Unit 1 Nothing ventured, nothing gained-词汇篇
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1. 掌握常考词汇的运用；
2. 掌握句型的运用；
一. 难句分析
… the fear that we might never know their fate and possible delay …
……害怕再也无从知晓他命运和可能的耽搁……
解析：
delay可作动词也可作名词。作动词时, 既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词, 意为“耽搁；延迟”；作名词时, 可作可数名词也可作不可数名词。
e.g. The accident delayed the train for two hours.
事故使火车晚点了两小时。
He delayed telling her the news, waiting for the right moment.
他没有马上把消息告诉她，等有了适当的时机再说。
I’m sorry that I’ve delayed so long.
我很抱歉拖了这么久。
Our plane was delayed by heavy fog.
我们的飞机因大雾而延迟了。
After much delay, he finished his paper at last.
拖了那么久，他终于完成了论文。
My doctor advised me to give up.
smoking without delay.
我的医生劝我立即戒烟。
【比较】 delay, postpone, put off
在表示“推迟某事”时，它们可以互换。
e.g. The flight was delayed / postponed / put off due to bad weather.
由于天气不好，航班被推迟了。
但它们又有细微的差别：
★ delay 强调因某种困难或障碍延误，动作主体是人或困难本身，延迟的时间不确定，也可能是无限延迟。如：
My father fell ill all of a sudden, which delayed our trip.
父亲突然病倒了, 延迟了我们的旅行。
★ postpone 动作主体是人，表示有意识地推迟，延迟的时间确定。如：
Because of heavy rain, we have decided to postpone our sports meeting until next Monday.
由于下大雨， 我们已经决定把运动会推迟到下周一。
★ put off 强调“拖延时间”，指因客观原因造成的拖延或主观上有意的拖延。如：
You’re always putting off things. You should get rid of this bad habit.
你做事总是拖拉，你得克服这个坏习惯。
2. If this stands for a period of time its salt disappears and it becomes fresh water suitable for drinking.
如果冰块溶化了一段时间，水里面的盐分就会消失，之后变成适于饮用的淡水。
解析：
stand 的意义及引申: v. 站立, 忍受, 位在; “使(液体)保持静止不动；静置，沉淀”
e.g. Let me stand you a dinner.
让我请你一顿饭。
In February 1916 the French army made a stand at Verdun (凡尔登).
1916年2月，法国军队在凡尔登奋力抵抗。
This work will hardly stand close examination.
这种作品很难经得起认真的检验。
She took a firm stand on nuclear disarmament.
她在核裁军的问题上态度很坚决。
He can’t stand hot weather.
他受不住这炎热的天气。
Let the words stand.
不要改动这些字。
Leave the water to stand overnight.
让水整晚沉淀。
Stand the mixture for 20 minutes and see what happens.
将混合溶液静置20分钟。
3. This give off oily.
这会产生油腻的黑烟。
解析：
give off 意为“发出”，其宾语通常是气体、液体、光、烟、雾、气味、放射线等。
e.g. The gas give off an unpleasant smell.
这种气体散发出一种难闻的气味。
The engine gives off smoke and steam.
发动机发出烟气和水蒸气。
[联想]
give away 赠送；泄露
give back 归还；恢复
give up 放弃
give in 屈服；让步；投降
give out 发出；分发；发布；筋疲力尽表示“发出”时，其宾语通常是光、电、声、热、信号、放射线等。
4. We could also eat the remains when the fire died down.
火熄灭后我们也可以吃剩下的东西。
解析：
1）remains 复数形式的名词，“剩余物; 遗迹; 遗体, 残骸”。
e.g. the remains of a meal
残羹剩饭
the remains of an army
残兵败将
human remains
人的尸体
The remains of the supper were taken away.
把晚餐吃剩的东西带走。
2）die down 渐弱; 渐熄
e.g. The wind died down.
风势渐渐弱了下来。
The excitement soon died down.
那股兴奋劲儿渐渐冷了下来。
[联想]
die away (声音、风、光等) 渐渐减弱, 甚至停止
die off (有生命的群体) 一个接一个地死去
die out (家族、种族、习俗、观念等) 完全消失; 绝种
5. As a chef, it was my duty to clean and cook these animals, …
作为厨子，我的责任就是把这些动物清洗干净并做成肉……
解析：
chef 和 cook 都有“厨师”的意思， 但chef 多指“厨技高超的男性厨师; 主厨”, 而cook则泛指“烹调食物的人”。
e.g. He works as a chef in a restaurant.
他在一家餐馆当厨师。
Who is the cook in your family?
在你们家谁做饭?
6. So I was soon being encouraged to vary the meals in whatever way I could.
没过多久他们就不断鼓动我想方设法去变化伙食的花样。
解析：
vary vi. & vt. 改变, 变化, 使多样化
e.g. The teacher was advised to vary his teaching methods.
有人建议这位老师改变一下教学方法。
Mom is a good cook; she varies the meals so that we never get tired of eating at home.
妈妈是个好厨师。她总是变换饭菜的口味，所以我们从不厌烦在家吃饭。
7. Another part of the body that needed special caution was the eyes.
另外一个需要特别小心的身体部位是眼睛。
解析：
caution n. 小心, 慎重, 警示 v. 警告
e.g. He told us to proceed with caution.
他告诉我们要谨慎行事
You should exercise extreme caution when driving in fog.
在雾中开车时你要极为小心。
I must caution you against the danger.
面对危险时我一定会警告你。
We urged caution.
我们特别提出要小心谨慎。
We were cautioned not to drive too fast.
人家提醒我们车不要开得太快。
8. Our optimism and faith in Shackleton had helped us persevere in staying alive ...
乐观和对沙克尔顿的信任帮助我们坚持顽强地活了下来。
解析：
persevere vi. 坚持；忍耐，后面常接 in 或 with。
e.g. He persevered in his studies.
他孜孜不倦地学习。
She persevered with her piano lessons.
她持之以恒地努力学钢琴。
9. He had repaid us by his commitment to return and save us from a slow but painful death.
他给我们的回报则是承诺返回岛上，并且把我们从缓慢而又痛苦的死亡中解救出来。
解析：
1）repay 回报, 报答; 偿还
repay sb. for sth.
repay sb. with / by doing sth.
e.g. When do you think you will be able to repay us?
你认为你什么时候能回报我们？
I couldn’t find a way of repaying the family’s kindness.
我不知该如何报答这一家人的好意。
We’ll never be able to repay you for everything you’ve done for us.
我们永远也无法报答你为我们所做的一切。
She tried to be a good teacher, and the students repaid her with their love and respect.
她努力做一名好老师，她的学生用对她的爱和尊敬去回报她。
After I have done so much for you, how can you repay me by lying to me?
我为你付出这么多，你怎么能用谎话来回报我?
2）commitment 承诺; 责任; 约束
e.g. We’ve made a commitment to help, and we will.
我们已经答应帮忙，我们一定说到做到。
I can’t do this job right now because of other commitments.
因为还有别的事要做，目前我不能做这项工作。
He couldn’t go on holiday with us because of work commitments.
他公务缠身, 不能和我们一起去度假。
二. 词汇积累
1. The smell is, as usual, almost unbearable.
味道几乎让人无法忍受。
unbearable adj. 无法忍受的
e.g. The heat outside is unbearable.
外面的热气让人无法忍受。
Loneliness in a gloomy raining day is unbearable to him.
在阴郁的下雨天他难以忍受寂寞。
2. As I think of this, a black blanket drops and covers me, almost blocking out the memories of happier times.
正想到这儿，一条黑毛毯掉下来把我盖住，几乎把美好时光的记忆封闭了。
block out vt. 封闭
e.g. That wall blocks out all the light.
那堵墙把光线都遮住了。
3. I feel breathless as I remembered my rotten toes that had to be removed when they became blackened from frostbite.
一想到由于冻伤变黑而必须截去的腐烂的脚趾头，我就感到喘不过气来。
1）breathless adj. 喘不过气来的 = out of breath
e.g. I was completely breathless when I got to the top of the mountain.
当我到达山顶上时，我已经上气不接下气了。
I met him in a hot and breathless afternoon.
我是在一个又闷又热的下午遇到他的。
2）blacken vi. 变黑；变暗 vt. 使变黑；使变暗
e.g. The commandos blackened their faces with charcoal.
突击队员用木炭把脸涂黑。
4. Our circumstances are so desperate …
我们的境况让人绝望……
circumstance n. 环境，详情，境况
e.g. Circumstances forced us to change our plans.
客观情况迫使我们改变了计划。
He was forced by the circumstances to do this.
他做此事是为环境所迫。
What are his circumstances?
他的经济状况如何?
The circumstances of this case are unusual．
这件案子的情况很不寻常。
[拓展]
in / under no circumstances “决不；无论如何也不”
e.g. Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
中国决不首先使用核武器。
She won’t give up in any circumstances.
在任何情况下她都不会屈服。
in／under the circumstances“在这种情况下；因为这种情况”。
e.g. It’s amazing that they did so well under the circumstances.
在这种情况下，他们做的如此漂亮是非常惊人的。
5. I believe Shackleton must have mourned this unexpected end to his expedition.
我相信沙克尔顿肯定会对这次探险意想不到的结局感到痛心。
mourn v. 哀悼, 忧伤
e.g. The old woman still mourns for her son’s death.
这位老太太还在为儿子的死伤。
People wore crapes to mourn their leader.
人们戴着黑纱哀悼他们的领袖。
6. …, he made an urgent announcement that we must save only essential supplies …
……他紧急宣布我们必须抢出基本给养……
urgent adj. 急迫的, 紧急的
e.g. This work is not urgent; we can do it tomorrow.
这个工作不急；我们可以明天做它。
They’ve made an urgent request for international aid.
他们紧急请求国际援助。
It is urgent that food and clothing (should) be sent to the sufferers.
急需将食物和衣服送给灾民。
I’m afraid something urgent has come up; I won’t be able to see you tonight.
很抱歉, 有些急事; 今晚不能见你了。
7. He described it as vital for keeping us cheerful.
他把它描述成让我们保持精神振奋的关键。
1）vital adj. 生命的; 至关重要的; 生气勃勃的
e.g. The heart performs a vital bodily fun_ction.
心脏起着维持生命的重要作用。
The government saw the introduction of new technology as vital.
政府认为引进新技术至关重要。
The leader’s vital and cheerful manner filled his men with courage.
指挥官朝气蓬勃和欢欣愉悦的神态使士兵们勇气倍增。
2）cheerful adj. 愉快的，高兴的
e.g. She remained cheerful throughout the trip.
她整个旅途都是高兴的。
Whether (she is) sick or fine, she is always cheerful.
不管她生不生病, 她总是开开心心的。
8. His perseverance won our complete faith in him.
他的顽强精神赢得了我们对他的完全信赖。
faith n. 信任, 信仰
e.g. I kept faith with him.
我信守了对他的诺言。
He has great talent, but he has lost his faith.
他很有天赋, 但是他已经丧失了信心。
The disaster caused him to waver in his faith.
这件灾难使他对信仰发生了动摇。
Belief in a life after death is the keystone of her religious faith.
她的宗教信仰的基础是相信死后有来生。
9. He was always honest with us (as in the advertisement) and never gave away to disappointment, even when the ship sank.
他对我们也总是坦诚相待（就像广告中那样），他从不灰心丧气，从不放弃，甚至当轮船沉下去也是如此。
give way to 让路；让步
e.g. The government has no signs of giving way to the kidnapper’s demands.
政府没有任何迹象表示向绑架者的要求让步。
In some western countries, drivers often give way to cyclists and pedestrians.
在一些西方国家，司机经常给骑自行车的人和行人让路。
Over the next few years, our current computer network will give way to even more modern technology.
在未来几年，我们目前的电脑网络将会被更现代的技术代替。
10. Soon Shackleton set out the framework for life here …
不久沙克尔顿给我们这里的生活列出了规矩……
framework n. 结构, 骨架, 架构
e.g. It’s a bridge of steel framework.
那是座钢铁结构的桥梁。
All the cases can be considered within the framework of the existing rules.
一切情况都可依据现行章程的结构加以考虑。
11. …, no differences in rank or in social status.
……，取消级别和社会地位上的差异。
rank n. 等级, 排, 阶级 v. 排列, 归类于, 列于
e.g. He is above me in rank.
他的级别比我高。
This tennis player ranked third in the world.
这位网球运动员排名世界第三。
A general ranks a captain.
将军的级别比上尉高。
Where/How do you rank Karpov as a chess player?
你把卡尔波夫列为哪一级的棋手?
12. He would select five others to go to South Georgia and bring help.
他挑选其他五个人去南乔治亚救援。
select adj. 精选的 n. 被挑选的人或物 v. 选择, 精选
e.g. A select group were invited to the wedding reception.
一群经过挑选的人士被邀请参加婚宴。
This is a very select area; you have to be rich to live here.
这是一个精选的区域；你要很富有才能住在这里。
She selected a diamond ring from the collection.
她从收藏品中挑选了一枚钻石戒指。
Our shops select only the very best quality produce.
我们商店都是精选的质量最高的产品。
[choose， select， elect， pick 的区别]
这些动词都指从一些可能性中做出选择。
choose 含有运用判断力在一些人、物或行为方式中选出一个的意思：
“We do not choose survival as a value; it chooses us” (B.F. Skinner).
“并不是我们把生存作为一种价值而选择了它；而是它选择了我们”（B·F·斯基纳）。
select 侧重于从许多不同种类中进行选择时的挑剔态度：
Four skiers will be selected to represent each country.
每个国家将选出四名滑雪者作为代表。
elect 强烈地暗示着通常在两者之间做出挑选时的深思细想：
I elected not to go.
我决定不去。
pick 和select 一样，表示选择时的小心谨慎：
“Not only do I knock ‘em out, I pick the round”(Muhammad Ali).
“我不但能击倒，我还能挑选在哪一回合击倒” （默罕默德·阿里）
Please pick a good book for me.
请为我挑一本好书。
13. I will never forget watching the little boat disappear through the booming waves in to the stormy ocean.
我永远也不会忘记眼看着小船从哗哗作响的波浪中消失在波涛汹涌的大洋里的情景。
boom n. 繁荣, 隆隆声 v. 急速发展
e.g. It’s a boom year this year.
今年是繁荣昌盛的一年。
The oil market is enjoying a boom
石油市场欣欣向荣。
Technology is a booming sector of the economy.
技术是一个迅速发展的经济部门。
He made his pile during the property boom.
在房地产生意兴隆期间他发了大财。
14. We who remained on Elephant Island swore that we would do as he advocated.
留在大象岛上的人发誓要按他所主张的那样做。
swear v. 意为“宣誓；发誓”，后接不定式或从句作宾语；也可表示“诅咒，咒骂”。
常构成：swear by以 …… 发誓；swear at 咒骂，诅咒；swear black is white 把黑的说成白的。
e.g. Miss Yang swore never to let out the secret.
杨女士发誓绝不将此秘密泄露出去。
I don’t know anything about this, I swear.
我发誓我一点也不知道这件事。
When the host team lost the game, a number of fans began to swear.
当主场球队输了比赛后，许多球迷开始咒骂起来。
The boss often swears at his workers, sometimes for no reason at all.
老板经常骂他的员工, 有时毫无理由。
I swore by the name of God that what I had told you was quite true.
我以上帝的名义发誓，我和你说的绝对是真的。
advocate n. 提倡者, 拥护者 v. 主张, 提倡
e.g. They advocated the use of force.
他们提倡要动用武力。
I advocate a policy of gradual reform.
我拥护逐步改革的政策。
He advocates reducing military spending.
他主张削减军费开支。
Do you advocate banning cars in the city centre?
你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗?
三. 句型积累
1. It is / was ... that / who / whom ... 强调句型
2. It must have seemed like...
3. It is / was no wonder that...
4. It is / was considered a great honor to do sth.
5. “with +宾语+动词-ing形式(短语)”表伴随。
6. How could I become as ... as...! 我怎么能变得像……一样呢？
7. ... so ... that...
8. Just as I am about to do...
9. It is / was not for long.
1. Mary worked here as a _________ secretary and ended up getting a full-time job with the company.
A pessimistic B temporary C previous D cautious
2. ---Jack, you seem in high spirits. ---_______We won the match 4-0.
A Guess what? B So what? C No wonder. D No doubt
3. I don’t want to ________ exactly how the system works.
A give in B give up C give away D give off
4. The police were seeking more information to find out _______the rich merchant.
A who was it that killed B who it was that killed C it was who killed D who was it killed
5. The children ________ lost in the woods; otherwise, they would have been at the lakeside camp as sheduled.
A must have got B must get C should have got D should get
基础演练
I. 根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出各单词的正确形式。
1. The smoke has b______ the white walls of the kitchen.
2. He ______ (冒险) his life to save a little girl from drowning.
3. A s______ person always thinks about himself.
4. She expressed her ______ (感激) to me for inviting her to dinner.
5. After reading the text again, I finally g______ the main points of the story.
II. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. He has been brought in to ______ (strength) the defense.
2. The wood was so ______ (rot) that you could put your finger through it.
3. Although in great need of money, she remained ______ (cheer) throughout the trip.
4. His temper has been ______ (change) this week, so don’t annoy him.
5. He is easily ______ (courage) by difficulties and obstacles.
6. It’s very cold today; the temperature has dropped to ______ (freeze) point.
III. 用适当的介词填空。
1. Have you ever communicated ______ someone you fancied by body language and reading each other’s thoughts?
2. I have to say that honestly, while I felt the spirit and presence of God, I had no faith ______ religion.
3. The barren land has been turned ______ fertile fields.
4. This story reminds me ______ my childhood.
5. It is ______ great excitement that Joe takes this opportunity to announce that he will act as Director of Racer.
巩固提高
根据括号内的提示翻译下列句子。
1. 在这种情况下, 他觉得无法接受这项工作。(under the circumstances)
2. 我的外套不在那儿，准是有人拿错了。(must have done)
3. 急需将食物和衣服送给灾民。(It is urgent that ...)
4. 冬天过去, 春天来到。白天越来越长了。(give way to)
5. 许多人主张增设医院。(advocate)
6. 我建议你做出这个决定，因为这是合法的。(advocate)
7. 在电影放映过程中他感到及其无聊，因为那部电影是那么愚蠢可笑。(bored)
8. 那块肉散发出一股臭味，因为它变质了。(give off)
9. 她是一位值得尊敬的人，她总是把别人的需求放在第一位。(admirable)
10. 如果你说那件事是真的，你得发誓保证你是在说实话。(swear)
11. 难怪他不饿，他整天都在吃糖果。（It is no wonder that...）
12. 毫无疑问司机应对这场交通事故负责。（There is no doubt that...）
一. 选词填空
A组：Use the words or expressions in the box to fill in the description of the journey from the pack ice to Elephant Island written by one survivor.
April 16th, 1916
Moving to Elephant Island was a dangerous undertaking, but it was not our first. We had ____1____ onto the ice to make camp when the Endurance was stuck.
The ice constantly broke up at night because of the warmth of our bodies and we often dropped into the freezing water while sleeping. Though we were in an _____2_____ situation, we tried to make our daily life ____3____ with singing and making fun of each other.
Our _____4______ improved when we saw the solid land of Elephant Island appear on the horizon. Shackleton gave us no time to ___5___ the failure of our expedition. He encouraged us all with advice to prevent ___6____.
Without his __7___ that we would indeed survive, we might all ___8_____ to despair. ____9____ we prepared to follow his advice and on this day climbed into the three small open boats ready for the journey.
B 组：Complete the story of Gou Jian using thewords below in the correct form. One word is used twice.
Gou Jian, King of Yue, was captured by his enemy, Fu Chai, the King of Wu.
His ____10____ lasted for three __11___ years, which to him seemed like a lifetime. One day the King of Wu fell ill. After tasting the King’s stool (大便), Gou Jian announced that Fu Chai would ___12____ soon. Fu Chai was moved by his act and he let him return to Yue.
Remembering how _____13_____ his life as a slave had been, Gou Jian took no interest in ____14______ and continued to live in the same way as he had lived in Wu. He wanted to ___15____ his lost land.
But he also knew it was __16___ to ___17___ the chance with care. So first he introduced the King of Wu to a beauty called Xi Shi. While Fu Chai was trying to entertain Xi Shi, Gou Jian attacked and defeated him.
二. Replace the underlined phrases with words similar in meaning from this unit.
1. My failure in that exam was so painful that I stopped myself from remembering it until many years later when I could consider it more rationally.
2. This is an ancient kind of camp fire for cooking.
3. That kind of behaviour is not considerate and makes me feel upset.
4. The water in my bath is extremely cold so it is uncomfortable for me to get into it.
三. 单选
1. --- Tom has won the 100-meter race.
---_________! He never won it before.
A. Congratulations B. What a good news C. What a good surprise D. How exciting the race
2. Mr. White is a lawyer now, but he _________ in a company for several years.
A. worked B. has worked C. had worked D. had been working
3. ________ sick or well, the old man is always cheerful.
A. Either B. No matter C. Even if D. Whether
4. Much new and high technology has been introduced from America, thus_____ in a great increase in production of the company.
A. resulted B. resulting C. results D. which results
5. -----What made you decide to ______medicine?
-----I’d always wanted to be a doctor, even as a child.
take up B. go on C. pick up D. depend on
6. ---It costs me too much to have my car repaired.
---Why don’t you sell it _________ it is still running?
A. before B. until C. while D. once
7. She was a shy girl and she never expected ________a great change in her life.
there to be B. it to be C. to be D. there being
8. Just have a little patience. We will _______the matter as soon as possible.
look out B. look over C. look into D. look up
9.—It’s very important for you to arrive on time.
— I ____ be there at seven o’clock, I promise.
A. can B. will C. must D. should
10. ----Are you satisfied with your studies, Kate?
----Well, I’m afraid it couldn’t be__________.
any better B. the best C. any worse D. the worst
11. How will your father _______ your working in a new big city?
A. think B. believe C. take D. trust
12. The old couple preferred a flat in a small town to ____ in so large a city as New York.
A. one B. it C. this D. that
13. The talk between the two leaders aimed at ending the long ______of war between the two countries.
sense B. case C. state D. condition
14. I can smell smoke from the house. I think it _____________ fire.
A. is catching B. has caught C. has been catching D. caught
15. I finally got the job I wished for. Never in all my life ________so happy!
A.I felt B. had I felt C.I had felt D. did
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一. 单选（2015东城一模）
1. —Mum, where is my packed lunch?
—In the kitchen, I _____you two sandwiches.
A. making B. are making C. have made D. will make
2. I think we’d better keep to the subject, _____we’ll waste our time.
A. and B. or C. but D. so
3. Don’t phone me between 10:00and11:30 tomorrow morning. I _____ a meeting then.
A. had B. have C. was having D. will be having
4. During the weekend the health club is usually full of people _____to get in shape.
A. try B. tried C. trying D. having tried
5. The children’s excitement _____as Christmas drew near.
A. grows B. grew C. is growing D. had grown
6. Tom’s worry is _____he won’t be chosen for the school football team.
A. that B. whether C. when D. Why
7. —The fire in the supermarket last night was terrible.
—They____ have taken some measures to prevent it occurring.
A. must B. will C. would D. should
8. The room he has just rent is about 9 meters _____length and 3 meters wide.
A. in B. on C. to D. at
9. Charles entered New York University in 2009 and one year later ____to University of London as an exchange student.
A. sent B. had sent C. was sent D. had been sent
10. —Can you give me a ride?
—Sorry, there’s no room ____in my car.
A. to leave B. leaving C. left being D. Left
11. You’d better prepare some candles at home ____the power fails.
A. even though B. in case C. as long as D. in order that
12. My uncle has a large greenhouse in his garden _____he grows vegetables in winter.
A. which B. where C. when D. whose
13. —Good news !There’s a supermarket ____in this area next month!
—Cool !it will be convenient for us when it’s open!
A. building B. built C. having built D. to be built
14. —Sarah went the party.
—Really? I ____her if I had gone with you.
A. met B. had met C. would met D. would have met
15. Spending a few hours learning about the history and culture of the destination will help tourists understand ____they’re seeing.
A. What B. where C. that D. why
二. 阅读理解
第一节 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
The latest fashion in kitchen is the food steamer. All the stores are selling them; everyone wants one. Steaming is one of the simplest and healthiest ways of cooking food. However, that cooking time is usually longer than with other methods. In case you’re thinking of buying a steamer, I’ve done a survey about the steamers available on the market to help you decide which will suit you best.
Folding Steamer
The simplest and least expensive is the folding stainless-steel (不锈钢) version.
Advantages: This is a good, basic design which sits inside a variety of different shapes of pans with the water under it; a ring in the center allows for easy lifting and it’s easy to clean.
Disadvantages: It only holds small dishes. Also, it you put too much water in the pan, it will boil up through the vegetable and they will be watery. If you put too little water in and let it get dry, you will burn the pan and get strange-smelling vegetables.
Steaming Pan
This is a three-layered black Teflon-coated version with a lid and two double-handled steamers, which sits on the oven ring. The brand I bought is called Nutritious Living.
Advantages: This is an excellent steamer, lightweight, easy to clean, and of all the steamers I’ve tried, this cooks the fastest. Fish and chicken can be cooked on the bottom with rice or vegetables on the top. It’s easier to store.
Disadvantages: Water can boil away until the pan is dry, but if you make sure you fill the pan up to the suggested level and do not overcook the food, this should not happen. You cannot see the food cooking from the top. It doesn’t supply a dish for cooking rice.
For serious users of steamers, I recommend having one of each version. If you just want to try it, get the folding stainless-steel type.
16. Why did the author carry out the survey?
A. To inform people of different steamers.
B. To run an advertisement for steamers.
C. To find out a suitable steamer to buy.
D. To learn how to cook with steamers.
17. What can we learn about the folding steamer?
A. It comes in different kinds of shapes and sizes.
B. It is designed for large families.
C. It is able to clean itself.
D. It is easy to take out.
18. The Nutritious Living steamer ________.
A. is more difficult to store
B. provides a dish to cook rice with
C. cooks different foods at the same time
D. cooks fish and chicken faster than vegetables
19. According to the author, you should ________.
A. use steamers to save cooking time
B. buy a steamer with dishes supplied
C. do a survey before choosing a steamer
D. buy a folding steamer if you want to try
B
“Shark on the bait(诱饵) !” shouted Andre Harman, pointing to a spot a few yards behind the outboard motors. His voice gave no indication of panic, but the crew suddenly became tense and fixed their eyes on the water. Slowly, smoothly, Andre drew in the bait. The shark followed. No one asked what kind of shark it was. Everything about it, from its color to its shape, tells that it was a great white shark.
Andre lifted the bait aboard. Placing himself between the two motors, he dropped his right hand into the water just as the great head reached the first motor. “My goodness! Andre!” I said. His hand seized the big nose, moving it away from the tube of the motor, guiding the shark’s head up as it rose out of the water. Andre’s hand held the nose, touching it gently. No on spoke. No one breathed. The moment seemed endless. In fact, it lasted less than five seconds before Andre pulled his hand back.
Still nobody spoke. Then Andre smiled and said: “The first time was an accident. I was just trying to move the shark away from the motor. Sharks are attracted to motors by their electrical signals and have a habit of biting them to see if they are eatable.” Andre has worked with great white sharks for years. “My hand landed on its nose, and it sort of paused, so I kept it there, and when I did let go, the shark bit and bit as if it was searching for whatever it was that had attracted it.”
Nearly every encounter (遭遇) we had had with the great whites had been totally illogical. The more we learned, the more we realized how little was really known about them in the past years. Back then, it was generally accepted that great whites ate people by choice. Now we know that almost every attack on a human is an accident in which the shark mistakes a human for its normal food. Back then, we thought that once a great white smelt blood, it would lead to death. Now we know that nearly three-quarters of bite victims survive, perhaps because the shark recognizes that it has made a mistake and doesn’t return for a second bite.
20. The author said, “My goodness! Andre!” when .
Andre was about to fall into the water
Andre was about to touch the shark
Andre was followed by the shark
Andre was bitten by the shark
21. What does the author think of the encounters with great whites?
Exciting.
Educational.
Frightening.
Reasonable.
22. Most bite victims survive in shark attacks because .
they are taught how to fight off sharks
sharks discover they are no threats
they manage to swim to safety
sharks stop attacking them
C
Etymology, the study of words and word roots, may sound like the kind of thing done by boring librarians in small, dusty rooms. Yet etymologists actually have a uniquely interesting job. They are in many ways just like archaeologists(考古学家) digging up the physical history of people and events. The special aspect of etymology is that it digs up history, so to speak though the words and phrases that are left behind.
The English language, in particular, is a great field to explore history through words. This is a partly due to its ability to adapt foreign words so reality. For example, “English" words such as kindergarten( from German),croissant(from French), and cheetah(from Hindi) have become part of the language with little or no change from their original sounds and spellings. So English-language etymologists have a vast world of words to explore.
Another enjoyable thing about etymology for most word experts is solving word mysteries(谜）. No etymologists do not go around solving murders, like the great detective Sherlock Holmes. What these word experts solve are mysterious origins of some of our most common words.
One of the biggest questions English language experts have pursued is how English came to have phrase OK. Though it is one of the most commonly used expression, its exact beginning is a puzzle even to this day. Even its spelling is not entirely consistent--unless you spell it okay, it is hard even to call it a word.
Etymologists have been able to narrow OK’s origin down to a likely, although not certain, source(来源）. It became widely used around the time of Martin Van Buren's run for president in 1840. His nickname was Old Kinderhook. What troubles word experts about this explanation is that the phrase appeared in some newspapers before Van Buren became well know. It is likely that Van Buren could be called its primary source. Etymologists will doubtless keep searching for the initial source. However, it is clear that OK's popularity and reputation have topped those of the American president to whom it has been most clearly linked.
23. The author mentions the words like “croissant” in paragraph 2 indicated___.
A. words have changed a lot in the two languages
B. what English-language etymologists are exploring now
C. English has absorbed many words from other foreign languages
D. the English vocabulary is difficult to the non-English-speaking people
24. The underlined word “pursued” in Paragraph 4. means___.
A. looked upon
B. dug up
C. put in
D. set down
25. We can learn from the passage that etymologists___.
A. discover the possible origin of words
B. help detectives to solve mysterious murders
C. write interesting stories for some newspaper
D. explore the English language as well as the recent events
26. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To present the history of English words.
B. To explain the procedure of an etymologist's job.
C. To introduce the pleasure of the study of the words and word roots.
D. To teach readers how to distinguish English and non-English words.
D
It is easy to lose patience with science today. The question are pressing; How dangerous is air pollution? What about low-level radiation? When will that horrible earthquake strike California? And why can’t we predict weather better? But the evidence is often described as “uncertain”, forcing scientists to base their points of view almost as much on intuition(直觉)as on science.
When historians and philosophers of science listen to these questions, some conclude that science may not be able to solve all these problems any time soon. The unknowns can grow into riddles that are impossible to solve. Because of the unstable and changing state of the earth’s atmosphere, for example, scientists have struggled for centuries to predict the weather with precision(精确)but failed.
The case is different for scientists of astronomy. For example, they think that the gravitation force of a nearby space vehicle, though tiny, is able to change the path of a much larger planet if the vehicle spends enough time close to it. With the aid of Newton’s laws of gravitational attraction, ground controllers can predict the path of a planetary probe(探测仪) ----or satellite----with incredible accuracy. They do this by calculating the gravitational force from each of the passing planets until the probe speeds beyond the edge of the solar system. A much more difficult task is to calculate what happens when two or three times of such force pull on the probe at the same time. Such procedures can, of course, be very difficult, but for experiments, they are effective.
This range of questions----from simple problems to those impossibly complex---has resulted in nicknames for various fields of study: “soft” sciences and “hard” science.
“Soft” sciences admit a great degree of uncertainty. Academicians tend to judge fields such as sociology, psychology, and political science as “soft” because they are assumed to be understandable, of unnecessary mathematical accuracy, and concerned with everyday affairs such as interpersonal relationships. However, “hard” sciences, such as astronomy and chemistry, are said to offer precise answer. Precise definitions for “hard” sciences vary, but the characteristics of “hard” sciences include: producing testable predictions; performing controlled experiments; relying on quantifiable data and mathematical models; a high degree of accuracy and objectivity; and generally applying a pure form of the scientific method.
27. We can learn from the passage that_____.
A. a large planet is able to change the size of a tiny planet
B. ground controllers can affect the gravitational force of planets
C. calculating the probe speeds beyond the solar system is possible
D. predicting the weather is more difficult than predicting the path of a satellite
28. According to the author, “soft” sciences________.
A. allow for certain inaccuracy
B. focus on personal relationships
C. are based on controlled experiments
D. are rooted in data and mathematical models
29. What might be the best title for the passage?
A. Science, a Long History?
B. Science and Its Functions
C. Science, Accurate or Not?
D. Science and Its Application
30. What is the author’s attitude towards science in the passage?
A. Objective.
B. Sceptical.
C. Disapproval.
D. Optimistic.
第二节 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Anxiety is your mental watchman. Its fixed pattern is to search for what may be about to go wrong. It continually, and without your conscious permission, scans your life, even when you are asleep, in dreams and nightmares. __31__ When it finds one, it worries it.
Along with depression and anger, anxiety is one of the bad faces of worries.__32__Controlled by anxiety, you will feel a lack of security and confidence. When anxiety is severe and pained, it can be a sign of a disorder, such as panic or terror.
Although anxiety seems to have a biological basis, it is habit- forming for many of us. Some of our anxious feelings are in fact wasted energy. Anxiety has gotten out of hand when it is pointless and repeated. When you are faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or making an important decision, you will feel anxious. When you are controlled by anxiety, you are unable to control your emotions(情感) to the point of it changing your daily routine and habits.__33__Or you find you are usually anxious at work or around your family.
At times, you should listen to the message of your negative emotions, as uncomfortable as they may be, and change your outward life rather than your emotional life. __34__ If you are worried about the dangers of your brother’s new hobby, sky diving, perhaps you ought to tell him so. Taking action may relieve you anxiety. __35__ By learning to stop always seeking guarantee, not only can you start to undo the automatic cycle of anxiety, but also you learn that you can manage just fine without the need for constant guarantee. This in turn creates a sense of self-confidence and self-respect, which is vital to overcome anxiety.
For these people, saying NO to others is often of much anxiety.
It reviews your work, your love, your play, until it finds an imperfection.
Comparing anxiety with depression helps to discuss possible cures for anxiety.
These three common emotions are considered the cause of most mental illnesses.
If that doesn’t work, then it’s time to deal with any automatic thoughts in yourself.
If you are anxious about the work, you might get to the office an hour earlier every day.
You find yourself waking up anxious, going through the day anxious and going to bed anxious
Unit 1 Nothing ventured, nothing gained-词汇篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. 掌握常考词汇的运用；
2. 掌握句型的运用；
一. 难句分析
… the fear that we might never know their fate and possible delay …
……害怕再也无从知晓他命运和可能的耽搁……
解析：
delay可作动词也可作名词。作动词时, 既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词, 意为“耽搁；延迟”；作名词时, 可作可数名词也可作不可数名词。
e.g. The accident delayed the train for two hours.
事故使火车晚点了两小时。
He delayed telling her the news, waiting for the right moment.
他没有马上把消息告诉她，等有了适当的时机再说。
I’m sorry that I’ve delayed so long.
我很抱歉拖了这么久。
Our plane was delayed by heavy fog.
我们的飞机因大雾而延迟了。
After much delay, he finished his paper at last.
拖了那么久，他终于完成了论文。
My doctor advised me to give up.
smoking without delay.
我的医生劝我立即戒烟。
【比较】 delay, postpone, put off
在表示“推迟某事”时，它们可以互换。
e.g. The flight was delayed / postponed / put off due to bad weather.
由于天气不好，航班被推迟了。
但它们又有细微的差别：
★ delay 强调因某种困难或障碍延误，动作主体是人或困难本身，延迟的时间不确定，也可能是无限延迟。如：
My father fell ill all of a sudden, which delayed our trip.
父亲突然病倒了, 延迟了我们的旅行。
★ postpone 动作主体是人，表示有意识地推迟，延迟的时间确定。如：
Because of heavy rain, we have decided to postpone our sports meeting until next Monday.
由于下大雨， 我们已经决定把运动会推迟到下周一。
★ put off 强调“拖延时间”，指因客观原因造成的拖延或主观上有意的拖延。如：
You’re always putting off things. You should get rid of this bad habit.
你做事总是拖拉，你得克服这个坏习惯。
2. If this stands for a period of time its salt disappears and it becomes fresh water suitable for drinking.
如果冰块溶化了一段时间，水里面的盐分就会消失，之后变成适于饮用的淡水。
解析：
stand 的意义及引申: v. 站立, 忍受, 位在; “使(液体)保持静止不动；静置，沉淀”
e.g. Let me stand you a dinner.
让我请你一顿饭。
In February 1916 the French army made a stand at Verdun (凡尔登).
1916年2月，法国军队在凡尔登奋力抵抗。
This work will hardly stand close examination.
这种作品很难经得起认真的检验。
She took a firm stand on nuclear disarmament.
她在核裁军的问题上态度很坚决。
He can’t stand hot weather.
他受不住这炎热的天气。
Let the words stand.
不要改动这些字。
Leave the water to stand overnight.
让水整晚沉淀。
Stand the mixture for 20 minutes and see what happens.
将混合溶液静置20分钟。
3. This give off oily.
这会产生油腻的黑烟。
解析：
give off 意为“发出”，其宾语通常是气体、液体、光、烟、雾、气味、放射线等。
e.g. The gas give off an unpleasant smell.
这种气体散发出一种难闻的气味。
The engine gives off smoke and steam.
发动机发出烟气和水蒸气。
[联想]
give away 赠送；泄露
give back 归还；恢复
give up 放弃
give in 屈服；让步；投降
give out 发出；分发；发布；筋疲力尽表示“发出”时，其宾语通常是光、电、声、热、信号、放射线等。
4. We could also eat the remains when the fire died down.
火熄灭后我们也可以吃剩下的东西。
解析：
1）remains 复数形式的名词，“剩余物; 遗迹; 遗体, 残骸”。
e.g. the remains of a meal
残羹剩饭
the remains of an army
残兵败将
human remains
人的尸体
The remains of the supper were taken away.
把晚餐吃剩的东西带走。
2）die down 渐弱; 渐熄
e.g. The wind died down.
风势渐渐弱了下来。
The excitement soon died down.
那股兴奋劲儿渐渐冷了下来。
[联想]
die away (声音、风、光等) 渐渐减弱, 甚至停止
die off (有生命的群体) 一个接一个地死去
die out (家族、种族、习俗、观念等) 完全消失; 绝种
5. As a chef, it was my duty to clean and cook these animals, …
作为厨子，我的责任就是把这些动物清洗干净并做成肉……
解析：
chef 和 cook 都有“厨师”的意思， 但chef 多指“厨技高超的男性厨师; 主厨”, 而cook则泛指“烹调食物的人”。
e.g. He works as a chef in a restaurant.
他在一家餐馆当厨师。
Who is the cook in your family?
在你们家谁做饭?
6. So I was soon being encouraged to vary the meals in whatever way I could.
没过多久他们就不断鼓动我想方设法去变化伙食的花样。
解析：
vary vi. & vt. 改变, 变化, 使多样化
e.g. The teacher was advised to vary his teaching methods.
有人建议这位老师改变一下教学方法。
Mom is a good cook; she varies the meals so that we never get tired of eating at home.
妈妈是个好厨师。她总是变换饭菜的口味，所以我们从不厌烦在家吃饭。
7. Another part of the body that needed special caution was the eyes.
另外一个需要特别小心的身体部位是眼睛。
解析：
caution n. 小心, 慎重, 警示 v. 警告
e.g. He told us to proceed with caution.
他告诉我们要谨慎行事
You should exercise extreme caution when driving in fog.
在雾中开车时你要极为小心。
I must caution you against the danger.
面对危险时我一定会警告你。
We urged caution.
我们特别提出要小心谨慎。
We were cautioned not to drive too fast.
人家提醒我们车不要开得太快。
8. Our optimism and faith in Shackleton had helped us persevere in staying alive ...
乐观和对沙克尔顿的信任帮助我们坚持顽强地活了下来。
解析：
persevere vi. 坚持；忍耐，后面常接 in 或 with。
e.g. He persevered in his studies.
他孜孜不倦地学习。
She persevered with her piano lessons.
她持之以恒地努力学钢琴。
9. He had repaid us by his commitment to return and save us from a slow but painful death.
他给我们的回报则是承诺返回岛上，并且把我们从缓慢而又痛苦的死亡中解救出来。
解析：
1）repay 回报, 报答; 偿还
repay sb. for sth.
repay sb. with / by doing sth.
e.g. When do you think you will be able to repay us?
你认为你什么时候能回报我们？
I couldn’t find a way of repaying the family’s kindness.
我不知该如何报答这一家人的好意。
We’ll never be able to repay you for everything you’ve done for us.
我们永远也无法报答你为我们所做的一切。
She tried to be a good teacher, and the students repaid her with their love and respect.
她努力做一名好老师，她的学生用对她的爱和尊敬去回报她。
After I have done so much for you, how can you repay me by lying to me?
我为你付出这么多，你怎么能用谎话来回报我?
2）commitment 承诺; 责任; 约束
e.g. We’ve made a commitment to help, and we will.
我们已经答应帮忙，我们一定说到做到。
I can’t do this job right now because of other commitments.
因为还有别的事要做，目前我不能做这项工作。
He couldn’t go on holiday with us because of work commitments.
他公务缠身, 不能和我们一起去度假。
二. 词汇积累
1. The smell is, as usual, almost unbearable.
味道几乎让人无法忍受。
unbearable adj. 无法忍受的
e.g. The heat outside is unbearable.
外面的热气让人无法忍受。
Loneliness in a gloomy raining day is unbearable to him.
在阴郁的下雨天他难以忍受寂寞。
2. As I think of this, a black blanket drops and covers me, almost blocking out the memories of happier times.
正想到这儿，一条黑毛毯掉下来把我盖住，几乎把美好时光的记忆封闭了。
block out vt. 封闭
e.g. That wall blocks out all the light.
那堵墙把光线都遮住了。
3. I feel breathless as I remembered my rotten toes that had to be removed when they became blackened from frostbite.
一想到由于冻伤变黑而必须截去的腐烂的脚趾头，我就感到喘不过气来。
1）breathless adj. 喘不过气来的 = out of breath
e.g. I was completely breathless when I got to the top of the mountain.
当我到达山顶上时，我已经上气不接下气了。
I met him in a hot and breathless afternoon.
我是在一个又闷又热的下午遇到他的。
2）blacken vi. 变黑；变暗 vt. 使变黑；使变暗
e.g. The commandos blackened their faces with charcoal.
突击队员用木炭把脸涂黑。
4. Our circumstances are so desperate …
我们的境况让人绝望……
circumstance n. 环境，详情，境况
e.g. Circumstances forced us to change our plans.
客观情况迫使我们改变了计划。
He was forced by the circumstances to do this.
他做此事是为环境所迫。
What are his circumstances?
他的经济状况如何?
The circumstances of this case are unusual．
这件案子的情况很不寻常。
[拓展]
in / under no circumstances “决不；无论如何也不”
e.g. Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
中国决不首先使用核武器。
She won’t give up in any circumstances.
在任何情况下她都不会屈服。
in／under the circumstances“在这种情况下；因为这种情况”。
e.g. It’s amazing that they did so well under the circumstances.
在这种情况下，他们做的如此漂亮是非常惊人的。
5. I believe Shackleton must have mourned this unexpected end to his expedition.
我相信沙克尔顿肯定会对这次探险意想不到的结局感到痛心。
mourn v. 哀悼, 忧伤
e.g. The old woman still mourns for her son’s death.
这位老太太还在为儿子的死伤。
People wore crapes to mourn their leader.
人们戴着黑纱哀悼他们的领袖。
6. …, he made an urgent announcement that we must save only essential supplies …
……他紧急宣布我们必须抢出基本给养……
urgent adj. 急迫的, 紧急的
e.g. This work is not urgent; we can do it tomorrow.
这个工作不急；我们可以明天做它。
They’ve made an urgent request for international aid.
他们紧急请求国际援助。
It is urgent that food and clothing (should) be sent to the sufferers.
急需将食物和衣服送给灾民。
I’m afraid something urgent has come up; I won’t be able to see you tonight.
很抱歉, 有些急事; 今晚不能见你了。
7. He described it as vital for keeping us cheerful.
他把它描述成让我们保持精神振奋的关键。
1）vital adj. 生命的; 至关重要的; 生气勃勃的
e.g. The heart performs a vital bodily fun_ction.
心脏起着维持生命的重要作用。
The government saw the introduction of new technology as vital.
政府认为引进新技术至关重要。
The leader’s vital and cheerful manner filled his men with courage.
指挥官朝气蓬勃和欢欣愉悦的神态使士兵们勇气倍增。
2）cheerful adj. 愉快的，高兴的
e.g. She remained cheerful throughout the trip.
她整个旅途都是高兴的。
Whether (she is) sick or fine, she is always cheerful.
不管她生不生病, 她总是开开心心的。
8. His perseverance won our complete faith in him.
他的顽强精神赢得了我们对他的完全信赖。
faith n. 信任, 信仰
e.g. I kept faith with him.
我信守了对他的诺言。
He has great talent, but he has lost his faith.
他很有天赋, 但是他已经丧失了信心。
The disaster caused him to waver in his faith.
这件灾难使他对信仰发生了动摇。
Belief in a life after death is the keystone of her religious faith.
她的宗教信仰的基础是相信死后有来生。
9. He was always honest with us (as in the advertisement) and never gave away to disappointment, even when the ship sank.
他对我们也总是坦诚相待（就像广告中那样），他从不灰心丧气，从不放弃，甚至当轮船沉下去也是如此。
give way to 让路；让步
e.g. The government has no signs of giving way to the kidnapper’s demands.
政府没有任何迹象表示向绑架者的要求让步。
In some western countries, drivers often give way to cyclists and pedestrians.
在一些西方国家，司机经常给骑自行车的人和行人让路。
Over the next few years, our current computer network will give way to even more modern technology.
在未来几年，我们目前的电脑网络将会被更现代的技术代替。
10. Soon Shackleton set out the framework for life here …
不久沙克尔顿给我们这里的生活列出了规矩……
framework n. 结构, 骨架, 架构
e.g. It’s a bridge of steel framework.
那是座钢铁结构的桥梁。
All the cases can be considered within the framework of the existing rules.
一切情况都可依据现行章程的结构加以考虑。
11. …, no differences in rank or in social status.
……，取消级别和社会地位上的差异。
rank n. 等级, 排, 阶级 v. 排列, 归类于, 列于
e.g. He is above me in rank.
他的级别比我高。
This tennis player ranked third in the world.
这位网球运动员排名世界第三。
A general ranks a captain.
将军的级别比上尉高。
Where/How do you rank Karpov as a chess player?
你把卡尔波夫列为哪一级的棋手?
12. He would select five others to go to South Georgia and bring help.
他挑选其他五个人去南乔治亚救援。
select adj. 精选的 n. 被挑选的人或物 v. 选择, 精选
e.g. A select group were invited to the wedding reception.
一群经过挑选的人士被邀请参加婚宴。
This is a very select area; you have to be rich to live here.
这是一个精选的区域；你要很富有才能住在这里。
She selected a diamond ring from the collection.
她从收藏品中挑选了一枚钻石戒指。
Our shops select only the very best quality produce.
我们商店都是精选的质量最高的产品。
[choose， select， elect， pick 的区别]
这些动词都指从一些可能性中做出选择。
choose 含有运用判断力在一些人、物或行为方式中选出一个的意思：
“We do not choose survival as a value; it chooses us” (B.F. Skinner).
“并不是我们把生存作为一种价值而选择了它；而是它选择了我们”（B·F·斯基纳）。
select 侧重于从许多不同种类中进行选择时的挑剔态度：
Four skiers will be selected to represent each country.
每个国家将选出四名滑雪者作为代表。
elect 强烈地暗示着通常在两者之间做出挑选时的深思细想：
I elected not to go.
我决定不去。
pick 和select 一样，表示选择时的小心谨慎：
“Not only do I knock ‘em out, I pick the round”(Muhammad Ali).
“我不但能击倒，我还能挑选在哪一回合击倒” （默罕默德·阿里）
Please pick a good book for me.
请为我挑一本好书。
13. I will never forget watching the little boat disappear through the booming waves in to the stormy ocean.
我永远也不会忘记眼看着小船从哗哗作响的波浪中消失在波涛汹涌的大洋里的情景。
boom n. 繁荣, 隆隆声 v. 急速发展
e.g. It’s a boom year this year.
今年是繁荣昌盛的一年。
The oil market is enjoying a boom
石油市场欣欣向荣。
Technology is a booming sector of the economy.
技术是一个迅速发展的经济部门。
He made his pile during the property boom.
在房地产生意兴隆期间他发了大财。
14. We who remained on Elephant Island swore that we would do as he advocated.
留在大象岛上的人发誓要按他所主张的那样做。
swear v. 意为“宣誓；发誓”，后接不定式或从句作宾语；也可表示“诅咒，咒骂”。
常构成：swear by以 …… 发誓；swear at 咒骂，诅咒；swear black is white 把黑的说成白的。
e.g. Miss Yang swore never to let out the secret.
杨女士发誓绝不将此秘密泄露出去。
I don’t know anything about this, I swear.
我发誓我一点也不知道这件事。
When the host team lost the game, a number of fans began to swear.
当主场球队输了比赛后，许多球迷开始咒骂起来。
The boss often swears at his workers, sometimes for no reason at all.
老板经常骂他的员工, 有时毫无理由。
I swore by the name of God that what I had told you was quite true.
我以上帝的名义发誓，我和你说的绝对是真的。
advocate n. 提倡者, 拥护者 v. 主张, 提倡
e.g. They advocated the use of force.
他们提倡要动用武力。
I advocate a policy of gradual reform.
我拥护逐步改革的政策。
He advocates reducing military spending.
他主张削减军费开支。
Do you advocate banning cars in the city centre?
你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗?
三. 句型积累
1. It is / was ... that / who / whom ... 强调句型
2. It must have seemed like...
3. It is / was no wonder that...
4. It is / was considered a great honor to do sth.
5. “with +宾语+动词-ing形式(短语)”表伴随。
6. How could I become as ... as...! 我怎么能变得像……一样呢？
7. ... so ... that...
8. Just as I am about to do...
9. It is / was not for long.
1. Mary worked here as a _________ secretary and ended up getting a full-time job with the company.
A pessimistic B temporary C previous D cautious
解析：句意“玛丽此前在这里做临时性的秘书工作，最后在公司得到了一份全职工作”。考查形容词辨析。pessimistic 悲观的； temporary 临时的； previous 先前的； cautious 小心的。根据语境，选B。
答案： B
2. ---Jack, you seem in high spirits. ---_______We won the match 4-0.
A Guess what? B So what? C No wonder. D No doubt
解析：句意“---杰克，你好像很高兴。---猜猜怎么了？我们以4:0的比分赢得了比赛”。考查交际用语。Guess what? 猜猜怎么了？ So what? 那有怎么样？ No wonder. 难怪 No doubt 毫无疑问。根据句意，选A。
答案： A
3. I don’t want to ________ exactly how the system works.
A give in B give up C give away D give off
解析：句意“我不想精确地透露该系统是如何运行的”。考查动词短语。give in 屈服；give up 放弃； give away 泄露、透漏；give off 释放。根据句意，选C。
答案： C
4. The police were seeking more information to find out _______the rich merchant.
A who was it that killed B who it was that killed C it was who killed D who was it killed
解析：句意“警察正搜寻更多信息以查出是谁杀害了这位富商”。考查强调句型。特殊疑问句的强调句型形式是“特殊疑问词+is /was +it +that…”。find out 后接who引导的宾语从句，应该用陈述语序。
答案： B
5. The children ________ lost in the woods; otherwise, they would have been at the lakeside camp as sheduled.
A must have got B must get C should have got D should get
解析：句意“孩子们肯定在树林里迷路了，否则他们就会按照计划回到湖边营地了”。根据 would have been可知语境指的是过去，排除B和D。A：肯定已、、、、、、；C：本应该做（而未做）。
答案： A
基础演练
I. 根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出各单词的正确形式。
1. The smoke has b______ the white walls of the kitchen.
2. He ______ (冒险) his life to save a little girl from drowning.
3. A s______ person always thinks about himself.
4. She expressed her ______ (感激) to me for inviting her to dinner.
5. After reading the text again, I finally g______ the main points of the story.
II. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. He has been brought in to ______ (strength) the defense.
2. The wood was so ______ (rot) that you could put your finger through it.
3. Although in great need of money, she remained ______ (cheer) throughout the trip.
4. His temper has been ______ (change) this week, so don’t annoy him.
5. He is easily ______ (courage) by difficulties and obstacles.
6. It’s very cold today; the temperature has dropped to ______ (freeze) point.
III. 用适当的介词填空。
1. Have you ever communicated ______ someone you fancied by body language and reading each other’s thoughts?
2. I have to say that honestly, while I felt the spirit and presence of God, I had no faith ______ religion.
3. The barren land has been turned ______ fertile fields.
4. This story reminds me ______ my childhood.
5. It is ______ great excitement that Joe takes this opportunity to announce that he will act as Director of Racer.
Keys:
I. 1. blackened 2. ventured 3. selfish 4. gratitude 5. grasped
II. 1. strengthen 2. rotten 3. cheerful 4. changeable 5. discouraged 6. freezing
III. 1. with 2. in 3. into 4. of 5. with
巩固提高
根据括号内的提示翻译下列句子。
1. 在这种情况下, 他觉得无法接受这项工作。(under the circumstances)
2. 我的外套不在那儿，准是有人拿错了。(must have done)
3. 急需将食物和衣服送给灾民。(It is urgent that ...)
4. 冬天过去, 春天来到。白天越来越长了。(give way to)
5. 许多人主张增设医院。(advocate)
6. 我建议你做出这个决定，因为这是合法的。(advocate)
7. 在电影放映过程中他感到及其无聊，因为那部电影是那么愚蠢可笑。(bored)
8. 那块肉散发出一股臭味，因为它变质了。(give off)
9. 她是一位值得尊敬的人，她总是把别人的需求放在第一位。(admirable)
10. 如果你说那件事是真的，你得发誓保证你是在说实话。(swear)
11. 难怪他不饿，他整天都在吃糖果。（It is no wonder that...）
12. 毫无疑问司机应对这场交通事故负责。（There is no doubt that...）
Keys:
1. Under the circumstances, he felt unable to accept the job.
2. My coat isn’t there. Someone must have taken it by mistake.
3. It is urgent that food and clothing (should) be sent to the sufferers.
4. As winter gave way to spring, the day became longer and longer.
5. Many people advocate building more hospitals.
6. I would advocate that you make this decision because it is legal.
7. He was extremely bored during the film show because it was so silly.
8. That meat is giving off a bad smell because it is bad / rotten.
9. She is an admirable person who always puts other people’s needs first.
10. If you say it is true, you must swear you are telling the truth.
11. It is no wonder (that) he is not hungry; he has been eating sweets all day.
12. There is no doubt that the driver is to blame for the traffic accident.
一. 选词填空
A组：Use the words or expressions in the box to fill in the description of the journey from the pack ice to Elephant Island written by one survivor.
April 16th, 1916
Moving to Elephant Island was a dangerous undertaking, but it was not our first. We had ____1____ onto the ice to make camp when the Endurance was stuck.
The ice constantly broke up at night because of the warmth of our bodies and we often dropped into the freezing water while sleeping. Though we were in an _____2_____ situation, we tried to make our daily life ____3____ with singing and making fun of each other.
Our _____4______ improved when we saw the solid land of Elephant Island appear on the horizon. Shackleton gave us no time to ___5___ the failure of our expedition. He encouraged us all with advice to prevent ___6____.
Without his __7___ that we would indeed survive, we might all ___8_____ to despair. ____9____ we prepared to follow his advice and on this day climbed into the three small open boats ready for the journey.
B 组：Complete the story of Gou Jian using thewords below in the correct form. One word is used twice.
Gou Jian, King of Yue, was captured by his enemy, Fu Chai, the King of Wu.
His ____10____ lasted for three __11___ years, which to him seemed like a lifetime. One day the King of Wu fell ill. After tasting the King’s stool (大便), Gou Jian announced that Fu Chai would ___12____ soon. Fu Chai was moved by his act and he let him return to Yue.
Remembering how _____13_____ his life as a slave had been, Gou Jian took no interest in ____14______ and continued to live in the same way as he had lived in Wu. He wanted to ___15____ his lost land.
But he also knew it was __16___ to ___17___ the chance with care. So first he introduced the King of Wu to a beauty called Xi Shi. While Fu Chai was trying to entertain Xi Shi, Gou Jian attacked and defeated him.
二. Replace the underlined phrases with words similar in meaning from this unit.
1. My failure in that exam was so painful that I stopped myself from remembering it until many years later when I could consider it more rationally.
2. This is an ancient kind of camp fire for cooking.
3. That kind of behaviour is not considerate and makes me feel upset.
4. The water in my bath is extremely cold so it is uncomfortable for me to get into it.
三. 单选
1. --- Tom has won the 100-meter race.
---_________! He never won it before.
A. Congratulations B. What a good news C. What a good surprise D. How exciting the race
2. Mr. White is a lawyer now, but he _________ in a company for several years.
A. worked B. has worked C. had worked D. had been working
3. ________ sick or well, the old man is always cheerful.
A. Either B. No matter C. Even if D. Whether
4. Much new and high technology has been introduced from America, thus_____ in a great increase in production of the company.
A. resulted B. resulting C. results D. which results
5. -----What made you decide to ______medicine?
-----I’d always wanted to be a doctor, even as a child.
take up B. go on C. pick up D. depend on
6. ---It costs me too much to have my car repaired.
---Why don’t you sell it _________ it is still running?
A. before B. until C. while D. once
7. She was a shy girl and she never expected ________a great change in her life.
there to be B. it to be C. to be D. there being
8. Just have a little patience. We will _______the matter as soon as possible.
look out B. look over C. look into D. look up
9.—It’s very important for you to arrive on time.
— I ____ be there at seven o’clock, I promise.
A. can B. will C. must D. should
10. ----Are you satisfied with your studies, Kate?
----Well, I’m afraid it couldn’t be__________.
any better B. the best C. any worse D. the worst
11. How will your father _______ your working in a new big city?
A. think B. believe C. take D. trust
12. The old couple preferred a flat in a small town to ____ in so large a city as New York.
A. one B. it C. this D. that
13. The talk between the two leaders aimed at ending the long ______of war between the two countries.
sense B. case C. state D. condition
14. I can smell smoke from the house. I think it _____________ fire.
A. is catching B. has caught C. has been catching D. caught
15. I finally got the job I wished for. Never in all my life ________so happy!
A.I felt B. had I felt C.I had felt D. did
Keys:
一. 1. struggled 2. unbearable 3. cheerful 4. circumstances 5. mourn 6. sickness 7. faith 8. give way 9. Anyhow 10. suffering 11. bitter 12. recover 13. unbearable 14. celebrations 15. recover 16. vital 17. select
二. 1. blocked (it) out 2. oven 3. selfish; discouraged 4. freezing
三. CADBA CACBC CACBB
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一. 单选（2015东城一模）
1. —Mum, where is my packed lunch?
—In the kitchen, I _____you two sandwiches.
A. making B. are making C. have made D. will make
2. I think we’d better keep to the subject, _____we’ll waste our time.
A. and B. or C. but D. so
3. Don’t phone me between 10:00and11:30 tomorrow morning. I _____ a meeting then.
A. had B. have C. was having D. will be having
4. During the weekend the health club is usually full of people _____to get in shape.
A. try B. tried C. trying D. having tried
5. The children’s excitement _____as Christmas drew near.
A. grows B. grew C. is growing D. had grown
6. Tom’s worry is _____he won’t be chosen for the school football team.
A. that B. whether C. when D. Why
7. —The fire in the supermarket last night was terrible.
—They____ have taken some measures to prevent it occurring.
A. must B. will C. would D. should
8. The room he has just rent is about 9 meters _____length and 3 meters wide.
A. in B. on C. to D. at
9. Charles entered New York University in 2009 and one year later ____to University of London as an exchange student.
A. sent B. had sent C. was sent D. had been sent
10. —Can you give me a ride?
—Sorry, there’s no room ____in my car.
A. to leave B. leaving C. left being D. Left
11. You’d better prepare some candles at home ____the power fails.
A. even though B. in case C. as long as D. in order that
12. My uncle has a large greenhouse in his garden _____he grows vegetables in winter.
A. which B. where C. when D. whose
13. —Good news !There’s a supermarket ____in this area next month!
—Cool !it will be convenient for us when it’s open!
A. building B. built C. having built D. to be built
14. —Sarah went the party.
—Really? I ____her if I had gone with you.
A. met B. had met C. would met D. would have met
15. Spending a few hours learning about the history and culture of the destination will help tourists understand ____they’re seeing.
A. What B. where C. that D. why
二. 阅读理解
第一节 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
The latest fashion in kitchen is the food steamer. All the stores are selling them; everyone wants one. Steaming is one of the simplest and healthiest ways of cooking food. However, that cooking time is usually longer than with other methods. In case you’re thinking of buying a steamer, I’ve done a survey about the steamers available on the market to help you decide which will suit you best.
Folding Steamer
The simplest and least expensive is the folding stainless-steel (不锈钢) version.
Advantages: This is a good, basic design which sits inside a variety of different shapes of pans with the water under it; a ring in the center allows for easy lifting and it’s easy to clean.
Disadvantages: It only holds small dishes. Also, it you put too much water in the pan, it will boil up through the vegetable and they will be watery. If you put too little water in and let it get dry, you will burn the pan and get strange-smelling vegetables.
Steaming Pan
This is a three-layered black Teflon-coated version with a lid and two double-handled steamers, which sits on the oven ring. The brand I bought is called Nutritious Living.
Advantages: This is an excellent steamer, lightweight, easy to clean, and of all the steamers I’ve tried, this cooks the fastest. Fish and chicken can be cooked on the bottom with rice or vegetables on the top. It’s easier to store.
Disadvantages: Water can boil away until the pan is dry, but if you make sure you fill the pan up to the suggested level and do not overcook the food, this should not happen. You cannot see the food cooking from the top. It doesn’t supply a dish for cooking rice.
For serious users of steamers, I recommend having one of each version. If you just want to try it, get the folding stainless-steel type.
16. Why did the author carry out the survey?
A. To inform people of different steamers.
B. To run an advertisement for steamers.
C. To find out a suitable steamer to buy.
D. To learn how to cook with steamers.
17. What can we learn about the folding steamer?
A. It comes in different kinds of shapes and sizes.
B. It is designed for large families.
C. It is able to clean itself.
D. It is easy to take out.
18. The Nutritious Living steamer ________.
A. is more difficult to store
B. provides a dish to cook rice with
C. cooks different foods at the same time
D. cooks fish and chicken faster than vegetables
19. According to the author, you should ________.
A. use steamers to save cooking time
B. buy a steamer with dishes supplied
C. do a survey before choosing a steamer
D. buy a folding steamer if you want to try
B
“Shark on the bait(诱饵) !” shouted Andre Harman, pointing to a spot a few yards behind the outboard motors. His voice gave no indication of panic, but the crew suddenly became tense and fixed their eyes on the water. Slowly, smoothly, Andre drew in the bait. The shark followed. No one asked what kind of shark it was. Everything about it, from its color to its shape, tells that it was a great white shark.
Andre lifted the bait aboard. Placing himself between the two motors, he dropped his right hand into the water just as the great head reached the first motor. “My goodness! Andre!” I said. His hand seized the big nose, moving it away from the tube of the motor, guiding the shark’s head up as it rose out of the water. Andre’s hand held the nose, touching it gently. No on spoke. No one breathed. The moment seemed endless. In fact, it lasted less than five seconds before Andre pulled his hand back.
Still nobody spoke. Then Andre smiled and said: “The first time was an accident. I was just trying to move the shark away from the motor. Sharks are attracted to motors by their electrical signals and have a habit of biting them to see if they are eatable.” Andre has worked with great white sharks for years. “My hand landed on its nose, and it sort of paused, so I kept it there, and when I did let go, the shark bit and bit as if it was searching for whatever it was that had attracted it.”
Nearly every encounter (遭遇) we had had with the great whites had been totally illogical. The more we learned, the more we realized how little was really known about them in the past years. Back then, it was generally accepted that great whites ate people by choice. Now we know that almost every attack on a human is an accident in which the shark mistakes a human for its normal food. Back then, we thought that once a great white smelt blood, it would lead to death. Now we know that nearly three-quarters of bite victims survive, perhaps because the shark recognizes that it has made a mistake and doesn’t return for a second bite.
20. The author said, “My goodness! Andre!” when .
Andre was about to fall into the water
Andre was about to touch the shark
Andre was followed by the shark
Andre was bitten by the shark
21. What does the author think of the encounters with great whites?
Exciting.
Educational.
Frightening.
Reasonable.
22. Most bite victims survive in shark attacks because .
they are taught how to fight off sharks
sharks discover they are no threats
they manage to swim to safety
sharks stop attacking them
C
Etymology, the study of words and word roots, may sound like the kind of thing done by boring librarians in small, dusty rooms. Yet etymologists actually have a uniquely interesting job. They are in many ways just like archaeologists(考古学家) digging up the physical history of people and events. The special aspect of etymology is that it digs up history, so to speak though the words and phrases that are left behind.
The English language, in particular, is a great field to explore history through words. This is a partly due to its ability to adapt foreign words so reality. For example, “English" words such as kindergarten( from German),croissant(from French), and cheetah(from Hindi) have become part of the language with little or no change from their original sounds and spellings. So English-language etymologists have a vast world of words to explore.
Another enjoyable thing about etymology for most word experts is solving word mysteries(谜）. No etymologists do not go around solving murders, like the great detective Sherlock Holmes. What these word experts solve are mysterious origins of some of our most common words.
One of the biggest questions English language experts have pursued is how English came to have phrase OK. Though it is one of the most commonly used expression, its exact beginning is a puzzle even to this day. Even its spelling is not entirely consistent--unless you spell it okay, it is hard even to call it a word.
Etymologists have been able to narrow OK’s origin down to a likely, although not certain, source(来源）. It became widely used around the time of Martin Van Buren's run for president in 1840. His nickname was Old Kinderhook. What troubles word experts about this explanation is that the phrase appeared in some newspapers before Van Buren became well know. It is likely that Van Buren could be called its primary source. Etymologists will doubtless keep searching for the initial source. However, it is clear that OK's popularity and reputation have topped those of the American president to whom it has been most clearly linked.
23. The author mentions the words like “croissant” in paragraph 2 indicated___.
A. words have changed a lot in the two languages
B. what English-language etymologists are exploring now
C. English has absorbed many words from other foreign languages
D. the English vocabulary is difficult to the non-English-speaking people
24. The underlined word “pursued” in Paragraph 4. means___.
A. looked upon
B. dug up
C. put in
D. set down
25. We can learn from the passage that etymologists___.
A. discover the possible origin of words
B. help detectives to solve mysterious murders
C. write interesting stories for some newspaper
D. explore the English language as well as the recent events
26. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To present the history of English words.
B. To explain the procedure of an etymologist's job.
C. To introduce the pleasure of the study of the words and word roots.
D. To teach readers how to distinguish English and non-English words.
D
It is easy to lose patience with science today. The question are pressing; How dangerous is air pollution? What about low-level radiation? When will that horrible earthquake strike California? And why can’t we predict weather better? But the evidence is often described as “uncertain”, forcing scientists to base their points of view almost as much on intuition(直觉)as on science.
When historians and philosophers of science listen to these questions, some conclude that science may not be able to solve all these problems any time soon. The unknowns can grow into riddles that are impossible to solve. Because of the unstable and changing state of the earth’s atmosphere, for example, scientists have struggled for centuries to predict the weather with precision(精确)but failed.
The case is different for scientists of astronomy. For example, they think that the gravitation force of a nearby space vehicle, though tiny, is able to change the path of a much larger planet if the vehicle spends enough time close to it. With the aid of Newton’s laws of gravitational attraction, ground controllers can predict the path of a planetary probe(探测仪) ----or satellite----with incredible accuracy. They do this by calculating the gravitational force from each of the passing planets until the probe speeds beyond the edge of the solar system. A much more difficult task is to calculate what happens when two or three times of such force pull on the probe at the same time. Such procedures can, of course, be very difficult, but for experiments, they are effective.
This range of questions----from simple problems to those impossibly complex---has resulted in nicknames for various fields of study: “soft” sciences and “hard” science.
“Soft” sciences admit a great degree of uncertainty. Academicians tend to judge fields such as sociology, psychology, and political science as “soft” because they are assumed to be understandable, of unnecessary mathematical accuracy, and concerned with everyday affairs such as interpersonal relationships. However, “hard” sciences, such as astronomy and chemistry, are said to offer precise answer. Precise definitions for “hard” sciences vary, but the characteristics of “hard” sciences include: producing testable predictions; performing controlled experiments; relying on quantifiable data and mathematical models; a high degree of accuracy and objectivity; and generally applying a pure form of the scientific method.
27. We can learn from the passage that_____.
A. a large planet is able to change the size of a tiny planet
B. ground controllers can affect the gravitational force of planets
C. calculating the probe speeds beyond the solar system is possible
D. predicting the weather is more difficult than predicting the path of a satellite
28. According to the author, “soft” sciences________.
A. allow for certain inaccuracy
B. focus on personal relationships
C. are based on controlled experiments
D. are rooted in data and mathematical models
29. What might be the best title for the passage?
A. Science, a Long History?
B. Science and Its Functions
C. Science, Accurate or Not?
D. Science and Its Application
30. What is the author’s attitude towards science in the passage?
A. Objective.
B. Sceptical.
C. Disapproval.
D. Optimistic.
第二节 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Anxiety is your mental watchman. Its fixed pattern is to search for what may be about to go wrong. It continually, and without your conscious permission, scans your life, even when you are asleep, in dreams and nightmares. __31__ When it finds one, it worries it.
Along with depression and anger, anxiety is one of the bad faces of worries.__32__Controlled by anxiety, you will feel a lack of security and confidence. When anxiety is severe and pained, it can be a sign of a disorder, such as panic or terror.
Although anxiety seems to have a biological basis, it is habit- forming for many of us. Some of our anxious feelings are in fact wasted energy. Anxiety has gotten out of hand when it is pointless and repeated. When you are faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or making an important decision, you will feel anxious. When you are controlled by anxiety, you are unable to control your emotions(情感) to the point of it changing your daily routine and habits.__33__Or you find you are usually anxious at work or around your family.
At times, you should listen to the message of your negative emotions, as uncomfortable as they may be, and change your outward life rather than your emotional life. __34__ If you are worried about the dangers of your brother’s new hobby, sky diving, perhaps you ought to tell him so. Taking action may relieve you anxiety. __35__ By learning to stop always seeking guarantee, not only can you start to undo the automatic cycle of anxiety, but also you learn that you can manage just fine without the need for constant guarantee. This in turn creates a sense of self-confidence and self-respect, which is vital to overcome anxiety.
For these people, saying NO to others is often of much anxiety.
It reviews your work, your love, your play, until it finds an imperfection.
Comparing anxiety with depression helps to discuss possible cures for anxiety.
These three common emotions are considered the cause of most mental illnesses.
If that doesn’t work, then it’s time to deal with any automatic thoughts in yourself.
If you are anxious about the work, you might get to the office an hour earlier every day.
You find yourself waking up anxious, going through the day anxious and going to bed anxious
Keys:
1-5 CBDCB 6-10 ADACC 11-15 BBDDA 16-20 ADCDB 21-25 BDCBA
26-30 CDACA 31-35 BDGFE
Unit 1 Nothing ventured, nothing gained-语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. 掌握定语的定义及运用；
2. 掌握常考定语从句的运用；
3. 掌握非谓语动词作定语的运用；
一. 定义及构成
定语用来修饰名词或代词等，可用作定语的有形容词、名词、名词所有格、代词、数词、副词、词组或合成词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、介词短语和从句。
二. 分类讲解
（一）形容词作定语 一般考查形容词辨析。
如：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）
小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy.(handsome修饰名词boy)
Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy.(good修饰名词boy)
有个乖男孩。
当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为：限观形龄色国材，指：限定词（一般指数量）；外观（美丽等）；形状（大小，高矮，肥瘦）；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途。***“县官行令杀国才”。该谐音语中的“县”指前位“限定词”，“官”指冠词，“行”指表示事物形状(大小、长短、高矮等)的词，“令”指表示人或事物的年龄、新旧的词，“杀”为“色”的谐音，指表示色彩的词，“国”指国家、地区(产地)的词，“才”指(制作的)材料。如：
1限定词 2 外观 3形状 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途
A famous American university.
An interesting little red French oil painting.
A new plastic bucket.
A purple velvet curtains
An elegant German clock
另外,有些形容词也有特殊的次序:
(1) 描述身体特征的形容词先于表示情感和性格特征的形容词
例如:a small lovely girl , a long patient queue , a pale anxious patient ;
(2) 表示颜色的形容词放在表示情感和性格特征的形容词之后
例如:a kindly black teacher ,an inquisitive brown dog ;
(3) little ,old 和young 有时可以作为名词短语不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名词之前,
例如:a lovely little girl
(4) 表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如:
a young ambitious man (强调年龄) ,an ambitious young man(强调雄心勃勃) 。
当然,三个以上形容词连用作定语,就显得累赘,因此上面所说的情况一般较少出现.
（二）数词作定语相当于形容词
Two boys need two pens.（two修饰名词boy：two修饰名词pen）
两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students.（two修饰名词boy）
这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room.（two修饰名词boy）
房间里有两个男孩。
（三）代词或名词所有格作定语
His boy needs Tom's pen.（his修饰名词boy；Tom’s修饰名词pen）
他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom.（his修饰名词name）
他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Tom's there.（two修饰名词boy；of与物主代词连用做定语修饰名词boy）
那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
（四）介词短语作定语
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.（in the classroom 修饰名词boy；of yours修饰名词pen）
教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom.（in blue修饰名词boy）
穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.（two boys of 9和,three of10修饰名词boy）
有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
（五）名词作定语
The boy needs a ball pen.（ball修饰名词pen）
男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen.（ball修饰名词pen）
这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.（the pencil box修饰名词ball pen ）
这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
1）名词用做定语时，通常以单数形式出现(即使这个作定语的名词有复数意义也是这样)。
例如： book store(书店) tooth brush(牙刷) newspaper reporter traffic lights(交通灯) coffee cup(咖啡杯) gold watch(金表) stone bridges (石桥) winter vacation(寒假)
night school(夜校) friend(女朋友) work plan(T作计划)
2）有些总是以复数形式出现的名词，在用做定语时，也往往用其单数形式。
例如： trouser pocket(裤兜) trouser legs裤腿 a trouser factory裤子工厂 shoe shop(鞋店) shoelace鞋带 shoemaker制[补]鞋工人, 鞋铺老板
3）但是sports，goods，customs，arms，savings和accounts等名词做定语时，仍用复数形式。例如： sports meet运动会 customs officer 海关官员 goods-train 货车 savings bank储蓄银行
4）一些以． cs结尾的单数名词做定语时，词尾不变；一些以一S结尾的单数名词用做定语时，仍用原来形式，词尾不变。
例如： politics professor 政治教授 physics teacher物理教师 news reporter新闻指导员 5）当数词与单位名词一起用做定语时，单位名词应用单数形式。
例如： five miles’-——a five-mile walk two hours’------- a two-hour plan fifteen years’——a fifteen-year-old boy thirty pounds’——a thirty-pound note
注意：名词做形容词表示单位用单数形式。
例如： a nine~storey building一座九层大楼 two twenty-inch rulers两把二英尺长的尺子
6）man和woman作定语 若将man, woman置于名词前作定语，则man, woman的数应与其后名词的数一致。
如： a woman teacher 一位女教师 two women teachers 两位女教师 a woman doctor女医生 two women doctors两位女医生 a woman athlete; 女运动员；two women athletes; 两位女运动员； a woman electrician. 女电工技师 two women electricians. 两位女电工技师a man cook (men cooks) 男厨师
（六）副词作定语
The boy there needs a pen.（there修饰名词boy）
那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom.（best修饰名词boy）
这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
（七）非谓语动词作定语
1. 不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语，必须后置，表示将要发生的动作。
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.（ to write this letter 修饰名词boy）
写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom.（to write this letter 修饰名词boy）将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today.（to do 修饰名词nothing）
今天没有事要做。
2. 分词（短语）作定语 动词-ing形式/过去分词作定语，若是单个的动词-ing形式/过去分词，通常置于被修饰词之前；若是动词-ing形式短语/过去分词短语，则要置于被修饰词之后，其功能相当于定语从句。动词-ing形式作定语，通常表示其所修饰的词与动词-ing形式所表示的动作之间为主动关系或动作正在进行；过去分词作定语，通常表示其所修饰的词与过去分词所表示的动作之间为被动关系且动作已完成。
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（ smiling 修饰名词boy；bought by his mother修饰名词pen）
那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China.（bought by her 修饰名词pen；bought by her 修饰名词pen）
她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left.（five修饰名词boy；left修饰名词boy）
有五个留下的男孩。
（八）从句作定语即为定语从句
分类
1)______________对先行词起修饰限制作用；___________对先行词起补充说明作用。
2)*非限制性定语从句中，关系词不能省略、不用that、“介词+which、whom从句”中，介词不能移到从句后面。
关系词的运用
1) 关系词分类：
2) 关系词的作用：
a. 连接主从句；
b. 替代先行词在从句中充当一定句子成分。
关系词的选择：****主要依据先行词在从句中的句子成分。如：
Do you still remember the days __________we spent in Qingdao?
Do you still remember the days __________we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?
同类关系词用法比较
3. 关系代词that与which的区别（特殊用法）
1) 当先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one等时。如：
你有什么要说的吗？（Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?）
2) 当先行词前有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all 等词修饰时。如：
这就是我正在等的公交车。（the very bus）
3) 当先行词是形容词最高级（序数词）或先行词前有其修饰时。如：
这是我看过的最有趣的电影。（现完）
你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？（what）
4) 先行词即有人又有物时。如：
你知道他们谈论的人和事吗？（talking about）
5) 非限制性从句中用----------；与介词连用时--------。
4. 关系代词who，whom，whose
a. 她就是住在隔壁的女孩。
b. 那就是我教的女孩。
c. 这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。（whose achievement）
5. ***关系代词 as的用法
a. 引导限制性定语从句常用句式（在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语）
such +名词 +as…像、、、、、、一样的，像、、、、、、之类
或the same +名词 +as…和、、、、、、同样的
例句：We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.
He is not the same man as he was.
b. as 还可以引导非限制性定语从句，位于主句前、后都可以，还可以插入主句中；并有固定结构，如：as is known; as (it) often happens; as I remember (it); as (it) appears; as is expected 等。
c. 区别：He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.(从句缺少成分；定语从句)
He is such a clever boy as everyone likes him. (从句不缺少成分；状语从句)
6. 介词+which/ whom中***介词选择
（1）根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯;如：
这就是我花了十元钱买的那本书。
This is the book ___________ I spent 10 yuan..
This is the book ___________ I paid 10 yuan.
(2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯；如：
I still remember the day __________ I first came to this school.
Do you remember the year _____________you first visited Beijing?
(3) 表“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，用of 。如：
The old women has two sons , both ___________are doctors.
7. 特殊先行词
1）case ,point ,situation, position, stage等词作定语从句的先行词，若定语从句缺状语，则用where引导。如：
-------Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
-------Yes, there is one point ____we must insist on.
A why B where C how D / (we must insist on in the point)
2）当先行词是way （意为“方式、方法”）时，引导定语从句的关系词有三种形式： in which , that ,不填。如：
What surprised me was not what he said but the way _________he said it.
3）先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可以省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/ during+which引导定语从句。如：
这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。
曾经有一个时期，没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视。
1. The research lacks ________ evidence, and therefore, its conclusions are doubtful.
A. solid B. fierce C. severe D. potential
2. Nick, it’s good for you to read some books ________China before you start your trip there.
A. in B. for C. of D. on
3. You can’t accept an opinion ________to you unless it is based on facts.
A. offering B. to offer C. having offered D. offered
4. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those______?lives were affected.?
A. whose B. that C. who D. which
5.?________?is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.?
A. It ? B. What C. That D. As
基础演练
一. 用定语从句连接下列每对句子:
1. She was talking with a lady. Her son was ill.
2. He will always remember the years. He spent the years in the little village as a child.
3. The clothes have been cleaned. I'm wearing them.
4. He is sitting in a chair. It is broken.
5. Everyone likes to make friends with her. She is a person.
6. Can you tell me the reason? You sold your new car for the reason.
7. That’s the hotel. We stayed there last year.
8. The bus was surrounded by an angry crow. Most of the bus was already full.
9. I’ll never forget the day. We worked together in London then.
10. You sent my sister a present. Thank you very much for it.
二. 单选
1.____ have plenty of money will help their friend.
A. Those who B. He who C. That who D. You who
2. This is the longest train _____ I have ever seen.
A. which B. that C. what D. whom
3.____ we all know, swimming is a very good sport.
A.?Which B. That C. As D. Who
4. I shall never forget those years _____ I lived in the farm ____ you visited last week.
A. when, where B. which, which C. when, which D. which, where
5. The radio set ___ last week has gone wrong.
A.I bought it B. which I bought it C.I bought D. what I bought
6. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
A. these B. them C. that D. which
7. The day will come _____ the people all over the world will win liberation.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
8. Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who ____ in China.
A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working
9. They talked for about an hour of things and persons ____ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
10. My glasses, ____ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
A. which B. with which C. without which D. that
11. He is a man of great experience, _____ much can be learned.
A. who B. from him C. from whom D. whom
12. A harvester is a machine ____ we harvest crops or a person ____ is harvesting.
A. which, who B. that, that C. with which, who D. /, that
13. I have bought the same dress ____ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
14. In the police station I saw the man from ___ room the thief had stolen the TV set.
A. whom B. which C. that D. whose
15. This is the very reason we all know.
A. why B. that C. for which D. what
16. Please put the letter _____ he can easily find it.
A. in which B. where C. the place where D. in the place
17. The house ______ there is a big tree was built more than 1000 years ago.
A. which B. that C. in the front of which D. in front of which
18. Antarctic, ____ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
巩固提高
1. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.
A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
2. She heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
3. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
4. The weather turned out to be very good, ____ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
5. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
6．Carol said the work would be done by October. ________ personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
7．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ______, of course, made the others unhappy.
A. who B. which C. this D. what
8. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _____ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. its price C. the price of which D. the price of whose
9. _____ has already been pointed out, grammar is not a set of dead rules.
A. As B. It C. That D. Which
10. He lived in London for 3 months, during ____ time he learned some English.
A. this B. which C. that D. same
11. Oh the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.
A. whose B. of which C. which D. its
12. Whenever I met him, ____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.
A. what B. which C. that D. when
13. The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.
A. that B. where C. which D. there
14. The boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.
A. in which B. in that C. in whose D. whose
15. I don’t like _____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
16. The house the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.
A. that B. where C. what D. when
17. The doctor did all to save the wounded boy.
A. what he could B. he could
C. everything which he could D. for which he could do
18. you know, he is a famous musician.
A. As B. which C. That D.／
19. He is the only one of the three got the new idea.
A. who have B. whom have C. who has D. whose had
20. This is the baby tomorrow.
A. after whom I shall look B. whom I shall look after
C. whose I shall look after D. after whom I shall look after
21. These students will graduate from the university next summer, ____________ they will have studied here for four years.
A. by then B. by that time C. by what time D. by which time
22. This is the house the window __________ faces the south.
A. of which B. which C. of it D. whose
23. It is five o’clock in the afternoon _________ they arrived at the hotel.
A. since B. before C. when D. that
24. In some countries, _________ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A. which B. what C. that D. one
25. --- How about the games?
---- Very interesting, and the ones _________ the young men competed were really exciting.
A. what B. for whom C. where D. in which
一. 单选
1. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _______,of course, made all the others upset.
A who B which C what D that
2. The prize will go to the writer ______story shows the most imagination.
A that B which C whose D what
3. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and T-shirts, _______is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A this B that C what D which
4. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _______are built close to each other.
A they B where C what D that
5. The days are gone _________physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A when B that C where D which
6. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken more than three years.
A for which B with which C of which D to which
7. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, ______we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
A which B where C who D that
8. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _____allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A which B where C what D who
9. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ____uses it somewhat differently.
A which B what C them D those
10. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _____the audience can buy ice-cream.
A when B where C that D which
11. Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, ______it will keep for two or three weeks.
A when B which C where D while
12. Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of _____she spoke fluently.
A who B whom C which D that
13. A bank is the place ______they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
A when B that C where D there
14. The school shop, _______customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.
A which B whose C when D where
15. Drunk driving, which was once a _______ occurrence, is now under control.
A. general B. frequent C. normal D. particular
16. Mothers holding jobs outside the home should have ____ schedules to make it easier to care for their children.
A. heavy B. smooth C. flexible D. complex
17. In this lecture, I can only give you a purely _____ view of how we can live life to the full and make some suggestions about the future.
A. private B. personal C. unique D. different
18. If I find someone who looks like the suspect, my _______ reaction will be to tell the police.
A. physical B. immediate C. sensitive D. sudden
19. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _______ first is the library.
A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired
20. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _______ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.
A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing
21. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _______ from the library.
A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing
22. I’m calling to enquire about the position _______ in yesterday’s China Daily.
A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised
_________________________________________________________________________________
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一. 完型（2015东城一模）
In high school I had a math teacher, Mrs. Davies, who took her job seriously and expected her students to put forth the same degree of commitment. Strict but fair, she held our attention with her time-proven approach. One of her 1 was for students who were more advanced academically. I chose to 2__it and soon realized that the course was a bit over my head. I 3__with the complex problems that others seemed to learn without much effort.
Our Friday we were tested 4__our ability to use a theorem(定理) that no one in the class thoroughly understood. The teacher would 5___our papers based on our ability to progress through the problem which easily filled two pages of formulaic notations(公式符号). I was absolutely 5___. Finally, I didn’t use the required theorem. Instead, I decided to use more familiar theorems to arrive at an 7___. I knew I had failed because I hadn’t done the 8___assignment. I became resigned to my fate.
Our test papers were 9___back the following Monday. Everyone received a “C” except for me. To my surprise, I received an “A”. I 10___that there must be a mistake. I watched 11___as the teacher approached my desk, smiled, and asked for my test 12__back. She then went back to copy my work onto the blackboard, 13___the class how I had arrived at the correct answer.” Mathematics is meant to be a creative tool, pushing our minds to a rewarding answer,” she said with confidence. 14___I didn’t use the required theorem, she seemed genuinely proud of how I’d worked through the problem. The class saw her fold my test paper and put it into her textbook. She announced that it would be 15___with future classes.
My teacher would have been justified in giving me a 16 grade. Instead , she used the 17__to deeply influence a student who often struggled. And after forty years, I still cherish the 18___. It helped change my self-image. I 19__up to a broad boundary of possibilities which has made my life an adventure. She understood that teaching went beyond strict demands and could be used to 20__. Thank you, Mrs. Davies.
1. A. ways B. tasks C. tests D. classes
2. A. run B. take C. teach D. like
3. A. compared B. struggled C. connected D. argued
4. A. on B. at C. of D. for
5. A. explain B. collect C. print D. grade
6. A. tired B. curious C. lost D. content
7. A. effect B. end C. answer D. interest
8. A. completed B. proved C. fixed D. required
9. A. handed B. held C. thrown D. dated
10. A. hoped B. assumed C. declared D. dreamed
11. A. angrily B. regretfully C. disappointedly D. nervously
12. A. paper B. score C. question D. method
13. A. helping B. following C. showing D. praising
14. A. Since B. Unless C. Though D. Because
15. A. shared B. exchanged C. practiced D. checked
16. A. friendly B. failing C. corrected D. wrong
17. A. possibility B. creation C. intention D. opportunity
18. A. change B. memory C. school D. life
19. A. opened B. kept C. made D. looked
20. A. learn B. survive C. inspire D. manage
二. 书面表达
你的美国笔友Lucy来信说她最近学习负担重，常常感到疲惫。请你根据以下提示给Lucy写回信。
调整学习方法；
积极锻炼；
其它建议。
注意：1. 词数不少于50。
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
3. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Lucy,
I learned about your trouble from your mail. Don’t worry. ______________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
（请务必将作文写在答题卡指定区域内）
第二节
假设你是红星中学高二（1）班的学生李华，下面四幅图描述了上学期高二年级开设选修课的过程。请根据图片的先后顺序，为校刊“英语园地”写一篇短文。词数不少于60。开头已给出，不计入总词数。
Last term, our school offered optional courses for the students in Senior 2. _________
_____________________________________________________________________
