第3讲 Unit 2 Sailing the oceans词汇篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. 掌握本单元词汇、短语并熟练运用。
2. 积累并掌握阅读高频词汇。
一. 词汇
1. accelerate v.加速
1) The car accelerated as it overtook me.
那辆汽车一加速就超越了我。
2) The leader is losing ground as the rest of the runners accelerate.
领先者在其余赛跑者加速时就逐渐失去了优势。
2. knot[来]n.结 v.打结 vt.把...打成结
1) He knotted a towel about his neck.
他把毛巾系在脖子上。
2) There is a knot in the board.
这块木板上有个结。
3) My hair knots easily.
我的头发爱打结。
4) The knot was fastened in such a way that it was impossible to undo.
这个结系得那么紧, 根本解不开。
5) My dead fingerscould not untie the knot.
我的手指麻木了, 解不开结。[来源:学。科。网]
6) This knot keeps loosening.
这个结老松开。
7) You need a sharp knife to cut through the knot.
你需用快刀才能把结切断。
3. simplify v.简化,使单纯 vt. 简化
1) She simplified the instructions so that the children could understand them.
她简化了指令以便于儿童理解。
2) That will simplify my task.
那可简化了我的工作。
4. update v.更新,补充最新资料
1) The data should be updated once a week.
这些数据应该每星期更新一次。
2) Maps need regular updates.
地图需要经常修订。
3) I updated the committee on our progress.
我向委员会报告了我们的进展情况。
4) The feedback from the computer enables us to update the program.
计算机的反馈能使我们更新程序。
5. swoop n.俯冲,攫取 v. 抓取,突然袭击
1) Police made a dawn swoop.
警方于拂晓时发动了突袭。
2) Planes swooped (low) over the ship.
飞机低飞着掠过那艘船。
3) The robber swooped up the banknotes.
劫匪把钞票一把抢走了。
4) The owl swooped down on the mouse.
那只猫头鹰向着老鼠猛扑下来。
5) The eagle poised in mid-air ready to swoop on its prey.
那鹰在半空中盘旋准备扑向猎物。
6. deposit n.存款,定金,堆积物 vt. 存放,堆积 vi. 沉淀
1) He deposited the case in the left luggage office.
他把箱子放在行李寄存处。
2) He deposits a sum of money in the bank each month.
他每月在银行存一笔钱。
3) The Nile floods the fields and deposits mud on them.
尼罗河泛滥，在田野上淤积一层泥。
4) You must deposit 500 as well as the first month's rent.
你必须付500英镑押金及第一个月的租赁费。
5) The shop promised to keep the goods for me if I paid a deposit.
商店答应, 倘若我付定金就给我保留这批货。
6) A thick deposit of mud lay on the fields when the flood went down.
洪水退后, 田野上留下一层厚泥。
7) I had to deposit 10% of the price of the house.
我必须先付房价的10%作定钱。
8) The cheque was only deposited yesterday, so it hasn't been cleared yet. [来源:Z_xx_k.Com]
这张支票昨天才存入银行, 所以尚未兑现。
7. reckon v. 计算,总计,评估
1) I reckon this will be a hot summer.
我估计这将是一个炎热的夏天。
2) Did you reckon in the cost of the taxi?
你把出租车费算进去了吗？
3) They reckon the book as one of his best works.
他们认为这本书是他的优秀作品之一。
4) The news won't worry her, I reckon.
我看这消息不会使她不安。
5) We're reckoning on moving house in May.
我们指望着五月份搬家。
6) Can I reckon on you to help?
你能帮助我吗?
7) When you did your expenses, did you reckon in your taxi fares?
你计算费用时, 把计程车费算进去了吗?
8) They had many difficulties to reckon with.
他们有许多困难要考虑。
8. foresee v. 预见,预知
1) He foresaw that his journey would be delayed by bad weather.
他预知自己的旅程会被恶劣天气耽搁。
2) Do you foresee any problems with the new system?
对于这种新体制，你看会有什么问题吗？
3) The difficulties could not have been foreseen.
这些困难是无法预见的。
4) He foresaw that the job would take a long time.
他预见到做这件工作需要很长时间。
5) They could not have foreseen how things would turn out.
他们不可能预知事情的结果。
9. tear n.眼泪,撕破 v. 流泪,撕破
1) She tore her skirt on the nail.
钉子勾破了她的裙子。
2) My wife burst into tears when she heard the bad news.
我太太听到这个坏消息就哭了起来[
3) Her heart was torn by anxiety.
她焦虑得心都快碎了。
4) She tore the child from its father's arms.
她把孩子从父亲怀里抢了过去。
5) Do tear yourself away from the television and come out for a walk.
你别舍不得离开电视了，出去散散步吧。
6) Don't pull the pages so hard or they will tear.
别那么使劲扯书页，那会撕破的。
7) This cloth tearseasily.
这布料容易撕破。[来源:Zxxk.Com]
8) The child was torn from its mother's arms.
把孩子从母亲怀抱中夺走了。
10. roar n.吼,咆哮,轰鸣 v. 吼,大声说出,叫喊
1) He roared with pain.
他疼得大叫起来。
2) His amusing performance caused a roar of laughter in the audience.
他那有趣的表演引起了观众的哄堂大笑。
3) The football crowd roared.
足球观众大喊起来。
4) Cars roared past (us).
汽车隆隆地驶过（我们身边）.
5) The crowd roared its approval.
群众高呼赞成。
6) The murmur swelled into a roar.
窃窃私语的声音变大形成一片喧哗。
7) They drove away from the city centre, the roar of the traffic still dinning in their ears.
他们驶出了市中心, 但车来人往的喧嚣声仍在耳中回响。
8) The roar of the train reverberated in the tunnel.
火车的轰隆声在隧道里回荡。
长难句理解
So accomplished navigators were able to use it to plot their positions．
熟练的领航员就能够用它来确定自己的位置。
句中accomplished是形容词，意思是“优秀的，熟练的”，作定语修饰其后的名词。
accomplished 的用法如下：已完成的; 已达到的：
accomplished facts
既成事实；学识渊博的, 技术高超的, 有成就的：
an accomplished cook
厨艺精湛的厨师
an accomplished lady
才女
Judy is accomplished in English teaching.
茱蒂擅长英语教学；
On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by．
在晴朗的日子，尤其是在夏天，水手可以使用正午头顶的太阳来引导他们航行。[来源:学科
句中to navigate by作目的状语，修饰谓语动词，其中的by是介词，它的逻辑宾语是前面的the sun。
例句：
I have no topics to write about.
He found some pens to write with. He is not the person to get along with.
Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen．
看不到陆地的时候，可以利用海鸟来定位通向陆地的方向。[来源: ZXXK]
句中used后面有一个停顿。to到land作目的状语。
句中when引导的是时间状语从句，修饰说明主句谓语动词。
The number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour．
一定时段得出的绳节数显示航船的海哩时速。
句中that were counted during a fixed period of time是定语从句，in nautical miles 和per hour 都是状语。[来源:学&科&网Z&X&X&K]
Later, when seamenbegan to use the compass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using complicated mathematical tables．
后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数学表格计算出航行的经度了。
using complicated mathematical tables 是现在分词短语作状语，表示手段。
例句：
The boy sat in front of the farm—house cutting the branch.
那男孩坐在农舍前，削树枝。（伴随）
He came running back to tell me the news.
他跑回来告诉我这个消息。（方式）
An old man entered, supported by a girl.
一位老人在一个女孩的搀扶下走进来。（方式）
Then he could tell if he was sailing on his correct rather than a random course.
这样他就能弄清楚他是沿正确航线而不是紊乱航线航行。
rather than 的例句还有：
I think I’ll have a colddrink rather than coffee.
Why didn’t you ask for help, rather than trying to do it on your own?
The earliest，the astrolabe，was a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky．
最早的，那些古代的星盘，是一种单一形式的工具，用来确定船舶与太阳和太空星辰的相对位置。
in relation to …是复合介词短语，作状语。
请看：in relation to (= concerning) this matter。
Its brain is small in relation to (= compared with) its body.
Little of what he said has any relation to fact.
It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments．
它证明是这些早期航海仪器中最准确最可靠的一种。
句中proved可以看作半系动词，后接表语。look，turn，feel，get，become，sound，smell，stand，go，remain等都可能用作半连系动词。
例如：
He looked a perfect fool．
他看上去是个十足的傻瓜。
He turned traitor to his country．
他背叛了祖国。
I felt very hungry after a long walk．
走了一段长路，我感到很饿。
Our motherland is getting stronger and stronger．
我们国家变得越来越强大了。
Some of the land became covered with water．
一些田地覆盖着水。
The story sounds interesting．
这故事听起很有趣。
The flowers smell sweet．
花朵散发芳香。
Holding the note in his hand，he stood there dumb founded．
他拿着钞票，站在那里，目瞪口呆。
They went mad．
他们发狂了。
He never remained satisfied with his success．
他从不满足于自己的成绩。
1. Small businesses are complete at ______mercy of ______banks these days.
A a ; / B the ; / C / ; the D a ; the
2.（2015江苏南京调研） Body mass index, or BMI, is a measure of a person’s weight _______height. A person with a BMI of twenty-five to twenty-nine is considered overweight.
A in view of B in relation to C in terms of D in response to
3. You’d better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future________.
A purpose B reference C progress D memory
4. At the ________moment that I put my foot on the step, the bus started.
A precise B delicate C considerate D special
5. He is a ______friend. You could depend on him.
A available B possible C portable D reliable
6. Environmental experts point out that _______some serious problem such as global warming, but it also could threaten human life.
A not only does increasing pollution cause B not only causes increasing pollution
C not only increasing pollution causes D not only increasing pollution does cause
基础演练
根据汉语或首字母提示填空
1. We continue to see a t_______ toward globalization of financial business.
2. The data should be __________ (更新)once a week.
3. Computers became lighter, smaller, and more p__________ every year.
4. The technology has been s________ so that everyone can use it.
5. Swans are surprisingly _________ (笨拙的) on land.
6. Most people know that the outcome of a coin toss is r________ .
7. The government will grant them permission for oil e__________ .
8. She turned on the ___________ () light and looked around the room.
9. The rocks in the sea had green s__________ growing on them.
10. Despite some s_______ as a cook, he was still the best dad you could ever hope for.
11. The aircraft s________ down over the fields in search of its target.
12. The postman has brought a p________ for you.
13. The r__________ and open policy has brought us Chinese people a rich and colorful life.
14. I think it is ______________(必须做的) t o look over the house.
15. The bird was p__________ seeds out of the sunflowers.
16. The car rolled over the edge of a c________.
17. They planned to organize a scientific ___________ (远征).
18. Hopes are fading for the s________ of the missing climbers.
19. All the arrangements should have been completed before our d________.
20. He d________ a sum of money in the bank each month.
21. The bad weather put us in a d________—shall we move on or go back?
22. He usually goes out for a walk at __________(黄昏) .
23. They lost their way in the desert and died of t_________.
24. There has been a __________ (逐渐的) increase in the number of people owning cars.
25. She had an undergraduate degree in ________ (心理学) .
26. This wire will take 50 pounds t__________ before breaking.
27. These poor people are living on the verge of s________.
巩固提高
1. Generally it is _____ bad manners to blow your nose at _____ table or spit
(吐痰) in ____ public places.
A. ∕; the; the B. the; a; ∕ C. ∕; ∕; ∕ D. the; ∕; ∕
2. I like _____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A. this B. that C. it D. one
3. Mother thought it no use _____ me to marry John.
A. forcing B. letting C. making D. to force
4. _____ to train his daughter in computer, he put an ad like this in the paper, “_____ , a computer teacher for a ten-year-old girl.”
A. Determined; Wanted B. Determined; Wanting
C. Determines; Wanted D. Determining; Wanting
5. In Britain today, women ______ 44% of the workforce, and nearly half the mothers with children are in paid work.
A. take up B. make up C. pick up D. give up
6. It is said that in Australia, there is more land than the government knows ____________.
A. how to do with it B. what to do with
C. what to do with it D. how to do with
7. Was it because it rained heavily last night _____ you didn’t come?
A. that B. why C. so D. what
8. --- You didn’t hear me until now?
--- No. I must ___________ soundly(沉) when you came in.
A. have slept B. be sleeping C. sleep D. have been sleeping[来
9. --- You’ve agreed to go. So why aren’t you getting ready right now?
--- But I _______ that you would like me to start at once.
don’t realize B. haven’t realized C. didn’t realize D. hadn’t realized
10. The experiment turned out to be a complete failure, _______ wasn’t ______ they wanted.
A. it; what B. as; that C. which; what D. that; what
11. --- When did you go to Shanghai?
--- I remember ______ there when I was a boy of ten.
A. to be taken B. being taken C. to take D. having taken
12. Robert is said ___________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he
studied in.
A . to have studied B. to be studying
C. to study D. to have been studying
13. --- I seldom watch TV, but I listen to the radio a lot.
--- ______________.
A. So do I B. Neither do I C. The same to me D. So it is with me.[来源:
14. In China, all the students work hard at school _________ going to university for higher education in the future.
A. in the habit of B. in the hope of C. in search of D. in honor of
15. --- Why does she always ask you for help?
--- There is no one else _____ , is there?
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn
一．翻译句子
1．我们很可能感到奇怪，在经纬度用来在地图上标出船只位置之前，海员是如何对海洋探索的。
2．在看不见陆地的时候，可以用海鸟来指明通往陆地的去路。 (be used to do)
3．你简直无法想象我们被放逐在小船上漂泊了40天后在帝汶岛登陆时的凄惨样子。
4．在公园里，我看见一个小男孩手持风筝线，风筝在他的头顶上正由风摆布，忽上忽下。 （overhead, at the mercy of）
5．他总是使我们忙个不停，并且竭力使我们忘记饥渴。 （take one’s minds off）
二. 根据首字母填空
However, it was a_______ to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself.
This was a more precise and s_______ version of the astrolabe.
It proved to be the most accurate and r_______ of these early navigational instruments.
This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the m___________ amount of risk.
5. Once we were at sea, our r_______ every day was the same.
There is a special cloud formation which i_________ there is land close by.
Seamen could follow the birds to land even if they were o__________ and in theopen sea.
Wise seamen could a____________ the speed, but they could also be dangerous.
There is no s_______ method of measuring longitude until the 17th century when the British solved this theoretical problem.
An early method of measuring speed involved throwing a k_________ rope tied to a log over the side of the ship. [来源:学_科_网]
The compass has a specialm_________ pointer which always indicates the North Pole.
The sextant was the u_________ version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced the tendency to make mistakes.
It was s_______ quantities but the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with psychologically.
The d_____________ of staying on the ship seemed to grow as I thought about how wrong it was to treat Captain Bligh in this way.[来源:Z&xx&k.Com]
15. The t__________ in the boat got worse as the supply of food and water gradually disappeared.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一. 单项选择(2014西城二模)
1. — You look great!
— I ______ out. Check out my muscles!
A. will work B. was working
C. have been working D. had been working
2. ______ Stephon Marbury is an American, he has become a role model among Beijing
basketball fans.
A. As B. Although C. When D. Since
3. It’s been discovered in the study ______ people are more relieved after forgiving others.
A. that B. what C. which D. whose
4. Grandpa was shocked by the news. Rarely ______ him so quiet.
A. do I see B. had I seen C. I had seen D. I saw
5. The report aims to explain how these conclusions ______.
A. were reached B. had been reached C. have reached D. had reached
6. Sometimes, ______ a patient a get-well card is better than visiting him.
A. to be sent B. being sent C. having sent D. sending
7. It’s always hard to remember a name when one doesn’t have a face to go with ______.
A. him B. it C. her D. one
8. It was unusual that such close neighbors ______ not know one another.
A. could B. would C. must D. should
9. The agent promised to keep the family members fully ______ of any developments.
A. inform B. informing C. informed D. being informed
10. — The professor gave a really good speech.
— I suggest you ______ him some specific questions about his work experience.
A. have asked B. will ask C. asked D. ask
11. A person who has never tasted bitter won’t know ______ sweet is.
A. which B. what C. when D. why
12. The landlady prefers to have women in the apartment rather than men. She thinks women take ______ care of things!
A. well B. good C. better D. best
13. Based on a true story, the film shows a hero racing ______ time to get back the stolen papers.
A. behind B. against C. about D. at
14. I’ve made several travel plans for our vacation, but I’ll leave it to you ______ one.
A. choosing B. chosen C. to choose D. choose
15. Paris has some great museums ______ visitors can see fine works of impressionist painters.
A. where B. which C. that D. when
二. 阅读理解
A
My eighth grade consisted of 28 classmates．We knew each other so well that most of us could distinguish each other's handwriting at a glance．Although we grew up together, we still had class outcasts．From second grade on, a small group started harassing （骚扰） two or three of the others．I was one of those two or three, though I didn't know why．In most cases when children get picked on, they aren't good at sports or they read too much or they wear the wrong clothes or they are of a different race．But in my class, we all read too much and didn't know how to play sports．We had also been brought up to carefully respect each other's race．This is what was so strange about my situation．Usually, people are made outcasts because they are in some way different from the larger group．But in my class, large differences did not exist．It was as if the outcasts were invented by the group out of a need for them．
The harassment came in the form of laughter when I talked, and rolled eyes when I turned around．If I was out on the playground and approached a group of people, they often fell silent． Sometimes, someone would not see me coming and I would catch the tail end of a joke at my expense．
There was another girl in our class who was perhaps even more rejected than I．She provided the group with a lot of material for jokes．One day one popular girl came up to me to show me something she said I wouldn't want to miss．We walked to a comer of the playground．Three or four girls there were reading aloud from a small book, which I was told was the girl's diary．
I sat down and, laughing till my sides hurt, heard my voice finally mixed with the others． Often being accepted by others is more satisfying than being accepted by oneself, even though the satisfaction does not last．Looking back, I wonder how I could have participated in making fun of this girl when I knew perfectly well how it felt．If I were in that situation today I would react differently, but I can't honestly be sure．
1. The author was made an outcast because ____．
A. she couldn't play sports as well as others
B. her family belonged to a minority group
C. her classmates found her clothes funny
D. her classmates needed to find an outcast
2. How was the author treated as an outcast?
A. She was often the target of teasing．
B. No one responded to her talking．
C. She was refused to approach others．
D. Her diary was often made public．
3. What did the author do to the girl mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A. She showed great sympathy with the girl．
B. She joined others in making fun of the girl．
C. She stopped the others from hurting the girl．
D. She found more materials about the girl for jokes．
4. What does the passage intend to tell us?
A. Everyone is likely to become an outcast．
B. We shouldn't hit a person when he is down．
C. One should pay somebody back in his own way．
D. Everyone has a desire to be accepted by others．
B
Breaking the Code
One school night this month I walked quietly up to Alexander, my 15-year-old son, and touched his cheek gently in a manner I hoped would seem casual．A year ago he would have ignored this disturbance but now he reacted impatiently and leaned back to his computer screen．
I made a mistake: breaking into my teenager's personal space．"The average teenager has pretty strong feelings about his privacy," Lara Fox and her friend Hilary Frankel told me．Mr. Frankel and Mr. Fox, both 17, are the authors of Breaking the Code, a new book that seeks to bridge the generational divide between parents and adolescents．It is being promoted by its publisher as the first self-help guide by teenagers for their parents, a kind of "Kids Are From Mars, Parents Are From Venus" that explains the language and actions of teenagers．The girls dealt with issues including hanging out late, money, school pressures, smoking etc．
Personally, I welcome their opinions．The most common missteps in interacting with teenagers arise from the war between parents exercising their rights to know what goes on under their roof and teenagers firmly guarding their privacy．Teenagers can be quick to interpret their parents' remarks and respond with anger that masks their vulnerability （脆弱）. Ms Fox said, "What we want above all is your approval．Don't forget, no matter how much we act as if we don't care what you say, we believe the things you say about us．"
Nancy, a New York child-raising expert said she didn't agree with everything the authors suggested but found their arguments reasonable．"When your kids are saying, ' You don't get it, and you never will, ' there are lots of ways to respond so that they will listen and that is what the writers point out．"
" My parents helped me see that, " Mr. Fox told me, " even though they used to stay out late and ride their bicycles to school, times have changed and the way parents educate children is different．These days there is a major fear factor in bringing up kids．Parents worry about their child crossing the street．" The writers said they hoped simply to throw light on teenage thinking．
5. Why does the author mention the book "Kids Are From Mars, Parents Are From Venus ?
A. It is one of the best-sellers． B. It is also written by the two girls．
C. The two books have the similar theme． D. The two books have different opinions．
6. The underlined sentence "You don't get it, and you never will" in the 4th paragraph implies that ____．
A. the teenagers don't want/to admit their weakness
B. the teenagers think that their parents will never understand them
C. the parents do not necessarily force into the world of their children
D. the generation gap cannot be shortened despite their parents' efforts
7. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that ____．
A. teenagers should guard their privacy
B. Nancy totally agrees with the two girls' opinions
C. parents are more concerned about children's safety
D. the two girls have obtained numerous support from the public
8. According to the two girls, teenagers nowadays are ____．
A. independent B. intelligent C. sensitive D. inconsiderate
C
Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization． Back then, as well as today, providing food and security was the basic task for a person． However, nowadays the range of required goods has expanded significantly．People feel the need for not only some primary things, such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads, but also for various facilities and luxuries．Providing humanity with these things is connected to the use of natural resources, which requires energy．In turn, the common sources of energy we use today cause pollution, so economic growth is almost inevitably associated with environmental damage．
Economic growth is the increase in numbers of goods and services produced over time by an economy, and it's calculated in terms of real Gross Domestic Product （GDP）．Before growth is calculated, inflation （通货膨胀） is adjusted in order to take into account its misleading effect on the price of goods and services．Economic growth can also be explained as the increase in expected output, which results from an increase in actual output, or total demand．
There are certain aspects of economic growth which affect the environment．The first of these is the fact that in order to produce more goods and products, at a faster rate, the construction of large industrial plants is required．These plants produce a lot of waste, leading to the pollution of water and the atmosphere, which may cause negative long term health effects to nearby populations of animals, or people．They also lead to global warming．
Industrial manufacturing leads to the constantly increasing energy consumption．The traditional energy sources, which are commonly used nowadays, are considered to be the greatest polluters to the environment．There also exist so-called eco-friendly sources of energy．They are sometimes preferred but replacing the traditional sources with them also requires time, during which people have to make some sacrifices to support these undertakings．
In order to produce economically practical energy, a sometimes significant transformation of the natural site is often inevitable．This is expensive and, has harmful effects on the environment．Application of wind energy would Block airflows' natural speed, which is the reason for their decrease in strength, after crossing the windmill．Consequently, the pressure balance that is brought about by this current will be affected, and it is important to remember that the environment and weather conditions are directly affected by atmospheric pressure．
For these reasons, bringing about economic ．growth without any resulting environmental damage, whatsoever, is impossible．
9. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. Pollution caused by plant construction
B. Effects of windmills on the environment
C. Economic growth and human civilization
D. Economic growth and environmental damage
10. What does the underlined word "They" in the third paragraph refer to?
A. Goods and products B. The industrial plants
C. Water and atmosphere D. Negative health effects
11. According to the passage, the author holds the opinion that ____．
A. economic growth should be calculated in terms of GDP
B. use of natural resources causes no damage to the environment
C. industrial manufacturing may cause damage to the environment
D. a windmill is a perfect way to produce economically practical energy
第3讲 Unit 2 Sailing the oceans词汇篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. 掌握本单元词汇、短语并熟练运用。
2. 积累并掌握阅读高频词汇。
一. 词汇
1. accelerate v.加速
1) The car accelerated as it overtook me.
那辆汽车一加速就超越了我。
2) The leader is losing ground as the rest of the runners accelerate.
领先者在其余赛跑者加速时就逐渐失去了优势。
2. knot[来]n.结 v.打结 vt.把...打成结
1) He knotted a towel about his neck.
他把毛巾系在脖子上。
2) There is a knot in the board.
这块木板上有个结。
3) My hair knots easily.
我的头发爱打结。
4) The knot was fastened in such a way that it was impossible to undo.
这个结系得那么紧, 根本解不开。
5) My dead fingerscould not untie the knot.
我的手指麻木了, 解不开结。[来源:学。科。网]
6) This knot keeps loosening.
这个结老松开。
7) You need a sharp knife to cut through the knot.
你需用快刀才能把结切断。
3. simplify v.简化,使单纯 vt. 简化
1) She simplified the instructions so that the children could understand them.
她简化了指令以便于儿童理解。
2) That will simplify my task.
那可简化了我的工作。
4. update v.更新,补充最新资料
1) The data should be updated once a week.
这些数据应该每星期更新一次。
2) Maps need regular updates.
地图需要经常修订。
3) I updated the committee on our progress.
我向委员会报告了我们的进展情况。
4) The feedback from the computer enables us to update the program.
计算机的反馈能使我们更新程序。
5. swoop n.俯冲,攫取 v. 抓取,突然袭击
1) Police made a dawn swoop.
警方于拂晓时发动了突袭。
2) Planes swooped (low) over the ship.
飞机低飞着掠过那艘船。
3) The robber swooped up the banknotes.
劫匪把钞票一把抢走了。
4) The owl swooped down on the mouse.
那只猫头鹰向着老鼠猛扑下来。
5) The eagle poised in mid-air ready to swoop on its prey.
那鹰在半空中盘旋准备扑向猎物。
6. deposit n.存款,定金,堆积物 vt. 存放,堆积 vi. 沉淀
1) He deposited the case in the left luggage office.
他把箱子放在行李寄存处。
2) He deposits a sum of money in the bank each month.
他每月在银行存一笔钱。
3) The Nile floods the fields and deposits mud on them.
尼罗河泛滥，在田野上淤积一层泥。
4) You must deposit 500 as well as the first month's rent.
你必须付500英镑押金及第一个月的租赁费。
5) The shop promised to keep the goods for me if I paid a deposit.
商店答应, 倘若我付定金就给我保留这批货。
6) A thick deposit of mud lay on the fields when the flood went down.
洪水退后, 田野上留下一层厚泥。
7) I had to deposit 10% of the price of the house.
我必须先付房价的10%作定钱。
8) The cheque was only deposited yesterday, so it hasn't been cleared yet. [来源:Z_xx_k.Com]
这张支票昨天才存入银行, 所以尚未兑现。
7. reckon v. 计算,总计,评估
1) I reckon this will be a hot summer.
我估计这将是一个炎热的夏天。
2) Did you reckon in the cost of the taxi?
你把出租车费算进去了吗？
3) They reckon the book as one of his best works.
他们认为这本书是他的优秀作品之一。
4) The news won't worry her, I reckon.
我看这消息不会使她不安。
5) We're reckoning on moving house in May.
我们指望着五月份搬家。
6) Can I reckon on you to help?
你能帮助我吗?
7) When you did your expenses, did you reckon in your taxi fares?
你计算费用时, 把计程车费算进去了吗?
8) They had many difficulties to reckon with.
他们有许多困难要考虑。
8. foresee v. 预见,预知
1) He foresaw that his journey would be delayed by bad weather.
他预知自己的旅程会被恶劣天气耽搁。
2) Do you foresee any problems with the new system?
对于这种新体制，你看会有什么问题吗？
3) The difficulties could not have been foreseen.
这些困难是无法预见的。
4) He foresaw that the job would take a long time.
他预见到做这件工作需要很长时间。
5) They could not have foreseen how things would turn out.
他们不可能预知事情的结果。
9. tear n.眼泪,撕破 v. 流泪,撕破
1) She tore her skirt on the nail.
钉子勾破了她的裙子。
2) My wife burst into tears when she heard the bad news.
我太太听到这个坏消息就哭了起来[
3) Her heart was torn by anxiety.
她焦虑得心都快碎了。
4) She tore the child from its father's arms.
她把孩子从父亲怀里抢了过去。
5) Do tear yourself away from the television and come out for a walk.
你别舍不得离开电视了，出去散散步吧。
6) Don't pull the pages so hard or they will tear.
别那么使劲扯书页，那会撕破的。
7) This cloth tearseasily.
这布料容易撕破。[来源:Zxxk.Com]
8) The child was torn from its mother's arms.
把孩子从母亲怀抱中夺走了。
10. roar n.吼,咆哮,轰鸣 v. 吼,大声说出,叫喊
1) He roared with pain.
他疼得大叫起来。
2) His amusing performance caused a roar of laughter in the audience.
他那有趣的表演引起了观众的哄堂大笑。
3) The football crowd roared.
足球观众大喊起来。
4) Cars roared past (us).
汽车隆隆地驶过（我们身边）.
5) The crowd roared its approval.
群众高呼赞成。
6) The murmur swelled into a roar.
窃窃私语的声音变大形成一片喧哗。
7) They drove away from the city centre, the roar of the traffic still dinning in their ears.
他们驶出了市中心, 但车来人往的喧嚣声仍在耳中回响。
8) The roar of the train reverberated in the tunnel.
火车的轰隆声在隧道里回荡。
长难句理解
So accomplished navigators were able to use it to plot their positions．
熟练的领航员就能够用它来确定自己的位置。
句中accomplished是形容词，意思是“优秀的，熟练的”，作定语修饰其后的名词。
accomplished 的用法如下：已完成的; 已达到的：
accomplished facts
既成事实；学识渊博的, 技术高超的, 有成就的：
an accomplished cook
厨艺精湛的厨师
an accomplished lady
才女
Judy is accomplished in English teaching.
茱蒂擅长英语教学；
On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by．
在晴朗的日子，尤其是在夏天，水手可以使用正午头顶的太阳来引导他们航行。[来源:学科
句中to navigate by作目的状语，修饰谓语动词，其中的by是介词，它的逻辑宾语是前面的the sun。
例句：
I have no topics to write about.
He found some pens to write with. He is not the person to get along with.
Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen．
看不到陆地的时候，可以利用海鸟来定位通向陆地的方向。[来源: ZXXK]
句中used后面有一个停顿。to到land作目的状语。
句中when引导的是时间状语从句，修饰说明主句谓语动词。
The number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour．
一定时段得出的绳节数显示航船的海哩时速。
句中that were counted during a fixed period of time是定语从句，in nautical miles 和per hour 都是状语。[来源:学&科&网Z&X&X&K]
Later, when seamenbegan to use the compass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using complicated mathematical tables．
后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数学表格计算出航行的经度了。
using complicated mathematical tables 是现在分词短语作状语，表示手段。
例句：
The boy sat in front of the farm—house cutting the branch.
那男孩坐在农舍前，削树枝。（伴随）
He came running back to tell me the news.
他跑回来告诉我这个消息。（方式）
An old man entered, supported by a girl.
一位老人在一个女孩的搀扶下走进来。（方式）
Then he could tell if he was sailing on his correct rather than a random course.
这样他就能弄清楚他是沿正确航线而不是紊乱航线航行。
rather than 的例句还有：
I think I’ll have a colddrink rather than coffee.
Why didn’t you ask for help, rather than trying to do it on your own?
The earliest，the astrolabe，was a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky．
最早的，那些古代的星盘，是一种单一形式的工具，用来确定船舶与太阳和太空星辰的相对位置。
in relation to …是复合介词短语，作状语。
请看：in relation to (= concerning) this matter。
Its brain is small in relation to (= compared with) its body.
Little of what he said has any relation to fact.
It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments．
它证明是这些早期航海仪器中最准确最可靠的一种。
句中proved可以看作半系动词，后接表语。look，turn，feel，get，become，sound，smell，stand，go，remain等都可能用作半连系动词。
例如：
He looked a perfect fool．
他看上去是个十足的傻瓜。
He turned traitor to his country．
他背叛了祖国。
I felt very hungry after a long walk．
走了一段长路，我感到很饿。
Our motherland is getting stronger and stronger．
我们国家变得越来越强大了。
Some of the land became covered with water．
一些田地覆盖着水。
The story sounds interesting．
这故事听起很有趣。
The flowers smell sweet．
花朵散发芳香。
Holding the note in his hand，he stood there dumb founded．
他拿着钞票，站在那里，目瞪口呆。
They went mad．
他们发狂了。
He never remained satisfied with his success．
他从不满足于自己的成绩。
1. Small businesses are complete at ______mercy of ______banks these days.
A a ; / B the ; / C / ; the D a ; the
解析：句意“这段时间，小企业完全在银行的控制下”。at the mercy of…任由、、、、、、的摆布，故第一空需填定冠词the; 第二空泛指银行，故不需要任何冠词。
答案：B
2.（2015江苏南京调研） Body mass index, or BMI, is a measure of a person’s weight _______height. A person with a BMI of twenty-five to twenty-nine is considered overweight.
A in view of B in relation to C in terms of D in response to
解析：句意“体重指数或BMI 衡量的是一个人相对于身高的体重”。考查介词短语。in view of 鉴于，考虑到 ；in relation to 关于， 涉及， 有关 ；in terms of 按照， 在、、、、、、方面； in response to 作为对、、、、、、的反应。
答案： B
3. You’d better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future________.
A purpose B reference C progress D memory
解析：句意“你最好记下那家餐厅的电话号码以供今后查阅”。考查名词辨析。reference 查阅； purpose 目的； progress 进步 ； memory 记忆。
答案：B
4. At the ________moment that I put my foot on the step, the bus started.
A precise B delicate C considerate D special
解析: 句意“恰恰就在我登上公共汽车踏板的时候，车子开动了”。考查形容词辨析。precise 准确的，精确的，恰好； at the precise moment 恰好在那一刻； delicate 纤细的，精致的 ；considerate 体贴的 ；special 特殊的。
答案： A
5. He is a ______friend. You could depend on him.
A available B possible C portable D reliable
解析：句意“他是一个可以信赖的朋友。你可以依靠他”。考查形容词的辨析。available 可利用的， 可得到的 ；possible 可能的 ；portable 轻便的，手提的 ；reliable 可靠的，可信赖的。
答案： D
6. Environmental experts point out that _______some serious problem such as global warming, but it also could threaten human life.
A not only does increasing pollution cause B not only causes increasing pollution
C not only increasing pollution causes D not only increasing pollution does cause
解析：句意“环境专家指出，日益增加的污染不仅带来诸如全球变暖的严重问题，而且威胁到了人类的生命”。在that引导的宾语从句中， not only 位于句首，用部分倒装。
答案： A
基础演练
根据汉语或首字母提示填空
1. We continue to see a t_______ toward globalization of financial business.
2. The data should be __________ (更新)once a week.
3. Computers became lighter, smaller, and more p__________ every year.
4. The technology has been s________ so that everyone can use it.
5. Swans are surprisingly _________ (笨拙的) on land.
6. Most people know that the outcome of a coin toss is r________ .
7. The government will grant them permission for oil e__________ .
8. She turned on the ___________ () light and looked around the room.
9. The rocks in the sea had green s__________ growing on them.
10. Despite some s_______ as a cook, he was still the best dad you could ever hope for.
11. The aircraft s________ down over the fields in search of its target.
12. The postman has brought a p________ for you.
13. The r__________ and open policy has brought us Chinese people a rich and colorful life.
14. I think it is ______________(必须做的) t o look over the house.
15. The bird was p__________ seeds out of the sunflowers.
16. The car rolled over the edge of a c________.
17. They planned to organize a scientific ___________ (远征).
18. Hopes are fading for the s________ of the missing climbers.
19. All the arrangements should have been completed before our d________.
20. He d________ a sum of money in the bank each month.
21. The bad weather put us in a d________—shall we move on or go back?
22. He usually goes out for a walk at __________(黄昏) .
23. They lost their way in the desert and died of t_________.
24. There has been a __________ (逐渐的) increase in the number of people owning cars.
25. She had an undergraduate degree in ________ (心理学) .
26. This wire will take 50 pounds t__________ before breaking.
27. These poor people are living on the verge of s________.
Keys:
1. tendency 2. updated 3. portable 4. simplified 5. awkward 6. random 7. exploration 8. overhead 9. seaweed 10. shortcomings 11. swooped 12. parcel 13. reform 14. compulsory 15. pecking 16. cliff 17. expedition 18. survival 19. departure 20. deposits 21. dilemma 22. dusk 23. thirst 24. gradual 25. psychology 26. tension 27. starvation
巩固提高
1. Generally it is _____ bad manners to blow your nose at _____ table or spit
(吐痰) in ____ public places.
A. ∕; the; the B. the; a; ∕ C. ∕; ∕; ∕ D. the; ∕; ∕
2. I like _____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A. this B. that C. it D. one
3. Mother thought it no use _____ me to marry John.
A. forcing B. letting C. making D. to force
4. _____ to train his daughter in computer, he put an ad like this in the paper, “_____ , a computer teacher for a ten-year-old girl.”
A. Determined; Wanted B. Determined; Wanting
C. Determines; Wanted D. Determining; Wanting
5. In Britain today, women ______ 44% of the workforce, and nearly half the mothers with children are in paid work.
A. take up B. make up C. pick up D. give up
6. It is said that in Australia, there is more land than the government knows ____________.
A. how to do with it B. what to do with
C. what to do with it D. how to do with
7. Was it because it rained heavily last night _____ you didn’t come?
A. that B. why C. so D. what
8. --- You didn’t hear me until now?
--- No. I must ___________ soundly(沉) when you came in.
A. have slept B. be sleeping C. sleep D. have been sleeping[来
9. --- You’ve agreed to go. So why aren’t you getting ready right now?
--- But I _______ that you would like me to start at once.
don’t realize B. haven’t realized C. didn’t realize D. hadn’t realized
10. The experiment turned out to be a complete failure, _______ wasn’t ______ they wanted.
A. it; what B. as; that C. which; what D. that; what
11. --- When did you go to Shanghai?
--- I remember ______ there when I was a boy of ten.
A. to be taken B. being taken C. to take D. having taken
12. Robert is said ___________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he
studied in.
A . to have studied B. to be studying
C. to study D. to have been studying
13. --- I seldom watch TV, but I listen to the radio a lot.
--- ______________.
A. So do I B. Neither do I C. The same to me D. So it is with me.[来源:
14. In China, all the students work hard at school _________ going to university for higher education in the future.
A. in the habit of B. in the hope of C. in search of D. in honor of
15. --- Why does she always ask you for help?
--- There is no one else _____ , is there?
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn
Keys：
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. B
一．翻译句子
1．我们很可能感到奇怪，在经纬度用来在地图上标出船只位置之前，海员是如何对海洋探索的。
2．在看不见陆地的时候，可以用海鸟来指明通往陆地的去路。 (be used to do)
3．你简直无法想象我们被放逐在小船上漂泊了40天后在帝汶岛登陆时的凄惨样子。
4．在公园里，我看见一个小男孩手持风筝线，风筝在他的头顶上正由风摆布，忽上忽下。 （overhead, at the mercy of）
5．他总是使我们忙个不停，并且竭力使我们忘记饥渴。 （take one’s minds off）
二. 根据首字母填空
However, it was a_______ to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself.
This was a more precise and s_______ version of the astrolabe.
It proved to be the most accurate and r_______ of these early navigational instruments.
This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the m___________ amount of risk.
5. Once we were at sea, our r_______ every day was the same.
There is a special cloud formation which i_________ there is land close by.
Seamen could follow the birds to land even if they were o__________ and in theopen sea.
Wise seamen could a____________ the speed, but they could also be dangerous.
There is no s_______ method of measuring longitude until the 17th century when the British solved this theoretical problem.
An early method of measuring speed involved throwing a k_________ rope tied to a log over the side of the ship. [来源:学_科_网]
The compass has a specialm_________ pointer which always indicates the North Pole.
The sextant was the u_________ version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced the tendency to make mistakes.
It was s_______ quantities but the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with psychologically.
The d_____________ of staying on the ship seemed to grow as I thought about how wrong it was to treat Captain Bligh in this way.[来源:Z&xx&k.Com]
15. The t__________ in the boat got worse as the supply of food and water gradually disappeared.
Keys:
一．1. We may well wonder how seaman explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ship’s position on a map.
2. Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen.[来源:Zxxk.Com]
3. You could not imagine a more disturbing sight than what we looked like when arriving in Timor over forty days after being set loose in our small boat.
4. In the park I saw a small boy holding the string of a kite overhead, which was rising and falling at the mercy of the wind.
5. He kept us busy and tried to take our minds off our stomachs and our thirst.
二．1. awkward 2. simplified 3. reliable 4. minimum 5.routine[来源:Z6. indicates
7. offshore 8. accelerate 9. secure 10. knotted 11. magnetic 12. updated
13. starvation 14. drawback 15. tension
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一. 单项选择(2014西城二模)
1. — You look great!
— I ______ out. Check out my muscles!
A. will work B. was working
C. have been working D. had been working
2. ______ Stephon Marbury is an American, he has become a role model among Beijing
basketball fans.
A. As B. Although C. When D. Since
3. It’s been discovered in the study ______ people are more relieved after forgiving others.
A. that B. what C. which D. whose
4. Grandpa was shocked by the news. Rarely ______ him so quiet.
A. do I see B. had I seen C. I had seen D. I saw
5. The report aims to explain how these conclusions ______.
A. were reached B. had been reached C. have reached D. had reached
6. Sometimes, ______ a patient a get-well card is better than visiting him.
A. to be sent B. being sent C. having sent D. sending
7. It’s always hard to remember a name when one doesn’t have a face to go with ______.
A. him B. it C. her D. one
8. It was unusual that such close neighbors ______ not know one another.
A. could B. would C. must D. should
9. The agent promised to keep the family members fully ______ of any developments.
A. inform B. informing C. informed D. being informed
10. — The professor gave a really good speech.
— I suggest you ______ him some specific questions about his work experience.
A. have asked B. will ask C. asked D. ask
11. A person who has never tasted bitter won’t know ______ sweet is.
A. which B. what C. when D. why
12. The landlady prefers to have women in the apartment rather than men. She thinks women take ______ care of things!
A. well B. good C. better D. best
13. Based on a true story, the film shows a hero racing ______ time to get back the stolen papers.
A. behind B. against C. about D. at
14. I’ve made several travel plans for our vacation, but I’ll leave it to you ______ one.
A. choosing B. chosen C. to choose D. choose
15. Paris has some great museums ______ visitors can see fine works of impressionist painters.
A. where B. which C. that D. when
二. 阅读理解
A
My eighth grade consisted of 28 classmates．We knew each other so well that most of us could distinguish each other's handwriting at a glance．Although we grew up together, we still had class outcasts．From second grade on, a small group started harassing （骚扰） two or three of the others．I was one of those two or three, though I didn't know why．In most cases when children get picked on, they aren't good at sports or they read too much or they wear the wrong clothes or they are of a different race．But in my class, we all read too much and didn't know how to play sports．We had also been brought up to carefully respect each other's race．This is what was so strange about my situation．Usually, people are made outcasts because they are in some way different from the larger group．But in my class, large differences did not exist．It was as if the outcasts were invented by the group out of a need for them．
The harassment came in the form of laughter when I talked, and rolled eyes when I turned around．If I was out on the playground and approached a group of people, they often fell silent． Sometimes, someone would not see me coming and I would catch the tail end of a joke at my expense．
There was another girl in our class who was perhaps even more rejected than I．She provided the group with a lot of material for jokes．One day one popular girl came up to me to show me something she said I wouldn't want to miss．We walked to a comer of the playground．Three or four girls there were reading aloud from a small book, which I was told was the girl's diary．
I sat down and, laughing till my sides hurt, heard my voice finally mixed with the others． Often being accepted by others is more satisfying than being accepted by oneself, even though the satisfaction does not last．Looking back, I wonder how I could have participated in making fun of this girl when I knew perfectly well how it felt．If I were in that situation today I would react differently, but I can't honestly be sure．
1. The author was made an outcast because ____．
A. she couldn't play sports as well as others
B. her family belonged to a minority group
C. her classmates found her clothes funny
D. her classmates needed to find an outcast
2. How was the author treated as an outcast?
A. She was often the target of teasing．
B. No one responded to her talking．
C. She was refused to approach others．
D. Her diary was often made public．
3. What did the author do to the girl mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A. She showed great sympathy with the girl．
B. She joined others in making fun of the girl．
C. She stopped the others from hurting the girl．
D. She found more materials about the girl for jokes．
4. What does the passage intend to tell us?
A. Everyone is likely to become an outcast．
B. We shouldn't hit a person when he is down．
C. One should pay somebody back in his own way．
D. Everyone has a desire to be accepted by others．
B
Breaking the Code
One school night this month I walked quietly up to Alexander, my 15-year-old son, and touched his cheek gently in a manner I hoped would seem casual．A year ago he would have ignored this disturbance but now he reacted impatiently and leaned back to his computer screen．
I made a mistake: breaking into my teenager's personal space．"The average teenager has pretty strong feelings about his privacy," Lara Fox and her friend Hilary Frankel told me．Mr. Frankel and Mr. Fox, both 17, are the authors of Breaking the Code, a new book that seeks to bridge the generational divide between parents and adolescents．It is being promoted by its publisher as the first self-help guide by teenagers for their parents, a kind of "Kids Are From Mars, Parents Are From Venus" that explains the language and actions of teenagers．The girls dealt with issues including hanging out late, money, school pressures, smoking etc．
Personally, I welcome their opinions．The most common missteps in interacting with teenagers arise from the war between parents exercising their rights to know what goes on under their roof and teenagers firmly guarding their privacy．Teenagers can be quick to interpret their parents' remarks and respond with anger that masks their vulnerability （脆弱）. Ms Fox said, "What we want above all is your approval．Don't forget, no matter how much we act as if we don't care what you say, we believe the things you say about us．"
Nancy, a New York child-raising expert said she didn't agree with everything the authors suggested but found their arguments reasonable．"When your kids are saying, ' You don't get it, and you never will, ' there are lots of ways to respond so that they will listen and that is what the writers point out．"
" My parents helped me see that, " Mr. Fox told me, " even though they used to stay out late and ride their bicycles to school, times have changed and the way parents educate children is different．These days there is a major fear factor in bringing up kids．Parents worry about their child crossing the street．" The writers said they hoped simply to throw light on teenage thinking．
5. Why does the author mention the book "Kids Are From Mars, Parents Are From Venus ?
A. It is one of the best-sellers． B. It is also written by the two girls．
C. The two books have the similar theme． D. The two books have different opinions．
6. The underlined sentence "You don't get it, and you never will" in the 4th paragraph implies that ____．
A. the teenagers don't want/to admit their weakness
B. the teenagers think that their parents will never understand them
C. the parents do not necessarily force into the world of their children
D. the generation gap cannot be shortened despite their parents' efforts
7. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that ____．
A. teenagers should guard their privacy
B. Nancy totally agrees with the two girls' opinions
C. parents are more concerned about children's safety
D. the two girls have obtained numerous support from the public
8. According to the two girls, teenagers nowadays are ____．
A. independent B. intelligent C. sensitive D. inconsiderate
C
Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization． Back then, as well as today, providing food and security was the basic task for a person． However, nowadays the range of required goods has expanded significantly．People feel the need for not only some primary things, such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads, but also for various facilities and luxuries．Providing humanity with these things is connected to the use of natural resources, which requires energy．In turn, the common sources of energy we use today cause pollution, so economic growth is almost inevitably associated with environmental damage．
Economic growth is the increase in numbers of goods and services produced over time by an economy, and it's calculated in terms of real Gross Domestic Product （GDP）．Before growth is calculated, inflation （通货膨胀） is adjusted in order to take into account its misleading effect on the price of goods and services．Economic growth can also be explained as the increase in expected output, which results from an increase in actual output, or total demand．
There are certain aspects of economic growth which affect the environment．The first of these is the fact that in order to produce more goods and products, at a faster rate, the construction of large industrial plants is required．These plants produce a lot of waste, leading to the pollution of water and the atmosphere, which may cause negative long term health effects to nearby populations of animals, or people．They also lead to global warming．
Industrial manufacturing leads to the constantly increasing energy consumption．The traditional energy sources, which are commonly used nowadays, are considered to be the greatest polluters to the environment．There also exist so-called eco-friendly sources of energy．They are sometimes preferred but replacing the traditional sources with them also requires time, during which people have to make some sacrifices to support these undertakings．
In order to produce economically practical energy, a sometimes significant transformation of the natural site is often inevitable．This is expensive and, has harmful effects on the environment．Application of wind energy would Block airflows' natural speed, which is the reason for their decrease in strength, after crossing the windmill．Consequently, the pressure balance that is brought about by this current will be affected, and it is important to remember that the environment and weather conditions are directly affected by atmospheric pressure．
For these reasons, bringing about economic ．growth without any resulting environmental damage, whatsoever, is impossible．
9. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. Pollution caused by plant construction
B. Effects of windmills on the environment
C. Economic growth and human civilization
D. Economic growth and environmental damage
10. What does the underlined word "They" in the third paragraph refer to?
A. Goods and products B. The industrial plants
C. Water and atmosphere D. Negative health effects
11. According to the passage, the author holds the opinion that ____．
A. economic growth should be calculated in terms of GDP
B. use of natural resources causes no damage to the environment
C. industrial manufacturing may cause damage to the environment
D. a windmill is a perfect way to produce economically practical energy
Keys：
一. 1-5 CBABA 6-10 DBDCD 11-15 BCBCA
二. 1-7 D A B D C A C C D B C
第4讲 Unit 2 Sailing the oceans语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. 明确谓语的概念；
2. 复习动词谓语的用法；
3. 辨认谓语的形式。
一. 定义及动词
1. 谓语表述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。通常放置在主语之后。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、数的变化。
2. 动词可分为: 及物动词、不及物动词、连系动词、情态动词。
（1）需要跟有宾语的动词叫及物动词。
Children seek independence.
The trial raised a number of questions.
He has always liked Mr. Philips.
He made the shortest speech I have ever heard.
（2）不需要跟宾语的动词叫不及物动词。
Her whole body ached.
Donald was lying on the bed.
Bob coughed all night.
（3）许多动词往往既是不及物动词又是及物动词。
Gus asked me whether I’d like to have dinner with him. I accepted. (vi.)
I accepted the invitation. (vt.)
He painted every day. (vi.)
He painted vivid portraits of friends and acquaintances. (vt.)
Father never smoked or drank all his life. (vi.)
He drank a good deal of coffee. (vt.)
At last she thanked them and left. (vi.)
All I know is that Michael and I never left the house. (vt.)
二. 谓语大体上可以分为两类：简单谓语和复合谓语。
1. 简单谓语：凡是由一个动词或动词短语构成，不管是什么时态、语态、语气，都是简单谓语。
The plane takes off at 8 but this morning it may be delayed by the thick fog．
I have tried this way three times and failed three times．
2. 复合谓语：
第一类是由情态动词+动词原型或动词不定式与另外的词构成；
第二类是由“系动词+表语”构成。
I would like to invite all my friends to the get-together.
The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer.
三. 动词数的问题：主谓一致
主要遵循三个原则，意义一致原则、语法一致原则和邻近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。
（二）意义一致原则：是指谓语动词的变化是以主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。
The old are very well taken care of in our city．(the old指所有的老年人，指一类人，指复数概念)
1. 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定.
All is right.
All are present.
2. 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体. His family isn't very large.
His family are music lovers.
3. 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽).militia(民兵).ver min等在任何情况下都用复数形式.
Are there any police around？
4. 有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数. A number of +名词复数+复数动词. The number of +名词复数+单数动词.
A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.
5. 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致.
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
6. 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.
Many a person has read the novel.
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.
(三) 语法一致原则：主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。
Mr Black is a well-known scientist on AIDS．
These books are intended for children under nine years old．
（四）邻近一致原则：指谓语动词的变化是以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。
1. 在由not only…but also…, not just…but…, or, either…or…, neither…nor…连接主语的句子中及在there be句型中，
Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident．(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定)
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
2. 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致.
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.
（五）谓语需用单数的几种情形
1. 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
2. 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
3. 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
（六）主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象
1. "more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.
More than one teacher gets the flowers.
2. "many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.
Many a student has been sent to plant trees.
3. "half of, the rest of, most of, all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
4. all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.
All are present and all is going well.
5. what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.如What they want to get is?the number of good books.
6. and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.
No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.
7. 当主语后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.
My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing.
8. each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.
They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车.
9. 动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.
Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.
10. the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.
The following are good examples.
11. 以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics, physics, mathematics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics 等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.
以-s结尾的名词news, works, plastics等同属此类.
Politics is now taught in all schools.
The third world economics is promising.
Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.
当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时，用作复数，如：mathematics（运算能力）politics(政治观点)economics（经济意义）等.
Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college.
12. 有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers, glasses, shoes, shorts, scissors, scales等)作主语时,前面若有"一条","一副","一把"之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.
The shoes are all right.
还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数：arms（武器）, clothes., contents, remains（遗体）, thanks等
13. "one and a?half +名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用单数.
One and a half apples is left on the table.
14. "One or two more +复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用复数.
One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work.
15. "one of+复数名词+ 定语从句"结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在"the only one of +复数名词+定语从句"的结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.
He is one of the students who get there on time.
16. 表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.
One million dollars is a lot of money.
(七) 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题
英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。
1. 以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
如：arthritis, bronchitis, diabetes, mumps, phlebitis, rickets, 这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。
Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient.
2. 以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。
Darts is basically a easy game.
但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。
Three darts are thrown at each turn.
All nine skittles were brought down by the good throw.
3. 以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
(1) 某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。
The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s'.
In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.
(2) 但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。
The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.
四. 动词形式
用作谓语的动词用于表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式即为时态。
1. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ______ down to eat our picnic lunch．
A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat
解析：本题考查并列谓语的选择。found与sat down应为并列谓语，而A, B, C均为非谓语动词形式不能单独作谓语，解题时务必注意并列连词的作用。
答案：D
2. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.
A. work B. working C. is working D. are working
解析：本题考查主谓一致用法。当“主语 + along with / with / together with + n. / pron. ” 结构作主语时。其谓语动词的单复数应与主语保持一致。 因Professor Smith作主语，故应用单数谓语动词is working。
答案： C
3.All the scientific evidence ______ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _______ damaging our health.
解析：句意“所有的科学证据都表明在农业上化学物质使用量的增加正在危害我们的健康”。考查主谓一致。第一空前的主语为evidence（U.），故第一空中动词需用单数，排除A,C；第二空前主语为use（U.），故第二空用is.
答案：D
4. Either you or I _____going to the teachers' office after class.
A. am B. is C. are D. will
解析: 主语看“I”所以选A
答案： A
5. Ten thousand dollars _____quite a large sum.
A. are? B. is? C. were? D. have
解析：主语是一笔钱
答案： D
基础演练
1. Neither of them ______ going to the cinema. Both of them _____ going to the cinema.
A. is ; are B. is ; is C. are ; was D. are ; is
2. All but one _____ here just now. All that I want to say ____ this.
A. was; were B. was; is C. were; is D. were; were
3. A number of students ____ gone for an outing. The number of the students ______ increasing year. A. have; has B. is; have C. has; have D. have; is
4. Some of the oranges ______ turned bad. Some of the milk _______ turned sour (酸).
A. are; are B. are; is C. is; are D. is; is www.ks5u.com
13. Most of the students _____ boys. Most of his money _____ spent on books.
A. are; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are
14. The policeman ______ standing at the street corner. The police _____ searching for him.
A. have; has B. have; have C. has; have D. have; is
5. Each student -____ got an English- Chinese dictionary. The students each ______ a dictionary.
A. have; has B. has; have C. have; have D. has; has
6. There _____ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it. There ________ some bowls, plates and a spoon on it.
A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is; is
7. Either the judge or the lawyers ________ wrong. Either you or he _______ to blame.
A. is; are B. are; is C. are; are D. is; is
8. His family ______ all very well. His family _______ a “ five good” one.
A. are; is B. is; is C. are; are D. is; are
9. My blue trousers ______ worn out. One pair of trousers ______ not enough.
A. is; are B. are; are C. is; is D. are; is
10. Our League secretary and monitor ______ the lead in everything. Our League secretary and the monitor ______ good friends.
A. take; are B. take; is C. takes; is D. takes; are
11. The girl as well as his parents _______ a bike. Not only the students but also the professor ______ surprised at Mary’s answer.
A. have; was B. have; were C. has; was D. has; were
12. Who _____ the girl singing in the next room? Who ______ these people over there?
A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is
15. The glasses ______ mine. That pair of glasses _____ my brother’s.
A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is
16. The news at six o’clock _____ not true. Those pieces of news _____ to be broadcasted.
A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is
17. Grandpa Wang and his two grandsons ______ taking a walk in the park now. Grandpa Wang, together with his two grandsons, ____ taking a walk in the park now.
A. are; are B. is; are C. is; is D. are; is
18. No one but Jane ______ the secret. Nobody but Mary and I ___ in the classroom at that time.
A. know; was B.?knows; was C . know; were D. knows; were
19. There _______ nothing but two looms in the hall. There _____ something wrong with the machine.
A. was; is B. was; are C. were; is D. were; are
20. He is one of the boys who _____ never late for school. He is the only one of the boys who _____ never late for school.
A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is; is
Keys:
1-5 ACDAB?? 6—10 ABADD?? 11—15 CCACA?? 16—20 CDBAD
巩固提高
一. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. As you can see, the number of cars on our roads ______ (keep) rising these days.
2. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______________ (repair) at the garage.
3. What we used to think _______ (be) impossible does seem possible now.
4. The use of credit cards in place of cash ____________ (increase) in recent years.
5. Newton _____________ (explain) the movements of the moon from the attraction of the earth.
6. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People ____________ (phone) to ask how I am going to spend the money.
二. 单选
1. What they have done ______ of great use to us. What he says and what he does ___ agree.
A. is; not B.?is; do not C. are; does not D. are; not
2. Every picture except these two _______. Everything around us _____ matter.
A. have been sold; is B. have been sold; are C. has been sold; is D. has been sold; are
3. A woman with two children ______ coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents, ___ moved to Paris.
A. is; has B. is; have C. are; have D. are; has
4. one sixth of our classmates _____ from peasant families. One fifth of her time ____ devoted to writing.
A. comes; is B.?come; are C. come; is D. comes; are
5. Only 10 percent of the students in the class _____ League members. About 40% of Jim’s income ________ to the rent (租金).
A. are; goes B. are; go C. is; goes D. is; go
6. It is this teacher who ______ leaving for London. It is you who ____ next.
A. are; are B. is; are C. are; is D. is; is
7. The population of the earth _____ increasing fast. One third of the population here _____ workers.
A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are
8. This kind of snakes _____ very dangerous. These kinds of metal _____ hard to find.
A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are
9. Half of the visitors _____ from Europe. Half of the fruit _____ bad.
A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are
10. Every man worker and every woman worker _____ free medical care. At Christmas each boy and each girl _____ given a present.
A. enjoy; is B. enjoy; are C. enjoys; is D. enjoys; are
Keys:
一. 1. keeps 2. is being repairing 3. was 4. has increased 5. has explained 6. are phoning
二. 1—5 BCACA? 6—10 BACCC?
一．翻译句子
1. 昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。
2. 课上完了，我们回家吧。
3. 他看起来很忧愁。
4. 地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖。
5. 他们想得到的是大量的好书。
6. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。
二.单选
1. Many a man ______ seen the wonderful film. Many men _____ seen the wonderful film.
A. has; has B. has; have C. have; has D. have; have
2. Going to bed early and getting up early _____ a good habit. Singing and dancing _____ two of the things that he likes best.
A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are
3. Such ______ Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. Such ______ her words.
A. were; were B. was; were C. were; were D. was; was
4. Besides Xiao Wang, Xiao Ma _____ willing to do the work. The factory, including its machines _____ burnt last night.
A. was; is B. were; is C. was; are D. were; are
5. If anybody _____, ask him to wait. _____ there anything I can do for you?
A. come; Is B. come; Are C. comes; Are D.?comes; Is
6. Chinese _____ not so difficult to learn. The Chinese people ________ brave and hard working.
A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are
7. Little _____ done to prevent the air from being polluted. Much _____ done to against fight pollution.
A. has been; have been B. have; has
C. has been; has been D. have been; have been
8. Do you know the singer and dancer who _____standing at the gate? China has thousands of islands, the largest of which ____ Taiwan.
A. is; are B. is ; is C. are; is D. are; are
9. Each of the girls ____ an orange. Each ______ his duty.
A. have; has B. have; have C. has; has D. has; have
10. When we are to hold the sports meet ____ been decided. Whether he succeeds or fails ______ matter.
A. have; don’t B.?has; don’t C. have; doesn’t D. has; doesn’t
11. Her clothes ____ nearly worn out. His physics ______ weaker than others.
A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are
12. Five hundred dollars ______ more than he can afford.
A. is B. are
13. Food and clothing ____ daily necessities for people.
A. is B. are
14. The United Nations ___ trying to persuade the two countries.
A. is B. are
15. Three kilometers ____ not a long distance.
A. is B. are
16. To say something _______ one thing, to do it _____ another.
A. is; is B. are; are
17. Reading English magazines and novels ____ helpful to your study of English.
A. is B. are
18. He like you and Xiao Liu ______ very diligent.
A. is B. are
19. Between the two buildings _____ a hospital.
A. stand B. stands
20. How to get rid of these things ____ a big problem.
A. are B. is
Keys:
一. 1. I made your birthday cake last night.
2. School is over. Let’s go home. :
3. He looked worried.
4. Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
5. What they want to get are a number of good books.
6. My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing.
二. 1—5 BCBAD?? 6—10 CCBCD 11—15 BABAA?? 16—20 AAABB
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一.完形填空 (2014西城二模)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My class and I visited Chris Care Center in Phoenix, Arizona to comfort the old people who needed a little cheering up during the holiday season.
The first two 1 there were for persons requiring help in taking care of themselves. We sang 2 for them. They loved our sweet songs and the flowers that we left with them.
As we were 3 on the third floor for old people with Alzheimer (老年痴呆症), most of them 4 off at the walls or floor. However, one lady 5 my eye. She was sitting by the door, in a wheelchair, singing songs to herself. They weren’t the songs that we were singing, at least they didn’t 6 like that. As we got 7 with each festive song, she did as well. The louder we got, the louder she got. 8 she was singing, she was also 9 out to us with her hands and body. I knew that I should have gone over to her, but I thought that my 10 were to my students. People who worked at the care center could 11 to her, I thought. Just when I stopped feeling 12 about not giving her the attention she needed, one of my students, Justin, showed me what the holiday season is really about.
Justin also 13 the same lady. The difference between us is that he 14 on her needs, but I didn’t. During the last song, “Silent Night,” Justin walked over to her and held her hand. He looked this aged lady in her 15 and with his actions said, “You are important, and I will take my 16 to let you know that.”
This tired, elderly lady stopped singing and held his hand. Then she touched his cheek with the other hand. Tears began to fall down her face. No 17 can completely describe that touching moment...
It 18 a boy to teach me, a man, about kindness and love. Justin’s example of a complete, selfless attitude toward another was a 19 that I will never forget. He was the teacher that day, and I consider myself 20 to have witnessed his lesson.
1. A. rooms B. buildings C. floors D. groups
2. A. bravely B. shyly C. madly D. beautifully
3. A. dancing B. meeting C. gathering D. singing
4. A. stared B. shut C. paid D. glared
5. A. looked B. caught C. escaped D. hurt
6. A. appear B. hear C. sound D. feel
7. A. louder B. nearer C. faster D. higher
8. A. Because B. As C. Since D. Though
9. A. moving B. reaching C. coming D. spreading
10. A. interests B. abilities C. feeling s D. responsibilities
11. A. speak B. object C. attend D. compare
12. A. afraid B. sure C. guilty D. scary
13. A. feared B. avoided C. helped D. noticed
14. A. called B. acted C. insisted D. kept
15. A. tears B. hands C. eyes D. face
16. A. time B. flower C. body D. cheek
17. A. words B. poems C. expressions D. songs
18. A. took B. wasted C. caused D. made
19. A. message B. lesson C. activity D. class
20. A. clever B. foolish C. right D. lucky
二. 书面表达
你在北京的英国朋友Tom非常喜欢中国绘画。请你根据以下信息，给Tom写信，告诉他近期将要举办的一个画展，并建议他去参观。
时间：5月10日到25日
地点：中国美术馆
内容：张大千100多幅绘画作品
画家简介：中国20世纪国画大师，擅长多种画法，在山水画方面卓有成就。
注意：1.词数不少于50。
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
3.信的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
4. 参考词汇：landscape 山水画；山水画法
Dear Tom,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,
Li Hua
第二节
假设你是红星中学高三（1）班的学生李华，校报英文版正在开展“续写雷锋日记”活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，将你所做的一件好事以日记形式记述下来，向校报投稿。
注意：1．日记的开头已为你写好。
2．词数不少于60。
Saturday, May 3 Fine
This morning, _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Keys：
一. 1-5 CDDAB 6-10 CABBD 11-15 CCDBC 16-20 AAABD
二.
第一节
Dear Tom,
I know you love Chinese paintings. Here is a piece of good news for you. There will be an exhibition of Zhang Daqian’s paintings at the National Art Museum of China from May 10st to 25th. As you know, Mr. Zhang, one of the most famous Chinese painters of the 20th century, was a master at many types of painting, especially landscapes. The coming exhibition will be composed of more than 100 of his masterpieces. I believe it will be a great time for all his fans. Don’t miss it.
If you need further information, just let me know.
Yours,
Li Hua
第二节
Saturday, May 3 Fine
This morning, I was jogging in the park when I caught sight of a wallet on a bench. Clearly, someone had left it there by accident. I picked it up and checked the contents. Inside it, I found some money and a card with a phone number. Believing that the owner would be worried, I immediately tried the number. A man answered it in an anxious voice. Hearing that I had his wallet, he sighed with relief and told me he would return right away. Ten minutes later, the man arrived. After confirming he was the owner, I handed the wallet back to him. With his thumb up, he expressed his gratitude to me repeatedly. Seeing the smile on his face, I felt happy that I was able to help.
第4讲 Unit 2 Sailing the oceans语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. 明确谓语的概念；
2. 复习动词谓语的用法；
3. 辨认谓语的形式。
一. 定义及动词
1. 谓语表述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。通常放置在主语之后。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、数的变化。
2. 动词可分为: 及物动词、不及物动词、连系动词、情态动词。
（1）需要跟有宾语的动词叫及物动词。
Children seek independence.
The trial raised a number of questions.
He has always liked Mr. Philips.
He made the shortest speech I have ever heard.
（2）不需要跟宾语的动词叫不及物动词。
Her whole body ached.
Donald was lying on the bed.
Bob coughed all night.
（3）许多动词往往既是不及物动词又是及物动词。
Gus asked me whether I’d like to have dinner with him. I accepted. (vi.)
I accepted the invitation. (vt.)
He painted every day. (vi.)
He painted vivid portraits of friends and acquaintances. (vt.)
Father never smoked or drank all his life. (vi.)
He drank a good deal of coffee. (vt.)
At last she thanked them and left. (vi.)
All I know is that Michael and I never left the house. (vt.)
二. 谓语大体上可以分为两类：简单谓语和复合谓语。
1. 简单谓语：凡是由一个动词或动词短语构成，不管是什么时态、语态、语气，都是简单谓语。
The plane takes off at 8 but this morning it may be delayed by the thick fog．
I have tried this way three times and failed three times．
2. 复合谓语：
第一类是由情态动词+动词原型或动词不定式与另外的词构成；
第二类是由“系动词+表语”构成。
I would like to invite all my friends to the get-together.
The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer.
三. 动词数的问题：主谓一致
主要遵循三个原则，意义一致原则、语法一致原则和邻近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。
（二）意义一致原则：是指谓语动词的变化是以主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。
The old are very well taken care of in our city．(the old指所有的老年人，指一类人，指复数概念)
1. 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定.
All is right.
All are present.
2. 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体. His family isn't very large.
His family are music lovers.
3. 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽).militia(民兵).ver min等在任何情况下都用复数形式.
Are there any police around？
4. 有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数. A number of +名词复数+复数动词. The number of +名词复数+单数动词.
A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.
5. 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致.
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
6. 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.
Many a person has read the novel.
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.
(三) 语法一致原则：主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。
Mr Black is a well-known scientist on AIDS．
These books are intended for children under nine years old．
（四）邻近一致原则：指谓语动词的变化是以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。
1. 在由not only…but also…, not just…but…, or, either…or…, neither…nor…连接主语的句子中及在there be句型中，
Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident．(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定)
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
2. 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致.
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.
（五）谓语需用单数的几种情形
1. 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
2. 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
3. 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
（六）主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象
1. "more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.
More than one teacher gets the flowers.
2. "many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.
Many a student has been sent to plant trees.
3. "half of, the rest of, most of, all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
4. all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.
All are present and all is going well.
5. what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.如What they want to get is?the number of good books.
6. and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.
No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.
7. 当主语后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.
My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing.
8. each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.
They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车.
9. 动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.
Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.
10. the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.
The following are good examples.
11. 以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics, physics, mathematics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics 等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.
以-s结尾的名词news, works, plastics等同属此类.
Politics is now taught in all schools.
The third world economics is promising.
Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.
当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时，用作复数，如：mathematics（运算能力）politics(政治观点)economics（经济意义）等.
Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college.
12. 有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers, glasses, shoes, shorts, scissors, scales等)作主语时,前面若有"一条","一副","一把"之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.
The shoes are all right.
还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数：arms（武器）, clothes., contents, remains（遗体）, thanks等
13. "one and a?half +名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用单数.
One and a half apples is left on the table.
14. "One or two more +复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用复数.
One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work.
15. "one of+复数名词+ 定语从句"结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在"the only one of +复数名词+定语从句"的结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.
He is one of the students who get there on time.
16. 表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.
One million dollars is a lot of money.
(七) 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题
英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。
1. 以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
如：arthritis, bronchitis, diabetes, mumps, phlebitis, rickets, 这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。
Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient.
2. 以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。
Darts is basically a easy game.
但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。
Three darts are thrown at each turn.
All nine skittles were brought down by the good throw.
3. 以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
(1) 某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。
The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s'.
In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.
(2) 但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。
The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.
四. 动词形式
用作谓语的动词用于表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式即为时态。
1. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ______ down to eat our picnic lunch．
A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat
2. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.
A. work B. working C. is working D. are working
3.All the scientific evidence ______ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _______ damaging our health.
4. Either you or I _____going to the teachers' office after class.
A. am B. is C. are D. will
5. Ten thousand dollars _____quite a large sum.
A. are? B. is? C. were? D. have
基础演练
1. Neither of them ______ going to the cinema. Both of them _____ going to the cinema.
A. is ; are B. is ; is C. are ; was D. are ; is
2. All but one _____ here just now. All that I want to say ____ this.
A. was; were B. was; is C. were; is D. were; were
3. A number of students ____ gone for an outing. The number of the students ______ increasing year. A. have; has B. is; have C. has; have D. have; is
4. Some of the oranges ______ turned bad. Some of the milk _______ turned sour (酸).
A. are; are B. are; is C. is; are D. is; is www.ks5u.com
13. Most of the students _____ boys. Most of his money _____ spent on books.
A. are; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are
14. The policeman ______ standing at the street corner. The police _____ searching for him.
A. have; has B. have; have C. has; have D. have; is
5. Each student -____ got an English- Chinese dictionary. The students each ______ a dictionary.
A. have; has B. has; have C. have; have D. has; has
6. There _____ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it. There ________ some bowls, plates and a spoon on it.
A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is; is
7. Either the judge or the lawyers ________ wrong. Either you or he _______ to blame.
A. is; are B. are; is C. are; are D. is; is
8. His family ______ all very well. His family _______ a “ five good” one.
A. are; is B. is; is C. are; are D. is; are
9. My blue trousers ______ worn out. One pair of trousers ______ not enough.
A. is; are B. are; are C. is; is D. are; is
10. Our League secretary and monitor ______ the lead in everything. Our League secretary and the monitor ______ good friends.
A. take; are B. take; is C. takes; is D. takes; are
11. The girl as well as his parents _______ a bike. Not only the students but also the professor ______ surprised at Mary’s answer.
A. have; was B. have; were C. has; was D. has; were
12. Who _____ the girl singing in the next room? Who ______ these people over there?
A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is
15. The glasses ______ mine. That pair of glasses _____ my brother’s.
A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is
16. The news at six o’clock _____ not true. Those pieces of news _____ to be broadcasted.
A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is
17. Grandpa Wang and his two grandsons ______ taking a walk in the park now. Grandpa Wang, together with his two grandsons, ____ taking a walk in the park now.
A. are; are B. is; are C. is; is D. are; is
18. No one but Jane ______ the secret. Nobody but Mary and I ___ in the classroom at that time.
A. know; was B.?knows; was C . know; were D. knows; were
19. There _______ nothing but two looms in the hall. There _____ something wrong with the machine.
A. was; is B. was; are C. were; is D. were; are
20. He is one of the boys who _____ never late for school. He is the only one of the boys who _____ never late for school.
A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is; is
巩固提高
一. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. As you can see, the number of cars on our roads ______ (keep) rising these days.
2. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______________ (repair) at the garage.
3. What we used to think _______ (be) impossible does seem possible now.
4. The use of credit cards in place of cash ____________ (increase) in recent years.
5. Newton _____________ (explain) the movements of the moon from the attraction of the earth.
6. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People ____________ (phone) to ask how I am going to spend the money.
二. 单选
1. What they have done ______ of great use to us. What he says and what he does ___ agree.
A. is; not B.?is; do not C. are; does not D. are; not
2. Every picture except these two _______. Everything around us _____ matter.
A. have been sold; is B. have been sold; are C. has been sold; is D. has been sold; are
3. A woman with two children ______ coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents, ___ moved to Paris.
A. is; has B. is; have C. are; have D. are; has
4. one sixth of our classmates _____ from peasant families. One fifth of her time ____ devoted to writing.
A. comes; is B.?come; are C. come; is D. comes; are
5. Only 10 percent of the students in the class _____ League members. About 40% of Jim’s income ________ to the rent (租金).
A. are; goes B. are; go C. is; goes D. is; go
6. It is this teacher who ______ leaving for London. It is you who ____ next.
A. are; are B. is; are C. are; is D. is; is
7. The population of the earth _____ increasing fast. One third of the population here _____ workers.
A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are
8. This kind of snakes _____ very dangerous. These kinds of metal _____ hard to find.
A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are
9. Half of the visitors _____ from Europe. Half of the fruit _____ bad.
A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are
10. Every man worker and every woman worker _____ free medical care. At Christmas each boy and each girl _____ given a present.
A. enjoy; is B. enjoy; are C. enjoys; is D. enjoys; are
一．翻译句子
1. 昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。
2. 课上完了，我们回家吧。
3. 他看起来很忧愁。
4. 地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖。
5. 他们想得到的是大量的好书。
6. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。
二.单选
1. Many a man ______ seen the wonderful film. Many men _____ seen the wonderful film.
A. has; has B. has; have C. have; has D. have; have
2. Going to bed early and getting up early _____ a good habit. Singing and dancing _____ two of the things that he likes best.
A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are
3. Such ______ Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. Such ______ her words.
A. were; were B. was; were C. were; were D. was; was
4. Besides Xiao Wang, Xiao Ma _____ willing to do the work. The factory, including its machines _____ burnt last night.
A. was; is B. were; is C. was; are D. were; are
5. If anybody _____, ask him to wait. _____ there anything I can do for you?
A. come; Is B. come; Are C. comes; Are D.?comes; Is
6. Chinese _____ not so difficult to learn. The Chinese people ________ brave and hard working.
A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are
7. Little _____ done to prevent the air from being polluted. Much _____ done to against fight pollution.
A. has been; have been B. have; has
C. has been; has been D. have been; have been
8. Do you know the singer and dancer who _____standing at the gate? China has thousands of islands, the largest of which ____ Taiwan.
A. is; are B. is ; is C. are; is D. are; are
9. Each of the girls ____ an orange. Each ______ his duty.
A. have; has B. have; have C. has; has D. has; have
10. When we are to hold the sports meet ____ been decided. Whether he succeeds or fails ______ matter.
A. have; don’t B.?has; don’t C. have; doesn’t D. has; doesn’t
11. Her clothes ____ nearly worn out. His physics ______ weaker than others.
A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are
12. Five hundred dollars ______ more than he can afford.
A. is B. are
13. Food and clothing ____ daily necessities for people.
A. is B. are
14. The United Nations ___ trying to persuade the two countries.
A. is B. are
15. Three kilometers ____ not a long distance.
A. is B. are
16. To say something _______ one thing, to do it _____ another.
A. is; is B. are; are
17. Reading English magazines and novels ____ helpful to your study of English.
A. is B. are
18. He like you and Xiao Liu ______ very diligent.
A. is B. are
19. Between the two buildings _____ a hospital.
A. stand B. stands
20. How to get rid of these things ____ a big problem.
A. are B. is
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一.完形填空 (2014西城二模)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My class and I visited Chris Care Center in Phoenix, Arizona to comfort the old people who needed a little cheering up during the holiday season.
The first two 1 there were for persons requiring help in taking care of themselves. We sang 2 for them. They loved our sweet songs and the flowers that we left with them.
As we were 3 on the third floor for old people with Alzheimer (老年痴呆症), most of them 4 off at the walls or floor. However, one lady 5 my eye. She was sitting by the door, in a wheelchair, singing songs to herself. They weren’t the songs that we were singing, at least they didn’t 6 like that. As we got 7 with each festive song, she did as well. The louder we got, the louder she got. 8 she was singing, she was also 9 out to us with her hands and body. I knew that I should have gone over to her, but I thought that my 10 were to my students. People who worked at the care center could 11 to her, I thought. Just when I stopped feeling 12 about not giving her the attention she needed, one of my students, Justin, showed me what the holiday season is really about.
Justin also 13 the same lady. The difference between us is that he 14 on her needs, but I didn’t. During the last song, “Silent Night,” Justin walked over to her and held her hand. He looked this aged lady in her 15 and with his actions said, “You are important, and I will take my 16 to let you know that.”
This tired, elderly lady stopped singing and held his hand. Then she touched his cheek with the other hand. Tears began to fall down her face. No 17 can completely describe that touching moment...
It 18 a boy to teach me, a man, about kindness and love. Justin’s example of a complete, selfless attitude toward another was a 19 that I will never forget. He was the teacher that day, and I consider myself 20 to have witnessed his lesson.
1. A. rooms B. buildings C. floors D. groups
2. A. bravely B. shyly C. madly D. beautifully
3. A. dancing B. meeting C. gathering D. singing
4. A. stared B. shut C. paid D. glared
5. A. looked B. caught C. escaped D. hurt
6. A. appear B. hear C. sound D. feel
7. A. louder B. nearer C. faster D. higher
8. A. Because B. As C. Since D. Though
9. A. moving B. reaching C. coming D. spreading
10. A. interests B. abilities C. feeling s D. responsibilities
11. A. speak B. object C. attend D. compare
12. A. afraid B. sure C. guilty D. scary
13. A. feared B. avoided C. helped D. noticed
14. A. called B. acted C. insisted D. kept
15. A. tears B. hands C. eyes D. face
16. A. time B. flower C. body D. cheek
17. A. words B. poems C. expressions D. songs
18. A. took B. wasted C. caused D. made
19. A. message B. lesson C. activity D. class
20. A. clever B. foolish C. right D. lucky
二. 书面表达
你在北京的英国朋友Tom非常喜欢中国绘画。请你根据以下信息，给Tom写信，告诉他近期将要举办的一个画展，并建议他去参观。
时间：5月10日到25日
地点：中国美术馆
内容：张大千100多幅绘画作品
画家简介：中国20世纪国画大师，擅长多种画法，在山水画方面卓有成就。
注意：1.词数不少于50。
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
3.信的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
4. 参考词汇：landscape 山水画；山水画法
Dear Tom,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,
Li Hua
第二节
假设你是红星中学高三（1）班的学生李华，校报英文版正在开展“续写雷锋日记”活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，将你所做的一件好事以日记形式记述下来，向校报投稿。
注意：1．日记的开头已为你写好。
2．词数不少于60。
Saturday, May 3 Fine
This morning, _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
