Unit4 A Body language 词汇篇
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要求学生掌握本单元的重点单词、重点短语、重要词汇辨析并能熟练应用。
一、重点短语
1. at ease 舒适；快活；自由自在
2. lose face 丢脸
3. turn one's back to... 背对；背弃
4.拥抱某人 give a hug to sb.
5.上下点头 nod the head up and down
6.尊敬某人 be respectable to sb.
7. be likely to 很可能……；有希望
8. in general 总的来说；通常
9.protect against 保卫……以免受
二、词义辨析
1. represent与stand for
represent
用来表示“代表某人/某个团体/政府等”，“某种标志代表什么“，“某物（书、塑料等）表示的是什么”和“把某人/某物描绘成什么”
stand for
往往用来表示“（字母、数字符号等）代表/象征什么”
2. close/closely
close
动词
关闭；结束
形容词
亲密的；亲近的
副词
离……很近，相当于near表具体的概念，多用来修饰由介词引导的短语
名词
结束；终止
closely
副词
（具体含义）离……很近
副词
（抽象含义）亲密地；仔细地；严密地，多修饰动词和过去分词
3. defend/guard/protect
defend：用在军事上，指防御、保卫、抵御或击退外来威胁或攻击；用于非军事意义时指保护、辩护。其宾语可具体可抽象。
guard：指守卫、监视或戒备潜在的危险。
protect：指设置障碍或掩护，以保护某人、某物免遭危害、损失等。常用于抵御风雨、寒冷、烈日、疾病或保护经济、法律权益等。
4. likely/possible/probable
likely
指从外表、迹象上进行判断，有可能发生，既可以用于人也可用物作主语
It is likely that…或sb./sth. is likely to…
possible
指客观上有可能但往往含有希望很小的意味。不能用人作主语
It is possible (for sb.)to do sth.
It is possible that…
probable
可能性比possible大表示“很可能、十有八九”也不能用人作主语
It is probable that...，不能用于It is probable (for sb.)to do sth.
5. replace/take the place of /in place of/in place/instead of
replace
最普通用词，指任何形式的替代，尤指以新的替代旧的、老的和坏的等，指人指物均可。Electric lights have replaced candles.
take the place of
动词词组，“替代（职务、工作等）”作“代替”解时，不可将the去掉或改换为one's。Most scientists agree that computers can’t completely take the place of humans.
in place of
介词短语“代替”，通常后接名词或代词，可与instead of 互换，但instead of sb./sth.可省去介词of及其宾语，而in place of通常不能将其省略
People often use plastics in place of/instead of wood or metal.
instead of
是介词短语，意思是“代替，而不是”，后接名词、代词宾格、或动名词。
You should take some exercise instead of staying indoors all day long.
in place
意为“在适当的位置”。其反义词组为out of place(不在适当的位置；不合适)
Carefully lay each slab in place.
6. at ease/with ease
at ease舒适；自在（相当于relaxed）
E.g. Only in my home do I feel at ease
With ease容易地（相当于easily）
E.g. He passed the exam with ease.
三、要点梳理
1. greet (vt.)
(1)欢迎；致意；问好；打招呼
E.g. He greeted us by shouting a friendly “Hello!”遇见我们时，他友好地喊了声“哈罗”。
E.g. She greeted him with a kiss.她以一个深情的吻迎接他。
(2)受到……的对待
E.g. The speech was greeted by/with loud cheers.演讲受到了热烈的欢呼。
(3)(景象或声音等)映入眼帘，入耳
E.g. As we entered the room complete disorder greeted us.我们走进房间，只见一片混乱的景象。
知识拓展:
greet sb. with...用……迎接……；用……向某人打招呼
greet sb./sth. with/by sth.(以某种方式)对……作出反应
(2)greeting(常用复数形式)问候；祝贺；贺词
E.g. They exchanged greetings and sat down to lunch.他们互相致意后便坐下吃午饭。
E.g. My mother sends her greetings to you all.我母亲向你们大家问好。
2. represent(vt.)
(1)代表；象征
E.g. The competition attracted over 500 contestants representing 8 different countries.
这次比赛吸引了代表8个不同国家的500多名参赛者。
E.g. The red lines on the map represent railways.这张地图上的红线代表铁路。
(2)(用图画、戏剧、雕刻等)展示，描绘
E.g. The picture represents a hunting scene.这是一幅行猎图。
E.g. He represented himself as an expert.他声称自己是个专家。
(3)正式提出(意见、想法等)
E.g. I'll represent to him the risks that he is running.我会向他说明他所冒的危险。
E.g. The lawyer represented to the court that the defendant was mentally unstable.
律师向法庭陈述被告精神不正常。
知识拓展:
represent sb. as/to be...宣称某人是……
represent oneself as/to be...自称……
represent sth. to sb.向某人说明或传达某事
represent... as...把……描绘成……
E.g. He represented himself to be a friend of us, but now we know the truth.
他自称是我们的朋友，但现在我们知道真相了。
E.g. His fans represented him as a true hero.
他的粉丝把他描绘成真正的英雄。
3. curiously adv.好奇地
E.g. But curiously enough it was Katharine who refused this.可奇怪的是，凯瑟琳居然不同意。
巧学助记
curiosity(n.)好奇；好奇心
with curiosity好奇地
out of curiosity出于好奇
curiously (adv.)好奇地
curious(adj.)好奇的
be curious about 对……好奇
be curious to do极想做……
E.g. The children were curious to know what was happening over there.
孩子们好奇地想知道那边正在发生什么。
E.g. We were burning with curiosity over what was in the box.我们急切地想知道箱子里是什么东西。
4. closely adv. 紧密地；紧紧地
E.g. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼·加西亚，紧随其后的是来自英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。
E.g. The prisoners were closely guarded by armed soldiers.囚犯们被武装士兵严密看守。
5. approach
(1)(vi. /vt.) 走近，靠近，接近
E.g. As you approach the town the first building you see is the church.
接近那座城镇的时候，首先看到的就是教堂。
E.g. The time is approaching when we have to leave.我们要离开的时刻越来越近了。
(2)(n.) 靠近，接近，临近；通路，入口；方法，方式(常与介词to连用)
E.g. All approaches to the town were blocked.通往这座城镇的所有道路都被封锁了。
E.g. He decided to adopt a different approach and teach the Bible through story－telling.
他决定采用一种不同的方法，通过讲故事来教授《圣经》。
知识拓展:
(1)...be approaching……快到了
with... approaching随着……的临近
(2)the approach of...……即将到达
make approaches to sb.设法接近某人
approach to(做某事的)方法
E.g. These signs show that a crisis is approaching.
这些征兆表示危机即将来临。
E. g. Everyone has their own approach to dealing with them.每个人都有自己的方法来处理它们。
名师点拨
(1)approach(方法)常与介词to连用，即approach to (doing) sth.
(2)记住以下“做某事的方法”表达。
①the way to do/of (doing) sth.
②the means of (doing) sth.
③the method of(doing) sth.
6. defence (n.)防御；保卫
E.g. She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.
她后退几步，看上去有些吃惊，并举起了手，好像是自卫。
E.g. She spoke in defence of her beliefs.她为其信仰辩护。
知识拓展
(1)in defence (of...)保卫(……)
(2)defend sb./sth. from/against sb./sth.保护某人(某物)免受伤害
defend oneself against sth.为自己辩护
E.g. It is our duty to defend our country.
保卫我们的国家是我们的责任。
E.g. They have the ability to defend against dangerous actions in outer space.
他们具备在外层空间抵御危险行动的能力。
7. likely adj.可能的
E.g. Train fares are likely to remain unchanged.火车票价很可能会保持不变。
E.g. A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.情绪高涨的队更可能获胜。
E.g. It is likely that the thieves don't know how much it is worth.盗贼很可能不知道此物的价值。
知识拓展
be likely to do sth.可能发生某种情况
It's likely that...＝sb. be likely to do...做某事是可能的
not likely不见得；不大可能
8. major
(1)adj.主要的；重要的；大的
E.g. Shanghai is one of the major cities in China.上海是中国的主要城市之一。
(2)n.
①[C]主修课程；专业课
E.g. Her major is French.她的主修科目是法语。
②[C]主修学生；主修生
E.g. She is a French major.她是法语专业的学生。
③[C]少校
E.g. He's a major in the US army.
他是美国陆军少校。
(3) v. major in sth.主修
E.g. She majored in maths and physics (at university).
她(在大学)主修数学和物理。
知识拓展
(1)majority(n.)多数，大半
E.g. The majority of doctors agree that smoking is harmful to health.大多数医生认为吸烟危害健康。
(2)minor (adj.)较小的；次要的；轻微的
minority (n.) 少数；小部分
E.g. There may be some minor changes to the schedule.时间安排也许会有小小的变动。
9. dash v. 突然而急促的往前冲；急奔
E.g. The children dashed out immediately the bell rang.铃声刚响过，孩子们就冲了出去。
知识拓展
dash n. 猛冲；急奔
the 100－meter dash 百米赛跑
E.g. When the door opened, there was a mad dash for seats.门一开，人们便疯狂地朝座位奔去
10. reach one's hand out 伸出手
E.g. As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student.
当我为他们作介绍时，乔治把手伸向了这位日本学生。
reach
1)伸手；够得着
2)与……取得联系
3)提升到(某一水平、速度等)11. cut off切断，断绝
E.g. He cut off some branches from the tree.他从树上剪掉几根树枝。
E.g. They cut off the gas supply.他们停止了煤气供应。
4)(大或长等)足够达到
E.g. They were confident that they could reach their aim.他们有信心达到目标。
E.g. He can always be reached on the office telephone.可以通过办公室电话随时与他取得联系。
E.g. No agreement has been reached so far.到现在为止还没有达成协议。
E.g. They saw nothing but houses as far as the eye could reach.
他们极目远眺，除了房子外什么也看不到。
短语拓展
1)reach out one's hand for sth.某人伸手够某物
2)within one's reach某人够得到的地方
3)out of/beyond one's reach某人够不到的地方
11. on the contrary 与此相反；正相反
E.g. Ahmed Aziz, on the contrary, simply nodded at the girls.
相反，艾哈迈德·阿齐兹却只是朝女孩们点了点头。
短语拓展
on the contrary为介词短语，在句中作状语，表示相反的意见，是对上文内容的转折，可放在句首或句中。
to the contrary相反的(地)，在句中作状语或定语。
E.g. On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the consequences of their actions can do better.
相反，那些让青少年体验他们行为后果的人会做得更好
E.g. Show me some evidence to the contrary.给我看看有什么相反的证据吧。
E.g. I will expect to see you on Sunday unless I hear anything to the contrary.
我星期天等你，除非你说不来了。
12. in general总的来说；通常
E.g. In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads!
但总的来说，在当今文化交融的世界，学习不同国家的习俗肯定能够帮助我们避免交往中的困难！
E.g. In general, American food is mild tasting.一般而论，美国食物味道清淡。
知识拓展
(1)general knowledge常识
as a general rule一般而言；通常
(2)generally (speaking)总体而言；一般而言
(3)on the whole总的来说
in a word总之
in short简言之
E.g. As a general rule, you should avoid this kind of food.一般说来你应该避免这种食物。
E.g. Generally speaking, we enjoyed the trip.总的说来，我们这次旅行很愉快。
13. fun_ction
(1)n.职责；功能；作用；职能
E.g. The fun_ction of a chairman is to lead and control meetings.主席的职责是主持会议。
E.g. The brain performs a very important fun_ction; it controls the nervous system of the body.
(2)v.正常运行；发挥作用；运转
E.g. Despite the power cuts, the hospital continued to fun_ction normally.尽管供电中断，医院照常运转。
E.g. The sofa also functions as a bed.这沙发还可当床用。
14. ease
(1)n.安逸；舒适
E.g. He didn't feel completely at ease in the strange surroundings.他在陌生的环境中感到不那么自在。
E.g. Take your ease, for the journey ahead will be long and arduous.
好好休息一下，前面的路程远而艰难。
E.g. They are expected to win the election with ease.预计他们在竞选中能够轻易获胜。
(2) vt.减轻(痛苦、忧虑)
E.g. Walking helped to ease him of his pain.散步有助于解除他的疼痛。
知识拓展
(1)at ease舒适；快活；自由自在
take one's ease使某人放松一下
with ease轻易地；毫不费力地
(2)ease sb. of sth.减轻某人的痛苦、负担等
15. anger n.怒气；怒火
E.g. It was not a long time before his anger melted.不久他的怒气就消了。
E.g. Don't joke with a man in anger.别和动怒的人开玩笑。
E.g. “It's a lie!” he shouted in anger.“撒谎！”他怒吼道。
知识拓展
(1)in/with anger愤怒地；生气地
(2)anger vt.使发怒；激怒
E.g. Her cruel words angered him. 她那无情的话激怒了他。
16. hug (n.) & vi. & vt. 拥抱
E.g. Being respectful to people is subjective, based on each culture，but in general it is probably not a good idea to give a hug to a boss or teacher.
在每种文化背景下，尊重他人是主观的。但是通常拥抱老板或老师可能会不妥当。
E.g. They put their arms around each other and hugged.他们伸出双臂彼此拥抱。
E.g. She stood hugging herself against the cold.在寒冷中，她抱着胳膊，瑟缩站立。
E.g. Mary greeted the visitors with hugs and kisses.玛丽以拥抱和亲吻迎接来宾。
知识拓展
①give sb. a hug＝ give a hug to sb.热情拥抱某人
②embrace v. & n．拥抱
in an embrace拥抱
E.g. He gave her a hug when he saw her.他看到她就给了她一个拥抱。
E.g. Paul gave me a big hug.保罗热情地拥抱了我。
17. rank (n)等级，军衔
E.g. In almost every culture, it is not usually good to stand too close to someone of a higher rank.
几乎在每一种文化里，站得离一个地位更高的人太近通常都是不妥当的。
考点释义
n. [C] 等级；军衔u，排列；属于某等级
vt.评价，为……分等级
vi.排名，名列
E.g. You can see people of all ranks there.在那里你能看到各个阶层的人。
E.g. Does he rank among/with failures?他算作失败的那一类吗？
E.g. Where do you rank him as a chess player?你把他评定为哪一级的象棋选手。
18.lose face丢脸
E.g. There are unhappy smiles, such as when someone “loses face” and smiles to hide it.
还有不愉快的微笑，比如当某人“丢了面子”就会用微笑来掩饰。
E.g. Jerry lost face when people found out he got low grades.人们发现杰里考分很低时，他觉得丢脸。
知识拓展
(1)face to face面对面地
make faces/a face做鬼脸
save one's face保全面子
in(the) face of面对
(2)be faced with...面对着……
E.g. They had an argument face to face.他们面对面地吵了一架。
E.g. In the face of the new evidence he had to admit he had been wrong.在新的证据面前，他只得认错。
E.g. Even though he was faced with so many difficulties, he would never give in.
尽管面对如此多的困难，他将永不屈服。
19.turn one's back to背对
E.g. In most places around the world, frowning and turning one's back to someone shows anger.
在世界上大多数地方，皱眉或者背对着某人都表示发怒。
E.g. He has turned his back to his past way of life.他脱离了过去的生活方式。
知识拓展
turn down拒绝；关小
turn out结果是；证明是
turn to向……求助；转向
turn up出现；到达；突然发生
turn over打翻；翻阅；反复思考
Please turn the radio down,_I'm trying to sleep.
请把收音机的音量调小，我想睡觉
20.in most cases 在大多数情况下；在大多数场合下
E.g. In most cases, it is necessary to have a healthy diet.在大多数情况下，健康饮食是必要的。
知识拓展
in any case 无论如何；总之
in case 万一；如果；以防
in case of 如果；以防
in that/this case 如果那/这样
in no case在任何情况下都不(置于句首时句子要采用部分倒装)
E.g. In any case, you'll have to be at the station by 8:00.无论如何，你必须在八点前到达车站。
21.with的复合结构：
(1)with＋n./pron.＋v.－ing(v.－ing表示宾语与宾语补足语之间为主动关系)。
(2)with＋n./pron.＋v.－ed(v.－ed表示宾语与宾语补足语之间为动宾关系)。
(3)with＋n./pron.＋to do(to do表示将来的动作)。
(4)with＋n./pron.＋adv./adj./prep.－phrase.
E.g. With the windows open, he fell asleep.窗子开着，他睡着了。
E.g. With a lot of work to do, he couldn't go home.有许多工作要做，他不能回家。
例1.（2014福建高考考前联考）You should study the details of the policy before you sign it.
A. in return B. in advance C. at ease D. on purpose
例2（2014浙江温州期中）Young children seem to master computer games ______. And playing computer games will always make them feel ______.
A. easily, easily B. with ease, at ease C. easy, easy D.at ease, with ease
例3.（2014天津）_______the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support.
A. In reply to B. In addition to C. In charge of D. In place of
例4.（2014陕西）Studies show that people are more to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours.
A. possible B. likely C. probable D. sure
例5.（2014江西宜春月考）______part Bob played in the film was of a child’s father ,but it was not ___ major role.
A. The ; a B. A; a C. The; the D. A; the
基础演练
单词拼写
1.He________(代表)our class making a speech at the meeting.
2.The boy is very________(好奇)and he is always asking questions.
3.When the fierce dog________(靠近)her, she hid herself behind the door.
4.How can you________(表达)your feeling when faced with such a problem?
5.The________(令人厌烦的)speech made her rather upset.
6. She used to s________ in my troubles as well as my joys.
7. There was an e________ of danger on her face.
8. I don't think that we should be seen traveling together-people might m________.
9. Mr. Green got up from behind his desk to g________ me.
10. Let me i________ myself: my name is Melody Johnson.
巩固提高
根据汉语提示，完成下列句子
1.________ ________, his speech was a success.总的来说，他的演讲很成功。
2.________my friends do ________know English.我的朋友并不是都懂英语。
3. She is very ________ ________give me a call.她很有可能给我打电话。
4. Women are ________ ________ ________in the company.在这家公司，女性占大多数。
5. They joined the army ________ ________ ________their country.
他们参军来保卫国家。
6. With ________ ________,the weather becomes cold.冬天临近，天气转冷。
7.________ ________ ________he didn't tell you.他没有告诉你，实在反常。
8. She ________ ________ ________the kindest mother in the world.
她把自己描绘成世界上最慈祥的母亲
9. Mother likes ________ ________ ________at the door. 妈妈喜欢在门口迎接她的客人们。
用短语的适当形式填空
put up; in defence; on the contrary; shake hands with; look around; reach out
1. They ______ posters all around the town advertising the circus.
2. He ________ his hand for the book on the shelf, but he was too short to reach it.
3. Don't try to ______ a woman unless she puts out her hand first.
4. She plays ________.
5. --I suppose your student doesn't understand you.
--________, he understands me very well.
6. He ________ the room before he left, wishing to impress everything on his mind.
二、单项语法填空
1. We have been waiting for her all the afternoon, but she hasn't turned________ yet.
2. He always seems so confident, but ________reality he's sometimes extremely nervous during some exams.
3. The film is so moving that she usually watches it with her face ________ (bath) in tears.
4.--What made him so unhappy?
--________ (lose) face.
5. In some countries in the world, people give a hug ________ each other or kiss each other ________ the cheek when they meet each other.
6. Don't do so much for me, and you make me feel that I'm not ________ease.
7. While at the party, the student turned his ________ to his elder brother whom he met by accident in order not to be noticed.
8. The door burst open and in rushed the crowd, shouting ________ anger.
9.Experts say adults need at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep a night to keep their body ________(fun_ction) well.
10.It can run across water for a ________(距离) of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water's surface with its feet.
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一、完形填空
A Leap(跳跃)to Honor
Leaping on a narrow balance beam(平衡木)is not easy. But Lola Walter, a 13-year-old gymnast, is an expert at it.
To perfect her skills, Lola 1 for four hours a day, five days a week. At the state championships in March, she finished seventh out of 16 girls.
That’s especially impressive, 2 she is legally blind, born with a rare condition that causes her eyes to shift(移动)constantly. She often sees double and can’t 3 how far away things are.
When she was little, her mom 4 that even though she couldn’t see 5 , she was fearless. So her mom signed her up for gymnastics when she was three. She loved the 6 right away and gymnastics became her favorite.
Though learning gymnastics has been more 7 for her than for some of her teammates, she has never quit. She doesn’t let her 8 stop her from doing anything that she wants to.
She likes the determination it takes to do the sport. Her biggest 9 is the balance beam. Because she has double vision, she often sees two beams. She must use her sense of touch to help her during her routine. Sometimes she even closes her eyes. “You have to 10 your mind that it’ll take you where you want to go. ”says Lola.
To be a top-level gymnast, one must be brave. The beam is probably the most 11 for anyone because it’s four inches wide. At the state competition, Lola didn’t fall 12 the beam. In fact, she got an 8.1 out of 10—her highest score yet.
Lola doesn’t want to be 13 differently from the other girls on her team. At competitions, the judges don’t know about her vision 14 .She doesn’t tell them, because she doesn’t think they need to know. Her mom is amazed by her 15 attitude.
Lola never thinks about 16 . She is presently at level 7 while the highest is level 10 in gymnastics. Her 17 is to reach level 9.She says she wants to be a gymnastics coach to pass down what she’s learned to other kids 18 she grows up.
Lola is 19 of all her hard work and success. She says it’s helped her overcome problems in her life outside gymnastics, too. Her 20 for others is “just believe in yourself”.
1. A. runs B. teaches C. trains D. dances
2. A. since B. unless C. after D. though
3. A. tell B. guess C. assume D. predict
4. A. suspected B. remembered C. imagined D. noticed
5. A. deeply B. well C. ahead D. closely
6. A. task B. sport C. event D. show
7. A. boring B. enjoyable C. difficult D. satisfactory
8. A. talent B. quality C. nature D. condition
9. A. doubt B. advantage C. challenge D. progress
10. A. examine B. express C. open D. trust
11. A. fearful B. harmful C. unfair D. inconvenient
12. A. to B. on C. off D. against
13. A. greeted B. treated C. served D. paid
14. A. pains B. stresses C. injuries D. problems
15. A. positive B. friendly C. flexible D. cautious
16. A. defending B. quitting C. winning D. bargaining
17. A. standard B. range C. view D. goal
18. A. until B. as C. when D. before
19. A. proud B. tired C. ashamed D. confident
20. A. plan B. advice C. reward D. responsibility
二、作文
假设你是校图书馆馆长的学生助理李华，图书馆要进行网络系统升级，请在阅览室向在场的留学生口头通知相关事宜，并请他们转告其他留学生。
1．时间：2015年5月1日至5月10日。
2．在此期间，关闭阅览室、暂停电子阅览。
3．仅周二和周五可以借、还图书。
注意：1．词数不少于50。
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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Unit4 A Body language 词汇篇
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要求学生掌握本单元的重点单词、重点短语、重要词汇辨析并能熟练应用。
一、重点短语
1. at ease 舒适；快活；自由自在
2. lose face 丢脸
3. turn one's back to... 背对；背弃
4.拥抱某人 give a hug to sb.
5.上下点头 nod the head up and down
6.尊敬某人 be respectable to sb.
7. be likely to 很可能……；有希望
8. in general 总的来说；通常
9.protect against 保卫……以免受
二、词义辨析
1. represent与stand for
represent
用来表示“代表某人/某个团体/政府等”，“某种标志代表什么“，“某物（书、塑料等）表示的是什么”和“把某人/某物描绘成什么”
stand for
往往用来表示“（字母、数字符号等）代表/象征什么”
2. close/closely
close
动词
关闭；结束
形容词
亲密的；亲近的
副词
离……很近，相当于near表具体的概念，多用来修饰由介词引导的短语
名词
结束；终止
closely
副词
（具体含义）离……很近
副词
（抽象含义）亲密地；仔细地；严密地，多修饰动词和过去分词
3. defend/guard/protect
defend：用在军事上，指防御、保卫、抵御或击退外来威胁或攻击；用于非军事意义时指保护、辩护。其宾语可具体可抽象。
guard：指守卫、监视或戒备潜在的危险。
protect：指设置障碍或掩护，以保护某人、某物免遭危害、损失等。常用于抵御风雨、寒冷、烈日、疾病或保护经济、法律权益等。
4. likely/possible/probable
likely
指从外表、迹象上进行判断，有可能发生，既可以用于人也可用物作主语
It is likely that…或sb./sth. is likely to…
possible
指客观上有可能但往往含有希望很小的意味。不能用人作主语
It is possible (for sb.)to do sth.
It is possible that…
probable
可能性比possible大表示“很可能、十有八九”也不能用人作主语
It is probable that...，不能用于It is probable (for sb.)to do sth.
5. replace/take the place of /in place of/in place/instead of
replace
最普通用词，指任何形式的替代，尤指以新的替代旧的、老的和坏的等，指人指物均可。Electric lights have replaced candles.
take the place of
动词词组，“替代（职务、工作等）”作“代替”解时，不可将the去掉或改换为one's。Most scientists agree that computers can’t completely take the place of humans.
in place of
介词短语“代替”，通常后接名词或代词，可与instead of 互换，但instead of sb./sth.可省去介词of及其宾语，而in place of通常不能将其省略
People often use plastics in place of/instead of wood or metal.
instead of
是介词短语，意思是“代替，而不是”，后接名词、代词宾格、或动名词。
You should take some exercise instead of staying indoors all day long.
in place
意为“在适当的位置”。其反义词组为out of place(不在适当的位置；不合适)
Carefully lay each slab in place.
6. at ease/with ease
at ease舒适；自在（相当于relaxed）
E.g. Only in my home do I feel at ease
With ease容易地（相当于easily）
E.g. He passed the exam with ease.
三、要点梳理
1. greet (vt.)
(1)欢迎；致意；问好；打招呼
E.g. He greeted us by shouting a friendly “Hello!”遇见我们时，他友好地喊了声“哈罗”。
E.g. She greeted him with a kiss.她以一个深情的吻迎接他。
(2)受到……的对待
E.g. The speech was greeted by/with loud cheers.演讲受到了热烈的欢呼。
(3)(景象或声音等)映入眼帘，入耳
E.g. As we entered the room complete disorder greeted us.我们走进房间，只见一片混乱的景象。
知识拓展:
greet sb. with...用……迎接……；用……向某人打招呼
greet sb./sth. with/by sth.(以某种方式)对……作出反应
(2)greeting(常用复数形式)问候；祝贺；贺词
E.g. They exchanged greetings and sat down to lunch.他们互相致意后便坐下吃午饭。
E.g. My mother sends her greetings to you all.我母亲向你们大家问好。
2. represent(vt.)
(1)代表；象征
E.g. The competition attracted over 500 contestants representing 8 different countries.
这次比赛吸引了代表8个不同国家的500多名参赛者。
E.g. The red lines on the map represent railways.这张地图上的红线代表铁路。
(2)(用图画、戏剧、雕刻等)展示，描绘
E.g. The picture represents a hunting scene.这是一幅行猎图。
E.g. He represented himself as an expert.他声称自己是个专家。
(3)正式提出(意见、想法等)
E.g. I'll represent to him the risks that he is running.我会向他说明他所冒的危险。
E.g. The lawyer represented to the court that the defendant was mentally unstable.
律师向法庭陈述被告精神不正常。
知识拓展:
represent sb. as/to be...宣称某人是……
represent oneself as/to be...自称……
represent sth. to sb.向某人说明或传达某事
represent... as...把……描绘成……
E.g. He represented himself to be a friend of us, but now we know the truth.
他自称是我们的朋友，但现在我们知道真相了。
E.g. His fans represented him as a true hero.
他的粉丝把他描绘成真正的英雄。
3. curiously adv.好奇地
E.g. But curiously enough it was Katharine who refused this.可奇怪的是，凯瑟琳居然不同意。
巧学助记
curiosity(n.)好奇；好奇心
with curiosity好奇地
out of curiosity出于好奇
curiously (adv.)好奇地
curious(adj.)好奇的
be curious about 对……好奇
be curious to do极想做……
E.g. The children were curious to know what was happening over there.
孩子们好奇地想知道那边正在发生什么。
E.g. We were burning with curiosity over what was in the box.我们急切地想知道箱子里是什么东西。
4. closely adv. 紧密地；紧紧地
E.g. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼·加西亚，紧随其后的是来自英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。
E.g. The prisoners were closely guarded by armed soldiers.囚犯们被武装士兵严密看守。
5. approach
(1)(vi. /vt.) 走近，靠近，接近
E.g. As you approach the town the first building you see is the church.
接近那座城镇的时候，首先看到的就是教堂。
E.g. The time is approaching when we have to leave.我们要离开的时刻越来越近了。
(2)(n.) 靠近，接近，临近；通路，入口；方法，方式(常与介词to连用)
E.g. All approaches to the town were blocked.通往这座城镇的所有道路都被封锁了。
E.g. He decided to adopt a different approach and teach the Bible through story－telling.
他决定采用一种不同的方法，通过讲故事来教授《圣经》。
知识拓展:
(1)...be approaching……快到了
with... approaching随着……的临近
(2)the approach of...……即将到达
make approaches to sb.设法接近某人
approach to(做某事的)方法
E.g. These signs show that a crisis is approaching.
这些征兆表示危机即将来临。
E. g. Everyone has their own approach to dealing with them.每个人都有自己的方法来处理它们。
名师点拨
(1)approach(方法)常与介词to连用，即approach to (doing) sth.
(2)记住以下“做某事的方法”表达。
①the way to do/of (doing) sth.
②the means of (doing) sth.
③the method of(doing) sth.
6. defence (n.)防御；保卫
E.g. She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.
她后退几步，看上去有些吃惊，并举起了手，好像是自卫。
E.g. She spoke in defence of her beliefs.她为其信仰辩护。
知识拓展
(1)in defence (of...)保卫(……)
(2)defend sb./sth. from/against sb./sth.保护某人(某物)免受伤害
defend oneself against sth.为自己辩护
E.g. It is our duty to defend our country.
保卫我们的国家是我们的责任。
E.g. They have the ability to defend against dangerous actions in outer space.
他们具备在外层空间抵御危险行动的能力。
7. likely adj.可能的
E.g. Train fares are likely to remain unchanged.火车票价很可能会保持不变。
E.g. A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.情绪高涨的队更可能获胜。
E.g. It is likely that the thieves don't know how much it is worth.盗贼很可能不知道此物的价值。
知识拓展
be likely to do sth.可能发生某种情况
It's likely that...＝sb. be likely to do...做某事是可能的
not likely不见得；不大可能
8. major
(1)adj.主要的；重要的；大的
E.g. Shanghai is one of the major cities in China.上海是中国的主要城市之一。
(2)n.
①[C]主修课程；专业课
E.g. Her major is French.她的主修科目是法语。
②[C]主修学生；主修生
E.g. She is a French major.她是法语专业的学生。
③[C]少校
E.g. He's a major in the US army.
他是美国陆军少校。
(3) v. major in sth.主修
E.g. She majored in maths and physics (at university).
她(在大学)主修数学和物理。
知识拓展
(1)majority(n.)多数，大半
E.g. The majority of doctors agree that smoking is harmful to health.大多数医生认为吸烟危害健康。
(2)minor (adj.)较小的；次要的；轻微的
minority (n.) 少数；小部分
E.g. There may be some minor changes to the schedule.时间安排也许会有小小的变动。
9. dash v. 突然而急促的往前冲；急奔
E.g. The children dashed out immediately the bell rang.铃声刚响过，孩子们就冲了出去。
知识拓展
dash n. 猛冲；急奔
the 100－meter dash 百米赛跑
E.g. When the door opened, there was a mad dash for seats.门一开，人们便疯狂地朝座位奔去
10. reach one's hand out 伸出手
E.g. As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student.
当我为他们作介绍时，乔治把手伸向了这位日本学生。
reach
1)伸手；够得着
2)与……取得联系
3)提升到(某一水平、速度等)11. cut off切断，断绝
E.g. He cut off some branches from the tree.他从树上剪掉几根树枝。
E.g. They cut off the gas supply.他们停止了煤气供应。
4)(大或长等)足够达到
E.g. They were confident that they could reach their aim.他们有信心达到目标。
E.g. He can always be reached on the office telephone.可以通过办公室电话随时与他取得联系。
E.g. No agreement has been reached so far.到现在为止还没有达成协议。
E.g. They saw nothing but houses as far as the eye could reach.
他们极目远眺，除了房子外什么也看不到。
短语拓展
1)reach out one's hand for sth.某人伸手够某物
2)within one's reach某人够得到的地方
3)out of/beyond one's reach某人够不到的地方
11. on the contrary 与此相反；正相反
E.g. Ahmed Aziz, on the contrary, simply nodded at the girls.
相反，艾哈迈德·阿齐兹却只是朝女孩们点了点头。
短语拓展
on the contrary为介词短语，在句中作状语，表示相反的意见，是对上文内容的转折，可放在句首或句中。
to the contrary相反的(地)，在句中作状语或定语。
E.g. On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the consequences of their actions can do better.
相反，那些让青少年体验他们行为后果的人会做得更好
E.g. Show me some evidence to the contrary.给我看看有什么相反的证据吧。
E.g. I will expect to see you on Sunday unless I hear anything to the contrary.
我星期天等你，除非你说不来了。
12. in general总的来说；通常
E.g. In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads!
但总的来说，在当今文化交融的世界，学习不同国家的习俗肯定能够帮助我们避免交往中的困难！
E.g. In general, American food is mild tasting.一般而论，美国食物味道清淡。
知识拓展
(1)general knowledge常识
as a general rule一般而言；通常
(2)generally (speaking)总体而言；一般而言
(3)on the whole总的来说
in a word总之
in short简言之
E.g. As a general rule, you should avoid this kind of food.一般说来你应该避免这种食物。
E.g. Generally speaking, we enjoyed the trip.总的说来，我们这次旅行很愉快。
13. fun_ction
(1)n.职责；功能；作用；职能
E.g. The fun_ction of a chairman is to lead and control meetings.主席的职责是主持会议。
E.g. The brain performs a very important fun_ction; it controls the nervous system of the body.
(2)v.正常运行；发挥作用；运转
E.g. Despite the power cuts, the hospital continued to fun_ction normally.尽管供电中断，医院照常运转。
E.g. The sofa also functions as a bed.这沙发还可当床用。
14. ease
(1)n.安逸；舒适
E.g. He didn't feel completely at ease in the strange surroundings.他在陌生的环境中感到不那么自在。
E.g. Take your ease, for the journey ahead will be long and arduous.
好好休息一下，前面的路程远而艰难。
E.g. They are expected to win the election with ease.预计他们在竞选中能够轻易获胜。
(2) vt.减轻(痛苦、忧虑)
E.g. Walking helped to ease him of his pain.散步有助于解除他的疼痛。
知识拓展
(1)at ease舒适；快活；自由自在
take one's ease使某人放松一下
with ease轻易地；毫不费力地
(2)ease sb. of sth.减轻某人的痛苦、负担等
15. anger n.怒气；怒火
E.g. It was not a long time before his anger melted.不久他的怒气就消了。
E.g. Don't joke with a man in anger.别和动怒的人开玩笑。
E.g. “It's a lie!” he shouted in anger.“撒谎！”他怒吼道。
知识拓展
(1)in/with anger愤怒地；生气地
(2)anger vt.使发怒；激怒
E.g. Her cruel words angered him. 她那无情的话激怒了他。
16. hug (n.) & vi. & vt. 拥抱
E.g. Being respectful to people is subjective, based on each culture，but in general it is probably not a good idea to give a hug to a boss or teacher.
在每种文化背景下，尊重他人是主观的。但是通常拥抱老板或老师可能会不妥当。
E.g. They put their arms around each other and hugged.他们伸出双臂彼此拥抱。
E.g. She stood hugging herself against the cold.在寒冷中，她抱着胳膊，瑟缩站立。
E.g. Mary greeted the visitors with hugs and kisses.玛丽以拥抱和亲吻迎接来宾。
知识拓展
①give sb. a hug＝ give a hug to sb.热情拥抱某人
②embrace v. & n．拥抱
in an embrace拥抱
E.g. He gave her a hug when he saw her.他看到她就给了她一个拥抱。
E.g. Paul gave me a big hug.保罗热情地拥抱了我。
17. rank (n)等级，军衔
E.g. In almost every culture, it is not usually good to stand too close to someone of a higher rank.
几乎在每一种文化里，站得离一个地位更高的人太近通常都是不妥当的。
考点释义
n. [C] 等级；军衔u，排列；属于某等级
vt.评价，为……分等级
vi.排名，名列
E.g. You can see people of all ranks there.在那里你能看到各个阶层的人。
E.g. Does he rank among/with failures?他算作失败的那一类吗？
E.g. Where do you rank him as a chess player?你把他评定为哪一级的象棋选手。
18.lose face丢脸
E.g. There are unhappy smiles, such as when someone “loses face” and smiles to hide it.
还有不愉快的微笑，比如当某人“丢了面子”就会用微笑来掩饰。
E.g. Jerry lost face when people found out he got low grades.人们发现杰里考分很低时，他觉得丢脸。
知识拓展
(1)face to face面对面地
make faces/a face做鬼脸
save one's face保全面子
in(the) face of面对
(2)be faced with...面对着……
E.g. They had an argument face to face.他们面对面地吵了一架。
E.g. In the face of the new evidence he had to admit he had been wrong.在新的证据面前，他只得认错。
E.g. Even though he was faced with so many difficulties, he would never give in.
尽管面对如此多的困难，他将永不屈服。
19.turn one's back to背对
E.g. In most places around the world, frowning and turning one's back to someone shows anger.
在世界上大多数地方，皱眉或者背对着某人都表示发怒。
E.g. He has turned his back to his past way of life.他脱离了过去的生活方式。
知识拓展
turn down拒绝；关小
turn out结果是；证明是
turn to向……求助；转向
turn up出现；到达；突然发生
turn over打翻；翻阅；反复思考
Please turn the radio down,_I'm trying to sleep.
请把收音机的音量调小，我想睡觉
20.in most cases 在大多数情况下；在大多数场合下
E.g. In most cases, it is necessary to have a healthy diet.在大多数情况下，健康饮食是必要的。
知识拓展
in any case 无论如何；总之
in case 万一；如果；以防
in case of 如果；以防
in that/this case 如果那/这样
in no case在任何情况下都不(置于句首时句子要采用部分倒装)
E.g. In any case, you'll have to be at the station by 8:00.无论如何，你必须在八点前到达车站。
21.with的复合结构：
(1)with＋n./pron.＋v.－ing(v.－ing表示宾语与宾语补足语之间为主动关系)。
(2)with＋n./pron.＋v.－ed(v.－ed表示宾语与宾语补足语之间为动宾关系)。
(3)with＋n./pron.＋to do(to do表示将来的动作)。
(4)with＋n./pron.＋adv./adj./prep.－phrase.
E.g. With the windows open, he fell asleep.窗子开着，他睡着了。
E.g. With a lot of work to do, he couldn't go home.有许多工作要做，他不能回家。
例1.（2014福建高考考前联考）You should study the details of the policy before you sign it.
A. in return B. in advance C. at ease D. on purpose
解析：根据句意“在你签字之前你应该预先研究这项政策的细节。” 考查介词短语辨析。in advance预先，提前；in return作为回报；at ease不拘束，放松；on purpose故意。根据句意可知B项正确。答案：B。
例2（2014浙江温州期中）Young children seem to master computer games ______. And playing computer games will always make them feel ______.
A. easily, easily B. with ease, at ease C. easy, easy D.at ease, with ease
解析：根据句意“孩子们感觉掌握电脑很轻松，玩电脑游戏使他们感到放松。”考查词组：with ease是“容易地”=easily，at ease“轻松地”
答案：A。
例3.（2014天津）_______the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support.
A. In reply to B. In addition to C. In charge of D. In place of
解析：根据句意“除了这个学校外，这个村子有一个诊所，这个诊所也是有政府支持建造的。”in reply to作为回答；in addition to另外；in charge of 负责；in place of取代。
答案：B。
例4.（2014陕西）Studies show that people are more to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours.
A. possible B. likely C. probable D. sure
解析：根据句意“研究显示如果人们总是长时间坐在电脑前面，人们更容易患背部问题。”考查形容词用法。固定结构be likely to do sth.可能做某事；be sure to do sth.一定会做事情；
答案：B。
例5.（2014江西宜春月考）______part Bob played in the film was of a child’s father ,but it was not ___ major role.
A. The ; a B. A; a C. The; the D. A; the
解析：根据句意“鲍勃在电影中所扮演的角色是一个孩子的父亲，但不是主要角色。”第一空是playa par短语的变式，a part提前作了先行词，受定语从句限制，为特指；第二空“一个主要角色”为泛指。
答案：A。
基础演练
单词拼写
1.He________(代表)our class making a speech at the meeting.
2.The boy is very________(好奇)and he is always asking questions.
3.When the fierce dog________(靠近)her, she hid herself behind the door.
4.How can you________(表达)your feeling when faced with such a problem?
5.The________(令人厌烦的)speech made her rather upset.
6. She used to s________ in my troubles as well as my joys.
7. There was an e________ of danger on her face.
8. I don't think that we should be seen traveling together-people might m________.
9. Mr. Green got up from behind his desk to g________ me.
10. Let me i________ myself: my name is Melody Johnson.
Keys:
1. represented 2.curious 3.approached 4.express 5.boring
6. share 7.expression 8.misunderstand 9.greet 10.introduce
巩固提高
根据汉语提示，完成下列句子
1.________ ________, his speech was a success.总的来说，他的演讲很成功。
2.________my friends do ________know English.我的朋友并不是都懂英语。
3. She is very ________ ________give me a call.她很有可能给我打电话。
4. Women are ________ ________ ________in the company.在这家公司，女性占大多数。
5. They joined the army ________ ________ ________their country.
他们参军来保卫国家。
6. With ________ ________,the weather becomes cold.冬天临近，天气转冷。
7.________ ________ ________he didn't tell you.他没有告诉你，实在反常。
8. She ________ ________ ________the kindest mother in the world.
她把自己描绘成世界上最慈祥的母亲
9. Mother likes ________ ________ ________at the door. 妈妈喜欢在门口迎接她的客人们。
Keys:
1. In general
2. All; not
3. likely to
4. in the majority
5. in defence of
6. winter approaching
7. It's curious that
8. represents herself as
9.greeting her guests
用短语的适当形式填空
put up; in defence; on the contrary; shake hands with; look around; reach out
1. They ______ posters all around the town advertising the circus.
2. He ________ his hand for the book on the shelf, but he was too short to reach it.
3. Don't try to ______ a woman unless she puts out her hand first.
4. She plays ________.
5. --I suppose your student doesn't understand you.
--________, he understands me very well.
6. He ________ the room before he left, wishing to impress everything on his mind.
二、单项语法填空
1. We have been waiting for her all the afternoon, but she hasn't turned________ yet.
2. He always seems so confident, but ________reality he's sometimes extremely nervous during some exams.
3. The film is so moving that she usually watches it with her face ________ (bath) in tears.
4.--What made him so unhappy?
--________ (lose) face.
5. In some countries in the world, people give a hug ________ each other or kiss each other ________ the cheek when they meet each other.
6. Don't do so much for me, and you make me feel that I'm not ________ease.
7. While at the party, the student turned his ________ to his elder brother whom he met by accident in order not to be noticed.
8. The door burst open and in rushed the crowd, shouting ________ anger.
9.Experts say adults need at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep a night to keep their body ________(fun_ction) well.
10.It can run across water for a ________(距离) of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water's surface with its feet.
Keys:
用短语的适当形式填空
1. put up 2.reached out 3.shake hands with
4. in defence 5.On the contrary 6.looked around
二、单项语法填空
1. up 2.in 3. bathed
4. Losing 5.to; on 6.at
7. back 8.with 9.functioning
10. distance
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一、完形填空
A Leap(跳跃)to Honor
Leaping on a narrow balance beam(平衡木)is not easy. But Lola Walter, a 13-year-old gymnast, is an expert at it.
To perfect her skills, Lola 1 for four hours a day, five days a week. At the state championships in March, she finished seventh out of 16 girls.
That’s especially impressive, 2 she is legally blind, born with a rare condition that causes her eyes to shift(移动)constantly. She often sees double and can’t 3 how far away things are.
When she was little, her mom 4 that even though she couldn’t see 5 , she was fearless. So her mom signed her up for gymnastics when she was three. She loved the 6 right away and gymnastics became her favorite.
Though learning gymnastics has been more 7 for her than for some of her teammates, she has never quit. She doesn’t let her 8 stop her from doing anything that she wants to.
She likes the determination it takes to do the sport. Her biggest 9 is the balance beam. Because she has double vision, she often sees two beams. She must use her sense of touch to help her during her routine. Sometimes she even closes her eyes. “You have to 10 your mind that it’ll take you where you want to go. ”says Lola.
To be a top-level gymnast, one must be brave. The beam is probably the most 11 for anyone because it’s four inches wide. At the state competition, Lola didn’t fall 12 the beam. In fact, she got an 8.1 out of 10—her highest score yet.
Lola doesn’t want to be 13 differently from the other girls on her team. At competitions, the judges don’t know about her vision 14 .She doesn’t tell them, because she doesn’t think they need to know. Her mom is amazed by her 15 attitude.
Lola never thinks about 16 . She is presently at level 7 while the highest is level 10 in gymnastics. Her 17 is to reach level 9.She says she wants to be a gymnastics coach to pass down what she’s learned to other kids 18 she grows up.
Lola is 19 of all her hard work and success. She says it’s helped her overcome problems in her life outside gymnastics, too. Her 20 for others is “just believe in yourself”.
1. A. runs B. teaches C. trains D. dances
2. A. since B. unless C. after D. though
3. A. tell B. guess C. assume D. predict
4. A. suspected B. remembered C. imagined D. noticed
5. A. deeply B. well C. ahead D. closely
6. A. task B. sport C. event D. show
7. A. boring B. enjoyable C. difficult D. satisfactory
8. A. talent B. quality C. nature D. condition
9. A. doubt B. advantage C. challenge D. progress
10. A. examine B. express C. open D. trust
11. A. fearful B. harmful C. unfair D. inconvenient
12. A. to B. on C. off D. against
13. A. greeted B. treated C. served D. paid
14. A. pains B. stresses C. injuries D. problems
15. A. positive B. friendly C. flexible D. cautious
16. A. defending B. quitting C. winning D. bargaining
17. A. standard B. range C. view D. goal
18. A. until B. as C. when D. before
19. A. proud B. tired C. ashamed D. confident
20. A. plan B. advice C. reward D. responsibility
二、作文
假设你是校图书馆馆长的学生助理李华，图书馆要进行网络系统升级，请在阅览室向在场的留学生口头通知相关事宜，并请他们转告其他留学生。
1．时间：2015年5月1日至5月10日。
2．在此期间，关闭阅览室、暂停电子阅览。
3．仅周二和周五可以借、还图书。
注意：1．词数不少于50。
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Keys:
一、完形填空
1--5CAADB 6--10BCDCD 11--15ACBDA 16--20 BDCAB
二、作文
One possible version:
Hello everybody! May I have your attention? The library will soon be carrying out an update of the Internet system. I would like everybody to know that between the dates of 1st May and 10th May, the reading room will be closed and the e-reading system will be temporarily stopped. You will only be able to take out and return books on Tuesdays and Fridays. Please pass on this message to those who are not here, today. Thank you.
Unit4 Body language语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
要求学生掌握本单元的重点语法----动词的-ing形式作定语和状语并能熟练运用相关语法知识解决相应类型的题。
一、动词的-ing形式由“动词原形+ing形式”构成，它既是现在分词形式，也是动名词形式。v-ing能在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。其时态和语态的变化为
时态 语态
及物动词（do）
不及物动词（go）
主动
被动
一般时
doing
being done
going
完成时
having done
having been done
having gone
二、动词-ing形式的作用
1.动词-ing形式作定语
E.g. The sleeping baby looks very beautiful. (前置定语)这位正在睡觉的婴儿看起来太漂亮了。
E.g. The man sitting in the car is waiting for his daughter.
(后置定语)坐在车里的男子正在等他的女儿。
E.g. The law being carried out is to ban drunken driving.(后置定语，强调正在被执行的法律)
正在执行中的这则法律旨在禁止酒后驾驶。
名师点拨
(1)现在分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的分词作定语时可置于被修饰词的前面，也可置于被修饰词的后面。
(2)现在分词的完成时的主动及被动形式均不作后置定语。
2．动词-ing形式作状语。
(1)作时间状语。
E.g. Working in the office, the clerk heard an explosion from the street.
在办公室工作时，这位职员听到街上发出了爆炸声。
E.g. Having finished her homework, the girl was busy with the thing she likes.
完成了家庭作业，女孩就忙于做她喜欢做的事情。
名师点拨
动词-ing形式一般式常表示该动作与句子谓语动作同时发生，而动词－ing形式的完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前。
(2)作原因状语。
E.g. Lacking enough money, they had to give up the plan.
由于缺乏足够的资金，他们只好放弃了这项计划。
(3)作条件状语。
E.g. Getting the chance to study abroad, he will try his best to improve himself.
如果得到到国外学习的机会，他将尽力提升自己。
(4)作结果状语。
E.g. He failed to work out the last question in the math paper, making him lose the chance to enter his ideal university.
他没有能够做出数学试卷上的最后一道题，致使他失去了上理想大学的机会。
(5)作让步状语。
E.g. Working hard all the day, he still felt energetic.尽管努力工作了一整天，他仍然感到精力充沛。
(6)作伴随状语。
E.g. The girls sat together in front of the house, talking and laughing.女孩们一起坐在屋前，又说又笑。
(7)作方式状语。
E.g. They greeted each other bowing to each other.他们鞠躬彼此打招呼。
名师点拨
(1)动词－ing形式作状语时相当于与之对应的状语从句，并且可互相转换。
(2)动词－ing形式作伴随状语时，则可转化成并列谓语。
E.g. Knowing what to do next, he set out to do it at once.
=When he knew what to do next, he set out to do it at once.
当明白下一步要做什么时，他立刻开始着手做起来。
E.g. The guide showed the visitors around the pictures explaining the background of each picture.
=The guide showed the visitors around the pictures and explained the background of each picture.
导游领着游客参观这些图画，并解说每一幅画的背景。
三、难点突破
1．单个的动词-ing形式作定语置于被修饰词的前面时，注意下面的两种情况对比。
E.g. The old man needs a walking stick. =The old man needs a stick used for walking.
(表示用途)老人需要一把用于行走的手杖。
E.g. There are many people on the top of the mountain now who are enjoying the rising sun. =There are many people on the top of the mountain now who are enjoying the sun which is rising.
(强调动作)现在山顶上有很多人在欣赏正在升起的太阳。
2．独立主格。
现在分词作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件等。
E.g. Weather permitting, we will go out for an outing.如果天气允许，我们会出去远足。
E.g. The paper having been finished, the student handed it in.做完试卷之后，这位学生把它交了上去。
3．评论性状语。
有些动词-ing形式作状语，在句中没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，用来修饰主句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，被称为评论性状语或悬垂分词。常见的有generally/strictly/frankly speaking，judging from，considering，supposing，providing等。
E.g. Judging from what he has said，he is a doctor.根据他的话判断，他是位医生。
E.g. Considering that the old man is old, he needs looking after.考虑到老人老了，他需要被照顾
4．动词-ing形式作状语时，常将否定副词not置于分词前面。
E.g. Not having finished the work, they had to work extra hours.由于没有完成工作，他们只好加班。
5．状语从句转化为非谓语作状语时，若从句的主语与主句的主语一致，从句谓语含有be动词时，可保留从句的引导词。
E.g. When getting to the top of the mountain, they found the sun was rising.
当他们到达山顶时，发现太阳正在升起。
6．动词-ing形式与过去分词的区别
(1)语态不同：v.－ing形式表示主动概念，与相关的名词或代词之间构成一种“主谓关系”。而过去分词表示被动概念，与相关的名词或代词构成一种“动宾关系”。
(2)时间不同：v.－ing形式表示“正在进行的动作”；过去分词表示“已完成的动作”。
E.g. Seeing from the hill, you will see the beautiful city.在山上看，你会看到美丽的城市。
E.g. Seen from the hill, the beautiful lake is like a big mirror.
从山上看，那个美丽的湖就像一面大镜子。
【巧学助记】
分词短语记忆口诀
分词作状语，主语是问题；逗号前后两动作，共用一主语；主语找出后，再来判关系；主动用-ing，被动用-ed；having done表先后，千万要牢记
例1.（2014福建泉州期中）He waited at the gate of the hotel all the time, ______to run into his favorite
pop singer.
A. hoping B. to hope C. having hoped D. hoped
例 2.（2014大纲全国）Today there are more airplanes_______ more people than ever before in the skies.
A. carry B. carrying C. carried D. to be carrying
例3.（2014福建）________the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
A. Spending B. Spent C. Having spent D. To spend
例4.（2014山东济宁期中）______money, his parents couldn’t send him to university.
A. Lacked B. Lacking of C. Lacked in D. Lacking
例5.（2014辽宁锦州月考）Titanic 3D moved all audience to tears once again, ________ our attention to Cameron’s films and the definition of true love.
A. turning B.to turn C. turned D. being turned
基础演练
句型转换(用非谓语动词结构变换句子)
1. The storm left and has caused a lot of damage to this area.
The storm left, __________________________ this area.
2. Be careful when you cross the road.
Be careful when________________.
3. The building that is being built now is our new school.
The building ______________ is our new school.
4. Who is the man that is reading over there?
Who is the man________________?
5. Because she did not know that the traffic accident happened to her husband, she was waiting for him to have supper.
______________that the traffic accident happened to her husband, she was waiting for him to have supper.
6. Because he is a student, he should study hard.
______________, he should study hard.
7. Even though the farmer works hard on the farm all the year round, he still can't become rich.
________________all the year round, the farmer still can't become rich.
8. The boy sat on the sofa and watched TV.
The boy sat on the sofa, ____________.
巩固提高
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. The man ________________ (visit) Japan is my uncle.
2. ____________ (see) no one at home, I decided to come again.
3.________ (hear) the good news, he jumped with joy.
4.________ (walk) in the street, I saw a friend of mine.
5.________________ (talk and smile), they went into the room.
6. The mother died, ________ (leave) a lot of money for her children.
7.________ (see) from the top of the hill, we can see our beautiful school.
8. Many people ________ (be) absent, they decided to put the meeting off.
9.________ (not have) heard from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal.
10.________________ (finish) his work, Henry went home.
一、单项语法填空
1. He sat on a chair under the shade of the tree, ________ (read) a novel.
2. The boys and girls are walking along the street, each________ (wear) a small yellow cap.
3. When I reached home, my husband was lying on the floor, ________ (entertain) the kids with toys.
4. Chinadaily.com.cn is the largest English site in China, ________ (provide) news, business information and learning materials.
5.China became the 143rd member of the WTO on December 11,2001, thus ________(realize) its 15－year wish to join the global trade body.
6. Do you know who is the patient ________ (operate) on now?
7.________ (complete) the project on time, the staff are having a party to have a celebration.
8.________ (fail) to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
9.________ (come) from a mountain village, he couldn't afford a house in Shanghai.
10. ________ (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
二、单项选择
1. _______with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face
2. At present, he is a student at Zhejiang University, _______ for a degree in computer
A. studies B. studying C. to have studied D. having studied
3.--How do you find the furniture I bought?
--_______.But _______what you bought with the one we had, I don’t think it worth the money.
A .Fascinating./ compared B. Fascinating/ comparing
C. Fascinated/ to compare D. Fascinated / compared
4. To some people, “spiritual health” is a very abstract concept, _______ many unexplainable elements.
A. contained B. having contained C. being contained D. containing
5. There are many tall old trees_______ in and around our school.
A. stood B. to stand C. standing D. being standing
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一、单项选择
1. My good performance in the job interview left me ______ about my future and about what I can do here.
A. puzzled B. sensitive C. optimistic D. embarrassed
2. While waiting for the opportunity to get______, Henry did his best to perform his duty.
A. promote B. promoted C. promoting D. to promote
3. There is a note pinned to the door______ when the shop will open again.
A. saying B. says C. said D. having said
4. It’s standard practice for a company like this one______ a security officer.
A. employed B. being employed C. to employ D. employs
5. Last night, there were millions of people ______ the opening ceremony live on TV.
A. watch B. to watch C. watched D. watching
6. There are still many problems ______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
A. solving B. solved C. being solved D. to be solved
7. The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______.
A. recognizing B. being recognized
C. having recognized D. having been recognized
8. ______ the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
A. Spending B. Spent C. Having spent D. To spend
9. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying______.
A. connected B. connecting C.to connect D.to be connected
10. Children, when ______ by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.
A. to be accompanied B. to accompany C. accompanying D. accompanied
11. ______ your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
A. Understanding B. To be understood C. Being understood D. Having understood
12. There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, ______ at the night sky.
A. to stare B. staring C. stared D. having stared
13. ______ ourselves from the physical and mental tensions, we each need deep thought
and inner quietness.
A. Having freed B. Freed C. To free D. Freeing
14. His lecture______, a lively question-and-answer session followed.
A. being given B. having given C. to be given D. having been given
15. When it comes to ______ in public, no one can match him .
A. speak B. speaking C. being spoken D. be spoken
16. ______ nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.
A. Having spent B. To spent C. Spent D. To have spent
17. He is thought ______ foolishly .Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job .
A. to act B.to have acted C. acting D. having acted
18. Toady there are more airplanes ______ more people than ever before in the skies.
A. carry B. carrying C. carried D. to be carrying
19. It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like ______ for a swim?
A. to go B. going C go D. having gone
20. ______ the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times
A. Working out B. Worked out C. To work out D. Work out
二、阅读理解、
A
The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby. Almost from the moment it is born, the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother. During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large, warm, and soft object in its environment, particularly if that object also gives it milk. After a week or so, however, the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on “mother”—the real mother or the mother-substitute(母亲替代物).
During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby. The Harlows, a couple who are both psychologists, discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutes——one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire. If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature, the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother. However, if the wire model was heated, while the cloth model was cool, for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their favorites. Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother.
Why is cloth preferable to bare wire? Something that the Harlows called contact(接触)comfort seems to be the answer, and a most powerful influence it is. Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers’ skins, putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can. Whenever the young animal is frightened, disturbed, or annoyed, it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body. Wire doesn’t “rub” as well as does soft cloth. Prolonged(长时间的)“contact comfort”with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.
According to the Harlows, the basic quality of a baby’s love for its mother is trust. If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother, the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be. It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball. If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom, the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life. After a few minutes of contact comfort, it obviously begins to feel more secure. It then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys, but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well. Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less time holding onto “its mother.”
1. Psychologically, what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life?
A. Warmth B. Milk C. Contact D. Trust
2. After the first two weeks of their life, baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother to the wire mother because the former is________.
A. larger in size
B. closer to them
C. less frightening and less disturbing
D. more comfortable to rub against
3. What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged “contact comfort”?
A. Attention B. Softness C. Confidence D. Interest
4. It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels secure, ________.
A.it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toys
B.it spends more time screaming to get rewards
C.it is less attracted to the toys though they are interesting
D.it cares less about whether its mother is still around
5. The main purpose of the passage is to________
A. give the reasons for the experiment
B. present the findings of the experiment
C. introduce the method of the experiment
D. describe the process of the experiment
B
Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩)and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see—and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪)to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
1. What is the finding of the study?
A. One’s heart affects how he feels fear.
B. Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat.
C. Fear has something to do with one’s health.
D. One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
2. The study was carried out by analyzing________.
A. volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures
B. the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions
C. volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans
D. different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “mechanism” in Paragraph 6?
A. Order.
B. System.
C. Machine.
D. Treatment.
4. This study may contribute to________.
A. treating anxiety and stress better
B. explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety
C. finding the key to the heart-brain communication
D. understanding different fears in our hearts and heads
Unit4 Body language语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
要求学生掌握本单元的重点语法----动词的-ing形式作定语和状语并能熟练运用相关语法知识解决相应类型的题。
一、动词的-ing形式由“动词原形+ing形式”构成，它既是现在分词形式，也是动名词形式。v-ing能在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。其时态和语态的变化为
时态 语态
及物动词（do）
不及物动词（go）
主动
被动
一般时
doing
being done
going
完成时
having done
having been done
having gone
二、动词-ing形式的作用
1.动词-ing形式作定语
E.g. The sleeping baby looks very beautiful. (前置定语)这位正在睡觉的婴儿看起来太漂亮了。
E.g. The man sitting in the car is waiting for his daughter.
(后置定语)坐在车里的男子正在等他的女儿。
E.g. The law being carried out is to ban drunken driving.(后置定语，强调正在被执行的法律)
正在执行中的这则法律旨在禁止酒后驾驶。
名师点拨
(1)现在分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的分词作定语时可置于被修饰词的前面，也可置于被修饰词的后面。
(2)现在分词的完成时的主动及被动形式均不作后置定语。
2．动词-ing形式作状语。
(1)作时间状语。
E.g. Working in the office, the clerk heard an explosion from the street.
在办公室工作时，这位职员听到街上发出了爆炸声。
E.g. Having finished her homework, the girl was busy with the thing she likes.
完成了家庭作业，女孩就忙于做她喜欢做的事情。
名师点拨
动词-ing形式一般式常表示该动作与句子谓语动作同时发生，而动词－ing形式的完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前。
(2)作原因状语。
E.g. Lacking enough money, they had to give up the plan.
由于缺乏足够的资金，他们只好放弃了这项计划。
(3)作条件状语。
E.g. Getting the chance to study abroad, he will try his best to improve himself.
如果得到到国外学习的机会，他将尽力提升自己。
(4)作结果状语。
E.g. He failed to work out the last question in the math paper, making him lose the chance to enter his ideal university.
他没有能够做出数学试卷上的最后一道题，致使他失去了上理想大学的机会。
(5)作让步状语。
E.g. Working hard all the day, he still felt energetic.尽管努力工作了一整天，他仍然感到精力充沛。
(6)作伴随状语。
E.g. The girls sat together in front of the house, talking and laughing.女孩们一起坐在屋前，又说又笑。
(7)作方式状语。
E.g. They greeted each other bowing to each other.他们鞠躬彼此打招呼。
名师点拨
(1)动词－ing形式作状语时相当于与之对应的状语从句，并且可互相转换。
(2)动词－ing形式作伴随状语时，则可转化成并列谓语。
E.g. Knowing what to do next, he set out to do it at once.
=When he knew what to do next, he set out to do it at once.
当明白下一步要做什么时，他立刻开始着手做起来。
E.g. The guide showed the visitors around the pictures explaining the background of each picture.
=The guide showed the visitors around the pictures and explained the background of each picture.
导游领着游客参观这些图画，并解说每一幅画的背景。
三、难点突破
1．单个的动词-ing形式作定语置于被修饰词的前面时，注意下面的两种情况对比。
E.g. The old man needs a walking stick. =The old man needs a stick used for walking.
(表示用途)老人需要一把用于行走的手杖。
E.g. There are many people on the top of the mountain now who are enjoying the rising sun. =There are many people on the top of the mountain now who are enjoying the sun which is rising.
(强调动作)现在山顶上有很多人在欣赏正在升起的太阳。
2．独立主格。
现在分词作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件等。
E.g. Weather permitting, we will go out for an outing.如果天气允许，我们会出去远足。
E.g. The paper having been finished, the student handed it in.做完试卷之后，这位学生把它交了上去。
3．评论性状语。
有些动词-ing形式作状语，在句中没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，用来修饰主句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，被称为评论性状语或悬垂分词。常见的有generally/strictly/frankly speaking，judging from，considering，supposing，providing等。
E.g. Judging from what he has said，he is a doctor.根据他的话判断，他是位医生。
E.g. Considering that the old man is old, he needs looking after.考虑到老人老了，他需要被照顾
4．动词-ing形式作状语时，常将否定副词not置于分词前面。
E.g. Not having finished the work, they had to work extra hours.由于没有完成工作，他们只好加班。
5．状语从句转化为非谓语作状语时，若从句的主语与主句的主语一致，从句谓语含有be动词时，可保留从句的引导词。
E.g. When getting to the top of the mountain, they found the sun was rising.
当他们到达山顶时，发现太阳正在升起。
6．动词-ing形式与过去分词的区别
(1)语态不同：v.－ing形式表示主动概念，与相关的名词或代词之间构成一种“主谓关系”。而过去分词表示被动概念，与相关的名词或代词构成一种“动宾关系”。
(2)时间不同：v.－ing形式表示“正在进行的动作”；过去分词表示“已完成的动作”。
E.g. Seeing from the hill, you will see the beautiful city.在山上看，你会看到美丽的城市。
E.g. Seen from the hill, the beautiful lake is like a big mirror.
从山上看，那个美丽的湖就像一面大镜子。
【巧学助记】
分词短语记忆口诀
分词作状语，主语是问题；逗号前后两动作，共用一主语；主语找出后，再来判关系；主动用-ing，被动用-ed；having done表先后，千万要牢记
例1.（2014福建泉州期中）He waited at the gate of the hotel all the time, ______to run into his favorite
pop singer.
A. hoping B. to hope C. having hoped D. hoped
解析：根据句意“他一直等在宾馆的门口，希望巧遇他最喜欢的流行歌手。”此处非谓语动词表示
的动作与句子谓语动词表示的动作相伴随着发生，故用现在分词作伴随状语。
答案：A。
例 2.（2014大纲全国）Today there are more airplanes_______ more people than ever before in the skies.
A. carry B. carrying C. carried D. to be carrying
解析：根据句意“现在比以前有有更多的飞机运送乘客。”考查现在分词作定语。此处airplane和
carrying之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。
答案：B。
例3.（2014福建）________the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
A. Spending B. Spent C. Having spent D. To spend
解析：根据句意“由于Linda过去几年在香港作交换留学生，所以她看起来比她的实际年龄更成熟。”
“花费”和其逻辑主语“Linda”之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作原因状语。且“花费”的动作明显早于“看起来成熟”这个动作。表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作，用现在分词的完成时。
答案：C。
例4.（2014山东济宁期中）______money, his parents couldn’t send him to university.
A. Lacked B. Lacking of C. Lacked in D. Lacking
解析：根据句意“由于缺少钱，他父亲不能送他去上大学。”此处非谓语动词的逻辑主语为his parents，故用现在分词简化句子，lack为及物动词
答案：D。
例5.（2014辽宁锦州月考）Titanic 3D moved all audience to tears once again, ________ our attention to Cameron’s films and the definition of true love.
A. turning B.to turn C. turned D. being turned
解析：根据句意“3D版的泰坦尼克号又一次感动了所有的观众，让我们的注意力转向了卡梅隆的电影以及真爱的定义上了。”本题中的动词turn与句子主语Titanic 3D构成逻辑上的主动关系，故使用turning做状语。
答案：A。
基础演练
句型转换(用非谓语动词结构变换句子)
1. The storm left and has caused a lot of damage to this area.
The storm left, __________________________ this area.
2. Be careful when you cross the road.
Be careful when________________.
3. The building that is being built now is our new school.
The building ______________ is our new school.
4. Who is the man that is reading over there?
Who is the man________________?
5. Because she did not know that the traffic accident happened to her husband, she was waiting for him to have supper.
______________that the traffic accident happened to her husband, she was waiting for him to have supper.
6. Because he is a student, he should study hard.
______________, he should study hard.
7. Even though the farmer works hard on the farm all the year round, he still can't become rich.
________________all the year round, the farmer still can't become rich.
8. The boy sat on the sofa and watched TV.
The boy sat on the sofa, ____________.
Keys:
1. having caused a lot of damage to
2. crossing the road
3. being built now
4. reading over there
5. Not knowing
6. Being a student
7. Working hard on the farm
8. watching TV
巩固提高
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. The man ________________ (visit) Japan is my uncle.
2. ____________ (see) no one at home, I decided to come again.
3.________ (hear) the good news, he jumped with joy.
4.________ (walk) in the street, I saw a friend of mine.
5.________________ (talk and smile), they went into the room.
6. The mother died, ________ (leave) a lot of money for her children.
7.________ (see) from the top of the hill, we can see our beautiful school.
8. Many people ________ (be) absent, they decided to put the meeting off.
9.________ (not have) heard from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal.
10.________________ (finish) his work, Henry went home.
Keys:
1. visiting/who is visiting 2.Seeing 3.Hearing 4.Walking 5.Talking and smiling
6. leaving 7.Seeing 8.being 9.Not having 10.Having finished
一、单项语法填空
1. He sat on a chair under the shade of the tree, ________ (read) a novel.
2. The boys and girls are walking along the street, each________ (wear) a small yellow cap.
3. When I reached home, my husband was lying on the floor, ________ (entertain) the kids with toys.
4. Chinadaily.com.cn is the largest English site in China, ________ (provide) news, business information and learning materials.
5.China became the 143rd member of the WTO on December 11,2001, thus ________(realize) its 15－year wish to join the global trade body.
6. Do you know who is the patient ________ (operate) on now?
7.________ (complete) the project on time, the staff are having a party to have a celebration.
8.________ (fail) to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
9.________ (come) from a mountain village, he couldn't afford a house in Shanghai.
10. ________ (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
二、单项选择
1. _______with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face
2. At present, he is a student at Zhejiang University, _______ for a degree in computer
A. studies B. studying C. to have studied D. having studied
3.--How do you find the furniture I bought?
--_______.But _______what you bought with the one we had, I don’t think it worth the money.
A .Fascinating./ compared B. Fascinating/ comparing
C. Fascinated/ to compare D. Fascinated / compared
4. To some people, “spiritual health” is a very abstract concept, _______ many unexplainable elements.
A. contained B. having contained C. being contained D. containing
5. There are many tall old trees_______ in and around our school.
A. stood B. to stand C. standing D. being standing
Keys:
一、单项语法填空
1. reading 2. wearing 3. entertaining 4. providing 5.realizing
6. being operated 7. Having completed 8. Having failed 9.Coming 10.Having spending
二、单项选择
1--5ABBDC
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一、单项选择
1. My good performance in the job interview left me ______ about my future and about what I can do here.
A. puzzled B. sensitive C. optimistic D. embarrassed
2. While waiting for the opportunity to get______, Henry did his best to perform his duty.
A. promote B. promoted C. promoting D. to promote
3. There is a note pinned to the door______ when the shop will open again.
A. saying B. says C. said D. having said
4. It’s standard practice for a company like this one______ a security officer.
A. employed B. being employed C. to employ D. employs
5. Last night, there were millions of people ______ the opening ceremony live on TV.
A. watch B. to watch C. watched D. watching
6. There are still many problems ______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
A. solving B. solved C. being solved D. to be solved
7. The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______.
A. recognizing B. being recognized
C. having recognized D. having been recognized
8. ______ the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
A. Spending B. Spent C. Having spent D. To spend
9. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying______.
A. connected B. connecting C.to connect D.to be connected
10. Children, when ______ by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.
A. to be accompanied B. to accompany C. accompanying D. accompanied
11. ______ your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
A. Understanding B. To be understood C. Being understood D. Having understood
12. There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, ______ at the night sky.
A. to stare B. staring C. stared D. having stared
13. ______ ourselves from the physical and mental tensions, we each need deep thought
and inner quietness.
A. Having freed B. Freed C. To free D. Freeing
14. His lecture______, a lively question-and-answer session followed.
A. being given B. having given C. to be given D. having been given
15. When it comes to ______ in public, no one can match him .
A. speak B. speaking C. being spoken D. be spoken
16. ______ nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.
A. Having spent B. To spent C. Spent D. To have spent
17. He is thought ______ foolishly .Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job .
A. to act B.to have acted C. acting D. having acted
18. Toady there are more airplanes ______ more people than ever before in the skies.
A. carry B. carrying C. carried D. to be carrying
19. It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like ______ for a swim?
A. to go B. going C go D. having gone
20. ______ the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times
A. Working out B. Worked out C. To work out D. Work out
二、阅读理解、
A
The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby. Almost from the moment it is born, the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother. During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large, warm, and soft object in its environment, particularly if that object also gives it milk. After a week or so, however, the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on “mother”—the real mother or the mother-substitute(母亲替代物).
During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby. The Harlows, a couple who are both psychologists, discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutes——one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire. If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature, the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother. However, if the wire model was heated, while the cloth model was cool, for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their favorites. Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother.
Why is cloth preferable to bare wire? Something that the Harlows called contact(接触)comfort seems to be the answer, and a most powerful influence it is. Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers’ skins, putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can. Whenever the young animal is frightened, disturbed, or annoyed, it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body. Wire doesn’t “rub” as well as does soft cloth. Prolonged(长时间的)“contact comfort”with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.
According to the Harlows, the basic quality of a baby’s love for its mother is trust. If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother, the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be. It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball. If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom, the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life. After a few minutes of contact comfort, it obviously begins to feel more secure. It then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys, but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well. Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less time holding onto “its mother.”
1. Psychologically, what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life?
A. Warmth B. Milk C. Contact D. Trust
2. After the first two weeks of their life, baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother to the wire mother because the former is________.
A. larger in size
B. closer to them
C. less frightening and less disturbing
D. more comfortable to rub against
3. What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged “contact comfort”?
A. Attention B. Softness C. Confidence D. Interest
4. It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels secure, ________.
A.it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toys
B.it spends more time screaming to get rewards
C.it is less attracted to the toys though they are interesting
D.it cares less about whether its mother is still around
5. The main purpose of the passage is to________
A. give the reasons for the experiment
B. present the findings of the experiment
C. introduce the method of the experiment
D. describe the process of the experiment
B
Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩)and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see—and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪)to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
1. What is the finding of the study?
A. One’s heart affects how he feels fear.
B. Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat.
C. Fear has something to do with one’s health.
D. One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
2. The study was carried out by analyzing________.
A. volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures
B. the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions
C. volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans
D. different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “mechanism” in Paragraph 6?
A. Order.
B. System.
C. Machine.
D. Treatment.
4. This study may contribute to________.
A. treating anxiety and stress better
B. explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety
C. finding the key to the heart-brain communication
D. understanding different fears in our hearts and heads
Keys:
一、单项选择、
1-5. CBACD 6-10. DBCAD 10-15. ABCDB 15-20 ABBBC
二、阅读理解、
A: 1--5 ADCDB
B: 1--4 ACBA
