Unit 3 Fairness for all-词汇篇
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1. 掌握常考词汇的运用；
2. 掌握句型的运用；
一. 单词扫描
1. Dr King encourages us to fight against this unfair system which prohibits us blacks from sitting where we like.
金博士鼓励我们同这个禁止我们黑人随意就坐的不公平的制度作斗争。
▲prohibit vt. 禁止
搭配：prohibit sb. from ... 禁止某人做……
prohibit sth. 禁止做……
如：The government introduced a law to prohibit tobacco commercials on TV.
政府采用新法律来禁止电视上播放烟草广告。
I fear that a prior engagement will prohibit me from joining you in dinner.
有约在先，我恐怕不能与你共进晚餐。
2. The other three submitted but Rosa was unwilling to do so and she was arrested.
另外三个屈服了，而罗莎不愿意这样做，她拒绝站起来，于是她被捕了。
搭配：submit oneself to sth./ sb. 顺从，屈服
submit sth. to sb. 提交，呈递
如：No one needs to submit to circumstances.
我们不必屈从环境。
We should submit our plans to the council for approval.
我们应该向理事会提交计划以求批准。
Soldiers must submit to orders.
士兵应该服从命令。
3. They’re hopeful that they can negotiate a fairer situation if all the blacks support them.
他们满怀信心，如果全体黑人都支持他们，他们可以通过谈判而赢得一个较为公平的局面。
▲ negotiate v. 商议,谈判,交涉
派生：negotiation n. 商议,谈判,交涉
如：We’ve decided to negotiate with the employers about our wage claim.
我们决定就工资问题与雇主谈判。
We are satisfied with the smoothness of the negotiation.
我们对谈判的顺利进行很满意。
4. The whites, on the other hand, shouted abuse at us.
而另一方面，白人们大声咒骂我们。
句中abuse是动词（词性），意思是咒骂。
如：The government has set up a working party to look into the problem of drug abuse.
名词；“滥用”。
Don’t abuse your friends.
动词；“辱骂”。
It’s easy to abuse one’s power.
动词；“滥用”。
Abuse of animals is unusual behavior.
名词；“虐待”。
二. 句式突破
1. It is regarded as an offence if we sit at the front of a bus and if we break this law, we receive a heavy punishment.
如果我们坐在公交车前面的座位上，就会被认为是违规了，如果我们不遵守这项法律，我们会遭到严惩。
句型：It is regarded as/ that... 人们认为……
1）很多人认为上升的犯罪率与经济不景气有关。
It is regarded that there is relation between the rising crime rate and the economic recession.
2）英国内战通常被看作是现代世界史的开端。
The British Civil War is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
2. Today we went to church where our minister, Martin Luther King, Jr, announced that a boycott of the buses and trolleybuses will begin tomorrow.
今天我们去教堂做礼拜，我们的牧师马丁· 路德 · 金宣布：从明天开始抵制公交车和无轨电车。
1）该句的主干为：we went to church。where引导一个定语从句：where our minister, Martin Luther King, Jr, announced that a boycott of ... tomorrow，修饰先行词church。在该从句中，Martin Luther King, Jr作our minister的同位语，that引导一个宾语从句：that a boycott of the buses and trolleybuses will begin tomorrow。
2）boycott
① vt．联合抵制
e.g. We boycott all products tested on animals.
我们抵制用动物做产品实验。
② n. 抵制
boycott of / on / against 抵制
called for a boycott 号召抵制
organize a boycott 组织抵制
e.g. The group is urging a nationwide boycott of toys manufactured with child labor.
这个组织呼吁联合抵制雇佣童工生产的玩具。
He called for a boycott of the elections.
他呼吁联合抵制选举活动。
3. It is regarded as an offence if we sit at the front of a bus and if we break this law, we receive a heavy punishment.
如果我们坐在公交车前面的座位上，就会被认为是违规了，如果我们不遵守这项法律，我们会遭到严惩。
1）front作名词，意为“前面，前部”。表示“某空间内部的前部”时，front前要加定冠词the；表示“某空间外部的前面”时，front前不用冠词。
2）offense <美>= offence n. (动词形式：offend) 冒犯；违法行为
e.g. The possession of stolen property is a criminal offence.
占有偷盗赃物是一种犯罪行为。
Punishment for a first offence is a fine.
初犯的惩罚是罚款。
His solicitor said he committed the offence because he was heavily in debt.
他的律师宣称他负债太多已构成犯罪。
The bill makes it an offence to carry a knife.
法令视携带刀具为犯规行为。
4. Meanwhile the hostility of the whites grew.
然而，白人们的敌意也在不断上升！
1）meanwhile意为“与此同时”，可用作副词和名词（in the meanwhile），表示在某动作或情况发生或存在期间将可能发生另一件事。
2）hostility n. 敌意；恶意
hostility towards / between 敌意，恶意，不友善
e.g. hostility towards foreigners. 对外国人不友善。
5. Dr King encourages us to fight against this unfair system which prohibits us blacks from sitting where we like.
金博士鼓励我们同这个禁止我们黑人随意就坐的不公平的制度作斗争。
[观察] 阅读下列各句，并试着总结prohibit 在句中的含义及用法。
1) Smoking is strictly prohibited inside the factory.
2) At that time, there were laws that prohibited blacks from owning property.
3) The high cost prohibits the widespread use of the drug.
4) His poor eyesight prohibited him from becoming a pilot.
[归纳] prohibit作及物动词，其含义及用法有：
① 禁止某事物或禁止某人做某事（尤指以法令﹑ 规章或条例的形式）。如句1和句2；
② 使（某事物）成为不可能，阻止。如句3和句4。
常用结构为：prohibit sth. / sb. (from doing sth.)，意为“禁止，阻止某事/某人做某事”。
[联想] prevent / stop / keep ... from doing ... 阻止……做……
如：He threw himself in front of the door and prohibited / prevented / stopped / kept us from leaving.
6. The other three submitted but Rosa was unwilling to do so and she refused.
其他三个人乖乖起来让座，但是罗萨不愿意那样做，她不起来。
submit vi. & vt. (submitted /submitting)
① 顺从；服从
e.g. I will submit to nobody.
我不会顺从任何人。
② 提交，呈送
e.g. All applications must be submitted by Monday.
所有的申请周一前必须提交。
③ 主张，建议
submit + (that)从句
e.g. I submit that the jury has been influenced by the publicity in this case.
我承认陪审团在这个案件中已经受公众影响。
7. I like to be punctual for work and no boycott is going to make me late.
我向来喜欢准时上班，所以不会让抵制活动影响我迟到。
1）punctual adj. 守时的；准时的
同义：on time punctually – 副词 punctuality – 名词
e.g. a punctual start at 9 o’clock
九点整开始
2）be punctual for sth. 守时
e.g. She’s always very punctual for appointments.
她总是很准时赴约。
8. Those in the cars waved and we saluted them back.
车上的人向我们挥手，我们向他们致意。
salute vt.& vi. salutation – 名词
① 欢迎，致敬 to salute the flag / an officer 向旗帜 / 长官敬礼
e.g. The two soldiers saluted Lieutenant Cecil.
那两个士兵向塞西尔中尉致敬。
The men jumped to their feet and saluted.
他们跳起来敬礼。
② vt. 向…致意；赞扬，赞颂
e.g. James Joyce was saluted as the greatest writer of the 20th century.
詹姆斯·乔伊斯被赞颂为20世纪最伟大作家。
③ vi. 致意，打招呼；行礼
e.g. They all raised their glasses in salute.
他们都举杯致意。
④ n. 致敬，欢迎；敬礼；举枪，举刀（礼)
e.g. His first words were a salute to the people of South Africa.
他的第一句话是向南非人民致敬。
9. In court we won a fundamental victory in the battle for our civil rights.
法庭上我们赢了这场为了人权的斗争中的根本胜利。
fundamental adj. 基础的，根本的
fundamentals n. 基本知识，基本原理
e.g. We have to tackle the fundamental cause of the problem.
我们必须抓住这个问题最基本的原因。
10. It was not until November 13, 1956 that the US Supreme Court declared separation on buses was not constitutional.
直到1956年11月13日，美国最高法院才宣布公共汽车上把黑人和白人分开是不合宪法规定的。
1) constitutional 宪法的; 构成的
constitutionally – 副词
constitution – 名词
constitute – 动词
反义词：unconstitutional 违反宪法的
2) supreme adj. 最高的, （程度）很大的，最大的
e.g. He enjoys supreme power in this country.
他在这个国家享有至高无上的权力。
It required a supreme effort to stay awake.
要用最大的努力保持清醒。
11. We may only have struck one small blow for liberty but who knows where it’ll lead?
我们可能只是为了自己进行了一个小抗争，但是谁会知道这次小的抗争将来会怎么样？
1) liberty n. 自由，随意
e.g. individual / personal liberty 个人自由
religious/political/economic liberty 宗教，政治，经济自由
2) take the liberty of doing sth. 擅自或冒昧地去做某事
e.g. I took the liberty of canceling your reservation.
我随意取消预约。
3) be at liberty to do something 表示一个人可以自由地、随意地、不受约束地做某事
e.g. I am not at liberty to discuss these matters.
我没空讨论这些事情。
12. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed:“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”
我有一个梦想，那就是有一天这个国家会站起，并实现真信条的真谛：“我们认为‘人人生而平等’这个真理是不言而喻的。”
1) live out 活过，实践
e.g. The money enabled them to live out their dreams.
这笔钱能使他们实现梦想。
2) self-evident 不证自明的；不言而喻的。
e.g. It’s self-evident she won’t pass, so why are they entering her for the exam?
明摆着她不会及格，为什么他们还要为她报名参加考试呢？
13. With this faith we will be able to transform the unpleasant sounds of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.
带着这个信念，我们就能把我们国家中令人不快的声音转变成为洋溢着手足之情的优美交响乐。
transform … into 把……变为……
e.g. The magician transformed the man into a rabbit.
魔术师把一个人变成了一只兔子。
1. If we sit near ____ front of the bus, we’ll have ____ better view.
A. 不填; the B. 不填; a C. the; a D. the; the
2. The incomes of skilled workers went up. _______, unskilled workers saw their earnings fall.
A. Moreover B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. Otherwise
3. If we leave right away, _________ we’ll arrive on time.
A. hopefully B. curiously C. occasionally D. gradually
4. In that school, English is compulsory for all students, but French and Russian are _______.
A. special B. regional C. optional D. original
5.The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________ she was and wait for her mother.
A. where B. what C. how D. who
基础演练
Ⅰ.单词识记
1. contribute v.捐献；贡献
(1)___________n.捐款；捐资；贡献
(2)__________n.捐助人，作出贡献者
2. civil adj.国民的，国家的
(1)___________adv.有礼貌地
(2)___________v.使文明；使有教养
(3)_____________adj.文明的
3. encourage v.鼓励
(1)________________adj.被鼓励的
(2)________________adj.给人鼓励的
(3)________________adv.给人鼓励地
(4)_________________n.鼓励；鼓舞
4. offence n.冒犯；罪行
(1)___________v.得罪；冒犯
(2)___________n.犯罪者；违法者
(3)___________adj.烦人的
5. hope n.& v.希望
(1)___________adj.抱有希望的
(2)___________adv.有希望地
(3)___________adj.绝望的
(4)______________adv.绝望地
6. negotiate v.谈判；协商
(1)____________n.谈判；磋商
(2)____________n.谈判代表；协商者
(3)____________adj.可协商的
7. punctual adj.准时的；守时的
(1)___________adv.准时地；守时地
(2)___________n.准时；守时
8. coincidence n.巧合；一致
(1)____________adj.同时发生的
(2)____________adj.碰巧的
9. fit vi.适合；合身；安装
adj.健康的；适合的
(1)___________n.健康
(2)___________adj.合身的；订做的
(3)___________n.装配工；修理工
(4)___________adj.适合的；恰当的
10. develop v.发展；开发；研制
(1)____________n.发展
(2)____________n.开发者；研制者
(3)____________adj.发展中的
(4)__________adj.发达的；高度发展的 Ⅱ.短语天地-英汉互译 1. 成双的；成对的 _____________
2. 计算出;计划;出现好结果 _____________
3. 为……而斗争/战斗 _____________
4. 构成；编造 _____________
5. 有道理;有意义;讲得通 _____________
6. seize on _____________
7. prohibit sb. from (doing) sth. _____________
8. as regards _____________
9. live out _____________
10. none other than ______________ Ⅲ.所给词正确形式填空
1. His rudeness has________ many people. (offence)
2. Chinese __________ is one of the oldest in the world. (civilize)
3. He runs 3 miles every morning; that’s why he is so ______. (fit)
4. The doctor said the old man’s condition was___________. (hope)
5. That’s the most incredible________ I’ve ever heard of! (coincidence)
6. The company has ____________a new contract with its staff. (negotiate)
7. The company_________ rapidly under his administration. (develop)
8. A ________ person always finishes everything ahead of time. (punctual)
9. It’s ______________to receive a favorable report on one’s work. (encourage)
10. He has made an important_______________ to the company’s success.(contribute)
Ⅳ.选词填空
trolleybus march tradition pedestrian hopeful separation
submit liberty battle nationwide freedom
Martin Luther King, Jr was born into a family of church ministers in 1929. By ________, being a minister was a good job. for an educated black man. In 1948 he left college to be a minister in a church. One day there was a meeting to decide whether to boycott the buses and __________ in Montgomery.
As a leader, King was proud when he thought that black people would be given the _______ to choose their own seats on buses, in schools and in jobs. He played a very important role fighting against the __________ of blacks and whites in schools, hospitals, restaurants and cinemas. His fighting for black people’s _________ and liberation eventually led to his death in April 1968. He was shot and killed during a campaign.
During his brief life, King had led several _________ in Alabama and Mississippi in the 1960s. Non-violent __________ marching on the road won so many victories in the southern states that many states were forced to _______ and agreed to change their laws. It seemed as if the _______ against racial discrimination was gradually being won. King encouraged blacks ___________ to join his campaign of nonviolence.
His philosophy was ________ that blacks and whites could eventually live together in peace and harmony. It found its greatest expression in 1963 with his speech “I have a dream.
巩固提高
Ⅰ. 根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出该单词的正确形式。
1. He is always p______. In other words, he’s never late for any appointment.
2. The two brothers were both born on their mother’s birthday. What a c______!
3. Only after he was arrested and put into prison did he realize the value of l______.
4. He is a man of few words, but what he says is usually ______ (简短的) and to the point.
5. The new law strictly p______ tobacco advertising in newspapers and magazines.
6. Students have to ______ (注册) for the new course by the end of April.
7. The boss refused to ______ (谈判) with the employers about their wage.
8. The soldiers jumped to their feet and ______ (敬礼) as the captain entered the hall.
9. The ______ (传统) is said to date back to as early as the Ming Dynasty.
10. Women are no longer ______ (支配) by the men — they hold up half the sky.
Ⅱ. 用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. One’s ______ (happy) is not necessarily associated with one’s wealth.
2. You’ll receive a heavy ______ (punish) for having broken the law.
3. Don’t you think it ______ (just) to punish one naughty boy and not the other?
4. What a delight for them to meet again after so long a ______ (separate)!
5. She’s ______ (willing) to pay large sums of money to repair an old car like this.
6. With the help of the teacher, I’m ______ (hope) that we’ll fulfill the task on time.
7. Soldiers who are fighting together often have a strong feeling of ______ (brother).
8. China ______ (success) launched its first man-made earth satellite in April, 1970.
9. The girl joined her hands in ______ (pray) when her father was being operated on.
10. It’s ______ (evidence) that the young man you’ve recommended isn’t equal to the job.
Ⅲ. 选用下列合适的短语并用其适当形式填空。
be accused of; decide on; in brief; in harmony with;
lead to; live out; on the other hand; seize on
1. As soon as they ______ the plan，they took action．
2. You have to ______ every chance of success as it is not likely to be repeated．
3. Please tell me what happened ______; don’t go into details.
4. He is seriously ill. I’m afraid he cannot ______ one more week.
5. Some government officials ______ abusing their power while in office.
6. More and more people come to realize the importance of living ______ nature.
7. He worked hard day and night, which ______ the complete breakdown of his health.
8. I want to go to the party, but ______ I ought to make preparations for the entrance exam.
Ⅰ.Using the words you have learned in this unit to complete the following blanks
1. A bus that uses power from electric wires above the street _________
2. an official list of names of people, companies etc, or a book that has this list ______________
3. to refuse to buy something, use something, or take part in something as a way of protesting _______
4. to say that an action is illegal or not allowed. synonym ban, forbid _____________
5. an illegal action or a crime ________________
6. when something separates or is separate . ______________________
7. a belief, custom, or way of doing something that has existed for a long time, or these beliefs, customs etc in general ________________________
8. to give a plan, piece of writing etc to someone in authority for them to consider or approve ___________
9. not wanting to do something and refusing to do it. ___________________
10. an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions _______________________
11. to take hold of something suddenly and violently. ____________________
12. believing that what you hope for is likely to happen. ____________
13. to discuss something in order to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics _____________.
14. a situation in which everything is happening in a confused way and nothing is organized or arranged in order. ________________________
15. when two things happen at the same time, in the same place, or to the same people in a way that seems surprising or unusual _______________________
16. someone who is walking, especially along a street or other place used by cars _____________
17. a hard level surface or path at the side of a road for people to walk on _____________
18. to move your right hand to your head, especially in order to show respect to an officer in the army, navy etc ________________________
19. cruel or violent treatment of someone _______________
20. words that you say when praying to God or gods ___________.
21. a weapon made of material that will explode ______________
22. having the highest position of power, importance, or influence ___________
23. happening or existing in every part of the country _________________
24. officially allowed or limited by the system of rules of a country or organization __________
25. relating to the most basic and important parts of something ________________
26. a fight between opposing armies, groups of ships, groups of people etc, especially one that is part of a larger war _______________
27. the state of being happy ____________________
28. the freedom and the right to do whatever you want without asking permission or being afraid of authority ____________
29. a long piece of music usually in four parts, written for an orchestra ____________
30. a long piece of music usually in four parts, written for an orchestra ___________
31. when someone is unfriendly and full of anger towards another person __________
32. to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply because you are tired or bored ___________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一. 单选（2015海淀一模）
1.Mary has her weakness, ______ that doesn't mean she is not qualified for her job.
A. and B. yet C. so D. or
2. ______ Chai Jing said in her video about the smog has caused public concern.
A. That B. Which C. How D. What
3. When I was pushed on the stage, I felt all the eyes in the hall ______ me.
A. through B. across C. into D. on
4. You ______ reach him on his mobile now----his mobile is still under repair.
A. shouldn’t B. wouldn’t C. can’t D. mustn’t
5. The paper ox my grandmother ______ for me is my most valued birthday gift.
A. cut B. will cut C. had cut D. cuts
6. —It is said that John’s paper got an A+.
—He deserves it. He ______ a lot before he handed it in.
A. prepared B. prepares C. had prepared D. has prepared
7. ______ opinions on the schedule, we finally reached an agreement.
A. Having exchanged B. Exchanging C. Exchanged D. To exchange
8. The long lasting cold current has brought ______ winter in my memory to the east coast of the United States.
A. the longer B. the longest C. a longer D. a long
9. Mike will become the first person in his family ______ college education.
A. finished B. having finished C. finishing D. to finish
10. Prince William took a visit to the Forbidden City on Feb.28, ______ emperors once lived.
A. which B. whose C. where D. when
11. ______ she has earned her PhD, she wants to find a job with higher pay.
A. As if B. Now that C. Even though D. In case
12. — Has James arrived at the hotel?
— No, he ______ by fans for photographs at the airport.
A. has surrounded B. would surrounded C. was surrounded D. is being surrounded
13. ______ worries me that my daughter plays with her cellphone for a long time every day.
A. It B. What C. This D. That
14. — What do you think of Huawei P7?
— Terrific. I would buy one if I ______ an iPhone 6 Plus last year.
A. didn’t buy B. don’t buy C. hadn’t bought D. haven’t bought
15. Premier Li Keqiang delivered a speech at the conference, ______ university graduates to start their own business.
A. encouraging B. to encourage C. having encouraged D. encouraged
二. 阅读理解
第一节 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
What’s on Your Pet’s Mind?
In 1977, Irene Pepperberg of Harvard University began studying what was on another creature’s mind by talking to it. Her first experiments began with Alex. Alex was a one-year-old African grey parrot and Irene taught him to produce the sounds of the English language. “ I thought if he learned to communicate, I could ask him questions about how he sees the world.”
At the time, most scientists didn’t believe animals had any thoughts. They thought animals were more like robots but didn’t have the ability to think or feel. Of course, if you own a pet you probably disagree. But it is the job of a scientist to prove this and nowadays more scientists accept that animals can think for themselves.
“ That’s why I started my studies with Alex,” Irene said, “ Some people actually called me crazy for trying this.”
Nowadays, we have more and more evidence that animals have all sorts of mental abilities. Sheep can recognize faces. Chimpanzees( 黑猩猩 ) use a variety of tools and even use weapons to hunt. And Alex the parrot became a very good talker.
Thirty years after the Alex studies began, Irene was still giving him English lessons up until his recent death. For example, if Alex was hungry he could say “ want grape”. Alex could count to six and was learning the sounds for seven and eight. “ He has to hear the words over and over before he can correctly say them,” Irene said, after pronouncing “seven” for Alex a few times in a row. Alex should also tell the difference between colors, shapes, sizes, and materials ( e.g. wood or metal ). Before he finally died, Alex managed to say “ seven”.
Another famous pet that proved some animals have greater mental skills was a dog called Rico. He appeared on a German TV game show in 2011. Rico knew the names of 200 different toys and easily learned the names of new ones. When scientists studied his skill they found he could learn and remember words as quickly as a two-year-old child. When Rico became famous, many other dog owners wanted to show how clever their pets were. Another dog called Besty could understand 300 words.
One theory for dog’s ability to learn a language is that they have been close companions to humans for many centuries and so their ability to understand us is constantly evolving( 进化 ). While animals cannot do what humans do yet, some scientists believe that examples like Alex and Rico prove that evolution develops intelligence, as well as physical appearance.
16. Irene wanted to find out ________.
what a parrot thinks
why a parrot can speak
How parrots make sounds
If parrots speak English
17. Alex learnt new words by ________.
singing them
reading them
writing them
rehearing them
18. The two dogs mentioned in the article could ________.
understand some words
recognize strange voices
copy human gestures
tell different colors
19. The article concludes that ________.
our pets understand what we say
dogs may speak to humans one day
humans are related to chimpanzees
Mental ability can evolve in animals
B
Sports are the base of my life, next to my mother who raised me when my dad left us. I have been into sports since I was six years old. I have known many coaches and heard hundreds of their tips, but they usually focused on drills to develop my skills and reach the next level of play.
When I was in Senior Two, I met the new school basketball coach, Brian Pawloski. I thought I was certain to be selected for the school team since I had been in it the year before. I showed up to the tryouts and put out about 90% effort since I thought I’d make it with no problem. That was a big mistake.
Brian Pawloski is the hardest-working coach I have ever met. He didn’t expect 100% effort, he expected 200% effort. One example: he once made us do 40 suicide drills for the 40 lay-ups(投篮) we missed in a game. Some think this is crazy, but it isn’t. After this conditioning practice, as we were getting a cup of cold water to drink, I said, “Coach, that was the best practice I ever had.” I was completely sincere. This man was and is the person who influenced me most at my high school. He expects us to be excellent not just on the court but in the classroom. If I am not working on basketball, I am reading a book that he thinks will help us better understand life’s challenges, including Wooden, Coach, and The Screwtape Letters.
In the first two years I slacked off, not putting forth my full potential. Now, unlike the coaches of my youth, this man was interested in how we did off the court. He always made sure I kept up with my studies and was able to be trusted. I can honestly say that no other coach has given me so much advice on how to succeed in basketball, but more importantly, in life. My school is lucky to have such a great person to teach, coach and influence their students. I will always remember my high-school basketball days as one of the hardest times I have ever worked in my life not only in basketball but in my growth as an individual.
Different from other coaches, Coach Brian ______ .
A. concentrated on skill training
B. trained the team to the edge of death
C. expected the team to do well in their studies
D. asked the team to do more reading than training
The underlined phrase “slacked off” in the last paragraph probably means_____ .
A. paid no attention
B. showed no interest
C. had less passion
D. made less effort
In the author’s eyes, Coach Brian is______ .
A. strict and helpful
B. hardworking and honest
C. skilled and cruel
D. professional and serious
C
As we grow old, we realize that we have so little time to read and there are so many great books that we’ve yet to get around to. Yet re-readers are everywhere around us. For certain fans, re-reading The Lord of Rings is a conventional practice annually. One friend told me that Jane Austen’s Emma can still surprise him, despite his having read it over 50 times.
New sudden clear understandings can be gained from the process of re-reading. Journalist Rebecca Mead, a long-time Englishwoman in New York, first came across George Eliot’s Middlemarch at 17. Since then, she has read it again every five years. With each re-reading, it has opened up further; in each chapter of her life, it has resonated (引起共鸣) differently. Mead evidenced the large number of ways in which really good books not only stand the test of repeat reads, but also offer fresh gifts each time we crack their spines. These kinds of books grow with us.
Scientists have also recognized the mental health benefits of re-reading. Research conducted with readers in the US found that on our first reading, we are concerned with the “what” and the “why”. Second time round, we’re able to better appreciate the emotions that the plot continues to express. As researcher Cristal Russell of the American University explained, returning to a book “brings new or renewed appreciation of both the great book and its readers.”
It’s true that we often find former selves on the pages of old books (if we’re fond of making notes on the books). These texts can carry us back to a time and place, and remind us of the kind of person that we were then. We’re changed not only by lived experience but also by read experience---by the books that we’ve discovered since last reading the one in our hand.
More so than the movie director or the musician, the writer calls upon our imaginations, using words to lead us to picture this declaration of love or that unfaithfulness in life. A book is a joint project between writers and readers, and we must pour so much of ourselves into reading that our own life story can become connected with the story in the book.
Perhaps what’s really strange is that we don’t re-read more often. After all, we watch our favorite films again we wouldn’t think of listening to a album only once. We treasure messy old paintings as objects, yet of all art forms, literature alone is a largely one-time delight. A book, of course, takes up more time, but as Mead confirms, the rewards make it adequately worthwhile
The two books are mentioned in Paragraph 1 mainly to ______.
A. attract the attention of readers
B. introduce the topic of the passage
C. provide some background information
D. show the similarity between re-readers
The underlined expression “crack their spines” in paragraph 2 refers to_____.
A. recite them
B. re-read them
C. recall them
D. retell them
It can be learned from the passage that________.
A. reading benefits people both mentally and physically
B. readers mainly focus on feelings on their first reading
C. we know ourselves better through re-reading experience
D. writers inspire the same imaginations as film directors do
The purpose of the passage is to_______.
A. call on different understanding of old books
B. focus on the mental health benefits of reading
C. bring awareness to the significance of re-reading
D. introduce the effective ways of re-reading old books
D
Every day we are exposed to images, videos, music and news. In this age of visual and aural hyper-stimulation, the medium of radio is making a great comeback.
“We’re at the beginning of a golden age of audio,” said US-based podcaster Alex Blumberg in an article in The Sydney Morning Herald. In the last month alone, 15 percent of US adults listened to a radio podcast (播客). These statistics, released by Edison Research, show the successful evolution of traditional radio broadcasts to the present day’s digital podcast format. The term “podcast” was invented in 2004, but the trend only started gaining mainstream popularity in recent years. With the sharp increase in consumer demand for smartphones and tablets, podcast sales have jumped.
The appeal of the podcast partly lies in its multiplatform delivery and on-demand capabilities (功能). You can listen during those extra minutes of the day when you’re walking to the shops, waiting in a queue or riding the subway. Similar to television shows, podcasts are generally free to download and most offer new content every week.
Donna Jackson, 22, Sydney University media graduate, listens to podcasts two or three times a week, via iTunes. “I listen while I’m wandering around the house doing something else. It makes completing a boring task much more enjoyable…And it’s an easy way of keeping in touch with what’s going on in the rest of the world,” she said. “I mainly listen to BBC podcasts, but recently I’ve also been listening to This American Life and Serial. They have a special skill to really draw you in.”
Unlike television and music, the audio format has the potential to create a deep impression on readers. Blumberg says this owes to the podcast’s ability “to create close relationship and emotional connection.” Sydney University undergraduate Hazel Proust, majoring in social work and arts, agrees. “When you’re listening, it feels as if the voice of the podcast’s storyteller is talking directly to you. It’s comforting,” said Proust.
It seems the age-old tradition of verbal storytelling is very much alive and well.
27. From the first two paragraphs, we can learn that .
A. traditional broadcast has come back
B. Americans love listening to the radio
C. podcasts have become very popular today
D. smartphones sell well because of podcasts
28. The writer mentions Donna Jackson mainly to .
A. tell how young people relax themselves
B. explain why young people like podcasts
C. introduce what programs podcasts are presenting
D. show how popular podcasts are among the young
29. Paragraph 5 is mainly about .
A. the influence of radios
B. the advantage of podcasts
C. readers’ impression on radios
D. people’s reaction to the medium
30. What is probably the best title of the passage?
A. Return of Radio
B. Opinions of Podcast
C. Features of Radio
D. Technology of Podcast
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
House Sitting
In many countries of the world people do what is called house sitting. It means that if owners of the house are going away, they want someone to come into their home and look after the house and maybe pets while they are away.
In Australia, many people travel. After people retire, they might buy a van and travel all over the country __31__.
So if someone wants to travel or go away for some reason, they might want someone in their home to care for it and keep the gardens tidy. House sitters might have to care for pets. Also, quite a few people have swimming pools in their back yards and they need cleaning __32__.I feel it is a great way of seeing the country, because you go and stay in a new city, get to meet new people, and have time to go sightseeing in a new area.
__33__.There are websites where you find the advertisements by people who want to travel, and by replying to the advertisement, you can make arrangements to go and look after their home.
There are some requirements to be a house sitter. You must be a trusted person, so that the home owner knows you will not steal anything. You must be able to go when the house owner wants you to go, so you need lots of free time __34__.You need to be good with pets, able to care for cats and dogs, or other pets they may have.
Some house sitting jobs are just for a few days or couple of weeks while the home owner has a short holiday. Sometimes it is for much longer. We have had one house sit for six months, while the home owner traveled to Europe.
__35__Then you can travel to many different countries and stay there. One of the important things to get are references from the home owners where you have stayed. A reference is a written letter to say that you are trustworthy and have looked after their home well. You can show these letters to prospective house sitting jobs and they know you will do a good job.
I have done house sitting many times.
Thousands of people do this all the time.
It is also possible to do house sitting in other countries.
Generally you have many opportunities to get a house sitting job.
You must take a little care over what your description says about you.
This is an international house sitting service for all city and country areas.
H. You must have a good car, so you can travel to different parts of the country.
Unit 3 Fairness for all-词汇篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. 掌握常考词汇的运用；
2. 掌握句型的运用；
一. 单词扫描
1. Dr King encourages us to fight against this unfair system which prohibits us blacks from sitting where we like.
金博士鼓励我们同这个禁止我们黑人随意就坐的不公平的制度作斗争。
▲prohibit vt. 禁止
搭配：prohibit sb. from ... 禁止某人做……
prohibit sth. 禁止做……
如：The government introduced a law to prohibit tobacco commercials on TV.
政府采用新法律来禁止电视上播放烟草广告。
I fear that a prior engagement will prohibit me from joining you in dinner.
有约在先，我恐怕不能与你共进晚餐。
2. The other three submitted but Rosa was unwilling to do so and she was arrested.
另外三个屈服了，而罗莎不愿意这样做，她拒绝站起来，于是她被捕了。
搭配：submit oneself to sth./ sb. 顺从，屈服
submit sth. to sb. 提交，呈递
如：No one needs to submit to circumstances.
我们不必屈从环境。
We should submit our plans to the council for approval.
我们应该向理事会提交计划以求批准。
Soldiers must submit to orders.
士兵应该服从命令。
3. They’re hopeful that they can negotiate a fairer situation if all the blacks support them.
他们满怀信心，如果全体黑人都支持他们，他们可以通过谈判而赢得一个较为公平的局面。
▲ negotiate v. 商议,谈判,交涉
派生：negotiation n. 商议,谈判,交涉
如：We’ve decided to negotiate with the employers about our wage claim.
我们决定就工资问题与雇主谈判。
We are satisfied with the smoothness of the negotiation.
我们对谈判的顺利进行很满意。
4. The whites, on the other hand, shouted abuse at us.
而另一方面，白人们大声咒骂我们。
句中abuse是动词（词性），意思是咒骂。
如：The government has set up a working party to look into the problem of drug abuse.
名词；“滥用”。
Don’t abuse your friends.
动词；“辱骂”。
It’s easy to abuse one’s power.
动词；“滥用”。
Abuse of animals is unusual behavior.
名词；“虐待”。
二. 句式突破
1. It is regarded as an offence if we sit at the front of a bus and if we break this law, we receive a heavy punishment.
如果我们坐在公交车前面的座位上，就会被认为是违规了，如果我们不遵守这项法律，我们会遭到严惩。
句型：It is regarded as/ that... 人们认为……
1）很多人认为上升的犯罪率与经济不景气有关。
It is regarded that there is relation between the rising crime rate and the economic recession.
2）英国内战通常被看作是现代世界史的开端。
The British Civil War is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.
2. Today we went to church where our minister, Martin Luther King, Jr, announced that a boycott of the buses and trolleybuses will begin tomorrow.
今天我们去教堂做礼拜，我们的牧师马丁· 路德 · 金宣布：从明天开始抵制公交车和无轨电车。
1）该句的主干为：we went to church。where引导一个定语从句：where our minister, Martin Luther King, Jr, announced that a boycott of ... tomorrow，修饰先行词church。在该从句中，Martin Luther King, Jr作our minister的同位语，that引导一个宾语从句：that a boycott of the buses and trolleybuses will begin tomorrow。
2）boycott
① vt．联合抵制
e.g. We boycott all products tested on animals.
我们抵制用动物做产品实验。
② n. 抵制
boycott of / on / against 抵制
called for a boycott 号召抵制
organize a boycott 组织抵制
e.g. The group is urging a nationwide boycott of toys manufactured with child labor.
这个组织呼吁联合抵制雇佣童工生产的玩具。
He called for a boycott of the elections.
他呼吁联合抵制选举活动。
3. It is regarded as an offence if we sit at the front of a bus and if we break this law, we receive a heavy punishment.
如果我们坐在公交车前面的座位上，就会被认为是违规了，如果我们不遵守这项法律，我们会遭到严惩。
1）front作名词，意为“前面，前部”。表示“某空间内部的前部”时，front前要加定冠词the；表示“某空间外部的前面”时，front前不用冠词。
2）offense <美>= offence n. (动词形式：offend) 冒犯；违法行为
e.g. The possession of stolen property is a criminal offence.
占有偷盗赃物是一种犯罪行为。
Punishment for a first offence is a fine.
初犯的惩罚是罚款。
His solicitor said he committed the offence because he was heavily in debt.
他的律师宣称他负债太多已构成犯罪。
The bill makes it an offence to carry a knife.
法令视携带刀具为犯规行为。
4. Meanwhile the hostility of the whites grew.
然而，白人们的敌意也在不断上升！
1）meanwhile意为“与此同时”，可用作副词和名词（in the meanwhile），表示在某动作或情况发生或存在期间将可能发生另一件事。
2）hostility n. 敌意；恶意
hostility towards / between 敌意，恶意，不友善
e.g. hostility towards foreigners. 对外国人不友善。
5. Dr King encourages us to fight against this unfair system which prohibits us blacks from sitting where we like.
金博士鼓励我们同这个禁止我们黑人随意就坐的不公平的制度作斗争。
[观察] 阅读下列各句，并试着总结prohibit 在句中的含义及用法。
1) Smoking is strictly prohibited inside the factory.
2) At that time, there were laws that prohibited blacks from owning property.
3) The high cost prohibits the widespread use of the drug.
4) His poor eyesight prohibited him from becoming a pilot.
[归纳] prohibit作及物动词，其含义及用法有：
① 禁止某事物或禁止某人做某事（尤指以法令﹑ 规章或条例的形式）。如句1和句2；
② 使（某事物）成为不可能，阻止。如句3和句4。
常用结构为：prohibit sth. / sb. (from doing sth.)，意为“禁止，阻止某事/某人做某事”。
[联想] prevent / stop / keep ... from doing ... 阻止……做……
如：He threw himself in front of the door and prohibited / prevented / stopped / kept us from leaving.
6. The other three submitted but Rosa was unwilling to do so and she refused.
其他三个人乖乖起来让座，但是罗萨不愿意那样做，她不起来。
submit vi. & vt. (submitted /submitting)
① 顺从；服从
e.g. I will submit to nobody.
我不会顺从任何人。
② 提交，呈送
e.g. All applications must be submitted by Monday.
所有的申请周一前必须提交。
③ 主张，建议
submit + (that)从句
e.g. I submit that the jury has been influenced by the publicity in this case.
我承认陪审团在这个案件中已经受公众影响。
7. I like to be punctual for work and no boycott is going to make me late.
我向来喜欢准时上班，所以不会让抵制活动影响我迟到。
1）punctual adj. 守时的；准时的
同义：on time punctually – 副词 punctuality – 名词
e.g. a punctual start at 9 o’clock
九点整开始
2）be punctual for sth. 守时
e.g. She’s always very punctual for appointments.
她总是很准时赴约。
8. Those in the cars waved and we saluted them back.
车上的人向我们挥手，我们向他们致意。
salute vt.& vi. salutation – 名词
① 欢迎，致敬 to salute the flag / an officer 向旗帜 / 长官敬礼
e.g. The two soldiers saluted Lieutenant Cecil.
那两个士兵向塞西尔中尉致敬。
The men jumped to their feet and saluted.
他们跳起来敬礼。
② vt. 向…致意；赞扬，赞颂
e.g. James Joyce was saluted as the greatest writer of the 20th century.
詹姆斯·乔伊斯被赞颂为20世纪最伟大作家。
③ vi. 致意，打招呼；行礼
e.g. They all raised their glasses in salute.
他们都举杯致意。
④ n. 致敬，欢迎；敬礼；举枪，举刀（礼)
e.g. His first words were a salute to the people of South Africa.
他的第一句话是向南非人民致敬。
9. In court we won a fundamental victory in the battle for our civil rights.
法庭上我们赢了这场为了人权的斗争中的根本胜利。
fundamental adj. 基础的，根本的
fundamentals n. 基本知识，基本原理
e.g. We have to tackle the fundamental cause of the problem.
我们必须抓住这个问题最基本的原因。
10. It was not until November 13, 1956 that the US Supreme Court declared separation on buses was not constitutional.
直到1956年11月13日，美国最高法院才宣布公共汽车上把黑人和白人分开是不合宪法规定的。
1) constitutional 宪法的; 构成的
constitutionally – 副词
constitution – 名词
constitute – 动词
反义词：unconstitutional 违反宪法的
2) supreme adj. 最高的, （程度）很大的，最大的
e.g. He enjoys supreme power in this country.
他在这个国家享有至高无上的权力。
It required a supreme effort to stay awake.
要用最大的努力保持清醒。
11. We may only have struck one small blow for liberty but who knows where it’ll lead?
我们可能只是为了自己进行了一个小抗争，但是谁会知道这次小的抗争将来会怎么样？
1) liberty n. 自由，随意
e.g. individual / personal liberty 个人自由
religious/political/economic liberty 宗教，政治，经济自由
2) take the liberty of doing sth. 擅自或冒昧地去做某事
e.g. I took the liberty of canceling your reservation.
我随意取消预约。
3) be at liberty to do something 表示一个人可以自由地、随意地、不受约束地做某事
e.g. I am not at liberty to discuss these matters.
我没空讨论这些事情。
12. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed:“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”
我有一个梦想，那就是有一天这个国家会站起，并实现真信条的真谛：“我们认为‘人人生而平等’这个真理是不言而喻的。”
1) live out 活过，实践
e.g. The money enabled them to live out their dreams.
这笔钱能使他们实现梦想。
2) self-evident 不证自明的；不言而喻的。
e.g. It’s self-evident she won’t pass, so why are they entering her for the exam?
明摆着她不会及格，为什么他们还要为她报名参加考试呢？
13. With this faith we will be able to transform the unpleasant sounds of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.
带着这个信念，我们就能把我们国家中令人不快的声音转变成为洋溢着手足之情的优美交响乐。
transform … into 把……变为……
e.g. The magician transformed the man into a rabbit.
魔术师把一个人变成了一只兔子。
1. If we sit near ____ front of the bus, we’ll have ____ better view.
A. 不填; the B. 不填; a C. the; a D. the; the
解析：题意为“如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，就会有一个更好的视野。” 表示“某空间内部的前部”时，front前要加定冠词the; have a good view是习惯搭配，表示“视野开阔，视野良好”之意。
答案：C
2. The incomes of skilled workers went up. _______, unskilled workers saw their earnings fall.
A. Moreover B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. Otherwise
解析：题意为“熟练工人的收入在增加，与此同时，不熟练工人的收入在下降。” meanwhile符合题意。moreover 而且，再者，此外；therefore 因此，所以；otherwise 否则，要不然。
答案： C
3. If we leave right away, _________ we’ll arrive on time.
A. hopefully B. curiously C. occasionally D. gradually
解析：句意：如果马上动身，我们会有希望按时到达。考查副词的辨析。hopefully可置于句首，用来修饰整个句子，意为：有望。curiously 好奇地；occasionally 偶然地； gradually 逐渐地。选A项。
答案： A
4. In that school, English is compulsory for all students, but French and Russian are _______.
A. special B. regional C. optional D. original
解析：句意“在那所学校，英语是学生的必修课，而法语和俄语是选修课”。special特别的，特意的；regional 地区的，地方的；optional 可选择的；original 原始的，最初的。由but推断出句意。
答案： C
5.The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________ she was and wait for her mother.
A. where B. what C. how D. who
解析：句意“那个迷路的小女孩决定待在原地等她妈妈”。A 引导的地点状语从句。
答案： A
基础演练
Ⅰ.单词识记
1. contribute v.捐献；贡献
(1)___________n.捐款；捐资；贡献
(2)__________n.捐助人，作出贡献者
2. civil adj.国民的，国家的
(1)___________adv.有礼貌地
(2)___________v.使文明；使有教养
(3)_____________adj.文明的
3. encourage v.鼓励
(1)________________adj.被鼓励的
(2)________________adj.给人鼓励的
(3)________________adv.给人鼓励地
(4)_________________n.鼓励；鼓舞
4. offence n.冒犯；罪行
(1)___________v.得罪；冒犯
(2)___________n.犯罪者；违法者
(3)___________adj.烦人的
5. hope n.& v.希望
(1)___________adj.抱有希望的
(2)___________adv.有希望地
(3)___________adj.绝望的
(4)______________adv.绝望地
6. negotiate v.谈判；协商
(1)____________n.谈判；磋商
(2)____________n.谈判代表；协商者
(3)____________adj.可协商的
7. punctual adj.准时的；守时的
(1)___________adv.准时地；守时地
(2)___________n.准时；守时
8. coincidence n.巧合；一致
(1)____________adj.同时发生的
(2)____________adj.碰巧的
9. fit vi.适合；合身；安装
adj.健康的；适合的
(1)___________n.健康
(2)___________adj.合身的；订做的
(3)___________n.装配工；修理工
(4)___________adj.适合的；恰当的
10. develop v.发展；开发；研制
(1)____________n.发展
(2)____________n.开发者；研制者
(3)____________adj.发展中的
(4)__________adj.发达的；高度发展的 Ⅱ.短语天地-英汉互译 1. 成双的；成对的 _____________
2. 计算出;计划;出现好结果 _____________
3. 为……而斗争/战斗 _____________
4. 构成；编造 _____________
5. 有道理;有意义;讲得通 _____________
6. seize on _____________
7. prohibit sb. from (doing) sth. _____________
8. as regards _____________
9. live out _____________
10. none other than ______________ Ⅲ.所给词正确形式填空
1. His rudeness has________ many people. (offence)
2. Chinese __________ is one of the oldest in the world. (civilize)
3. He runs 3 miles every morning; that’s why he is so ______. (fit)
4. The doctor said the old man’s condition was___________. (hope)
5. That’s the most incredible________ I’ve ever heard of! (coincidence)
6. The company has ____________a new contract with its staff. (negotiate)
7. The company_________ rapidly under his administration. (develop)
8. A ________ person always finishes everything ahead of time. (punctual)
9. It’s ______________to receive a favorable report on one’s work. (encourage)
10. He has made an important_______________ to the company’s success.(contribute)
Ⅳ.选词填空
trolleybus march tradition pedestrian hopeful separation
submit liberty battle nationwide freedom
Martin Luther King, Jr was born into a family of church ministers in 1929. By ________, being a minister was a good job. for an educated black man. In 1948 he left college to be a minister in a church. One day there was a meeting to decide whether to boycott the buses and __________ in Montgomery.
As a leader, King was proud when he thought that black people would be given the _______ to choose their own seats on buses, in schools and in jobs. He played a very important role fighting against the __________ of blacks and whites in schools, hospitals, restaurants and cinemas. His fighting for black people’s _________ and liberation eventually led to his death in April 1968. He was shot and killed during a campaign.
During his brief life, King had led several _________ in Alabama and Mississippi in the 1960s. Non-violent __________ marching on the road won so many victories in the southern states that many states were forced to _______ and agreed to change their laws. It seemed as if the _______ against racial discrimination was gradually being won. King encouraged blacks ___________ to join his campaign of nonviolence.
His philosophy was ________ that blacks and whites could eventually live together in peace and harmony. It found its greatest expression in 1963 with his speech “I have a dream.
Keys:
I.1. contribution；contributor 2. civilly; civilize; civilized; civilization 3. encouraged; encouraging; encouragingly; encouragement 4. offend；offender; offending 5. hopeful；hopefully；hopeless; hopelessly 6. negotiation；negotiator; negotiable 7. punctually; punctuality 8. coincident；coincidental 9. fitness；fitted; fitter; fitting 10. development；developer; developing; developed
II. 1. in pairs 2. work out 3. fight for 4. make up 5. make sense
6. 抓住；利用 7. 禁止某人做某事 8. 关于；至于 9. 活过；实践 10. 竟然
III. 1. offended 2. civilization 3. fit 4. hopeless 5. coincidence
6. negotiated 7. developed 8. punctual 9. encouraging 10. contribution
Ⅳ.1. tradition 2. trolleybus 3. liberty 4. separation 5. freedom 6. marches 7. pedestrian
8. submit 9. battle 10. nationwide 11. hopeful
巩固提高
Ⅰ. 根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出该单词的正确形式。
1. He is always p______. In other words, he’s never late for any appointment.
2. The two brothers were both born on their mother’s birthday. What a c______!
3. Only after he was arrested and put into prison did he realize the value of l______.
4. He is a man of few words, but what he says is usually ______ (简短的) and to the point.
5. The new law strictly p______ tobacco advertising in newspapers and magazines.
6. Students have to ______ (注册) for the new course by the end of April.
7. The boss refused to ______ (谈判) with the employers about their wage.
8. The soldiers jumped to their feet and ______ (敬礼) as the captain entered the hall.
9. The ______ (传统) is said to date back to as early as the Ming Dynasty.
10. Women are no longer ______ (支配) by the men — they hold up half the sky.
Ⅱ. 用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. One’s ______ (happy) is not necessarily associated with one’s wealth.
2. You’ll receive a heavy ______ (punish) for having broken the law.
3. Don’t you think it ______ (just) to punish one naughty boy and not the other?
4. What a delight for them to meet again after so long a ______ (separate)!
5. She’s ______ (willing) to pay large sums of money to repair an old car like this.
6. With the help of the teacher, I’m ______ (hope) that we’ll fulfill the task on time.
7. Soldiers who are fighting together often have a strong feeling of ______ (brother).
8. China ______ (success) launched its first man-made earth satellite in April, 1970.
9. The girl joined her hands in ______ (pray) when her father was being operated on.
10. It’s ______ (evidence) that the young man you’ve recommended isn’t equal to the job.
Ⅲ. 选用下列合适的短语并用其适当形式填空。
be accused of; decide on; in brief; in harmony with;
lead to; live out; on the other hand; seize on
1. As soon as they ______ the plan，they took action．
2. You have to ______ every chance of success as it is not likely to be repeated．
3. Please tell me what happened ______; don’t go into details.
4. He is seriously ill. I’m afraid he cannot ______ one more week.
5. Some government officials ______ abusing their power while in office.
6. More and more people come to realize the importance of living ______ nature.
7. He worked hard day and night, which ______ the complete breakdown of his health.
8. I want to go to the party, but ______ I ought to make preparations for the entrance exam.
Keys:
Ⅰ. 1. punctual 2. coincidence 3. liberty 4. brief 5. prohibits 6. register
7. negotiate 8. saluted 9. tradition 10. dominated
Ⅱ. 1. happiness 2. punishment 3. unjust 4. separation 5. unwilling 6. hopeful 7. brotherhood 8. successfully 9. prayer 10. evident
Ⅲ. 1. decided on 2. seize on 3. in brief 4. live out 5. were accused of 6. in harmony with 7. led to 8. on the other hand
Ⅰ.Using the words you have learned in this unit to complete the following blanks
1. A bus that uses power from electric wires above the street _________
2. an official list of names of people, companies etc, or a book that has this list ______________
3. to refuse to buy something, use something, or take part in something as a way of protesting _______
4. to say that an action is illegal or not allowed. synonym ban, forbid _____________
5. an illegal action or a crime ________________
6. when something separates or is separate . ______________________
7. a belief, custom, or way of doing something that has existed for a long time, or these beliefs, customs etc in general ________________________
8. to give a plan, piece of writing etc to someone in authority for them to consider or approve ___________
9. not wanting to do something and refusing to do it. ___________________
10. an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions _______________________
11. to take hold of something suddenly and violently. ____________________
12. believing that what you hope for is likely to happen. ____________
13. to discuss something in order to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics _____________.
14. a situation in which everything is happening in a confused way and nothing is organized or arranged in order. ________________________
15. when two things happen at the same time, in the same place, or to the same people in a way that seems surprising or unusual _______________________
16. someone who is walking, especially along a street or other place used by cars _____________
17. a hard level surface or path at the side of a road for people to walk on _____________
18. to move your right hand to your head, especially in order to show respect to an officer in the army, navy etc ________________________
19. cruel or violent treatment of someone _______________
20. words that you say when praying to God or gods ___________.
21. a weapon made of material that will explode ______________
22. having the highest position of power, importance, or influence ___________
23. happening or existing in every part of the country _________________
24. officially allowed or limited by the system of rules of a country or organization __________
25. relating to the most basic and important parts of something ________________
26. a fight between opposing armies, groups of ships, groups of people etc, especially one that is part of a larger war _______________
27. the state of being happy ____________________
28. the freedom and the right to do whatever you want without asking permission or being afraid of authority ____________
29. a long piece of music usually in four parts, written for an orchestra ____________
30. a long piece of music usually in four parts, written for an orchestra ___________
31. when someone is unfriendly and full of anger towards another person __________
32. to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply because you are tired or bored ___________
Keys:
1 trolleybus 2. register 3. boycott 4. prohibit 5. offence 6. separation 7. tradition 8. submit 9. unwilling 10. collision course 11. seize 12. hopeful 13. Negotiate 14. chaos 15. Punctual 16. Coincidence 17. Pedestrian 18. Pavement 19. Salute 20. Abuse 21. Prayer 22. Bomb 23. Supreme 24. Nationwide 25. Constitutional 26. Fundamental 27. Battle 28. Happiness 29. Liberty 30. Symphony 31. Hostility 32.Yawn
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一. 单选（2015海淀一模）
1.Mary has her weakness, ______ that doesn't mean she is not qualified for her job.
A. and B. yet C. so D. or
2. ______ Chai Jing said in her video about the smog has caused public concern.
A. That B. Which C. How D. What
3. When I was pushed on the stage, I felt all the eyes in the hall ______ me.
A. through B. across C. into D. on
4. You ______ reach him on his mobile now----his mobile is still under repair.
A. shouldn’t B. wouldn’t C. can’t D. mustn’t
5. The paper ox my grandmother ______ for me is my most valued birthday gift.
A. cut B. will cut C. had cut D. cuts
6. —It is said that John’s paper got an A+.
—He deserves it. He ______ a lot before he handed it in.
A. prepared B. prepares C. had prepared D. has prepared
7. ______ opinions on the schedule, we finally reached an agreement.
A. Having exchanged B. Exchanging C. Exchanged D. To exchange
8. The long lasting cold current has brought ______ winter in my memory to the east coast of the United States.
A. the longer B. the longest C. a longer D. a long
9. Mike will become the first person in his family ______ college education.
A. finished B. having finished C. finishing D. to finish
10. Prince William took a visit to the Forbidden City on Feb.28, ______ emperors once lived.
A. which B. whose C. where D. when
11. ______ she has earned her PhD, she wants to find a job with higher pay.
A. As if B. Now that C. Even though D. In case
12. — Has James arrived at the hotel?
— No, he ______ by fans for photographs at the airport.
A. has surrounded B. would surrounded C. was surrounded D. is being surrounded
13. ______ worries me that my daughter plays with her cellphone for a long time every day.
A. It B. What C. This D. That
14. — What do you think of Huawei P7?
— Terrific. I would buy one if I ______ an iPhone 6 Plus last year.
A. didn’t buy B. don’t buy C. hadn’t bought D. haven’t bought
15. Premier Li Keqiang delivered a speech at the conference, ______ university graduates to start their own business.
A. encouraging B. to encourage C. having encouraged D. encouraged
二. 阅读理解
第一节 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
What’s on Your Pet’s Mind?
In 1977, Irene Pepperberg of Harvard University began studying what was on another creature’s mind by talking to it. Her first experiments began with Alex. Alex was a one-year-old African grey parrot and Irene taught him to produce the sounds of the English language. “ I thought if he learned to communicate, I could ask him questions about how he sees the world.”
At the time, most scientists didn’t believe animals had any thoughts. They thought animals were more like robots but didn’t have the ability to think or feel. Of course, if you own a pet you probably disagree. But it is the job of a scientist to prove this and nowadays more scientists accept that animals can think for themselves.
“ That’s why I started my studies with Alex,” Irene said, “ Some people actually called me crazy for trying this.”
Nowadays, we have more and more evidence that animals have all sorts of mental abilities. Sheep can recognize faces. Chimpanzees( 黑猩猩 ) use a variety of tools and even use weapons to hunt. And Alex the parrot became a very good talker.
Thirty years after the Alex studies began, Irene was still giving him English lessons up until his recent death. For example, if Alex was hungry he could say “ want grape”. Alex could count to six and was learning the sounds for seven and eight. “ He has to hear the words over and over before he can correctly say them,” Irene said, after pronouncing “seven” for Alex a few times in a row. Alex should also tell the difference between colors, shapes, sizes, and materials ( e.g. wood or metal ). Before he finally died, Alex managed to say “ seven”.
Another famous pet that proved some animals have greater mental skills was a dog called Rico. He appeared on a German TV game show in 2011. Rico knew the names of 200 different toys and easily learned the names of new ones. When scientists studied his skill they found he could learn and remember words as quickly as a two-year-old child. When Rico became famous, many other dog owners wanted to show how clever their pets were. Another dog called Besty could understand 300 words.
One theory for dog’s ability to learn a language is that they have been close companions to humans for many centuries and so their ability to understand us is constantly evolving( 进化 ). While animals cannot do what humans do yet, some scientists believe that examples like Alex and Rico prove that evolution develops intelligence, as well as physical appearance.
16. Irene wanted to find out ________.
what a parrot thinks
why a parrot can speak
How parrots make sounds
If parrots speak English
17. Alex learnt new words by ________.
singing them
reading them
writing them
rehearing them
18. The two dogs mentioned in the article could ________.
understand some words
recognize strange voices
copy human gestures
tell different colors
19. The article concludes that ________.
our pets understand what we say
dogs may speak to humans one day
humans are related to chimpanzees
Mental ability can evolve in animals
B
Sports are the base of my life, next to my mother who raised me when my dad left us. I have been into sports since I was six years old. I have known many coaches and heard hundreds of their tips, but they usually focused on drills to develop my skills and reach the next level of play.
When I was in Senior Two, I met the new school basketball coach, Brian Pawloski. I thought I was certain to be selected for the school team since I had been in it the year before. I showed up to the tryouts and put out about 90% effort since I thought I’d make it with no problem. That was a big mistake.
Brian Pawloski is the hardest-working coach I have ever met. He didn’t expect 100% effort, he expected 200% effort. One example: he once made us do 40 suicide drills for the 40 lay-ups(投篮) we missed in a game. Some think this is crazy, but it isn’t. After this conditioning practice, as we were getting a cup of cold water to drink, I said, “Coach, that was the best practice I ever had.” I was completely sincere. This man was and is the person who influenced me most at my high school. He expects us to be excellent not just on the court but in the classroom. If I am not working on basketball, I am reading a book that he thinks will help us better understand life’s challenges, including Wooden, Coach, and The Screwtape Letters.
In the first two years I slacked off, not putting forth my full potential. Now, unlike the coaches of my youth, this man was interested in how we did off the court. He always made sure I kept up with my studies and was able to be trusted. I can honestly say that no other coach has given me so much advice on how to succeed in basketball, but more importantly, in life. My school is lucky to have such a great person to teach, coach and influence their students. I will always remember my high-school basketball days as one of the hardest times I have ever worked in my life not only in basketball but in my growth as an individual.
Different from other coaches, Coach Brian ______ .
A. concentrated on skill training
B. trained the team to the edge of death
C. expected the team to do well in their studies
D. asked the team to do more reading than training
The underlined phrase “slacked off” in the last paragraph probably means_____ .
A. paid no attention
B. showed no interest
C. had less passion
D. made less effort
In the author’s eyes, Coach Brian is______ .
A. strict and helpful
B. hardworking and honest
C. skilled and cruel
D. professional and serious
C
As we grow old, we realize that we have so little time to read and there are so many great books that we’ve yet to get around to. Yet re-readers are everywhere around us. For certain fans, re-reading The Lord of Rings is a conventional practice annually. One friend told me that Jane Austen’s Emma can still surprise him, despite his having read it over 50 times.
New sudden clear understandings can be gained from the process of re-reading. Journalist Rebecca Mead, a long-time Englishwoman in New York, first came across George Eliot’s Middlemarch at 17. Since then, she has read it again every five years. With each re-reading, it has opened up further; in each chapter of her life, it has resonated (引起共鸣) differently. Mead evidenced the large number of ways in which really good books not only stand the test of repeat reads, but also offer fresh gifts each time we crack their spines. These kinds of books grow with us.
Scientists have also recognized the mental health benefits of re-reading. Research conducted with readers in the US found that on our first reading, we are concerned with the “what” and the “why”. Second time round, we’re able to better appreciate the emotions that the plot continues to express. As researcher Cristal Russell of the American University explained, returning to a book “brings new or renewed appreciation of both the great book and its readers.”
It’s true that we often find former selves on the pages of old books (if we’re fond of making notes on the books). These texts can carry us back to a time and place, and remind us of the kind of person that we were then. We’re changed not only by lived experience but also by read experience---by the books that we’ve discovered since last reading the one in our hand.
More so than the movie director or the musician, the writer calls upon our imaginations, using words to lead us to picture this declaration of love or that unfaithfulness in life. A book is a joint project between writers and readers, and we must pour so much of ourselves into reading that our own life story can become connected with the story in the book.
Perhaps what’s really strange is that we don’t re-read more often. After all, we watch our favorite films again we wouldn’t think of listening to a album only once. We treasure messy old paintings as objects, yet of all art forms, literature alone is a largely one-time delight. A book, of course, takes up more time, but as Mead confirms, the rewards make it adequately worthwhile
The two books are mentioned in Paragraph 1 mainly to ______.
A. attract the attention of readers
B. introduce the topic of the passage
C. provide some background information
D. show the similarity between re-readers
The underlined expression “crack their spines” in paragraph 2 refers to_____.
A. recite them
B. re-read them
C. recall them
D. retell them
It can be learned from the passage that________.
A. reading benefits people both mentally and physically
B. readers mainly focus on feelings on their first reading
C. we know ourselves better through re-reading experience
D. writers inspire the same imaginations as film directors do
The purpose of the passage is to_______.
A. call on different understanding of old books
B. focus on the mental health benefits of reading
C. bring awareness to the significance of re-reading
D. introduce the effective ways of re-reading old books
D
Every day we are exposed to images, videos, music and news. In this age of visual and aural hyper-stimulation, the medium of radio is making a great comeback.
“We’re at the beginning of a golden age of audio,” said US-based podcaster Alex Blumberg in an article in The Sydney Morning Herald. In the last month alone, 15 percent of US adults listened to a radio podcast (播客). These statistics, released by Edison Research, show the successful evolution of traditional radio broadcasts to the present day’s digital podcast format. The term “podcast” was invented in 2004, but the trend only started gaining mainstream popularity in recent years. With the sharp increase in consumer demand for smartphones and tablets, podcast sales have jumped.
The appeal of the podcast partly lies in its multiplatform delivery and on-demand capabilities (功能). You can listen during those extra minutes of the day when you’re walking to the shops, waiting in a queue or riding the subway. Similar to television shows, podcasts are generally free to download and most offer new content every week.
Donna Jackson, 22, Sydney University media graduate, listens to podcasts two or three times a week, via iTunes. “I listen while I’m wandering around the house doing something else. It makes completing a boring task much more enjoyable…And it’s an easy way of keeping in touch with what’s going on in the rest of the world,” she said. “I mainly listen to BBC podcasts, but recently I’ve also been listening to This American Life and Serial. They have a special skill to really draw you in.”
Unlike television and music, the audio format has the potential to create a deep impression on readers. Blumberg says this owes to the podcast’s ability “to create close relationship and emotional connection.” Sydney University undergraduate Hazel Proust, majoring in social work and arts, agrees. “When you’re listening, it feels as if the voice of the podcast’s storyteller is talking directly to you. It’s comforting,” said Proust.
It seems the age-old tradition of verbal storytelling is very much alive and well.
27. From the first two paragraphs, we can learn that .
A. traditional broadcast has come back
B. Americans love listening to the radio
C. podcasts have become very popular today
D. smartphones sell well because of podcasts
28. The writer mentions Donna Jackson mainly to .
A. tell how young people relax themselves
B. explain why young people like podcasts
C. introduce what programs podcasts are presenting
D. show how popular podcasts are among the young
29. Paragraph 5 is mainly about .
A. the influence of radios
B. the advantage of podcasts
C. readers’ impression on radios
D. people’s reaction to the medium
30. What is probably the best title of the passage?
A. Return of Radio
B. Opinions of Podcast
C. Features of Radio
D. Technology of Podcast
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
House Sitting
In many countries of the world people do what is called house sitting. It means that if owners of the house are going away, they want someone to come into their home and look after the house and maybe pets while they are away.
In Australia, many people travel. After people retire, they might buy a van and travel all over the country __31__.
So if someone wants to travel or go away for some reason, they might want someone in their home to care for it and keep the gardens tidy. House sitters might have to care for pets. Also, quite a few people have swimming pools in their back yards and they need cleaning __32__.I feel it is a great way of seeing the country, because you go and stay in a new city, get to meet new people, and have time to go sightseeing in a new area.
__33__.There are websites where you find the advertisements by people who want to travel, and by replying to the advertisement, you can make arrangements to go and look after their home.
There are some requirements to be a house sitter. You must be a trusted person, so that the home owner knows you will not steal anything. You must be able to go when the house owner wants you to go, so you need lots of free time __34__.You need to be good with pets, able to care for cats and dogs, or other pets they may have.
Some house sitting jobs are just for a few days or couple of weeks while the home owner has a short holiday. Sometimes it is for much longer. We have had one house sit for six months, while the home owner traveled to Europe.
__35__Then you can travel to many different countries and stay there. One of the important things to get are references from the home owners where you have stayed. A reference is a written letter to say that you are trustworthy and have looked after their home well. You can show these letters to prospective house sitting jobs and they know you will do a good job.
I have done house sitting many times.
Thousands of people do this all the time.
It is also possible to do house sitting in other countries.
Generally you have many opportunities to get a house sitting job.
You must take a little care over what your description says about you.
This is an international house sitting service for all city and country areas.
H. You must have a good car, so you can travel to different parts of the country.
Keys:
一. 1-5 BDDCA 6-10 CABDC 11-15 BDACA
二. 16-20 ADADC 21-25 DABBC 26-30 C CBBA 31-35 BADGC
Unit 3 Fairness for all-语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. 掌握时态的定义及语态运用；
2. 掌握常考时态与语态的解题方法；
时态
一. 定义：时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。
其表现形式如下（以study为例）
一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时
现在 study be studying have studied have been studying
过去 studied be studying had studied had been studying
将来 will study will be studying will have studied will have been studying
过去将来 would study would be studying would have studied would have been studying
二. 基本用法
1. 一般现在时考点分析
① 表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
② 表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
③ 在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.
如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。
④ 少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
2. 一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。
① 一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
They never drank wine.
I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t.
② 如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
③ 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
He bought a watch but lost it.
3. 一般将来时考点分析。
① 表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。
② 表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We’ll die without air or water.
③ 表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
④ be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：
a. be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
b. be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.
c. be to do sth. 表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
d. be about to do sth. 表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
4. 现在进行时考点分析。
① 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：
It is raining now.
We are leaving on Friday.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
The girl is always talking loud in public. (与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感彩)
② 下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
a. 表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。
b. 表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。
c. 表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。
d. 表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
5. 过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。
① 常用过去完成时的几种情况：
a. 在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：
By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.
b. 表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/
though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。
c. “时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：
He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
d. 表示“一……就”的几个句型：
Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
② 在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
6. 过去将来时考点分析。
参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth. 表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth. 表过去将来。
7. 过去进行时考点分析。
① 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
② 某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
8. 现在完成时考点分析。
① 现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years、up to now、till now等。
② 下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句
This (That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 现在完成时
③ 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
三．注意几组时态的区别：
1. 一般过去时与现在完成时：
a. 时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。
b. 结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。
2. 过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。
3. 一般现在时和现在进行时
一般现在时表示习惯性得行为或状态或客观性东西；而现在进行时表示短暂时间内的状态。
He works in the office , but he is working in the workshop this week.
他在办公室工作，但这一周他下车间了。
4 . 现在完成时和现在完成进行时
1）现在完成时强调过去发生的动作现在已经完成或表示曾经发生过。
现在完成进行时一般强调过去发生的动作现在仍在继续。
I have been writing an article .(仍在写)
I have written an article .（已经完成）
四. 与动词时态连用的句式
1）This/It is the first /second …time that 从句
2）be doing …when …
be about to do …when /be on the point of doing …when
had just done …when …
3) Hardly had …done …when …/ No sooner had …done …than …
4) It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句
5）It be +一段时间+before 从句这种句式分为两种情况如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为“多长时间以后即将发生某事”；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为“多长时间后发生了某事”。
It won’t be long before he succeeds.= He will succeed soon.
It was ten years before they met again.=They met again ten years later.
被动语态
一. 被动语态的构成方式：be +过去分词，口语也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。
二. 被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。
1. 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
① 主动变被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.
② 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long (by the boss)
③ 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④ 情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。
⑤ 当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：
a. 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。
b. 用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：
People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
三. 不能用被动语态的几种情况。
① 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
② 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。
③ 表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。
④ 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
⑤ 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
⑥ 宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
⑦ 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
四. 主动形式表被动意义。
① 当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；
当cut、read、sell、wear、write,open,clean,cook,keep,cut,fill,blow,measure,lock,run,record,begin,shut等词带状语修饰语时；
当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。如：
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布易洗。
These novels won’t sell well.
这些小说不畅销。
My pen writes smoothly.
我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
The door won’t lock.
门锁不上。
The fish smells good.
鱼闻起来香。
② 当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③ want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
④ be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑤ 在“be + 形容词（easy, difficult, light, heavy, fit, good, safe, comfortable, dangerous, pleasant） + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。
五. 被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated坐着
He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）
坐在凳子上。
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)
他藏在门后。
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿着
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
六. 被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)
The book is well sold.(系表结构)
注意： get+过去分词也可构成被动语态。
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress 等动词的过去分词连用，构成被动语态。
1. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents ______ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide
解析: 父母做的决定对现在造成的影响。完成时表示动作结果造成的影响, 所以用完成时。
答案: B
2. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science ____ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill.
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
解析: 现代科学对现在造成的影响,。
答案: B
3. They _______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we ______ it as no good results have come out so far.
A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working
C. have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working
解析: 过去完成进行时表示从过去到现在一直进行，并对现在产生影响。正在进行时表示从现在开始并一直继续, 选A。
答案: A
4. Can you make sure ___ the gold ring?
A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put
解析: 过去发生的“放”的动作对现在的影响，究竟金戒指现在“在哪里”选 D。
答案: D
5. – Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
– Oh! I thought they ____ without me.
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
解析：“离开”动作在“认为”之前。
答案: D
6. When the old man ____ to walk back to his house, the sun _____ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid
解析：太阳“落山”在老师“回家”之前。
答案: A
7. His wife ___ to catch the first train but she was too late.
A. hoping B. had hoped C. has hoped D. would hope
解析: had hoped 意为“原希望”，常用于这一结构的动词有 “think, want, plan, suppose, intend”
答案: B
8. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _______ for London to attend a meeting.
A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left
解析: by + 过去时间—过去完成时 by + 现在时间—现在完成时 by + 现在时间—将来完成时
答案: C
基础演练
Ⅰ. 用所给词的正确时态和语态填空。
1. —The window is dirty.
—I know. It ______ (not clean) for weeks.
2. I wonder if he ______ (accept) our invitation and come to our party.
3. We haven’t moved into the new office building — it ______ (decorate) right now.
4. Don’t put the chair too close to the stove. Dry wood ______ (burn) easily, you know.
5. Great changes ______ (take) place in that school.
6. I first met your sister ten years ago, when she ______ (work) at a supermarket as a salesgirl.
7. The crazy fans ______ (wait) at the airport for two hours, but was told that the sports star would not turn up that evening.
8. He ______ (drive) home the other day when a police-man stopped him and accused him of speeding.
9. Public transportation delays will be less of a problem if people ______ (persuade) to ride bicycles instead of driving private cars.
10. She ______ (leave) her key in the office, so she had to wait outside the house for her husband to come back.
Ⅱ. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting ______ at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo.
A. are exhibiting B. is exhibiting C. are being exhibited D. is being exhibited
2. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you ______ fresh watermelon in the fall.
A. eat B. would eat C. have eaten D. will be eating
3. The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ______ on the market in 1973.
A. had come B. has come C. came D. comes
4. I ______ all the cooking for my family, but recently I’ve been too busy to do it.
A. will do B. do C. am doing D. had done
5. For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted.
A. had dreamed of B. have dreamed of C. dreamed of D. dream of
6. I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone ______ it. Was it you?
A. has done B. had done C. would do D. will do
7. Joseph ______ to evening classes since last month, but he still can’t say “What’s your name?” in Russian.
A. has been going B. went C. goes D. has gone
8. —When shall we restart our business?
—Not until we ______ our plan.
A. will finish B. are finishing C. are to finish D. have finished
9. It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they ______ for me.
A. had done B. did C. would do D. were doing
10. —We’ve spent too much money recently.
—Well, it isn’t surprising. Our friends and relatives ______ around all the time.
A. are coming B. had come C. were coming D. have been coming
Keys：
Ⅰ. 1. hasn’t been cleaned 2. will accept 3. is being decorated 4. burns 5. have taken 6. was working 7. had been waiting 8. was driving 9. are persuaded 10. had left
Ⅱ. 1-5 CDCBD 6-10 BADAD
巩固提高
Read this dialogue. Fit the correct verb tense into the dialogue so that it makes sense.
Li Mei: Hello! What __1___ you _____2_____ (do)? You’re very late!
John: I’m sorry. I __3__ just ___4_____ (finish) reading a new book.
Li Mei: What __5__ (be) its name? ___6__you __7____ (enjoy) it?
John: It _____8____ (call) To Kill a Mockingbird and it _9__ (be) wonderful.
Li Mei: What __10___ (be) it about?
John: Well, it __11__ (be) about prejudice in the past and it __12__ (be) set in the southern states before the Civil Rights Movement. It _____13______ (concern) not only with racial problems, but also __14___ (deal) with prejudice against people who are mentally less able than you or me.
Li Mei: That _____15_______ (not sound) fun.
John: No. It ___16____ (do not) but __17____(be). The story __18____ (tell) from the point of view of a young six-year-old girl called Scout. She __19__ (see) a lot of things happening around her that she__20__ (can) not _____21______ (understand). So her lawyer father, Atticus, and her brother, Jem, _22__ (try) to explain them to her.
Li Mei: Why ___23___ it ___24___ (have) such a strange title?
John: Yes, I suppose that at first the title ___25___ (seem) a little strange. Atticus ___26____ (explain) early in the story that to hurt another innocent human being ___27______ (be) as cruel as to kill a mockingbird. This is a bird that only ___28____ (live) to bring you pleasure with its singing.
Li Mei: Then there ___29_____ (must) be some innocent human being hurt in the story. So who __30____ (be) these innocent creatures?
John: There ___31___ (be) two innocent people described in the story who ____32_______ (treat) badly by others: their neighbor, Arthur, who __33__ (be) mentally simple and a black man who ____34______ (accuse) of a crime he _____35________ (not commit).
Li Mei: Do you think I __36____ (like) to read it?
John: Yes, I’m sure you ___37___ (will). Here you can take my copy now that I’ve finished with it. We can discuss it when you ________38____________ (finish) reading it!
Keys：
1. have 2. been doing 3. have 4. finished 5. is 6. Did 7. enjoy 8. is called 9. is 10. is 11. is
12. is 13. is concerned 14. deals 15. doesn’t sound 16. doesn’t 17. is 18. is told 19. sees
20. can 21. understand 22. try 23. does 24. have 25. seems 26. explains 27. is 28. lives
29. must 30. are 31. are 32. are treated 33. is 34. is accused 35. didn’t commit 36. would like
37. would 38. finish / have finished
1. On the next birthday, Ann married for twenty years.
A .is B .has been C. will be D. will have been
2. In the last few years thousands of films all over the word.
A. have produced B. have been produced
C. are producing D. are being produced
3. We _____John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.
A. will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put
4. —That must have been a long trip.
—Yeah, it us a whole week to get there.
A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking
5. .Experiments of this kind in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.
A. have conducted B. have been conducted
C. had conducted D. had been conducted
6. I ______ sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me.
A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come
7. —Bob has gone to California.
—Oh, can you tell me when he ?
A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave
8. All visitors to this village _________ with kindness.
A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated
9. Tom in the library every night over the last three months.
A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working
10. —What a mistake!
—Yes. I his doing it another way , but without success.
A. was suggesting B. will suggest C. would suggest D. had suggested
11. If you don't like the drink you ______just leave it and try a different one.
A. ordered B. are ordering C. will order D. had ordered
12. His first novel good reviews since it came out last month.
A. receives B. is receiving C .will receive D. has received
13. Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying
14. I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I .
A. was doing B. am doing C. have done D. had been doing
15. By the time Jack returned home from England, his son. from college.
A. graduated B. has graduated C. had been D. had graduated
16. ----Joan, what ______in your hand?
-----Look! It’s a birthday gift for my grandma.
A. had you held B. are you holding C. do you hold D. will you hold
17. ------I hear you ____ in a pub .what’s it like?
------ Well , it’s very hand work and I’m always tired , but I don’t mind.
A. are working B. will work C. were working D. will be working
18. -----Tommy is planning to buy a car.
----I know .By next month , he __enough for a used one.
A. saves B .saved C. will save D. will have saved
19. Planning so far ahead no sense-.so many things will have changed by next year.
A. made B. is making C .makes D. has made
20. I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if he polite.
A. was just being B. will just be C .had just been D. would just be
21. When Alice came to, she did not know how long she there.
A. had been lying B. has been lying C. was lying D. has lain
22. The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant _____in his place but , luckily ,everything was going on smoothly.
A. gave B. gives C. was giving D. had given
23. In 1942 Columbus_______ on the of the Bahama islands, but he mistook it for an island off India.
A. lands B. landed C. has landed D. had landed
24. It is the most instructive lecture that I ________since I came to this school.
A. attended B. had attended C. am attending D. have attended
25. In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ______ by scientists.
A .are making B. are made C. will make D. will be make
26. — What do you think of store shopping in the future?
—Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but _____.
A. will never replace B. would never replace
C. will never be replaced D. would never be replaced
27. When I got on the bus, I_____I had left my wallet at home.
A. was realizing B. realized C. have realized D. would realize
28. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _____ everything!
A. had been eating B. had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating
29. Every few years, the coal workers their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.
A. are having B. have C. have had D. had had
30.–Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
--How nice! You a different culture then.
A. will be experiencing B. have experienced
C. have been experiencing D. will have experienced
Keys:
1-5DBDCD 6-10 DBBCD 11-15 ADCBD 16-20 BADCA
21-25 ACBDD 26-30 CBBBA
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
一. 完型（2015海淀一模）
A Different View
At age 14, 15 and 16, the way we looked was the most important thing in the world to us. My friends and I wanted nothing less than perfection.
In high school, we joined the gymnastics team, and our 1 became even more important to us. We had no fat, only muscle. On the weekends, we would go to the beach, 2 of our flat stomachs.
One summer day, all my friends were at my house 3 . At one point, I was running back to the pool. I 4 on a bee, and while it was dying under my foot, it stung (蛰) me. I instantly started to feel 5 . That night, I began to run a high fever and my leg and foot were red, hot and swollen. I couldn’t walk. I could barely 6 .
When my foot started to go numb, everyone became more 7 . My foot was not getting enough blood. I had to go to the 8 , and my leg hurt as if it were badly broken. I couldn’t move. All I could do was think about how soft my middle was becoming. That 9 me more than any concern over my leg.
That would all 10 when I heard the doctors mention possibly cutting off my foot. It was still not getting the 11 supply it needed. The doctors would have to speed up their treatment.
Never before did I have such great 12 for my foot. And walking seemed like a 13 from the gods. Less and less would I want to hear my friends talk about 14 and who was wearing what. More and more I expected visits from other kids in the hospital, who were quickly becoming my friends.
One girl came to visit me 15 . Every time she came, she brought flowers. She was recovering from cancer and felt she should come back and 16 the other patients.
She still had no hair, and she was swollen from medications she had been taking. I would not have given this girl a second 17 before. I now loved every inch of her and looked forward to her 18 .
Finally, I was improving and soon I went home. My leg was still swollen, 19 I was walking, and I had my foot! When I would go back to the hospital, I often saw my friend. She was still visiting people and 20 good cheer. I thought if even there was an angel on this earth, it had to be her.
1.
A. grades
B. brains
C. bodies
D. clothes
2.
A. ashamed
B. proud
C. sure
D. tired
3.
A. dancing
B. chatting
C. jogging
D. swimming
4.
A. stepped
B. focused
C. held
D. took
5.
A. upset
B. fearful
C. sick
D. anxious
6.
A. jump
B. run
C. stand
D. rest
7.
A. concerned
B. relieved
C. surprised
D. interested
8.
A. beach
B. hospital
C. gym
D. school
9.
A. blamed
B. impressed
C. shocked
D. troubled
10.
A. change
B. bother
C. help
D. happen
11.
A. nutrition
B. blood
C. time
D. air
12.
A. observation
B. devotion
C. appreciation
D. evaluation
13.
A. gift
B. hand
C. promise
D. treat
14.
A. homework
B. appointment
C. movies
D. gymnastics
15.
A. suddenly
B. regularly
C. eventually
D. recently
16.
A. advise
B. encourage
C. serve
D. instruct
17.
A. choice
B. thought
C. glance
D. chance
18.
A. words
B. ideas
C. flowers
D. visits
19.
A. but
B. then
C. so
D. for
20.
A. enjoying
B. gaining
C. discovering
D. spreading
二. 书面表达
假设你是校图书馆馆长的学生助理李华，图书馆要进行网络系统升级，请在阅览室向在场的留学生口头通知相关事宜，并请他们转告其他学生。
时间：2015年5月1日至5月10日。
在此期间，关闭阅览室、暂停电子阅览。
仅周二和周五可以借、还图书。
注意：1. 词数不少于50。
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
第二节
假设你是红星中学高二（1）班的学生李华， 请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，为校刊“英语园地”写一篇短文，记述寒假期间你在中国国家博物馆做志愿讲解员的经历。
注意：1. 词数不少于60。
2. 短文的开头已给出，不计入总词数。
During this winter vacation, I worked as a volunteer guide in the National Museum of China.
Keys:
一. 完型
1-5 CBDAC 6-10 CABDA 11-15 BCADB 16-20 BCDAD
二. 书面表达
第一节
Hello everyone! May I have your attention? The library will soon be carrying out an update of the Internet system. I would like everybody to know that between the dates of 1st May and 10th May, the reading room will be closed and the e-reading system will be temporarily stopped. You will only be able to take out and return books on Tuesdays and Fridays. Please pass on this message to those who are not here today. Thank you all!
第二节
During this winter vacation, I worked as a volunteer guide in the National Museum of China. It was an extremely unforgettable opportunity.
A few days before the vacation, I applied for the job online. Not long after, I was lucky enough to be given the job. Then I attended a 5-day training course as soon as the vacation began. I was taught how to be both an informative and entertaining tour guide. This was very useful, as I had not done this type of work before. After that, every day over the following two weeks, I gave tours around the Silk Road exhibition, which gave an interesting insight into China’s past.
I was delighted to be praised for being an outstanding volunteer at the end of the vacation.
