假如你叫李华，是一名就读大学生。你想和Boobie结伴同游。你写一封电子邮件和他联系，
谈谈你对这次同游的计划的打算，内容要点包括：
1. 以约30个词概括Boobie的博客短文的要点；
2. 然后以约120个词谈谈你对这次同游计划的打算，内容包括：
(1)对Boobie这次中国之游的感受；
(2)对Boobie的日程安排、费用分担情况和相关要求表示赞同，并说明赞同理由；
(3)你对Boobie来华旅游的祝愿和希望。
[写作要求]
1. 作文中可使用自己的亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用
原文中的句子；邮件的开头、结尾已写好。
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
[评分标准]概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯：
[写作辅导]
1. 写作有可能用到的主要短语和单词：中国之旅the journey in China, 安排arrange for sth.
2. 本文的概要必须包含以下要点：I hereby earnestly invite a Chinese young college student preferring to make a three -week touring trip with me in China. / My plan, based on some traveling information on the Internet, is to set off next weekend .... / I only expect that my travel-mate could split the expenses with me, and talk with me in English, and he or she would be an excellent guide.
3. 本文要注意，概要一定要根据文段的时态来写。同时，绝对不能抄袭原文的句子。文章对Boobie的日程安排、费用分担情况和相关要求表示赞同，并说明赞同理由；对Boobie这次中国之游的感受；对Boobie来华旅游的祝愿和希望等内容，属于评论性文字和结论性的观点，故用一般现在时或一般将来时态。
Dear Boobie,
Hi, I am a Chinese college student. In your blog,
Dear Boohie,
Hi, I am a Chinese college student. In your blog, I know that you want a travel-mate who will go with you to have a three-week trip in China.You also offer me some information in details about the travel plan and other requirements about this trip.
I am absolutely delighted to get such a travel-mate from the USA. You can enjoy the beauty of our country. Meanwhile, you will be my good helper to my English study.
I share your opinion about your plan. I have never been to Kunming, Jianggangshan, the Changjiang River and Shanghai. This is my first trip with a native English speaker to travel in China, which is of great help to improve my English. I also like to share the expenses with you because I don't need to ask my parents for more money. And I have worked as a part-time guide for two years during my college life, so I will be your ideal guide.
I am looking forward to your reply, and you will enjoy your journey in China.
Yours Truly,
LiHua
第7讲 Sharing 词汇篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
熟练掌握重点单词及其用法；
能够熟练运用重点短语和句型。
一. 重点词汇
1. adjust vt.&vi.调整；使适合.
[重点用法]
adjustment n. 调整；修正
adjustable adj. 可调节的；可调整的
adjust(sth.／oneself)(to sth. )使适应；适应。
注意：该词作不及物动词时，其意思是“适应于”，后常跟介词to。
[典例]
1) I usually adjust my watch before I go to work in the morning. 我通常早上上班前校准我的表.
2) It seems that the newcomers have adjusted themselves in the schoo1.
新来的同学看来适应了学校生活。
3) He adjusted himself very quickly to the heat of the country.
他使自己很快适应了这个国家炎热的气候。
4)The desks and seats can be adjusted to the height of any child.
这些桌子和凳子能被调整到适合任何孩子的高度。
participate vi.参与；参加; 分享
[重点用法]
participant n. 参与者，共享者
participate in a discussion参加讨论
participate in profits分享利润
participate in sb.’s sufferings分担某人的痛苦；与某人共患难
[典例]
1) If only I could participate in your good fortune. 要是我能分享你的好运就好了
2) When in grief, you need some friends to participate in your suffering.悲伤时，你需要朋友帮你分担痛苦。
otherwise adv.用别的方法；其他方面adv & conj.否则；不然
[重点用法]
and otherwise等等；其他
but otherwise然而在别的方面却
or otherwise或相反
[典例]
1) He is slow but otherwise he is a good worker. 他虽慢，但在其他方面却是个好工人。
2) He reminded me of that; I should otherwise have forgotten.
幸亏他提醒了我，要不然我就忘了。
3) You should go now，otherwise you'll miss the bus. 你现在该走了，否则就赶不上公共汽车了。
4) He thinks otherwise. 他是另外一种想法。
arrangement n.安排；排列.
[典例]
1) He arranged the books on the shelf. 他把书架上的书整理了一下。
2) We have arranged a party. 我们准备了一个晚会。
3) Arranged with her to meet at 8. 和她商定8点钟见面。
[重点用法]
arrange v. 安排, 排列, 协商
come to an arrangement谈妥；达成协议
make arrangement for为……做好准备；为……做好安排
make arrangement with sb. 与(某人)商定或约好，(和某人)达成协议；做好准备；做出安排
donate vt.捐赠
[重点用法]
donation n. [C]捐赠物；n. [U]捐赠，赠送
donator n. 捐赠者
donate sth. (to sb. ／sth. )捐赠，赠送(钱、物等)
make a donation(donations)l
提示：donate虽然是及物动词，常与介词to搭配，但位于直接宾语前的介词to不能省略。类似用法
的词语还有：introduce sb. to sb. ；explain sth. to sb. 等。
[典例]
1) All the teachers and schoolmates donate blood to the nation annually.
全校师生每年都向国家献血。
2) Would you like to make a donation to our charity appeal?
你愿意响应我们慈善团体呼吁来捐物吗?
3) Donation is the act of giving to a fund or cause. 捐赠是对某一基金或事业的赠送行为。
purchase vt.& n.买；购买; (以某种代价)换得；(经过努力)取得，赢得(常与with连用)
[典例]
1) The new couple spent some money on the purchase of the furniture necessary for their new house. 这对
新婚夫妇花费了一些钱购买新房子里必需的家具。
2) The farm was sold at ten years’ purchase. 这农场以相当于10年间土地收入的价钱售出。
[重点用法]
made a purchase买件东西
leave sb. to his purchase让某人自谋生路
live on one's purchase 自谋生计，自找活路
purchase freedom with blood以血的代价赢得自由
purchase and sale买卖
distribution n.分配；分发；分布状态
[重点用法]
distribute v. vi. 分配；散布
distribute sth. To把某物分[配, 发]给...
distribute sth. among把某物分[配, 发]给......
[典例]
1) At present, the distribution of profits cannot satisfy most of the people.
目前利润的分配未能满足大多数人民。
2) Before the opening ceremony of the super-market, some workers are sent to distribute handbills on the
Street.超市开业前，一些工作人员被派去街上散发传单。
8. relevant adj. 有关的，相应的
[典例]
1) More relevant details have been found out.找到了更多有关的细节
2) He refused to say anything not relevant to the present question. 他拒绝回答和目前的问题无关的内容。
9. operate v. 操作，运转，开动，起作用
[典例]
1) The medicine operated quickly.这药很快就起作用了。
2) He is operating a patient on the head. 他正在给病人头部做手术
3) He helped his father with operating a business.他帮他的父亲经营着一家企业
二. 重点词组
1. be dying for sth／to do sth迫切想要；渴望
[短语归纳]
be thirsty for sth／to do sth渴望
[典例]
1) I'm dying/thirsty for something to eat.我极想吃点东西。
2) She is dying/thirsty to know where you have been. 她极想知道你去了哪儿。
3) After a long dry season the trees are dying/thirsty for water.经过一个漫长的旱季，树木迫切需要水分。
2. the other day 几天前
[典例]
1) I came across my old friend in the street in the other day.我几天前在街上碰见一个老朋友。
2) I heard of the news in the other day, but I dared not tell you.
几天前我就听说这个消息了，但不敢告诉你。
3. stick out. 伸出,突出，坚持到底
[短语归纳]
stick to sth. 坚持(to是介词)
stick with sb／sth继续支持某人／某事
提示：stick(stuck, stuck)不规则动词
[典例]
1) Don't stick your head out of the car window. .不要把头伸到车窗外。
2) Stick with me and you'll be all right. 有事你来找我就没问题了。
4. in need. 在困难中；在危急中
[短语归纳]
in need/want of需要
the need for sth.对……的需要
at one’s need在某人困难时
satisfy/meet one’s needs满足某人的需要
[典例]
1) After the lack of water for a long tie, crops are in great need of water.
长时间缺水后，庄稼急需要水.
2) As we all know, everyone in the world has a need for affection.
我们大家都知道，每个人都有对感情的需要
三. 重点句子
1. Sometimes I wonder how relevant chemistry is to these students, most of whom will be going back to
their villages after Year 8 anyway. 有时候，我真想知道化学对这些孩子究竟有多大的用处。他们中大
多数学完八年级以后就回到他们的村庄去了。
[解释]名词/代词/数词+of+which/whom…引导定语从句
[典例]
1) She has two sons, both of whom are serving in the army.她有两个儿子，都在部队服役。
2) Today my mother bought several shirts, one of which is for me.
今天妈妈买了几件衬衣，其中一件是给我的。
2.You asked whether I’m getting to know any local people.你问我是否了解当地的老百姓。
[解释]get to+喜好/认识，表示渐变的过程。
[典例]
1) I got to realize how important the happy life was as I grew older.
随着年龄的增长，我逐渐意识到幸福生活的重要性。
2) I got to like the flat we were going to move in.我逐渐地喜欢上我们即将搬进去的公寓。
(2015湖南长沙高二)He wore shoes that looked 30 years old, too small for his feet，with holes all over them, his toes______out.
A. Stuck B. Came C. Went D. rushed
答案: A
解析: 考察短语记忆。B “出来；长出; 出现” C “出去; 熄灭” D “冲出去“
2. Because Edgar was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he _____ his opinion.
A. stuck at B. stuck to C. stood for D. stuck out
答案: B
解析: 对固定短语的记忆和句意的理解是解题的关键。A“不断地认真做了顾虑、犹豫（指坏事）；C“主张，容忍，代表，象征”。
(2015黄冈高二下)---I’d like to apply for the position of assistant manager, sir.
---What experience do you have that is to this position?
Relevant B. Convenient C. Superior D. Contrary
答案: A
解析: A相关的，B便利的，C更高的，D相反的；根据句意应为A。
4. (2015江苏苏州高二下)As a teacher you have to your method to the needs of slower children.
A. Recommend B. Distribute C. Reflect D.adjust
答案: D
解析: A推荐，B分布，C反应，D调整；根据句意应为D。
5. (2015山东淄博高二下)Students in our school are encouraged to more activities after class in order to broaden their knowledge.
A. Attend B. Join C. Take part D. Participate in
答案: D
解析: 此题考查同义词辨析，D较为正式，突出参加者在其中发挥一定的作用。
基础演练
一. 根据句子结构，用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空
1) They encouraged the _______ to _______ in the singing performance after the contest.(participate)
2) The doctor are ________ on an ______ of a factory who got injured when _______a machine, and the ________ is said to last over ten hours.(operate)
3) The seats in the plane are ________ , and you can ________ them to a certain angle. The ______ is not difficult to make. (adjust)
4) The drinks were ________ to them by coca cola company and they received _______from other companies as well. (donate)
5) Our department will be in charge of _______the conference. Would you please give us some suggestions on the _______ for it? (arrange)
keys:1) participants; participate 2) operating; operator; operating ; operation 3) adjustable; adjust; adjustment 4) donated; donation 5) arranging; arrangement
巩固提高
二.课文词汇等填空
根据课文内容完成下面语法填空，注意单词拼写和词语用法：
Jo worked at a bush school 1 classroom were made from bamboo and grass. There’s no electricity or water there. It 2 the students about two hours 3 (get) to the school. Jo hoped to make some difference to the children’s lives by teaching them. The other day, Jo visited Tombe’s home. When they arrived 4 the village, Tombe’s mother who 5 (work) in the garden , started crying “ieee ieee”. Tombe’s father led them to his house, 6 low bamboo hut with grass 7 (突出) out of the roof, 8 he could only see a few tin plates and cups and greens. That night Jo and Jenny slept on a 9 (新近地) made platform. They left the village the next morning 10 many goodbyes and shaking of hands.
keys:1. whose 2. took 3. to get 4. at 5. had been working
6. a 7. sticking 8. what 9. newly 10. after
1. The criminal, as well as some ______ people, was arrested by the police yesterday.
A. Relevant B. Skilled C. Released D. lucky
2. I ______ my university professor in the supermarket near my house, which was out of my expectation.
A. came out B. came across C. came about D. came along
3. The plan has to be _______ to meet the real situation.
A. adjusted B. Adapted C. Produced D. refounded
4. Students are encouraged to _________ the design competition for robots at the university.
A. take part B. Operate C. join to D. participate in
5. The man I ______ yesterday in the street is my manager.
A. paid a visit B. had a talk C. Met D. dropped
6. After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, Chinese astronauts __________ walk in space.
A. anxious to do B. eager for C. are dying to D. are longing to
7. In ______ Chinese culture, marriage decisions were often made by parents for their children.
A. Historic B. Remote C. Traditional D. further
8. A live program on TV is calling on people to ______ money or some other things to the people who have suffered from the flood in Henan Province.
A. Donate B. Lend C. Put D. pay
9. His careless driving _______ him his life last year.
A. Cost B. Spent C. Paid D. took
10. Do you ______ your friends through thick and thin?.
A. stick out B. stick to C. stick with D. stick
11. The man I _________ yesterday is Mr. White
A. paid a visit B. had a talk C. dropped in D. came across
12. The organization is badly _________ of hands.
A. Relevant B. Donated C. in need D. dying
13. Sue is good at .singing and her voice sounds _________.
A. Soft B. Softly C. Sweetly D. Well
14. Do you know when the plane will take off? The passengers are ________ to know it.
A. Agreeing B. Dying C. Deciding D. Desiring
I can’t meet you on Sunday. I’ll be engaged.
A. Also B. Just C. Nevertheless D. otherwise
Key: 1-5 ABADC6-10 CCAAC11-15DCABD
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
单项选择
1. In China, people over sixty-five can enjoy some ________ in public places as long as they can provide their identifications.
A. Advantages B. Good C. Privileges D. welfare
2. It remains doubtful ________ immediate measures could be taken to prevent underground water pollution.
A. How B. Whether C. When D. where
3. Make sure the gas is turned off after a bath, which would ________ cause danger.
A. Anyhow B. Meanwhile C. Furthermore D. otherwise
4. Suffering from war,poverty and illness, many African children are ________ food, love and care.
A. in case of B. in charge of C. in face of D. in need of
5. According to experts, China needs to ________ its one-child family planning policy to fight against a worsening gender (性别) imbalance and an aging population.
A. Arrange B. Apply C. Adapt D. adjust
6. When reading English novels, I often ________ some idiomatic expressions that I can't understand.
A. come across B. go over C. get across D. take over
7. The mother ________ many things to get her daughter a good education.
A. Purchased B. Produced C. Sacrificed D. stored
8. —She decided to________ the kidney (肾) of her dying son to a sick boy in the hospital.
—She is a great mother.
A. Award B. Donate C. Subscribe D. distribute
9. —I'd like to apply for the position of assistant manager, sir.
—What experience do you have that is relevant __________ this position?
A. Of B. With C. About D. to
10. After his third novel, Mr. King's imagination seemed to ________, so he decided to travel around the world to broaden his horizons.
A. set up B. pick up C. speed up D. dry up
Key: CBDDD ACBDD
二. 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
词数：335
完成时间：7分钟
难度：****
A bad Working Memory ( 大脑的工作记忆) – the brain's temporary storage box -- may explain, new research suggests, why one child cannot read his or her history book and another gets lost in math. As many as 10 percent of school-age children may suffer from poor working memory. British researchers said in a report last week, yet the problem is rarely identified.
"You can think of working memory as a pure measure of your child's potential. Many psychologists consider working memory to be the new IQ (智商), because we find that working memory is one of the most important predictors (预示物) of learning ability,' said Dr. Tracey Alloway of Britain’s Durham University.
Many children with poor working memory are considered lazy or dull. Working memory allows people to hold in their minds and deal with a few items, such as telephone numbers, over a short period of time. Alloway compares working memory to a box. For adults, the basic box size is thought to be three to five items. It's important, therefore, to put in the right things. Irrelevant (不相关的) information will clutter working memory.
The question many researchers are struggling with is how to help children with this problem, which appears to be closely, related to a lack of attention.
"In children with learning difficulties, it becomes a huge issue, especially around middle school, when the demands on working memory really grow," said Dr. Mel Levine, co-founder of All Kinds of Minds, a nonprofit organization in North Carolina that studies learning difficulties.
Memory training may help improve working memory. Alloway has a tool that allows teachers to assess (评定)the working-memory capacity of children as young as 4; it has been used in 35 schools across Britain.
Levine’s organization trains teachers through a program called Schools Attuned, which is working with several thousand schools across the United States, Canada and Europe. While he is not sure working memory can be expanded, Levine said children can be taught ways to do better in school.
41. Which of the following is a characteristic of working memory?
A. It has a limited capacity.
B. It is usually better in children than adults.
C. It improves with use.
D. It can cause a lack of attention.
42. According to the new research, ___________.
A. the importance of working memory has been long recognized
B. working memory is becoming recognized as a factor in intelligence
C. laziness can weaken working memory
D. working memory helps people remember things forever
43. What does the underlined word "clutter" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Change B. Improve C. Strengthen D. Confuse
44. Which of the following may help improve a child' s working memory?
A. Expanding the brain' s storage box.
B. Training the memory.
C. Remembering more things.
D. Being reminded frequently.
45. According to the passage, Dr. Mel Levine has ___________.
A. invented tools to help improve a child's working memory
B. founded an organization to train teachers to help students with this problem
C. identified the problem clearly
D. compared working memory to a box
Key: ABDBB
三. 读写任务
阅读下面一篇一位美国朋友希望找个中国大学生作为游伴的博客短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
I 'm 19-year-old, named Boobi Smith, a young college student from USA. I hereby earnestly invite a Chinese young college student preferring to make a three -week touring trip with me in China.
My plan, based on some travelling information on the Internet, is to set off next weekend when the summer vacation officially begins. The first stop is Kunming, the world-renowned city for its beauty and mild temperature. We'll get there by train and stay there for 2 days, and then we'll head for Jinggangshan, a former revolutionary base as well as a natural beauty spot. After a 3-day visit there, we will take a long-distance coach to a nearby port city by the Changjiang River and board a downstream ship to Shanghai, so that we can enjoy the great scenery alongside the third longest river in the world. As everybody knows, Shanghai is the busiest and fastest developing city in China. I'd like to have a look at its prosperity, so the stay there will be about half a week. A 4-day visit to these two cities near Shanghai is a must. All together, our trip will last about three weeks.
I only expect that my travel-mate could split the expenses with me, and talk with me in English, and he or she would be an excellent guide.
Those interested please contact me through email (Smith Boobie @ssnet.com).
[写作内容]
假如你叫李华，是一名就读大学生。你想和Boobie结伴同游。你写一封电子邮件和他联系，
谈谈你对这次同游的计划的打算，内容要点包括：
1. 以约30个词概括Boobie的博客短文的要点；
2. 然后以约120个词谈谈你对这次同游计划的打算，内容包括：
(1)对Boobie这次中国之游的感受；
(2)对Boobie的日程安排、费用分担情况和相关要求表示赞同，并说明赞同理由；
(3)你对Boobie来华旅游的祝愿和希望。
[写作要求]
1. 作文中可使用自己的亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用
原文中的句子；邮件的开头、结尾已写好。
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
[评分标准]概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯：
[写作辅导]
1. 写作有可能用到的主要短语和单词：中国之旅the journey in China, 安排arrange for sth.
2. 本文的概要必须包含以下要点：I hereby earnestly invite a Chinese young college student preferring to make a three -week touring trip with me in China. / My plan, based on some traveling information on the Internet, is to set off next weekend .... / I only expect that my travel-mate could split the expenses with me, and talk with me in English, and he or she would be an excellent guide.
3. 本文要注意，概要一定要根据文段的时态来写。同时，绝对不能抄袭原文的句子。文章对Boobie的日程安排、费用分担情况和相关要求表示赞同，并说明赞同理由；对Boobie这次中国之游的感受；对Boobie来华旅游的祝愿和希望等内容，属于评论性文字和结论性的观点，故用一般现在时或一般将来时态。
Dear Boobie,
Hi, I am a Chinese college student. In your blog,
Dear Boohie,
Hi, I am a Chinese college student. In your blog, I know that you want a travel-mate who will go with you to have a three-week trip in China.You also offer me some information in details about the travel plan and other requirements about this trip.
I am absolutely delighted to get such a travel-mate from the USA. You can enjoy the beauty of our country. Meanwhile, you will be my good helper to my English study.
I share your opinion about your plan. I have never been to Kunming, Jianggangshan, the Changjiang River and Shanghai. This is my first trip with a native English speaker to travel in China, which is of great help to improve my English. I also like to share the expenses with you because I don't need to ask my parents for more money. And I have worked as a part-time guide for two years during my college life, so I will be your ideal guide.
I am looking forward to your reply, and you will enjoy your journey in China.
Yours Truly,
LiHua
第8讲Sharing 语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1.掌握定语从句的结构与功能；
2.能够熟练选用合适的关系代词和关系副词。
一. 概述：
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。
(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用：
1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）
常用的关系代词(在从句中作主语，宾语): that, which, who, whom, as, whose(定语)
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when、why、 where
The student who answered the question was John.
I know the reason why he was so angry.
The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother.
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
定语从句三步：
第一找出先行词；
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；
第三选择合适的关系词。
二. 几个关系代词的基本用法：
●that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如：
Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?
You can take anything (that) you like.
What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?
Here is the man (who/whom/that) you want to see.
She's no longer the girl (that) she used to be before.
●which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：
The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.
The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.
The factory in which his father works is far from here.
●who, whom, whose:
who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人
whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人
whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。
I like the students who/that work hard.
All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)
He's a man from whom we should learn. = He's a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
I'd like a room whose window faces south. =I'd like a room of which the window faces south.
=I'd like a room the window of which faces south.
关系代词作介词宾语：（介词+ whom / which）
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。）
This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for.
Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？
= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?
Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?
Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?
This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of等)
三. 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:
(A)that & which:
在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样。
1. 宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况.
①先行词为不定代词,all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等,
We should do all that is useful to the people.
There's nothing that can be said about it.
Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?
②先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。
The only thing that we could do was to wait.
That's the very word that is wrongly used.
The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.
比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.
*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.
This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
This is the best that can be done now.
The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.
⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 如：
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known.
The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
1. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive.
⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。
Which is the book that you like best?
Who is the man that is standing at the gate?
⑨主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如：
There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.
⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that.
That's a good book that will help you a lot.
My home village is no longer the place (that) it used to be.
2. 定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况:
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.
Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died.
More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming popular in our country. (which指代主句)
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which .
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
⑤先行词本身是that, 宜用which .
What's that which she is looking at?
⑥先行词是those+复数名词.
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.
(B) who & that:
who 和 that 指代人时，有些情况宜用who，而不宜用that
①先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时，如：
The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.
Anyone who (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.
Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.
②在There be 结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人，如：
There is a gentleman who wants to see you.
There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.
③当先行词有较长的后置定语时，如：
I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.
1. (2014江西高考)Among the many dangers sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.
A. which B. what C. where D. when
2. (2014全国大纲卷)September 30 is the day which you must pay your bill.
A. by B. for C. with D. in
(2014陕西高考)Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
(2015陕西高考) As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.
which B. where C. whom D. when
5. (2015浙江高考)Creating an atmosphere ________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.
A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which
基础演练
1.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
2.He is good at English, ______we all know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
巩固提高
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
1.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that
2.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
3.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.
A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after
C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after
4.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B. that; why C. for that; that D. for which; what
5.He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.
A. that B. which C. for which D. who
6.I have two grammars, ______are of great use.
A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which
7. The hill ________ is covered with trees is called Mang Hill.
A. of which top B. whose the top
C. whose top D. top which
8. Can you lend me the novel_________ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it
C. which you talked about D. you talked about
9. The government has taken some measures to solve the shortage of electricity, but it may be some time ______ the situation improves.
A. since B. when C. unless D. before
10. Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.
A. that B. which C. it D. though
11. The reason ______ at the meeting for being late was not reasonable.
A. why he gave B. what he gave
C. he gave D. on which he gave
12. Do you remember the chicken farm _____ we visited three months ago?
A. where B. when C. that D. what
13.The place _______interested me most was the Children’s Palace.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
14.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
15.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
单项选择
1. A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
which B. whose C. who D. Why
2. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work a good impression is a must.
which B. when C. as D. where
3. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.
where B. which C. when D. Who
4. We’ll reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year.
A. where B. which C. when D. Who
5.The English play _________ my students acted at the new year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
6. I couldn't do my homework with all the noise _______ .
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
7. —Are all the titles of the articles _______ in the contents?
—Yes, all _______.
A. listed, included B. listing, includes
C. listed, including D. being listed, being included
8. She ______ the table and said the dinner was ready.
A. lay B. laid C. lied D. lain
9. Shut the window, _________ it'll get too cold in here.
A. so B. yet C. but D. otherwise
10. _______ is no wonder that he could speak English well.
A. There B. That C. This D. It
二. 完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
How did you do it, Dad? How have you managed not to take a drink for almost 20 years? It took me almost 20 years to have the 1 to even ask my father this very personal question. When Dad first 2 drinking, the whole family was on pins and needles every time he got into a 3 that, in the past, would have started him 4 again. For a few years we were 5 to bring it up for fear that the drinking would begin again.
“I had this little poem that I would recite to myself at least four to five times a day,” was Dad's6 to my 18-year-old unasked question. “The words were a constant 7 to me that things were 8 so hard that I could not deal with them,” Dad said. Then he9the poem with me. The poem's 10, yet profound (深刻的) words immediately became 11 of my daily routine as well.
About a month after this12 with my father, I received a gift in the mail from a friend
of mine. It was a book of daily sayings of wisdom with one 13 for each day of the year.
It has been my 14 that when you get something with days of the year on it, you naturally turn to the page that lists your own 15 . I 16 opened the book to November 10 to see 17 words of wisdom this book had in store for me. I was 18 when I looked at the page, and then tears of disbelief and appreciation19down my face. There, on my birthday, was the exact same poem that had 20 my father for all these years! It is called the Serenity (平静) Prayer:
God, grant me
the serenity to accept the things I cannot change;
the courage to change the things I can;
and the wisdom to know the difference.
1. A. chance B. courage C. ability D. right
2. A. gave up B. took up C. went on D. carried on
3. A. way B. habit C. situation D. house
4. A. reciting B. asking C. smoking D. drinking
5. A. sure B. uncertain C. afraid D. eager
6. A. reply B. words C. excuse D. explanation
7. A. fear B. imagination C. thought D. reminder
8. A. never B. seldom C. always D. ever
9. A. discussed B. shared C. offered D. talked
10. A. wonderful B. long C. simple D. boring
11. A. all B. that C. any D. part
12. A. talk B. quarrel C. trip D. lesson
13. A. listed B. included C. read D. said
14. A. method B. experience C. wealth D. message
15. A. character B. birthday C. qualities D. favorites
16. A. doubtfully B. carefully C. happily D. hurriedly
17. A. where B. whether C. what D. how
18. A. excited B. astonished C. disappointed D. frightened
19. A. hung B. pulled C. rolled D. pushed
20. A. troubled B. disturbed C. pleased D. helped
三. 阅读理解
One of the strongest arguments for the raising of the school leaving age (ROSLA) has been that it will bring us some way nearer to “equality of opportunity”.
Many people like to think of our present system of schooling as providing plenty of steps up the ladder of success for clever children. It would be good to think that no one who is really bright can be missed out when the state system is obviously so complete. It is obvious, for instance, that many children from less wealthy homes reach university or do well in other ways.
Unfortunately, we now have plenty of proofs that many children of every level of ability do much less well than they could. For instance, during the years of national military service it was possible to test the intelligence of all male 18-year-olds. Half of those soldiers who were placed in the two highest ability groups had left school at 15.
It has also been shown that the percentage of working class children going to university is almost the same now as it was in 1939. One study of 5,000 children from birth to 21 years old shows that up to half the bright working class ones left school when they reached 16 years old. Moreover, there is no difference in intelligence between the sexes, but far more boys and girls stay in education after 16.
It is clear from this and many other proofs that many children are still leaving school too early to benefit from the prizes---money, social respectability, and interesting jobs--- which higher education gives. It is clear too that the reasons why such children leave have much to do with their social background. Their parents often need the extra money another money-earner would bring in; they don't value education for itself because their own was probably dull and unhappy. It is not much that they force their sons and daughters to leave school, rather that they tend to say, “It's up to you.”
1. People would like to think that ____________.
A. equal numbers of poor and wealthy children reach university
B. those with the least money get the best education
C. intelligent children are always selected by the system
D. only really clever children can be admitted into university
2. Working class children as thought to be at a disadvantage because __________.
A. many of the clever ones leave school early
B. fewer go to university than ever before
C. more than half leave school when they are 16
D. fewer boys than girls stay at school after 16
3. Many children leave school early because ___________.
A. their social background makes them unhappy
B. they have to give something to their family's income
C. their school is a dull and unhappy
D. their parents don't allow them to make their own decision
4. This article shows that equal opportunity in education ___________.
A. is a thing of the past
B. has not yet been achieved
C. is there for those who deserve it
D. has greatly improved our society
第8讲Sharing 语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1.掌握定语从句的结构与功能；
2.能够熟练选用合适的关系代词和关系副词。
一. 概述：
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。
(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用：
1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）
常用的关系代词(在从句中作主语，宾语): that, which, who, whom, as, whose(定语)
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when、why、 where
The student who answered the question was John.
I know the reason why he was so angry.
The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother.
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
定语从句三步：
第一找出先行词；
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；
第三选择合适的关系词。
二. 几个关系代词的基本用法：
●that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如：
Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?
You can take anything (that) you like.
What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?
Here is the man (who/whom/that) you want to see.
She's no longer the girl (that) she used to be before.
●which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：
The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.
The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.
The factory in which his father works is far from here.
●who, whom, whose:
who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人
whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人
whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。
I like the students who/that work hard.
All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)
He's a man from whom we should learn. = He's a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
I'd like a room whose window faces south. =I'd like a room of which the window faces south.
=I'd like a room the window of which faces south.
关系代词作介词宾语：（介词+ whom / which）
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。）
This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for.
Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？
= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?
Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?
Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?
This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of等)
三. 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:
(A)that& which:
在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样。
1. 宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况.
①先行词为不定代词,all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等,
We should do all that is useful to the people.
There's nothing that can be said about it.
Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?
②先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。
The only thing that we could do was to wait.
That's the very word that is wrongly used.
The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.
比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.
*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.
This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
This is the best that can be done now.
The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.
⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 如：
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known.
The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
1. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive.
⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。
Which is the book that you like best?
Who is the man that is standing at the gate?
⑨主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如：
There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.
⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that .
That's a good book that will help you a lot.
My home village is no longer the place (that) it used to be.
2. 定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况:
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.
Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died.
More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming popular in our country. (which指代主句)
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which .
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
⑤先行词本身是that, 宜用which .
What's that which she is looking at?
⑥先行词是those+复数名词.
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.
(B) who & that:
who 和 that 指代人时，有些情况宜用who，而不宜用that
①先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时，如：
The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.
Anyone who (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.
Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.
②在There be 结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人，如：
There is a gentleman who wants to see you.
There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.
③当先行词有较长的后置定语时，如：
I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.
1. (2014江西高考)Among the many dangers sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.
A. which B. what C. where D. when
答案: A
解析: which在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词many dangers，在从句中作face的引导词，所以选A。
2. (2014全国大纲卷)September 30 is the day which you must pay your bill.
A. by B. for C. with D. in
答案: A
解析: 此处是“介词+which”引导的定语从句，介词by表示“到......为止”所以选A。
(2014陕西高考)Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
答案: A
解析: 句中have是一个及物动词，所以定语从句中缺少宾语，由于information被all修饰，排除which，所以选A。
(2015陕西高考) As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.
which B. where C. whom D. when
答案: D
解析: 定语从句中缺少状语，故用where或when，先行词为time，所以选D。
5. (2015浙江高考)Creating an atmosphere ________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.
A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which
答案: C
解析: 定语从句中缺少状语，故用where或“介词+which”引导，根据与an atmosphere的搭配，判断介词用in，所以选择C。
基础演练
1.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
2.He is good at English, ______we all know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
Key: 1-5 DBDCA
巩固提高
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
Key: 6-10 CDAAA 10-15 CCDCD
1.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that
2.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
3.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.
A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after
C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after
4.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B. that; why C. for that; that D. for which; what
5.He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.
A. that B. which C. for which D. who
6.I have two grammars, ______are of great use.
A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which
7. The hill ________ is covered with trees is called Mang Hill.
A. of which top B. whose the top
C. whose top D. top which
8. Can you lend me the novel_________ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it
C. which you talked about D. you talked about
9. The government has taken some measures to solve the shortage of electricity, but it may be some time ______ the situation improves.
A. since B. when C. unless D. before
10. Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.
A. that B. which C. it D. though
11. The reason ______ at the meeting for being late was not reasonable.
A. why he gave B. what he gave
C. he gave D. on which he gave
12. Do you remember the chicken farm _____ we visited three months ago?
A. where B. when C. that D. what
13.The place _______interested me most was the Children’s Palace.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
14.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
15.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
Key: 1-5 AAAAB 6-10 DCCBB 11-15 CCACB
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_________________________________________________________________________________
单项选择
1. A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
which B. whose C. who D. Why
2. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work a good impression is a must.
which B. when C. as D. where
3. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.
where B. which C. when D. Who
4. We’ll reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year.
A. where B. which C. when D. Who
5.The English play _________ my students acted at the new year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
6. I couldn't do my homework with all the noise _______ .
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
7. —Are all the titles of the articles _______ in the contents?
—Yes, all _______.
A. listed, included B. listing, includes
C. listed, including D. being listed, being included
8. She ______ the table and said the dinner was ready.
A. lay B. laid C. lied D. lain
9. Shut the window, _________ it'll get too cold in here.
A. so B. yet C. but D. otherwise
10. _______ is no wonder that he could speak English well.
A. There B. That C. This D. It
Key: 1-5 BDAAC 6-10 CABDD
二. 完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
How did you do it, Dad? How have you managed not to take a drink for almost 20 years? It took me almost 20 years to have the 1 to even ask my father this very personal question. When Dad first 2 drinking, the whole family was on pins and needles every time he got into a 3 that, in the past, would have started him 4 again. For a few years we were 5 to bring it up for fear that the drinking would begin again.
“I had this little poem that I would recite to myself at least four to five times a day,” was Dad's6 to my 18-year-old unasked question. “The words were a constant 7 to me that things were 8 so hard that I could not deal with them,” Dad said. Then he9the poem with me. The poem's 10, yet profound (深刻的) words immediately became 11 of my daily routine as well.
About a month after this12 with my father, I received a gift in the mail from a friend
of mine. It was a book of daily sayings of wisdom with one 13 for each day of the year.
It has been my 14 that when you get something with days of the year on it, you naturally turn to the page that lists your own 15 . I 16 opened the book to November 10 to see 17 words of wisdom this book had in store for me. I was 18 when I looked at the page, and then tears of disbelief and appreciation19down my face. There, on my birthday, was the exact same poem that had 20 my father for all these years! It is called the Serenity (平静) Prayer:
God, grant me
the serenity to accept the things I cannot change;
the courage to change the things I can;
and the wisdom to know the difference.
1. A. chance B. courage C. ability D. right
2. A. gave up B. took up C. went on D. carried on
3. A. way B. habit C. situation D. house
4. A. reciting B. asking C. smoking D. drinking
5. A. sure B. uncertain C. afraid D. eager
6. A. reply B. words C. excuse D. explanation
7. A. fear B. imagination C. thought D. reminder
8. A. never B. seldom C. always D. ever
9. A. discussed B. shared C. offered D. talked
10. A. wonderful B. long C. simple D. boring
11. A. all B. that C. any D. part
12. A. talk B. quarrel C. trip D. lesson
13. A. listed B. included C. read D. said
14. A. method B. experience C. wealth D. message
15. A. character B. birthday C. qualities D. favorites
16. A. doubtfully B. carefully C. happily D. hurriedly
17. A. where B. whether C. what D. how
18. A. excited B. astonished C. disappointed D. frightened
19. A. hung B. pulled C. rolled D. pushed
20. A. troubled B. disturbed C. pleased D. helped
Key: 1-5 BACDC 6-10 ADABC 11-15 DAABB 16-20 DCBCD
三. 阅读理解
One of the strongest arguments for the raising of the school leaving age (ROSLA) has been that it will bring us some way nearer to “equality of opportunity”.
Many people like to think of our present system of schooling as providing plenty of steps up the ladder of success for clever children. It would be good to think that no one who is really bright can be missed out when the state system is obviously so complete. It is obvious, for instance, that many children from less wealthy homes reach university or do well in other ways.
Unfortunately, we now have plenty of proofs that many children of every level of ability do much less well than they could. For instance, during the years of national military service it was possible to test the intelligence of all male 18-year-olds. Half of those soldiers who were placed in the two highest ability groups had left school at 15.
It has also been shown that the percentage of working class children going to university is almost the same now as it was in 1939. One study of 5,000 children from birth to 21 years old shows that up to half the bright working class ones left school when they reached 16 years old. Moreover, there is no difference in intelligence between the sexes, but far more boys and girls stay in education after 16.
It is clear from this and many other proofs that many children are still leaving school too early to benefit from the prizes---money, social respectability, and interesting jobs--- which higher education gives. It is clear too that the reasons why such children leave have much to do with their social background. Their parents often need the extra money another money-earner would bring in; they don't value education for itself because their own was probably dull and unhappy. It is not much that they force their sons and daughters to leave school, rather that they tend to say, “It's up to you.”
1. People would like to think that ____________.
A. equal numbers of poor and wealthy children reach university
B. those with the least money get the best education
C. intelligent children are always selected by the system
D. only really clever children can be admitted into university
2. Working class children as thought to be at a disadvantage because __________.
A. many of the clever ones leave school early
B. fewer go to university than ever before
C. more than half leave school when they are 16
D. fewer boys than girls stay at school after 16
3. Many children leave school early because ___________.
A. their social background makes them unhappy
B. they have to give something to their family's income
C. their school is a dull and unhappy
D. their parents don't allow them to make their own decision
4. This article shows that equal opportunity in education ___________.
A. is a thing of the past
B. has not yet been achieved
C. is there for those who deserve it
D. has greatly improved our society
Key: CABB
