2018-2019学年人教版高中英语选修九学案讲义：Unit 4 Exploring plants 学案含教师版 (词汇+语法 4份打包）

Unit 4 Exploring plants 词汇篇
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1. 掌握单元词汇并运用；
2. 学会分析长难句，能把握长难句主干；
一. 词汇
1. seal n. 印章,封条,海豹 v. 盖印,封闭,猎海豹
1). The envelope was firmly sealed.
这个信封封得很严实。
2). The seal on this bottle is broken.
这个瓶上的密封纸破开了。
3). This document carries the royal seal.
这份文件上盖有王室印章。
4). The letter bears the seal of the king.
这封信有国王的封印。
5). This award has set the seal on a successful stage career.
获此奖标志着舞台生涯成就的顶峰。
6). The putty gives a good seal round the window.
窗户四周泥的油灰密封效果很好。
7). The deal needs the government's seal of approval.
这一交易需经政府批准。
8). Our foil packets seal the flavor in.
我们用锡纸包装以保持原味。
2. appeal n. 恳求,上诉,吸引力 v. 求助,诉请,呼吁
1). He was appealing for funds to build a new school.
他在恳求拨款修建一所新学校。
2). His lawyer decided to take an appeal to a higher court.
他的律师决定向高一级法院上诉。
3). She appealed to the high court against her sentence.
她不服判决而向高等法院上诉。
4). Does jazz hold any appeal for you?
你对爵士乐有兴趣吗？
5). The new fashion soon lost its appeal.
那种新式样不久就失去了吸引力。
6). Her eyes held a look of silent appeal.
她眼中流露着无声的求助神情。
7). The police appealed to the crowd not to panic.
警方向群众呼吁不要惊慌。
8). I've decided not to appeal.
我决定不上诉。
3. appeal to 对...有吸引力 v. 对...产生吸引力
1). Do these paintings appeal to you?
你对这些画感兴趣吗?
2). This advertisement is calculated to appeal to children.
这个广告是针对儿童设计的。
3). I can not say smoking appeal to me very much.
我不能说吸烟对我有多大吸引力。
4). This policy will not appeal to the voters.
这项政策不会受到选民的欢迎。
5). His lawyer decided to take an appeal to a higher court.
他的律师决定向高一级法院上诉。
6). Many newspapers appeal to the crowd.
许多报纸受到人民的欢迎。
4. lower a. 低的,下级的,下层的 v. 降低,跌落,减弱
1). The deer lowered its head to drink from the pond.
鹿低下头去喝池塘里的水。
2). Tom was lying on the lower bunk.
汤姆躺在下铺。
3). Speak to her? I'd never lower myself.
跟她说话？我可不自贬人格。
4). Don't lower yourself by asking him for help.
不要向他求助以免降低身分。
5). Stocks generally lowered in value.
股票普遍下跌。
6). We didn't win the contract: we were piped at the post by a firm whose price was lower.
我们未得到那份合同的生意, 最后是让一家出价低的公司击败了我们。
7). They had to lower their sights and buy a smaller house than they would have liked.
他们原来想买一所大房子，后来不得不降低要求买一所较小的。
8). The meat will scorch if you don't lower the gas.
如果你不把煤气调小一点，肉就要焦了。
5. postpone v. 延期 vt. 推迟,延期
1). Our visit to the museum is postponed.
参观博物馆被推迟了。
2). The party was postponed until 8 o'clock.
晚会推迟到8点举行。
3). Let's postpone making a decision until we have more information.
咱们在获取更多情报之后再做决定不迟。
4). The match was postponed to the following Saturday because of bad weather.
比赛因天气不好而延期到下星期六进行。
5). Better to postpone the shipment than to cancel the contract.
与其撤约还不如延期装运。
6). Our financial situation is still precarious if we postpone the release of the new product.
如果我们推迟发布新产品的话，我们的财政状况仍然岌岌可危。
7). We agree to postpone the shipping date, considering (that) there is no steamer recently.
由于（考虑到）最近无船，我们同意推迟装期。
8). The commander decided to postpone the big push until the spring.
指挥官决定把大规模的进攻推迟到春天进行。
6. rot n. 腐烂,腐蚀,败坏 v. 腐烂,使...枯朽,衰弱
1). Too much television rots your brain.
多看电视会使你的头脑退化。
2). He thinks that the rot set in when the country was opened up to tourists.
他认为自从国家向旅游者开放之时起，腐败就开始了。
3). The meat will rot if it isn't kept cool.
肉如果不冷藏就会腐败。
4). The rot set in when we lost that important customer in Japan.
我们失去了日本的那家重要客户后，情况越来越糟了。
5). Oil and grease will rot the rubber of your tires. 油污能腐蚀轮胎橡胶。
6). Too much sugar will rot your teeth away. 吃糖太多就要损坏牙齿。
7). Don't talk such utter rot!
别说这种荒唐话了!
8). “They're bound to win.” “Rot! They haven't a chance!”
“他们一定赢.”“胡说! 他们毫无希望!”
7. evolve v. 进展,进化,展开
1). He has evolved a new theory after many years of research.
他经过多年的研究, 逐渐总结出了新的理论。
2). Many Victorians were shocked by the notion that Man had evolved from lower forms of life. 在维多利亚时代, 许多人对于人是由低级生物进化而来的见解大为震惊. 3). The American constitution was planned; the British constitution evolved.
美国宪法是精心制定的, 英国宪法是约定俗成的。
4). He has evolve a new theory after many year of research.
他经过多年的研究，逐渐总结出了新的理论。
8. attach v. 附上,系上,贴上,使依恋
1). We are much attached to each other.
我们之间感情深厚。
2). He attached a label to his baggage.
他往行李上贴了一个标签。
3). This middle school is attached to a teachers' college.
这所中学附属于一所师范院校。
4). Do you attach any importance to what he said?
你认为他说的话重要吗?
5). You'll be attached to this department until the end of the year.
你在年底前将暂属于这一部门。
6). A young man attached himself to me at the party and I couldn't get rid of him.
聚会中有个小青年总缠着我, 我也甩不开他。
7). I attached myself to a group of tourists entering the museum.
我随着一队游客混入了博物馆。
8). No blame attaches to you in this affair.
这件事不怪你。
9. give out 分发
1). The teacher gave out the examination papers.
教师发了考卷。
2). After a month their food supplies gave out.
过了一个月, 他们的食物已消耗殆尽。
3). The radiator is giving out a lot of heat.
散热器释放出很多热量。
4). One of the plane's engines gave out in mid-Atlantic.
飞机在大西洋中部飞行时, 其中一个发动机出了故障.
5). Her patience finally gave out.
她终于失去了耐性。
6). It was given out that the President had been shot.
据称总统受到枪击。
7). The news of the President's death was given out in a radio broadcast.
总统逝世的消息已在电台上播出了。
8). He has refused to give out any information on the matter.
他已拒绝发表有关此事的任何消息。
二．长难句理解
1. Collecting “exotic” plants，as they are called，dates back to the earliest times．
收集 “异国”植物，人们这样称呼他们，可以追溯到远古时期。
句中as they are called是非限制性定语从句，as是关系代词，起连接作用，同时作从句中的主语补语。请看关系代词as的其它例句：
I received the same grade as you did.
Those as I want to can come with me.
句中date back to/ date from 作谓语时，常用一般现在时，且不能用于被动语态；作后置定语或状语时，则用现在分词形式。
例如：
It is an English dish dating back to the Middle Ages.
The history of human being can date back to 2 million years ago.
However，it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration ofthe botanical world began on a large scale．
然而，直到十八、十九世纪植物学世界的探险活动才开始大规模进行。
句中it was not until…that…意思是：在...以前一直(不...),...以后才。it was …that…是强调结构。
例如：
It was not until he was thirty that he started to paint.
他直到三十岁才开始绘画。
3. Large numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea voyages or trips across land between Asia and Europe.
大量的种子在跨越亚洲和欧洲之后没能成功地生长。
句中large number of 量词用法，它是放在名词前面并修饰名词的字。它们告诉我们“多少”(how many or how much)。
例如：
many trees， a few trees， few trees， several trees， a couple of trees， none of the trees。 下列量词用于不可数名词：
not，much，a little，little，a bit of，a good deal of，a great deal of，no，all of，some，most of，enough，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a lack of 。
Ward shipped two cases of British plants to Sydney，Australia．
沃得把英国植物装船运送到澳洲悉尼。
句中的shipped原来是名词，转化为动词了。
相当多名词可以用作动词。例如：
Have you booked your ticket?
你的票订好了吗？
Who chaired the meeting?
谁主持会议？
He pinned great hopes on us.
他对我们寄托了很大希望。
It can seat a thousand people.
它能坐一千人。
We have mapped out plans for their utilization.
我们制定了使用它们的计划。
It pictures the life of overseas Chinese students.
它描绘海外中国留学生的生活。
He hurriedly penciled the time on it.
他匆忙（用铅笔）在上面写下了时间。
By noon he had bagged three hares.
到中午时他已捕获了三只野兔。
The machine bottles 15000 jars of cold cream a day.
这台机器一天能装一万五千瓶冷霜。
The money was all pocked by corrupt officials.
这钱都进了腐败官吏的腰包。
He hammered a nail into the wall.
他在墙上钉了一只钉子。
He made several trips to China between 1843 and 1859.
他在 1843 和 1859年之间到中国进行了几次旅行。
由make加名词构成的短语动词还有：make+ laws/ friends/ research/ much progress/ great effort/ some tea/ some noise/ contribution/ war/ peace/ model ships/ money/ faces/ clothes/ profit/ some trouble/ sense/ difference/ haste/ room/ one's way/ dinner/ fun/ preparations.
Not only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped 20,000 tea plants from Shanghai to India，where a successful tea industry was established．
福钦不仅将120种植物引入西方花园，而且从上海装船运送20,000株茶树到印度，在那里成功创立了茶叶行业。
Not only置于句首，其句子要部分倒装。
1.（2015江苏扬州质检）The old church _______ the first century A.D. is well preserved.
A dates back to B dated back to C dating back to D to date back to
2. (2014福建，29) It was the culture, rather than the language, ________ made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.
A where B why C that D what
3. (2015重庆八中期末) His music is unique and may _______ the young but will not interest the old.
A appeal to B contribute to C adapt to D turn to
4. （2014天津，9）My parents always ______ great importance to my getting a good education.
A have B attach C accept D pay
5. （2015浙江衢州江山月考）After walking in the Shanghai World Expo for a whole day, my legs ______ under me and I couldn’t walk ant farther.
A gave up B gave out C gave in D gave away
基础演练
根据中文提示完成下列句子
1. 直到18世纪才开始对植物世界的探索。
__________ the 18th century that the exploration of the botanical world started.
2. 大家都有一份小礼物，上面附有一首优美的诗。
There was a small gift for everyone, with a beautiful poem ________ it.
3. 我们已经把比赛从3月5日推迟到3月19号。
We ________ the match from March 5th to March 19th.
4. 对露营这种想法我从来就不感兴趣。
The idea of camping ________ me.
5. 这家公司已经发展成为一家大机构。
The company ________ a large organization.
6. 许多英文报纸受到人民的欢迎。
Many English newspapers __________the crowd.
7. 美国的公共教育史起源于早期拓荒者的社会。
The history of public education in the United States _______________ the society of the early pioneers.
8.我们要把发展经济的工作放在第一位。
We should _______ primary importance _______ the development of economy.
巩固提高
—What's your ________ on the problem?
—I stand by him.
A. attitude B. situation C. condition D. position
2. Experts decided that it was continual _______ among city-states that caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.
A. association B. barriers C. conflicts D. endeavor
3. China's film industry is experiencing a ______ talent shortage, including post-production technicians and theater managers.
A. fierce B. severe C. special D. nervous
4. The truth is that ______ helping the situation, you've just made it worse. I have no comments.
A. far from B. out of C. due to D. next to
5. Since it is a vast project and costs a large sum of money, we decide to bid for the contract _______ another company.
A. in association with B. in appreciation of C. in comparison with D. in respect of
6. In one after another race, Bolt's talents ________ in comparison with other running athletes.
A. stand out B. make out C. break out D. set out
7. The pop star has been knocking some sense into her assistant not to _______ to the public anything about her private life other than work.
A. give away B. give off C. give out D. give up
8. You refuse to hang out with someone unless they make ________ plans for what to do or they merely hope for company.
A. delicate B. individual C. exotic D. specific
9. It was _______of Chinese pride that they bought the ground station from us so that they were not operating an American ground station.
A. ripe B. dull C. typical D. distant
10. “If you stand on your tip toes and _______ your heels up and down again it will stretch out the tendons making it easier to walk without heels, ” he said
A. swoop B. lower C. anchor D. restrict
11. It is suggested that we should postpone _______ the meeting because the details have not been settled.
A. to hold B. holding C. to holding D. having held
1. In the botanical garden we can find a(n) ____ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers.
A. species B. groups C. amount D. variety
2. This is a very special flower and it can _____ a strong sweet perfume at night.
A. give in B. give up C. give out D. give out
3. If you _____ a mistake in reviewing the report, please bring it to my attention.
A. come along B. come across C. come around to D. come about
4. In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the _____ in personality.
A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict
5. It was _____ back home after he finished the report.
A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn’t go
C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didn’t went
6. They are so close friends and their friendship _____ college days.
A. dates back to B. dates back C. dates to D. dates back from
7. — Can you give me some advice about the design?
— I think it should _____ to all ages and social groups.
A. appear B. appeal C. suit D. fit
8. The government not only ______ the refugees（难民）houses to live in, but also _____ them with food and clothes.
A. offered; offered B. provided; provided
C. provided; offered D. offered; provided
9. The teacher _____ several times, but he still didn’t understand it.
A. explained John the sentence B. explained the sentence for John
C. explained to John the sentence D. explained about the sentence to John
10. ______, he would come in late and then say he was sorry.
A. eventually B. typically C. particularly D. especially
11. There was a nice little present for everyone, with a suitable poem _____ to it.
A. attached B. attacked C. attracted D. attributed
12. — Please _____ your passport.
— I’m sorry, but I _____ in my home.
A. show me; left it B. show to me; left it
C. show me; forgot it D. show to me; forgot it
13. According to recent reports, one of the rare animals, ____ crocodile, is in ____ danger of dying out.
??? A. a; the??????? B. 不填; a?? ???? C. 不填; the??? ? D. the; 不填
14. --- Did you have any difficulty catching yesterday’s lecture?
??? --- No. The professor spoke very clearly to make his speech easy ____.
??? A. understood??????????????? ? B. understand??
??? C. understanding???????????? ? D. to understand
15. --- Why did Miss Li leave the job?
??? --- She ____ for higher wages, but was turned down in the end.
??? A. broke off?? ? ? B. gave away????? C. held out?? ?? D. picked up?
16. --- Is Alice playing both basketball and tennis for your school?
??? --- She ____. But now she has given up playing basketball.
??? A. is?????????? ? B. has???????? C. was??????? D. had
17. All the children on the playground stared up into the sky until the noise of the plane ____.
??? A. gave up??? ????????????? ?B. took off??? C. went out?? ?????????????D. died away
18. ____ in the care of his grandmother, Ted grew to be a boy with very good manners.
??? A. Leaving???? ? ???????????B. To be left??? C. To leave??? ?????????? ?D. Left
19. --- Do you think living in the country has advantages?
??? --- ____.
??? A. Yes, perfectly???????????B. Yes, it is?? C. Well, that depends????D. Nothing at all
20. ____ surprises us most is that she doesn’t even know ____ the difference between the two lies.
??? A. What; where???? ????????B. What; which????? C. What; what????????????? ??D. That; where
_________________________________________________________________________________
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一. 单选
1. In China, you _____ vote when you are 18.
A. must B. might C. can D. would
2. I’ve been away for only three years, _____I can hardly recognize my hometown.
A. so B. or C. for D. yet
3. This article is well written because special attention ______ to the choice of words.
A. has paid B. has been paid C. has paid D. had been paid
4. They always give the vacant seat to ____ comes first.
A. anyone B. whom C. whomever D. whoever
5. In some countries, friends kiss____ both checks when they say goodbye.
A. on B. in C. at D. of
6. It is hard to imagine ____ makes a top-level athlete.
A. which B. how C. that D. what
7. The movie Gravity won seven awards at the Oscar night, ____was beyond the director’s wildest dream.
A. which B. that C. where D. what
8. ---Did he get the job finally?
---Though he ____ well before the gob interview, he failed to answer some important questions.
A. Was preparing B. would prepare C. had prepared D. has prepared
9. When ____ about one of the biggest concerns today, many citizens mentioned the sharp rise in housing price.
A. asking B. to ask C. asked D. having asked
10. _____time, the teacher had us do half of the exercises in class and complete the other half for our homework.
A. To save B. Save C. Saving D. Having saved
11. Remember me to your parents when you ____them.
A. are calling B. call C. will call D. have called
12. ---What’s that noise?
---There’s a truck stopping outside. It’s someone ____ something.
A. deliver B. to deliver C. delivering D. delivered
13. Quietness seems impossible _____ everyone takes their seats and begins to write.
A. until B. after C. for D. once
14. ---How long have you been here, Susan?
---Only about five minutes. Alisa ____ here with me.
A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked
15. I didn’t know your mobile phone number; otherwise I ____you the moment I got to Canada.
A. would ring B. would have rung C. had rung D. rang
二. 阅读理解
A
Johnny the Explorer
Johnny was three when he ran away from home for the first time. Somebody left the garden gate open. Johnny wandered out, crossed some fields, and two hours later, and arrived in the next village. He was just able to give his name and address.
By the time he was seven, Johnny used to vanish from home two to three times a year. Sometimes he covered quite long distances on foot. On other occasions he got on a bus or even a train, and simply sat there until someone asked for his ticket. Generally the police brought him home. "Why do you do it?" they used to ask. "You aren't unhappy at home, are you? .... ““Of course not," Johnny replied.” Then why?" "I just like seeing places," Johnny told them.
Johnny continued to "see places" although everyone tried to stop him. His parents used to watch him closely, and so did his teachers; but sooner or later Johnny managed to slip away. As he grew older, his favorite trick was to hide on a long distance truck. Sometimes he used to travel hundreds of miles before anyone discovered him.
It is hardly surprising that eventually Johnny managed to get on board a plane. He was twelve at the time. It was a cargo plane and, a few hours later, Johnny found himself in Cairo. How did he get on board? No one knows! According to Johnny himself, it was easy: he just went into the airport, walked along some corridors and got on board the nearest plane.
In spite of all this, Johnny did well at school. He enjoyed math and languages and, perhaps not surprisingly, he was especially good at geography. "What do you want to be when you grow up?" his teachers asked him. Johnny did not take long to answer that question. "An explorer!" he answered. "But it's difficult to become an explorer in this modem age." they tried to tell him, But it was no use: Johnny knew what he wanted!
Just before he left school, Johnny saw a notice in one of the daily papers. An expedition was about to go to Brazil to travel up the Amazon River. There were vacancies for three young people "willing to work hard and with a sense of adventure". Johnny applied, and, two months later, he was on his way to Brazil.
1. Johnny frequently left home because_________.
A. he preferred to stay home
B. he enjoyed seeing new places
C. he couldn’t do well at school
D. he didn’t get along well with his parents
2. People around Johnny_______.
A. tried to stop him from slipping away
B. kept following him to get him back
C. booked tickets for him if necessary
D. were closer about how he traveled abroad
3. From the passage, we can learn that _______.
A. Johnny worked for a daily paper
B. Johnny lacked a sense of adventure
C. Johnny went exploring along the Amazon River
D. Johnny went to Brazil months after he finished school.
B
Editor Henry Slocum,
I read your May 10th article in the local newspaper Honesdale Times about electronic books, or e-books, with great interest. You made several good points about the disadvantage of e-books. You may have overlooked, however, some of the ways in which they are superior to traditional books. Yes, e-books are expensive, but they are also convenient. In addition, duo to their environment-friendly nature, e-books have the potential to change our planets for the better.
E-books, for anyone who is unfamiliar with the term, are about the same size and shape as regular books. They have a large screen in the middle, however, this screen shows the reader a page of the text that has been downloaded from a computer. Once the reader has finished reading the page on the e-book screen, he or she scrolls down to see a new page. The process continues until the entire book has been read.
As you pointed out, Mr. Slocum, it’s great to lie on a warm, sandy beach with a book. You can do that just as easily with an e-book as you can with a traditional paper book. In fact, because e-books are so light, you can carry themselves. Say, for example, that you like to read on the bus. Which would you rather carry with you---a heavy 800-page novel, or an e-book that weighs only a few ounces?
Another important advantage is offered by e-books as well. They are more environment-friendly than traditional books. At present, thousands of trees cut down each year to meet the publishing industry’s demand for paper. Books that don’t sell are eventually returned to the publisher and destroyed, This terrible waste could be avoided if everyone used e-books, which require no paper.
Sincerely,
David Eng
4. What does Editor Henry Slocum think about e-books?
A. Interesting B. Expensive C. Convenient D. Environment-friendly
5. What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 2?
A. What an e-book is
B. Why e-books are popular
C. How e-books have developed
D. Who are the readers of e-books
6. In David’s letter, he thinks that_______
A. E-books will come down in price
B. E-books come in various sizes and shapes
C. E-books do little harm to the environment
D. E-books are no better than traditional books
7. The main purpose of the letter is to ________
A. explain how to read e-books
B. honor the person who invented e-books
C. scold publishers for wasting so much paper
D. provide evidence that e-books are a good idea
C
Losing weight comes with a lot of health benefits---including make your brain sharper.
Yes, it turns out that overweight may damage cognitive functions such as memory and attention. There have been few studies of overweight and cognitive functioning, possibly because it is generally believed that it is not a primary risk cause for poor cognitive performance. Losing weight, therefore, may help improve these mental functions, according to a new research led by John Gunstad, assistant professor of psychology at Kent State University.
Growing evidence suggests that being fat is linked to cognitive deficits(缺陷). So Gunstad and his team guessed that losing weight might improve mental fun_ction. For their study, they measured memory and attention in a group of 150 overweight participants, some of whom had some king of operation for weight loss and some did not. All of the volunteers completed mental skills tests to access their abilities if memory and attention at the beginning of the study, and again 12 weeks later. To begin with, about 24%of the patients showed damaged learning and 23%showed signs of poor memory when tested. At the end of the study, those who had lost weight after operation improved their scores into the average or above average for cognitive functions. Scores for the volunteer who didn’t lose weight dropped even further.
The study helped, Gunstad to find out whether losing weight had any effect on mental fun_ction. Now that he’s been the positive effect that weight loss can have one memory and attention, he says he will next study those who choose to lose weight by the traditional way—eating healthier and getting more active. He expects that losing weight in this way will have a similarly positive effect on the brain. “If we can improve the condition with operation, then we can probably produce the same change with behavioral weight loss as well.” He says.
8. There is less research on overweight and cognitive functions because researchers________.
A. believe overweight only affects our body
B. have focused on ways to sharpen people’s mind
C. do not consider overweight a main cause for low cognitive ability
D. are clear about the relation between weight and mental functions
9. The result of Gunstad’s study shows that_______
A. losing weight has little effect on people’s memory
B. Losing weight can improve people’s mental functions
C. overweight people are likely to have psychology problem
D. overweight people’s abilities of concentration differ greatly
10. What is Gunstad planning to prove next in his research?
A. Slim people are smarter than overweight people
B. Healthy diet is better than exercise in losing weight
C. Traditional ways of losing weight are better than operation
D. Overweight people will get smarter by taking more exercise
11. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Body Weight and Health
B. Losing Weight by Operation
C. Ways to Improve Mental Functions
D. Losing Weight to Sharpen Your Mind
D
Seeing in Stereo
Have you wondered why you have two eyes and why they are set close together on the front of your face? The reasons are simple and important to the way you see the rest of your world.
Your eyes are like two small cameras. A camera catches an image of an object and records it on film. Similarly, when you look at something, each eye takes in what it sees and sends this image to the back of the eyeball. Because your eyes are set close together, they view the world from about the same height but from slightly different angles. Working as a team, they eyes send the images to your brain, which puts them together into a single, centered image.
Seeing in stereo means seeing with two eyes working together, which is called stereoscopic sight. This allows you to view the world in three dimensions, or 3-D. Seeing depth helps you to judge the distance between you and the objects you see and to adjust to the changing angle at which you see something as you move closer to or farther away from it. If images are coming from only one eye, however, only two of these dimensions—height and width---can be perceived. A world seen with one eye is thus two-dimensional, as in a photograph.
Now consider why your two eyes are on the front of your face. Think of other animals with the same arrangement. They are all animal that hunt, like lions and wolves. Their eyes face directly in front of them. This provided a field of sight about 180 degree wide, which is called binocular sight. On the other hand, animals that are hunted have eyes on the sides of the head, which provides nearly 360-degree field of sight. In order to stay alive, they need to see things coming from the sides and from behind. However, without stereoscopic sight, they have difficulty determining how far a danger is.
With sight both stereoscopic and binocular, human share with animal hunters the ability to see from side to side and to accurately determine the distance. If you think it would be great to have another type of sight, perhaps with hundreds of tiny eyes like many insects do, think again! Each tiny insect eye sees only a tiny part. Besides, what if you needed glasses? Be glad for the eyesight that you have.
12. According to the passage, an eye is like a camera because both_______
A. can record images
B. can imagine objects
C. provide centered images
D. work at the same height
13. Stereoscopic sight is a result of having_________.
A. a three-hundred-sixty-degree field of sight
B. hundreds of eyes, all seeing parts of an image
C. two eyes close to one another that work together
D. one eye on either side of the head, each seeing a different image
14. The underlined word “perceived” in paragraph 3means________.
A. set B. taken C. seen D. understood
15. The author implies that “seeing in stereo”________.
A. is similar to the way camera work
B. is an ability humans are fortunate to have
C. would be better for a wider field of sight
D. helps people to have better sight than animals
Unit 4 Exploring plants 词汇篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. 掌握单元词汇并运用；
2. 学会分析长难句，能把握长难句主干；
一. 词汇
1. seal n. 印章,封条,海豹 v. 盖印,封闭,猎海豹
1). The envelope was firmly sealed.
这个信封封得很严实。
2). The seal on this bottle is broken.
这个瓶上的密封纸破开了。
3). This document carries the royal seal.
这份文件上盖有王室印章。
4). The letter bears the seal of the king.
这封信有国王的封印。
5). This award has set the seal on a successful stage career.
获此奖标志着舞台生涯成就的顶峰。
6). The putty gives a good seal round the window.
窗户四周泥的油灰密封效果很好。
7). The deal needs the government's seal of approval.
这一交易需经政府批准。
8). Our foil packets seal the flavor in.
我们用锡纸包装以保持原味。
2. appeal n. 恳求,上诉,吸引力 v. 求助,诉请,呼吁
1). He was appealing for funds to build a new school.
他在恳求拨款修建一所新学校。
2). His lawyer decided to take an appeal to a higher court.
他的律师决定向高一级法院上诉。
3). She appealed to the high court against her sentence.
她不服判决而向高等法院上诉。
4). Does jazz hold any appeal for you?
你对爵士乐有兴趣吗？
5). The new fashion soon lost its appeal.
那种新式样不久就失去了吸引力。
6). Her eyes held a look of silent appeal.
她眼中流露着无声的求助神情。
7). The police appealed to the crowd not to panic.
警方向群众呼吁不要惊慌。
8). I've decided not to appeal.
我决定不上诉。
3. appeal to 对...有吸引力 v. 对...产生吸引力
1). Do these paintings appeal to you?
你对这些画感兴趣吗?
2). This advertisement is calculated to appeal to children.
这个广告是针对儿童设计的。
3). I can not say smoking appeal to me very much.
我不能说吸烟对我有多大吸引力。
4). This policy will not appeal to the voters.
这项政策不会受到选民的欢迎。
5). His lawyer decided to take an appeal to a higher court.
他的律师决定向高一级法院上诉。
6). Many newspapers appeal to the crowd.
许多报纸受到人民的欢迎。
4. lower a. 低的,下级的,下层的 v. 降低,跌落,减弱
1). The deer lowered its head to drink from the pond.
鹿低下头去喝池塘里的水。
2). Tom was lying on the lower bunk.
汤姆躺在下铺。
3). Speak to her? I'd never lower myself.
跟她说话？我可不自贬人格。
4). Don't lower yourself by asking him for help.
不要向他求助以免降低身分。
5). Stocks generally lowered in value.
股票普遍下跌。
6). We didn't win the contract: we were piped at the post by a firm whose price was lower.
我们未得到那份合同的生意, 最后是让一家出价低的公司击败了我们。
7). They had to lower their sights and buy a smaller house than they would have liked.
他们原来想买一所大房子，后来不得不降低要求买一所较小的。
8). The meat will scorch if you don't lower the gas.
如果你不把煤气调小一点，肉就要焦了。
5. postpone v. 延期 vt. 推迟,延期
1). Our visit to the museum is postponed.
参观博物馆被推迟了。
2). The party was postponed until 8 o'clock.
晚会推迟到8点举行。
3). Let's postpone making a decision until we have more information.
咱们在获取更多情报之后再做决定不迟。
4). The match was postponed to the following Saturday because of bad weather.
比赛因天气不好而延期到下星期六进行。
5). Better to postpone the shipment than to cancel the contract.
与其撤约还不如延期装运。
6). Our financial situation is still precarious if we postpone the release of the new product.
如果我们推迟发布新产品的话，我们的财政状况仍然岌岌可危。
7). We agree to postpone the shipping date, considering (that) there is no steamer recently.
由于（考虑到）最近无船，我们同意推迟装期。
8). The commander decided to postpone the big push until the spring.
指挥官决定把大规模的进攻推迟到春天进行。
6. rot n. 腐烂,腐蚀,败坏 v. 腐烂,使...枯朽,衰弱
1). Too much television rots your brain.
多看电视会使你的头脑退化。
2). He thinks that the rot set in when the country was opened up to tourists.
他认为自从国家向旅游者开放之时起，腐败就开始了。
3). The meat will rot if it isn't kept cool.
肉如果不冷藏就会腐败。
4). The rot set in when we lost that important customer in Japan.
我们失去了日本的那家重要客户后，情况越来越糟了。
5). Oil and grease will rot the rubber of your tires. 油污能腐蚀轮胎橡胶。
6). Too much sugar will rot your teeth away. 吃糖太多就要损坏牙齿。
7). Don't talk such utter rot!
别说这种荒唐话了!
8). “They're bound to win.” “Rot! They haven't a chance!”
“他们一定赢.”“胡说! 他们毫无希望!”
7. evolve v. 进展,进化,展开
1). He has evolved a new theory after many years of research.
他经过多年的研究, 逐渐总结出了新的理论。
2). Many Victorians were shocked by the notion that Man had evolved from lower forms of life. 在维多利亚时代, 许多人对于人是由低级生物进化而来的见解大为震惊. 3). The American constitution was planned; the British constitution evolved.
美国宪法是精心制定的, 英国宪法是约定俗成的。
4). He has evolve a new theory after many year of research.
他经过多年的研究，逐渐总结出了新的理论。
8. attach v. 附上,系上,贴上,使依恋
1). We are much attached to each other.
我们之间感情深厚。
2). He attached a label to his baggage.
他往行李上贴了一个标签。
3). This middle school is attached to a teachers' college.
这所中学附属于一所师范院校。
4). Do you attach any importance to what he said?
你认为他说的话重要吗?
5). You'll be attached to this department until the end of the year.
你在年底前将暂属于这一部门。
6). A young man attached himself to me at the party and I couldn't get rid of him.
聚会中有个小青年总缠着我, 我也甩不开他。
7). I attached myself to a group of tourists entering the museum.
我随着一队游客混入了博物馆。
8). No blame attaches to you in this affair.
这件事不怪你。
9. give out 分发
1). The teacher gave out the examination papers.
教师发了考卷。
2). After a month their food supplies gave out.
过了一个月, 他们的食物已消耗殆尽。
3). The radiator is giving out a lot of heat.
散热器释放出很多热量。
4). One of the plane's engines gave out in mid-Atlantic.
飞机在大西洋中部飞行时, 其中一个发动机出了故障.
5). Her patience finally gave out.
她终于失去了耐性。
6). It was given out that the President had been shot.
据称总统受到枪击。
7). The news of the President's death was given out in a radio broadcast.
总统逝世的消息已在电台上播出了。
8). He has refused to give out any information on the matter.
他已拒绝发表有关此事的任何消息。
二．长难句理解
1. Collecting “exotic” plants，as they are called，dates back to the earliest times．
收集 “异国”植物，人们这样称呼他们，可以追溯到远古时期。
句中as they are called是非限制性定语从句，as是关系代词，起连接作用，同时作从句中的主语补语。请看关系代词as的其它例句：
I received the same grade as you did.
Those as I want to can come with me.
句中date back to/ date from 作谓语时，常用一般现在时，且不能用于被动语态；作后置定语或状语时，则用现在分词形式。
例如：
It is an English dish dating back to the Middle Ages.
The history of human being can date back to 2 million years ago.
However，it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration ofthe botanical world began on a large scale．
然而，直到十八、十九世纪植物学世界的探险活动才开始大规模进行。
句中it was not until…that…意思是：在...以前一直(不...),...以后才。it was …that…是强调结构。
例如：
It was not until he was thirty that he started to paint.
他直到三十岁才开始绘画。
3. Large numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea voyages or trips across land between Asia and Europe.
大量的种子在跨越亚洲和欧洲之后没能成功地生长。
句中large number of 量词用法，它是放在名词前面并修饰名词的字。它们告诉我们“多少”(how many or how much)。
例如：
many trees， a few trees， few trees， several trees， a couple of trees， none of the trees。 下列量词用于不可数名词：
not，much，a little，little，a bit of，a good deal of，a great deal of，no，all of，some，most of，enough，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a lack of 。
Ward shipped two cases of British plants to Sydney，Australia．
沃得把英国植物装船运送到澳洲悉尼。
句中的shipped原来是名词，转化为动词了。
相当多名词可以用作动词。例如：
Have you booked your ticket?
你的票订好了吗？
Who chaired the meeting?
谁主持会议？
He pinned great hopes on us.
他对我们寄托了很大希望。
It can seat a thousand people.
它能坐一千人。
We have mapped out plans for their utilization.
我们制定了使用它们的计划。
It pictures the life of overseas Chinese students.
它描绘海外中国留学生的生活。
He hurriedly penciled the time on it.
他匆忙（用铅笔）在上面写下了时间。
By noon he had bagged three hares.
到中午时他已捕获了三只野兔。
The machine bottles 15000 jars of cold cream a day.
这台机器一天能装一万五千瓶冷霜。
The money was all pocked by corrupt officials.
这钱都进了腐败官吏的腰包。
He hammered a nail into the wall.
他在墙上钉了一只钉子。
He made several trips to China between 1843 and 1859.
他在 1843 和 1859年之间到中国进行了几次旅行。
由make加名词构成的短语动词还有：make+ laws/ friends/ research/ much progress/ great effort/ some tea/ some noise/ contribution/ war/ peace/ model ships/ money/ faces/ clothes/ profit/ some trouble/ sense/ difference/ haste/ room/ one's way/ dinner/ fun/ preparations.
Not only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped 20,000 tea plants from Shanghai to India，where a successful tea industry was established．
福钦不仅将120种植物引入西方花园，而且从上海装船运送20,000株茶树到印度，在那里成功创立了茶叶行业。
Not only置于句首，其句子要部分倒装。
1.（2015江苏扬州质检）The old church _______ the first century A.D. is well preserved.
A dates back to B dated back to C dating back to D to date back to
解析：句意“这座建于公元一世纪的教堂保存完好”。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空格处作后置定语，修饰the old church。date back to追溯到，远在、、、、、、年代，不用于被动结构，如果作谓语动词则用一般现在时。故可用现在分词短语dating back to 或定语从句which dates back to。
答案： C
2. (2014福建，29) It was the culture, rather than the language, ________ made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.
A where B why C that D what
解析：句意“是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境”。考查强调句。去掉It was和空格，题干还原为：The culture, rather than the language, made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.故选C。
答案： C
3. (2015重庆八中期末) His music is unique and may _______ the young but will not interest the old.
A appeal to B contribute to C adapt to D turn to
解析：句意“他的音乐很独特，也许会吸引年轻人，而老人不感兴趣”。考查动词短语。appeal to （对某人）又吸引力，使感兴趣；contribute to 有助于，贡献于，撰稿；adapt to 适应；turn to 求助于。根据语境选A.
答案： A
4. （2014天津，9）My parents always ______ great importance to my getting a good education.
A have B attach C accept D pay
解析：句意“我父母总是认为我受到良好的教育非常重要”。attach importance to…意为“认为、、、、、、非常重要”，符合语境。
答案： B
5. （2015浙江衢州江山月考）After walking in the Shanghai World Expo for a whole day, my legs ______ under me and I couldn’t walk ant farther.
A gave up B gave out C gave in D gave away
解析：句意“在上海世博会走了整整一天后，我的腿都软了，再也走不动了”。考查含give的短语。give up 放弃；give out 精疲力竭，用尽；give in 屈服；give away 泄露。根据语境选B。
答案： B
基础演练
根据中文提示完成下列句子
1. 直到18世纪才开始对植物世界的探索。
__________ the 18th century that the exploration of the botanical world started.
2. 大家都有一份小礼物，上面附有一首优美的诗。
There was a small gift for everyone, with a beautiful poem ________ it.
3. 我们已经把比赛从3月5日推迟到3月19号。
We ________ the match from March 5th to March 19th.
4. 对露营这种想法我从来就不感兴趣。
The idea of camping ________ me.
5. 这家公司已经发展成为一家大机构。
The company ________ a large organization.
6. 许多英文报纸受到人民的欢迎。
Many English newspapers __________the crowd.
7. 美国的公共教育史起源于早期拓荒者的社会。
The history of public education in the United States _______________ the society of the early pioneers.
8.我们要把发展经济的工作放在第一位。
We should _______ primary importance _______ the development of economy.
Keys:
1. It was not until 2. attached to 3. have postponed 4. has never appealed to
5. has evolved into 6. appeal to 7. dates back to 8. attach; to
巩固提高
—What's your ________ on the problem?
—I stand by him.
A. attitude B. situation C. condition D. position
2. Experts decided that it was continual _______ among city-states that caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.
A. association B. barriers C. conflicts D. endeavor
3. China's film industry is experiencing a ______ talent shortage, including post-production technicians and theater managers.
A. fierce B. severe C. special D. nervous
4. The truth is that ______ helping the situation, you've just made it worse. I have no comments.
A. far from B. out of C. due to D. next to
5. Since it is a vast project and costs a large sum of money, we decide to bid for the contract _______ another company.
A. in association with B. in appreciation of C. in comparison with D. in respect of
6. In one after another race, Bolt's talents ________ in comparison with other running athletes.
A. stand out B. make out C. break out D. set out
7. The pop star has been knocking some sense into her assistant not to _______ to the public anything about her private life other than work.
A. give away B. give off C. give out D. give up
8. You refuse to hang out with someone unless they make ________ plans for what to do or they merely hope for company.
A. delicate B. individual C. exotic D. specific
9. It was _______of Chinese pride that they bought the ground station from us so that they were not operating an American ground station.
A. ripe B. dull C. typical D. distant
10. “If you stand on your tip toes and _______ your heels up and down again it will stretch out the tendons making it easier to walk without heels, ” he said
A. swoop B. lower C. anchor D. restrict
11. It is suggested that we should postpone _______ the meeting because the details have not been settled.
A. to hold B. holding C. to holding D. having held
Keys:
DCBAA AADCB B
1. In the botanical garden we can find a(n) ____ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers.
A. species B. groups C. amount D. variety
2. This is a very special flower and it can _____ a strong sweet perfume at night.
A. give in B. give up C. give out D. give out
3. If you _____ a mistake in reviewing the report, please bring it to my attention.
A. come along B. come across C. come around to D. come about
4. In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the _____ in personality.
A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict
5. It was _____ back home after he finished the report.
A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn’t go
C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didn’t went
6. They are so close friends and their friendship _____ college days.
A. dates back to B. dates back C. dates to D. dates back from
7. — Can you give me some advice about the design?
— I think it should _____ to all ages and social groups.
A. appear B. appeal C. suit D. fit
8. The government not only ______ the refugees（难民）houses to live in, but also _____ them with food and clothes.
A. offered; offered B. provided; provided
C. provided; offered D. offered; provided
9. The teacher _____ several times, but he still didn’t understand it.
A. explained John the sentence B. explained the sentence for John
C. explained to John the sentence D. explained about the sentence to John
10. ______, he would come in late and then say he was sorry.
A. eventually B. typically C. particularly D. especially
11. There was a nice little present for everyone, with a suitable poem _____ to it.
A. attached B. attacked C. attracted D. attributed
12. — Please _____ your passport.
— I’m sorry, but I _____ in my home.
A. show me; left it B. show to me; left it
C. show me; forgot it D. show to me; forgot it
13. According to recent reports, one of the rare animals, ____ crocodile, is in ____ danger of dying out.
??? A. a; the??????? B. 不填; a?? ???? C. 不填; the??? ? D. the; 不填
14. --- Did you have any difficulty catching yesterday’s lecture?
??? --- No. The professor spoke very clearly to make his speech easy ____.
??? A. understood??????????????? ? B. understand??
??? C. understanding???????????? ? D. to understand
15. --- Why did Miss Li leave the job?
??? --- She ____ for higher wages, but was turned down in the end.
??? A. broke off?? ? ? B. gave away????? C. held out?? ?? D. picked up?
16. --- Is Alice playing both basketball and tennis for your school?
??? --- She ____. But now she has given up playing basketball.
??? A. is?????????? ? B. has???????? C. was??????? D. had
17. All the children on the playground stared up into the sky until the noise of the plane ____.
??? A. gave up??? ????????????? ?B. took off??? C. went out?? ?????????????D. died away
18. ____ in the care of his grandmother, Ted grew to be a boy with very good manners.
??? A. Leaving???? ? ???????????B. To be left??? C. To leave??? ?????????? ?D. Left
19. --- Do you think living in the country has advantages?
??? --- ____.
??? A. Yes, perfectly???????????B. Yes, it is?? C. Well, that depends????D. Nothing at all
20. ____ surprises us most is that she doesn’t even know ____ the difference between the two lies.
??? A. What; where???? ????????B. What; which????? C. What; what????????????? ??D. That; where
Keys：
DCBDC ADBCB AADDC CDDCA
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一. 单选
1. In China, you _____ vote when you are 18.
A. must B. might C. can D. would
2. I’ve been away for only three years, _____I can hardly recognize my hometown.
A. so B. or C. for D. yet
3. This article is well written because special attention ______ to the choice of words.
A. has paid B. has been paid C. has paid D. had been paid
4. They always give the vacant seat to ____ comes first.
A. anyone B. whom C. whomever D. whoever
5. In some countries, friends kiss____ both checks when they say goodbye.
A. on B. in C. at D. of
6. It is hard to imagine ____ makes a top-level athlete.
A. which B. how C. that D. what
7. The movie Gravity won seven awards at the Oscar night, ____was beyond the director’s wildest dream.
A. which B. that C. where D. what
8. ---Did he get the job finally?
---Though he ____ well before the gob interview, he failed to answer some important questions.
A. Was preparing B. would prepare C. had prepared D. has prepared
9. When ____ about one of the biggest concerns today, many citizens mentioned the sharp rise in housing price.
A. asking B. to ask C. asked D. having asked
10. _____time, the teacher had us do half of the exercises in class and complete the other half for our homework.
A. To save B. Save C. Saving D. Having saved
11. Remember me to your parents when you ____them.
A. are calling B. call C. will call D. have called
12. ---What’s that noise?
---There’s a truck stopping outside. It’s someone ____ something.
A. deliver B. to deliver C. delivering D. delivered
13. Quietness seems impossible _____ everyone takes their seats and begins to write.
A. until B. after C. for D. once
14. ---How long have you been here, Susan?
---Only about five minutes. Alisa ____ here with me.
A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked
15. I didn’t know your mobile phone number; otherwise I ____you the moment I got to Canada.
A. would ring B. would have rung C. had rung D. rang
二. 阅读理解
A
Johnny the Explorer
Johnny was three when he ran away from home for the first time. Somebody left the garden gate open. Johnny wandered out, crossed some fields, and two hours later, and arrived in the next village. He was just able to give his name and address.
By the time he was seven, Johnny used to vanish from home two to three times a year. Sometimes he covered quite long distances on foot. On other occasions he got on a bus or even a train, and simply sat there until someone asked for his ticket. Generally the police brought him home. "Why do you do it?" they used to ask. "You aren't unhappy at home, are you? .... ““Of course not," Johnny replied.” Then why?" "I just like seeing places," Johnny told them.
Johnny continued to "see places" although everyone tried to stop him. His parents used to watch him closely, and so did his teachers; but sooner or later Johnny managed to slip away. As he grew older, his favorite trick was to hide on a long distance truck. Sometimes he used to travel hundreds of miles before anyone discovered him.
It is hardly surprising that eventually Johnny managed to get on board a plane. He was twelve at the time. It was a cargo plane and, a few hours later, Johnny found himself in Cairo. How did he get on board? No one knows! According to Johnny himself, it was easy: he just went into the airport, walked along some corridors and got on board the nearest plane.
In spite of all this, Johnny did well at school. He enjoyed math and languages and, perhaps not surprisingly, he was especially good at geography. "What do you want to be when you grow up?" his teachers asked him. Johnny did not take long to answer that question. "An explorer!" he answered. "But it's difficult to become an explorer in this modem age." they tried to tell him, But it was no use: Johnny knew what he wanted!
Just before he left school, Johnny saw a notice in one of the daily papers. An expedition was about to go to Brazil to travel up the Amazon River. There were vacancies for three young people "willing to work hard and with a sense of adventure". Johnny applied, and, two months later, he was on his way to Brazil.
1. Johnny frequently left home because_________.
A. he preferred to stay home
B. he enjoyed seeing new places
C. he couldn’t do well at school
D. he didn’t get along well with his parents
2. People around Johnny_______.
A. tried to stop him from slipping away
B. kept following him to get him back
C. booked tickets for him if necessary
D. were closer about how he traveled abroad
3. From the passage, we can learn that _______.
A. Johnny worked for a daily paper
B. Johnny lacked a sense of adventure
C. Johnny went exploring along the Amazon River
D. Johnny went to Brazil months after he finished school.
B
Editor Henry Slocum,
I read your May 10th article in the local newspaper Honesdale Times about electronic books, or e-books, with great interest. You made several good points about the disadvantage of e-books. You may have overlooked, however, some of the ways in which they are superior to traditional books. Yes, e-books are expensive, but they are also convenient. In addition, duo to their environment-friendly nature, e-books have the potential to change our planets for the better.
E-books, for anyone who is unfamiliar with the term, are about the same size and shape as regular books. They have a large screen in the middle, however, this screen shows the reader a page of the text that has been downloaded from a computer. Once the reader has finished reading the page on the e-book screen, he or she scrolls down to see a new page. The process continues until the entire book has been read.
As you pointed out, Mr. Slocum, it’s great to lie on a warm, sandy beach with a book. You can do that just as easily with an e-book as you can with a traditional paper book. In fact, because e-books are so light, you can carry themselves. Say, for example, that you like to read on the bus. Which would you rather carry with you---a heavy 800-page novel, or an e-book that weighs only a few ounces?
Another important advantage is offered by e-books as well. They are more environment-friendly than traditional books. At present, thousands of trees cut down each year to meet the publishing industry’s demand for paper. Books that don’t sell are eventually returned to the publisher and destroyed, This terrible waste could be avoided if everyone used e-books, which require no paper.
Sincerely,
David Eng
4. What does Editor Henry Slocum think about e-books?
A. Interesting B. Expensive C. Convenient D. Environment-friendly
5. What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 2?
A. What an e-book is
B. Why e-books are popular
C. How e-books have developed
D. Who are the readers of e-books
6. In David’s letter, he thinks that_______
A. E-books will come down in price
B. E-books come in various sizes and shapes
C. E-books do little harm to the environment
D. E-books are no better than traditional books
7. The main purpose of the letter is to ________
A. explain how to read e-books
B. honor the person who invented e-books
C. scold publishers for wasting so much paper
D. provide evidence that e-books are a good idea
C
Losing weight comes with a lot of health benefits---including make your brain sharper.
Yes, it turns out that overweight may damage cognitive functions such as memory and attention. There have been few studies of overweight and cognitive functioning, possibly because it is generally believed that it is not a primary risk cause for poor cognitive performance. Losing weight, therefore, may help improve these mental functions, according to a new research led by John Gunstad, assistant professor of psychology at Kent State University.
Growing evidence suggests that being fat is linked to cognitive deficits(缺陷). So Gunstad and his team guessed that losing weight might improve mental fun_ction. For their study, they measured memory and attention in a group of 150 overweight participants, some of whom had some king of operation for weight loss and some did not. All of the volunteers completed mental skills tests to access their abilities if memory and attention at the beginning of the study, and again 12 weeks later. To begin with, about 24%of the patients showed damaged learning and 23%showed signs of poor memory when tested. At the end of the study, those who had lost weight after operation improved their scores into the average or above average for cognitive functions. Scores for the volunteer who didn’t lose weight dropped even further.
The study helped, Gunstad to find out whether losing weight had any effect on mental fun_ction. Now that he’s been the positive effect that weight loss can have one memory and attention, he says he will next study those who choose to lose weight by the traditional way—eating healthier and getting more active. He expects that losing weight in this way will have a similarly positive effect on the brain. “If we can improve the condition with operation, then we can probably produce the same change with behavioral weight loss as well.” He says.
8. There is less research on overweight and cognitive functions because researchers________.
A. believe overweight only affects our body
B. have focused on ways to sharpen people’s mind
C. do not consider overweight a main cause for low cognitive ability
D. are clear about the relation between weight and mental functions
9. The result of Gunstad’s study shows that_______
A. losing weight has little effect on people’s memory
B. Losing weight can improve people’s mental functions
C. overweight people are likely to have psychology problem
D. overweight people’s abilities of concentration differ greatly
10. What is Gunstad planning to prove next in his research?
A. Slim people are smarter than overweight people
B. Healthy diet is better than exercise in losing weight
C. Traditional ways of losing weight are better than operation
D. Overweight people will get smarter by taking more exercise
11. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Body Weight and Health
B. Losing Weight by Operation
C. Ways to Improve Mental Functions
D. Losing Weight to Sharpen Your Mind
D
Seeing in Stereo
Have you wondered why you have two eyes and why they are set close together on the front of your face? The reasons are simple and important to the way you see the rest of your world.
Your eyes are like two small cameras. A camera catches an image of an object and records it on film. Similarly, when you look at something, each eye takes in what it sees and sends this image to the back of the eyeball. Because your eyes are set close together, they view the world from about the same height but from slightly different angles. Working as a team, they eyes send the images to your brain, which puts them together into a single, centered image.
Seeing in stereo means seeing with two eyes working together, which is called stereoscopic sight. This allows you to view the world in three dimensions, or 3-D. Seeing depth helps you to judge the distance between you and the objects you see and to adjust to the changing angle at which you see something as you move closer to or farther away from it. If images are coming from only one eye, however, only two of these dimensions—height and width---can be perceived. A world seen with one eye is thus two-dimensional, as in a photograph.
Now consider why your two eyes are on the front of your face. Think of other animals with the same arrangement. They are all animal that hunt, like lions and wolves. Their eyes face directly in front of them. This provided a field of sight about 180 degree wide, which is called binocular sight. On the other hand, animals that are hunted have eyes on the sides of the head, which provides nearly 360-degree field of sight. In order to stay alive, they need to see things coming from the sides and from behind. However, without stereoscopic sight, they have difficulty determining how far a danger is.
With sight both stereoscopic and binocular, human share with animal hunters the ability to see from side to side and to accurately determine the distance. If you think it would be great to have another type of sight, perhaps with hundreds of tiny eyes like many insects do, think again! Each tiny insect eye sees only a tiny part. Besides, what if you needed glasses? Be glad for the eyesight that you have.
12. According to the passage, an eye is like a camera because both_______
A. can record images
B. can imagine objects
C. provide centered images
D. work at the same height
13. Stereoscopic sight is a result of having_________.
A. a three-hundred-sixty-degree field of sight
B. hundreds of eyes, all seeing parts of an image
C. two eyes close to one another that work together
D. one eye on either side of the head, each seeing a different image
14. The underlined word “perceived” in paragraph 3means________.
A. set B. taken C. seen D. understood
15. The author implies that “seeing in stereo”________.
A. is similar to the way camera work
B. is an ability humans are fortunate to have
C. would be better for a wider field of sight
D. helps people to have better sight than animals
Keys:
一. CDBDA DACCA BCABB
二. BACBA CDCBD DACCB
Unit 4 Exploring plants 语法篇
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1. 掌握宾语定义并能区分直接宾语与间接宾语；
2. 复习掌握常考接双宾语的动词并熟练运用；
3. 复习掌握非谓语动词作宾语的规律；
一. 宾语的定义及构成
宾语是及物动词后的一个成分，表示动作的对象、承受者或结果。可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、-ing形式、复合结构和从句。
二. 非谓语动词作宾语
1. 通常只能接动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词(或动词短语)：
建议抵制享受——(suggest， advise； resist； enjoy)?
考虑承认冒险——(consider； admit； risk)
避免推迟实践——(avoid； delay； practice)
期待成功完成——(look forward to； succeed in； finish)
2. 通常只能接不定式作宾语的动词：
agree (同意)； offer (提出)； intend， plan (打算，计划)； demand， ask (要求)； promise (答应)； help (帮忙)； prepare (准备)； decide (决定)； refuse (拒绝)； dare (敢于)； choose (选择)； wish，hope，want， expect (希望，想要)； fail （不能；忘记）； pretend (假装)； manage (设法)； determine （决心）
同意提出做计划，要求答应来帮忙。
准备决定遭拒绝，敢于选择有希望。
不能做到莫假装，设法做成决心坚。
3. 既能接不定式，又能接动词-ing 形式，除begin ，continue ，like ，dislike， love， prefer ，start 基本没有区别也有意思不同的动词或词组：
即“四‘记’”“力争”“不后悔”。四“记”指“记得、记住（remember）”；“忘记（forget）”“计划、打算（mean）”；“继续（go on)”；力争指“try”；“不”“后悔”指stop与regret。
三. 宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。它是众多从句中的一员，在复合句中作主句谓语动词、介词或某些形容词的宾语。
在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如：? I know the man.
而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如：? I know that the man is a policeman.
主句 引导词 从句
1. 宾语从句三大块:
1). 宾语从句的引导词 由that，if，whether和连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导.
2). 宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序
3). 宾语从句与主句的时态要相互呼应
2. 特殊情况：
1). 从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言时，仍用现在时。
Dad told us that it is better to do than to say.
He told the boy that three and three is six.
Could you tell me where the bookshop is.
2). 从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍然用一般过去时。
The teacher told me she was born in 1960.
四. 直接引语变间接引语（容易忽视的变化）
1. 变人称：
1) “一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
2) “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称。
3) “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
2. 变时态：如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：
1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时 2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时
3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时 4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时
5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时 6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
① 直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. →
The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
② 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→
Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③ 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →
Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④ 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →
He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤ 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →
Peter said I had better go there that day。
3. 代词等一般地应作相应的变化。
1) 指示代词 this ---that these--- those
2) 表示时间的词 now --- then today--- that day this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)
yesterday ----the day before last week(month) --- the week(month) before
three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before tomorrow ----the next (following ) day
next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)
3) 表地点的词 here --there
4) 动词 bring -- take come –go
五. 双宾语动词
1. 通常为 “间接宾语 + 直接宾语”
He doesn't own me anything.
She asked me whether I had been there before.
I warned you he would be late.
Give me it. / Give it to me.
They told us where to shop cheaply.
2. 间接宾语后移, 间接宾语用to或for引出:
They give it to John.
He sold his old car to one of his neighbors.
I have bought some chocolate for you.
Give the dictionary to me, please.
**用to侧重指动作的方向, 表示朝着, 向着, 对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者, 表示为了某人, 替某人。
3. 常跟双宾语的动词分类总结：
1) 需借助to的: bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, read, return, send, show, teach, tell, ask, leave, mail, throw, take, write等。
2) 需借助for的: build, buy, call, change, cook, choose, do, draw, envy, fetch, find, forgive, gain, get, make, order, play (演奏), sing, save, spare, win等。
1. You probably can’t resist the __________ (tempt) of a cigarette.
2. Are you giving up _________ (smoke)?
3. We should help ________ (poor).
4. — How many brothers do you have?
— I have _______ (4).
5. I want _____________ (make a face) and frighten ____(你).
6. Are you nervous? Do you mind _______ (taste) a spider?
7. You are so busy! I wonder how you can manage __________ (phone) two at the same time.
8. I love plants and I love _____________ (take care of) plants.
9. I think _____ it is the smallest baby in the world.
10. What a sea of people! I can’t find ______you are.
基础演练
一. 请翻译下列句子，并用心体会动词不定式和动词-ing 形式的不同含义。
1. The doctor tried to cure the woman of her illness, so he tried treating her with a new medicine.
2. The teacher asked us to go on reading the text instead of going on to do the exercises.
3. What a poor memory! I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday. But today I forgot to return the money to him again.
4. When the teacher said angrily, “Stop talking, children”, the pupils stopped to write their compositions.
5. I regretted to tell him that he had been dismissed. To my surprise, he said to me, “I am not sad, I only regret having taken the wrong job.”
6. — Remember to return the bat to me.
— But I remember having returned it to you.
二. 把下列直接引语变为间接引语
1. He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”
→
2. She said: “He will be busy.”
→
3. She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”
→
4. She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”
→
5. The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?”
→
6. The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.”
→
7. The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”
→
8. The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
→
9. My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”
→
10. The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”
→
11. He said, “We are still students.’
→
12. He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”
→
13. The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”
→
14. He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.”
→
15. She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.
→
16. Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”
→
17. He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.
→
18. She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”
→
19. I said to him, “I have finished it.”
→
20. She said to us,“ I’ll come here tomorrow.”
→
21. “Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?” the young man asked.
→
22. “I have gained the first place in the mathematics competition,” the little boy said happily.
→
23. “Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.
→
24. “Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.
→
25. “What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.
→
巩固提高
1. Our teacher asked us _____ our dictionaries to school.
A. bring ???? ?? B. brought ?????? ? C. bring ???? D. to bring
2. The teacher told the boy students ______ football on the grass.
A. not play ?????? B. not to play ????????? C. played ????? D. playing
3. ____ Tom didn’t go to school?
A. Do you know how ? B. Why do you know ??
C. How you know why ?????? D. Do you know why
4. She looks sad. Could you please tell me _____ that prevents her from being as happy as before?
A. what it is ?????? B. it is what ??? C. how it is ???? D. it is how
5. Betty asked her sister ____ to the railway station to see her off.
A. not to come ??? B. not to go ?????? C. to not come ????? D. to not go
6. The pupil asked his teacher _____ round the earth.
A. weather the moon goes ??? B. that the moon went
C. whether the moon goes ?? ? ?D. whether the moon went
7. Mr. Li ____ Wang Ling ____ a taxi to the airport.
A. asked; take ??? B. asked; taking ??? C. told; take ??? D. told; to take
8. She asked him ____.
A. whose dictionary this is ????????? B. whose dictionary that was
C. whose dictionary is this ?????????? D. whose dictionary that is
9. Mary’s mother asked her _____.
A. that whether she had finished her homework B. if she has finished her homework
C. if she had finished her homework ???????? D. that if she had finished her homework
10. Do you know ____?
A. what is he doing ???????? B. what he doing C. what he is doing ?????D. what does he do now
11. I don’t know ____ to learn English.
A. when did he begin ?? B. when he began ? C. he when began D. when he begins
12. He asked me ____.
A. how would the weather be like tomorrow ???? B. what the weather would be like the next day
C. how the weather would be like tomorrow ???? D. what would the weather be like the next day
13. You can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Spring Festival presents.
A. how excited they were ?? B. how excited were they
C. how they were excited ????????? D. they were how excited
14. She told me that she ____ by her relatives at the bus stop.
A. had been seen off ? B. have seen off ?? C. have been seen off D. had seen off
15. Do you remember how many times ____ to Australia?
A. had you been B. did you go ??? C. have you been D. you have been
16. Can you guess ____?
A. what is that man? B. who that man is?? C. whom that man is ??D. who is that man
17. More and more students and teachers have began to know ____.
A. how important the foreign language are ???????? B. how the foreign language is important
C. how important the foreign language is ?????????? D. how important is the foreign language
18. The hostess said that it ___ time that they ___ supper.
A. was; had ?????? B. was; had had ??? C. is; have ??? D. is; have had
19. The boss asked his secretary ____ he had finished typing the report ____.
A. if; or not ? B. if; not ???? C. whether; or not ? D. whether; not
20. I wonder how much _____.
A. does he spend on his car ??????? ??B. did he spend on his car
C. he spent on his car ?????????? D. he spent in his car
一. 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
二. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
三. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. After two hours' discussion, the manager decide (end) the meeting.
2. There are so many unusual things in the museum, it’s worth again (visit)
3. It is not easy (learn) a foreign language
4. We are glad (see) you again.
5. We say him (play) football outside.
6. He spends much time (read) story-book.
7. We enjoy (read) books in our spare time.
8. (read) in bed is bad for your eyes.
9. Life is long if you know how (use)
10. Are you interested in (collect) stamps?
11. Do you enjoy (live) in China?
12. Jim asked me (help) him with his lessons.
13. He wants (borrow) a book from the school library.
14. You’d better (not be) late for the meeting next time.
15. He went to bed after he finished (write) the letter.
16. The wife told her husband (drive) too fast.
17. It’s best (wear) warm clothes in winter.
18. “ (open) your books and turn to Page 5,please” the teacher said.
19. Walk along this road, and take the first (turn) on the right.
20. Look at the boys, they are busy the young tree to the top the stick (tie).
21. I’d like (have) a glass of water, please?
22. Everything begins (grow) in spring.
23. I have quite a lot of homework (do).
24. Don’t forget (tell) him about this.
25. The boy is too young (go) to school.
26. Why not (come) to work a little early?
27. They went (fish) the day before yesterday.
28. I do some (wash) every Sunday.
29. If the population keeps growing so fast, there will be only room on the earth (stand).
30. When did you learn (skate)?
31. Would you like me you move that desk?(help)
32. What about (go) out for a swim?
33. It’s time for class. Please stop (talk).
34. Let’s (play) games, shall we?
35. It’s time (have) supper.
36. Thank you very much for (teach) us so well.
37 .Did they have a school (meet) yesterday?
38. I hope (be) a scientist when I grow up.
39. Some of the questions are hard (answer).
40. Robinson was ready (cross) the sea.
41. It’ll take you twenty minutes (go) there by bike.
42. I’m very pleased (see) you again.
43. Would you like something (drink)?
44. What makes you (think) I am a doctor?
45. Her brother gave her a (shop) basket.
46. I’m sorry (keep) you (wait) so long.
47. Does she like (sing) after class.
48. It was nice (talk) to you.
49. Would you please (go) there with me?
50. It’s dangerous (play) in the street.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一. 完型填空
Wallet Back
This is a story about a learning experience that had a big effect on the way that I live my life. The ____1___in the story did not give me tests or even grade me on my work. I was taught by one of the most effective ___2___ of teaching, one that only people with lots of love can do.
“My wallet! Where is it？” were my first words___3___ I found my wallet was missing. I ____4___ my memory for a few good seconds, then realized that I had left my precious wallet in the library’s public ___5___!
Because the library was now __6__, I had to wait until the next morning to look for it. When I got there the next day, all I found was a clean restroom. This was the first time I could remember ever ___7___ to see a clean restroom. As I walked out, I looked at myself in the mirror and shook my head at the ___8____ fool in front of me.
I politely ___9____ the librarian at the front desk and asked her if a wallet had been found in the restroom yesterday. “No.” That was that. I walked off with a sense of ____10____.
I __11___ what I would do if I had found a wallet containing sixty dollars, a phone card and many other irreplaceable ___12____things. Finally, I ___13___ accepted the fact that my wallet was gone.
A week later, I received a ___14____ in the mail. it was my wallet And most ___15____, nothing was missing! But there was a little yellow sheet of paper folded up in one of the wallet pockets that had not been there before. I slowly unfolded the paper, which ___16____something like this:
When we continue to help around, we will live in a larger and more rewarding world.
This person didn’t even leave a return address. So I couldn’t ___17___whoever it was. From that day on, I __18__ myself that I will follow this ___19___ and help others and make them as ___20__ as I was when I opened that parcel!
1. A. leader B. writer C. teacher D. scholar
2. A. aids B. systems C. materials D. methods
3. A. once B. when C. before D. since
4. A. searched B. improved C. developed D. recorded
5. A. canteen B. lounge C. restroom D. showroom
6. A. closed B. deserted C. crowded D. occupied
7. A. hoping B. hating C. refusing D. preferring
8. A. grateful B. curious C. forgetful D. nervous
9. A. approached B. interviewed C. identified D. reminded
10. A. safety B. forgiveness C. satisfaction D. disappointment
11. A. described B. wondered C. discovered D. expressed
12. A. personal B. strange C. surprising D. reasonable
13. A. gladly B. naturally C. willingly D. painfully
14. A. letter B. note C. package D. suitcase
15. A. sincerely B. amazingly C. honestly D. obviously
16. A. read B. printed C. explained D. wrote
17. A. owe B. thank C. admire D. inspire
18. A. supported B. suggested C. improved D. promised
19. A. plan B. course C. regulation D. example
20. A. shocked B. cautions C. delighted D. optimistic
二. 书面表达
第一节
你的英国朋友Tim打算暑假来北京学习汉语，来信向你咨询你校国际版的汉语课程。请你根据以下提示给他写一封信。
为汉语初学者开设，每班10人
注重听说
安排与中国学生交流活动
注意：1. 词数不少于50
2. 可适当增加情节
3. 开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数
Hi Tim，
Yours
Steve
第二节
假设你是红星中学高三（1）班的学生李华。上周你班组织志愿活动，清理地铁内小广告和垃圾，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，用英语写一篇周记，记述从讨论到活动实施的全过程。
注意：1. 周记的开头已经写好
2. 词数不少于60
提示词：小广告adlets
Last week, our glass organized a voluntary activity in subway cars.___________________.
Unit 4 Exploring plants 语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. 掌握宾语定义并能区分直接宾语与间接宾语；
2. 复习掌握常考接双宾语的动词并熟练运用；
3. 复习掌握非谓语动词作宾语的规律；
一. 宾语的定义及构成
宾语是及物动词后的一个成分，表示动作的对象、承受者或结果。可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、-ing形式、复合结构和从句。
二. 非谓语动词作宾语
1. 通常只能接动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词(或动词短语)：
建议抵制享受——(suggest， advise； resist； enjoy)?
考虑承认冒险——(consider； admit； risk)
避免推迟实践——(avoid； delay； practice)
期待成功完成——(look forward to； succeed in； finish)
2. 通常只能接不定式作宾语的动词：
agree (同意)； offer (提出)； intend， plan (打算，计划)； demand， ask (要求)； promise (答应)； help (帮忙)； prepare (准备)； decide (决定)； refuse (拒绝)； dare (敢于)； choose (选择)； wish，hope，want， expect (希望，想要)； fail （不能；忘记）； pretend (假装)； manage (设法)； determine （决心）
同意提出做计划，要求答应来帮忙。
准备决定遭拒绝，敢于选择有希望。
不能做到莫假装，设法做成决心坚。
3. 既能接不定式，又能接动词-ing 形式，除begin ，continue ，like ，dislike， love， prefer ，start 基本没有区别也有意思不同的动词或词组：
即“四‘记’”“力争”“不后悔”。四“记”指“记得、记住（remember）”；“忘记（forget）”“计划、打算（mean）”；“继续（go on)”；力争指“try”；“不”“后悔”指stop与regret。
三. 宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。它是众多从句中的一员，在复合句中作主句谓语动词、介词或某些形容词的宾语。
在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如：? I know the man.
而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如：? I know that the man is a policeman.
主句 引导词 从句
1. 宾语从句三大块:
1). 宾语从句的引导词 由that，if，whether和连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导.
2). 宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序
3). 宾语从句与主句的时态要相互呼应
2. 特殊情况：
1). 从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言时，仍用现在时。
Dad told us that it is better to do than to say.
He told the boy that three and three is six.
Could you tell me where the bookshop is.
2). 从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍然用一般过去时。
The teacher told me she was born in 1960.
四. 直接引语变间接引语（容易忽视的变化）
1. 变人称：
1) “一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
2) “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称。
3) “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
2. 变时态：如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：
1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时 2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时
3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时 4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时
5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时 6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
① 直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. →
The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
② 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→
Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③ 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →
Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④ 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →
He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤ 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →
Peter said I had better go there that day。
3. 代词等一般地应作相应的变化。
1) 指示代词 this ---that these--- those
2) 表示时间的词 now --- then today--- that day this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)
yesterday ----the day before last week(month) --- the week(month) before
three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before tomorrow ----the next (following ) day
next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)
3) 表地点的词 here --there
4) 动词 bring -- take come –go
五. 双宾语动词
1. 通常为 “间接宾语 + 直接宾语”
He doesn't own me anything.
She asked me whether I had been there before.
I warned you he would be late.
Give me it. / Give it to me.
They told us where to shop cheaply.
2. 间接宾语后移, 间接宾语用to或for引出:
They give it to John.
He sold his old car to one of his neighbors.
I have bought some chocolate for you.
Give the dictionary to me, please.
**用to侧重指动作的方向, 表示朝着, 向着, 对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者, 表示为了某人, 替某人。
3. 常跟双宾语的动词分类总结：
1) 需借助to的: bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, read, return, send, show, teach, tell, ask, leave, mail, throw, take, write等。
2) 需借助for的: build, buy, call, change, cook, choose, do, draw, envy, fetch, find, forgive, gain, get, make, order, play (演奏), sing, save, spare, win等。
1. You probably can’t resist the __________ (tempt) of a cigarette.
解析：分析句子成分，the __________ (tempt) of a cigarette 是及物动词resist的宾语，空格前有定冠词the，修饰名词。故所给单词tempt（动词，“诱惑”）用名词形式temptation。
答案： temptation
2. Are you giving up _________ (smoke)?
解析：分析句子，根据非谓语动词作宾语规则，give up（放弃）后接-ing形式。
答案： smoking
3. We should help ________ (poor).
解析：分析句子成分，空格作help的宾语。所给是形容词poor，可以与the连用变成名词。the poor 穷人。
答案： the poor
4. — How many brothers do you have?
— I have _______ (4).
解析：根据语境，是数词作宾语。
答案： four
5. I want _____________ (make a face) and frighten ____(你).
解析：分析句子成分，谓语动词为want，后接to do形式作宾语；人称代词you作frighten的宾语。
答案： to make a face; you
6. Are you nervous? Do you mind _______ (taste) a spider?
解析：分析句子，taste作动词mind的宾语，用-ing形式。
答案： tasting
7. You are so busy! I wonder how you can manage __________ (phone) two at the same time.
解析：分析句子，phone作manage的宾语，用to do形式。
答案： to phone
8. I love plants and I love _____________ (take care of) plants.
解析：love后的宾语可以是-ing形式，也可以是to do形式。根据语境，表示习惯性行为，用-ing合适。
答案： taking care of
9. I think _____ it is the smallest baby in the world.
解析：think后接句子作宾语，分析从句，不缺少充分，只起引导作用。故用that。
答案： that
10. What a sea of people! I can’t find ______you are.
解析：句意“人山人海啊！我找不到你在哪”。分析句子，缺少宾语从句引导词，而且从句缺少表语，根据语境，故where合适。
答案： where
基础演练
一. 请翻译下列句子，并用心体会动词不定式和动词-ing 形式的不同含义。
1. The doctor tried to cure the woman of her illness, so he tried treating her with a new medicine.
2. The teacher asked us to go on reading the text instead of going on to do the exercises.
3. What a poor memory! I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday. But today I forgot to return the money to him again.
4. When the teacher said angrily, “Stop talking, children”, the pupils stopped to write their compositions.
5. I regretted to tell him that he had been dismissed. To my surprise, he said to me, “I am not sad, I only regret having taken the wrong job.”
6. — Remember to return the bat to me.
— But I remember having returned it to you.
二. 把下列直接引语变为间接引语
1. He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”
→
2. She said: “He will be busy.”
→
3. She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”
→
4. She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”
→
5. The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?”
→
6. The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.”
→
7. The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”
→
8. The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
→
9. My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”
→
10. The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”
→
11. He said, “We are still students.’
→
12. He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”
→
13. The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”
→
14. He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.”
→
15. She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.
→
16. Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”
→
17. He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.
→
18. She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”
→
19. I said to him, “I have finished it.”
→
20. She said to us,“ I’ll come here tomorrow.”
→
21. “Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?” the young man asked.
→
22. “I have gained the first place in the mathematics competition,” the little boy said happily.
→
23. “Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.
→
24. “Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.
→
25. “What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.
→
Keys:
一. 1. 医生千方百计来治这位妇女的病，为此他尝试用一种新药来为她治疗。
2. 老师没有让我们做练习，而是要我们继续读课文。
3. 我的记性真差!我先是忘了昨天向他借过钱，而今天又忘了把钱还给他。
4. 老师生气地说，“别说了， 孩子们”，同学们这才停下来开始写作文。
5. 我遗憾地告诉他,他被开除了。使我惊讶的是，他对我说，“我不伤心，我只是后悔选错了工作”。
6. — 记住把拍子还给我。
?? — 可是我记得我已经把它还给你了。
二. 1. He told me that he had left his book in his room.
2. She said that he would be busy.
3. She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
4. She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
5. The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.
6. The teacher told the students not to waste their time.
7. The mother asked Tom to get up early.
8. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
9. My father said practice makes perfect.
10. The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.
11. He said they are still students.
12. He told me that he was born in 1978.
13. The engineer said he was at college in 1967.
14. He said he had studied English since he was a boy.
15. She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.
16. Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.
17. He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.
18. She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
19. I told him I had finished it.
20. She told us she would come here tomorrow
21. The young man asked Karen where her chemistry teacher lived.
22. The little boy said happily that he had gained the first place in the mathematics competition.
23. The physics teacher told the boys and girls that light travels faster than sound.
24. Mary asked me if / whether I would go to the concert with her that evening.
25. The old man asked my brother what he had done there the day before.
巩固提高
1. Our teacher asked us _____ our dictionaries to school.
A. bring ???? ?? B. brought ?????? ? C. bring ???? D. to bring
2. The teacher told the boy students ______ football on the grass.
A. not play ?????? B. not to play ????????? C. played ????? D. playing
3. ____ Tom didn’t go to school?
A. Do you know how ? B. Why do you know ??
C. How you know why ?????? D. Do you know why
4. She looks sad. Could you please tell me _____ that prevents her from being as happy as before?
A. what it is ?????? B. it is what ??? C. how it is ???? D. it is how
5. Betty asked her sister ____ to the railway station to see her off.
A. not to come ??? B. not to go ?????? C. to not come ????? D. to not go
6. The pupil asked his teacher _____ round the earth.
A. weather the moon goes ??? B. that the moon went
C. whether the moon goes ?? ? ?D. whether the moon went
7. Mr. Li ____ Wang Ling ____ a taxi to the airport.
A. asked; take ??? B. asked; taking ??? C. told; take ??? D. told; to take
8. She asked him ____.
A. whose dictionary this is ????????? B. whose dictionary that was
C. whose dictionary is this ?????????? D. whose dictionary that is
9. Mary’s mother asked her _____.
A. that whether she had finished her homework B. if she has finished her homework
C. if she had finished her homework ???????? D. that if she had finished her homework
10. Do you know ____?
A. what is he doing ???????? B. what he doing C. what he is doing ?????D. what does he do now
11. I don’t know ____ to learn English.
A. when did he begin ?? B. when he began ? C. he when began D. when he begins
12. He asked me ____.
A. how would the weather be like tomorrow ???? B. what the weather would be like the next day
C. how the weather would be like tomorrow ???? D. what would the weather be like the next day
13. You can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Spring Festival presents.
A. how excited they were ?? B. how excited were they
C. how they were excited ????????? D. they were how excited
14. She told me that she ____ by her relatives at the bus stop.
A. had been seen off ? B. have seen off ?? C. have been seen off D. had seen off
15. Do you remember how many times ____ to Australia?
A. had you been B. did you go ??? C. have you been D. you have been
16. Can you guess ____?
A. what is that man? B. who that man is?? C. whom that man is ??D. who is that man
17. More and more students and teachers have began to know ____.
A. how important the foreign language are ???????? B. how the foreign language is important
C. how important the foreign language is ?????????? D. how important is the foreign language
18. The hostess said that it ___ time that they ___ supper.
A. was; had ?????? B. was; had had ??? C. is; have ??? D. is; have had
19. The boss asked his secretary ____ he had finished typing the report ____.
A. if; or not ? B. if; not ???? C. whether; or not ? D. whether; not
20. I wonder how much _____.
A. does he spend on his car ??????? ??B. did he spend on his car
C. he spent on his car ?????????? D. he spent in his car
Keys：
1—5DBDAB;? 6—10CDBCC；11—15BBAAD；16—20BCACC
一. 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
二. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
三. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. After two hours' discussion, the manager decide (end) the meeting.
2. There are so many unusual things in the museum, it’s worth again (visit)
3. It is not easy (learn) a foreign language
4. We are glad (see) you again.
5. We say him (play) football outside.
6. He spends much time (read) story-book.
7. We enjoy (read) books in our spare time.
8. (read) in bed is bad for your eyes.
9. Life is long if you know how (use)
10. Are you interested in (collect) stamps?
11. Do you enjoy (live) in China?
12. Jim asked me (help) him with his lessons.
13. He wants (borrow) a book from the school library.
14. You’d better (not be) late for the meeting next time.
15. He went to bed after he finished (write) the letter.
16. The wife told her husband (drive) too fast.
17. It’s best (wear) warm clothes in winter.
18. “ (open) your books and turn to Page 5,please” the teacher said.
19. Walk along this road, and take the first (turn) on the right.
20. Look at the boys, they are busy the young tree to the top the stick (tie).
21. I’d like (have) a glass of water, please?
22. Everything begins (grow) in spring.
23. I have quite a lot of homework (do).
24. Don’t forget (tell) him about this.
25. The boy is too young (go) to school.
26. Why not (come) to work a little early?
27. They went (fish) the day before yesterday.
28. I do some (wash) every Sunday.
29. If the population keeps growing so fast, there will be only room on the earth (stand).
30. When did you learn (skate)?
31. Would you like me you move that desk?(help)
32. What about (go) out for a swim?
33. It’s time for class. Please stop (talk).
34. Let’s (play) games, shall we?
35. It’s time (have) supper.
36. Thank you very much for (teach) us so well.
37 .Did they have a school (meet) yesterday?
38. I hope (be) a scientist when I grow up.
39. Some of the questions are hard (answer).
40. Robinson was ready (cross) the sea.
41. It’ll take you twenty minutes (go) there by bike.
42. I’m very pleased (see) you again.
43. Would you like something (drink)?
44. What makes you (think) I am a doctor?
45. Her brother gave her a (shop) basket.
46. I’m sorry (keep) you (wait) so long.
47. Does she like (sing) after class.
48. It was nice (talk) to you.
49. Would you please (go) there with me?
50. It’s dangerous (play) in the street.
Keys:
一. ① homework. ② English. ③ attention ④ words ⑤ to go swimming ⑥ he was ill.
⑦ him monitor ⑧ bridge museum ⑨ it school. ⑩ who"Father Christmas"really is.
二. ① us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 ② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语
③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 ④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语
⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语
三. 1. to end 2. visiting 3. to learn 4. to see 5. playing 6. reading 7. reading
8. Reading 9. to use 10. collecting 11. living 12. to help 13. to borrow 14. not be
15. writing 16. not to drive 17. to wear 18. Open 19. turning 20. tying
21. to have 22. to grow 23. to do 24. to tell 25. to go 26. come 27. fishing 28. washing 29. standing 30. to skate 31. to help 32. going 33. talking 34. play 35. to have 36. teaching 37.meeting 38. to be 39. to answer 40. to cross 41. to go 42. to see 43. to drink 44. think 45. shopping 46. to keep; waiting 47. singing
48. talking 49. go 50. to playing
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一. 完型填空
Wallet Back
This is a story about a learning experience that had a big effect on the way that I live my life. The ____1___in the story did not give me tests or even grade me on my work. I was taught by one of the most effective ___2___ of teaching, one that only people with lots of love can do.
“My wallet! Where is it？” were my first words___3___ I found my wallet was missing. I ____4___ my memory for a few good seconds, then realized that I had left my precious wallet in the library’s public ___5___!
Because the library was now __6__, I had to wait until the next morning to look for it. When I got there the next day, all I found was a clean restroom. This was the first time I could remember ever ___7___ to see a clean restroom. As I walked out, I looked at myself in the mirror and shook my head at the ___8____ fool in front of me.
I politely ___9____ the librarian at the front desk and asked her if a wallet had been found in the restroom yesterday. “No.” That was that. I walked off with a sense of ____10____.
I __11___ what I would do if I had found a wallet containing sixty dollars, a phone card and many other irreplaceable ___12____things. Finally, I ___13___ accepted the fact that my wallet was gone.
A week later, I received a ___14____ in the mail. it was my wallet And most ___15____, nothing was missing! But there was a little yellow sheet of paper folded up in one of the wallet pockets that had not been there before. I slowly unfolded the paper, which ___16____something like this:
When we continue to help around, we will live in a larger and more rewarding world.
This person didn’t even leave a return address. So I couldn’t ___17___whoever it was. From that day on, I __18__ myself that I will follow this ___19___ and help others and make them as ___20__ as I was when I opened that parcel!
1. A. leader B. writer C. teacher D. scholar
2. A. aids B. systems C. materials D. methods
3. A. once B. when C. before D. since
4. A. searched B. improved C. developed D. recorded
5. A. canteen B. lounge C. restroom D. showroom
6. A. closed B. deserted C. crowded D. occupied
7. A. hoping B. hating C. refusing D. preferring
8. A. grateful B. curious C. forgetful D. nervous
9. A. approached B. interviewed C. identified D. reminded
10. A. safety B. forgiveness C. satisfaction D. disappointment
11. A. described B. wondered C. discovered D. expressed
12. A. personal B. strange C. surprising D. reasonable
13. A. gladly B. naturally C. willingly D. painfully
14. A. letter B. note C. package D. suitcase
15. A. sincerely B. amazingly C. honestly D. obviously
16. A. read B. printed C. explained D. wrote
17. A. owe B. thank C. admire D. inspire
18. A. supported B. suggested C. improved D. promised
19. A. plan B. course C. regulation D. example
20. A. shocked B. cautions C. delighted D. optimistic
二. 书面表达
第一节
你的英国朋友Tim打算暑假来北京学习汉语，来信向你咨询你校国际版的汉语课程。请你根据以下提示给他写一封信。
为汉语初学者开设，每班10人
注重听说
安排与中国学生交流活动
注意：1. 词数不少于50
2. 可适当增加情节
3. 开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数
Hi Tim，
Yours
Steve
第二节
假设你是红星中学高三（1）班的学生李华。上周你班组织志愿活动，清理地铁内小广告和垃圾，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，用英语写一篇周记，记述从讨论到活动实施的全过程。
注意：1. 周记的开头已经写好
2. 词数不少于60
提示词：小广告adlets
Last week, our glass organized a voluntary activity in subway cars.___________________.
Keys:
一. CDBAC ABCAD BADCB ABDDC
二.
第一节
Hi Tom,
I am glad you are interested in the Chinese course of our international class.
This course is specially designed for beginners like you, focusing on listening and speaking practice. There will be only ten students in each class. You will love it because the course is educational and fun. Besides, you can also take part in some activities and communicate with Chinese students. That will surely be a good chance for you to learn more about China.
I hope it will be helpful. If you need more information, just let me know.
Yours
Steve
第二节
Last week, our glass organized a voluntary activity in subway cars.
On Friday, we, held a class meeting to discuss what we could do at the weekend. Some suggested telling passengers to keep the subway cars clean, while others preferred to pick up adlets and litter. Finally we decided to do the latter.
At 9:00 on Sunday morning, plastic bags in our hands, we gathered at the school gate and headed for the subway station. Upon arrival, we started to work. It was not so easy as we had expected because some adlets were stuck to the floor and seats. Seeing what we were doing, many passengers smiled at us in approval. Soon the subway cars became clean again. Two hours later, our work was finished. When we piled the litter bags on the platform, a conductor praised us with her thumb up. Though tired, we, felt proud and happy.