高中英语人教版必修五Unit1Great scientists单元课件（124ppt)
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| 名称 | 高中英语人教版必修五Unit1Great scientists单元课件（124ppt) |  | |
| 格式 | zip | ||
| 文件大小 | 1.3MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 人教版（新课程标准） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2018-09-01 08:55:16 | ||
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课件124张PPT。Unit 1 Great Scientists geologist 地质学家
geographer 地理学家
mathematician 数学家
physicist 物理学家
chemist 化学家agriculturist 农学家
astronomer 天文学家
botanist 植物学家
biologist 生物学家
inventor 发明家Scientist:New words (1)
Warming up
Text study
New words (2)
Learning about Language
Using language
WorkbookWARMING UP1. Can you name some famous scientists?NewtonGalileoEdisonWatt Curie BellFranklinEinsteinNobelFlamingHawking Joule杨振宁李政道 丁肇中李远哲朱棣文崔 琦 王 选袁隆平钱学森陈景润2. Try the quiz on P1 and find out who knows the most.1.Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?Archimedes
(287-212 BC)
an ancient Greek
mathematician & physicist2.Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?Charles Darwin (1808-1882)
British author of The Origin of Species 3.Who invented the first steam engine?Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) British, improved the first steam pump and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it and turned it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways. 4.Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children?Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884) Czech (捷克人)5.Who discovered radium?Marie Curie (1867-1934) (Polish and French, won two Nobel Prizes)6.Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?Thomas Edison (1847-1931)
an American inventor7.Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people? Last SupperMona LisaLeonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519) Italian artist8.Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground?Sir Humphry Davy
(1778-1829)BritishMiniature Miner's Safety Lamp 9.Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?Zhang Heng
(78-139) Chinese, invented seismograph10.Who put forward a theory about black holes?Stephen Hawking
(1942--) a British astronomerText studyPre-reading
Skimming
Fast reading
Detailed reading
Comprehending1. Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research? Discuss in small groups the stages in setting out a new scientific idea. What order would you put them in?Pre-readingFind a problemThink of a methodMake a questionCollect resultsAnalyse the resultsFind supporting evidenceDraw a conclusion2. What do you know about infectious disease?1. Infectious diseases can be spread easily.
2. They may do great harm to people.AIDS,SARS are infectious diseases3. Infectious diseases are difficult to cure.What do you know about cholera?Cholera is caused by a bacterium called Varian cholera（霍乱弧菌）.It infects people’s intestines (肠胃), causing diarrhea（腹泻）, vomiting and leg cramps (腿抽筋).The most common cause of cholera is people eat food or drink water that has been polluted by the bacteria.Varian choleraSkimming1. What’s the main idea of the passage?
John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.
The cause of Cholera was polluted water.
The source of all drinking water should be examined.
How did John Snow collect, analyze data and find the cause of the disease and solved it .Fast reading(in 10 minutes):Step 1: Match the main idea with each paragraph.Para.1
Para.2
Para.3
Para.4
Para.5
Para.6
Para.7John Snow collected information to test the two theories.
John Snow suggested how to prevent cholera from happening again.
John Snow was a famous doctor in London and he was kind enough to help the ordinary people with cholera.
John Snow was sure enough that polluted water carried the disease of cholera.
John Snow was interested in two theories about cholera.
The reason for cholera was that the source of the water（水源） was polluted.
The map showed that the polluted water might be the reason for cholera. Step 2: Read the passage and number these events in the order that they happened.(P3,E1)_____ John Snow began to test two theories.
_____ An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.
_____ John Snow marked the deaths on a map.
_____ He announced that the water carried the
disease.
_____ John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe.
_____ King Cholera was defeated.
_____ He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump.
_____ He had the handle removed from the water pump.21473856Detailed readingJohn Snow Defeats “King Cholera”JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Para.1 John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.ChineseTask 1Para.2 He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.ChineseTask 2Para.3 John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.ChineseTask 3Para.4 First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.ChineseTask 4Para.5 Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.ChineseTask 5Para.6 In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.ChineseTask 6Para.7 To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated.ChineseTask 7约翰·斯洛击败“霍乱王”
Para.1 约翰·斯洛是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。每次霍乱暴发时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。约翰·斯洛想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。 EnglishPara.2 斯洛对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着，像一股危险的气体到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。EnglishPara.3 斯洛推测第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候，约翰·斯洛着手准备对此进行调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰·斯洛就开始收集资料。他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。他决心要查明其原因。EnglishPara.4 首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街上16、37、38、40号）。他发现有些住宅（如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥街上的8号和9号）却无人死亡。他以前没预料到这种情况，所有他决定深入调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工，而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。 EnglishPara.5 接下来，约翰·斯洛调查了这两条街的水源情况。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的。EnglishPara.6 在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢那里的水，每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来。她和她的女儿喝了这种水，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个特别的证据，约翰·斯洛就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。EnglishPara.7 为了防止这种情况的再度发生, 约翰·斯洛建议所有水源都要经过检测。自来水公司也接到指令，不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。最终，“霍乱王”被击败了。EnglishTask 1: Read the first paragraph carefully,then answer these questions.1.What was the most deadly disease in 19th century?Why?2.When could the cholera be controlled?The cholera,because neither its cause,nor its cure was understood.John Snow knew it would never be controlled until its cause was found.Task 2: What were the two theories explaining how cholera killed people?The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.
The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.Task 3: Read the third paragraph then tell these sentences are true or false.1.When another outbreak hit London in 1854,John snow was ready to begin his enquiry.2.He found that in two tall buildings the cholera outbreak was so severe.True or false:Task 4: What helped John Snow find the clue about the cause of the disease?A map of LondonTask 5: What did John Snow find?He found that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.Task 6: When was John Snow able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus? After he found two deaths in another part of London that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.Task 7: To prevent the cholera from spreading again, what did John Snow do?Suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined.
Instructed the water companies not to expose people to polluted water anymore.1. defeat
① vt. to win a victory over someone in a war, competition, game etc. 打败，战胜，使受挫
I’ve tried to solve the problem, but it defeats me!
Our team defeated theirs in the game.
② n. failure to win or succeed 失败，输
This means admitting defeat.
They have got six victories and two defeats.即学即用
(1)张怡宁在第29届奥运会上艰难地战胜了李佳薇。
Zhang Yining __________ Li Jiawei ________
__________ in the 29th Olympics.
(2)这个问题把我难住了，我无法解决它。
The problem has ______________ and I can’t solve it.
(3)这个政党面临选举失败。
The party ____________ in the election.defeatedwithdifficultydefeated mefaces defeat 2. attend vt. &vi 参加，注意，照料
① be present at 参加
attend a ceremony / lecture / a movie / school / class / a meeting
I shall be attending the meeting.
Please let me know if you are unable to attend the conference.
② attend to (on): to look after, care for, serve 伺候, 照顾，看护
The queen had a good doctor attending on her.
Dr Smith attended her in hospital. 治疗
Are you being attended to?接待
Mother had to attend to her sick son.③ attend to 处理，注意倾听
A nurse attends to his needs.
Can you attend to the matter immediately?
I may be late – I have got one or two things to attend to.
Excuse me, but I have an urgent matter to attend to.3. cure与treat
cure主要指痊愈，强调的是结果。
treat强调治疗过程，指通过药物、特别的食品或运动治疗病人或疾病，不强调结果。
They cured me of my influenza.
They treated me with a new drug.4. absorb
① to take sth. in, especially gradually 吸收
Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
In cold climates, houses need to have walls that will absorb heat.
Paper that absorbs ink is called blotting paper (吸墨纸).
The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.
② to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them
It’s hard to absorb so much information.☆ be absorbed in = concentrate on专心于
He is absorbed in the research of Chinese history recently.
The writer was so absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.
I was so absorbed in a book that I didn’t hear you call.
☆ absorb one’s attention
Chinese history absorbs his attention recently.5. suspect: to think that something is probably true or likely, especially something bad
① vt. 怀疑，猜疑 n. 嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人
adj.可疑的，靠不住的
suspect sb. of doing sth. 怀疑某人做…
She suspected him of taking her money.
②以为，猜想
We suspected that he had finished doing his homework.6. blame v. 责备；谴责；把……归咎于 n n. 过失；责备
① blame sb. / sth. for sth.: to say or think that sb. or sth. is responsible for sth. bad 因…而指责
It’s not fair to blame me. It’s not my fault.
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.
Many children are afraid of being blamed for making mistakes in speaking English.
② blame sth. on sb. / sth.: be responsible for sth. bad 把……归咎于
The police blamed the traffic accident on Jack’s careless driving.③ (be) to blame应受责备（主动表被动）；承担责任
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.
Which driver was to blame for the accident?
Either he or I am to blame.
Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one to blame.
Who is to blame for the fire?
④ take the blame: to say that sth. is your fault承担责任
He is ready to take the blame for what had happened.
⑤ put the blame on怪在……身上
It’s no use blaming our defeat on him. 7. handle vt. to deal with处理，买卖，操作 n. 把手，把柄
The children are so naughty that I can't handle them. 处理
This shop handles paper and stationery. 买卖
We don’t handle that sort of book. 买卖
How shall we handle the problem. 处理
Can you handle the situation at present? 处理
It has a free handle.活把手
He learnt how to handle the axe. 操作ComprehendingEx.2 Read the passage again and answer these questions.
1. John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it?
John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map? Give a reason.
No. The map helped John Snow organise his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause. 3. Cholera was a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today? Why?Two diseases, which are similar today,
are SARS and AIDS because they are both
very serious, have an unknown cause and
need public health care to solve them.Discovering useful words and expressions
Grammar
Discovering useful structuresLearning about languageDiscovering useful words and expressionsEx.1 Find the word and expression from the text for each of the following meanings.
1.__________ someone who suffers when something bad happens
2.__________ a doctor
3.__________ to examine and think about something carefully
4.__________ to win a victory over someonevictimphysiciananalysedefeat5.__________ something that tests strength, skill or ability
6.__________ a question you ask to get information
7.__________ a machine for raising water
8.__________ to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad
9.__________ to take in
10._________ to connect something with something elsechallengeenquirypumpblameabsorblink…toEx.2 Choose the words in their correct forms to complete this passage.foresee cure severe expert attend announce suspect conclude exposeSimon Lee was a famous footballer but his career came to an end when he developed a __________ illness. His doctor __________ that Simon had been __________ to a new virus. All attempts by the __________ to __________ him failed. Simon __________ that he would not get better and __________ that he must leave football. Finally, he ___________ that he would make a new career coaching young football players. At his last match all his fans __________ and praised him by singing the popular song “Thanks for the memory”.severesuspectedexposedexpertscureforesawconcludedannouncedattendedEx.3 Sometimes in English we put the verb make with a noun instead of using a simple verb; for example, make a mistake instead of to mistake. Look at these simple verbs and make another construction using make+a+noun. Add one more of your own.make a suggestionmake a planmake a speechmake a changemake an investigationmake a decisionmake a contributionmake a noisemake a descriptionto choosemake a choiceGrammar过去分词作定语和表语Ⅰ. 过去分词作定语
1.单个的过去分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语作定语一般要后置。
two married women
a found umbrella
a used stamp
fallen leaves
a novel written by Jim
the letter sent to our boss
2. 过去分词具有被动或完成的含义。
What’s the language spoken in Germany?
They decided to rebuild the damaged bridge. 3. 过去分词作定语常可扩展为一个定语从句。
He is fond of the food cooked (=which had been cooked) by your mother.
The report is the best of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written).
4. 有时通过一个形容词或数词加另一名词的-ed形式构成复合形容词。
a three-legged desk
a one-eyed dog
an honest-faced man
a warm-hearted lady a）用作前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义。
例如：
We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter.
=We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter.
How many finished products have you got up to now?
=How many products that have been finished have you got up to now?来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语，能作这样用的仅限以下几个词，这时仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义。例如：
a retired worker=a worker who has retired
an escaped prisoner=a prisoner who has escaped
a faded / withered flower=a flower that has faded / withered
fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen
the risen sun=the sun that has just risen
a returned student=a student who has returned
vanished treasure=treasure that has vanishedb) 用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词，表示被动意义和完成意义。这时过去分词相当于一个定语从句。
例如：
Things seen are better than things heard.
=Things which are seen are better than things which are heard.
The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious.
=The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious.Ⅱ. 过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。用作表语的过去分词大多来自及物动词；不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词，如go, come, assemble等，它们用在连系动词之后，表示完成意义，无被动意义。例如：
The man looked quite disappointed.
He is greatly discouraged by her refusal.
His hair is nearly all gone.已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可作表语，常见的有accomplished, amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, complicated, confused, crowded, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, drunk, excited, frightened, hurt, interested, lost, satisfied, surprised, worried等。Discovering useful structuresEx.2 Complete the table with phrases that
have the same meaning.seats reserved by…water polluted by…a room crowded with…a winner pleased with…astonished
childrena broken vasea closed doorthe tired audiencea trapped animalEx.3 Complete the sentences using the past participle as the predicative.
He got _____________ about losing the money.
The painter looked so ______ after working for a whole day.
I was ____________ with the film I saw last night. I had expected it to be better.
Everybody was ___________________ to hear of the death of the famous film star.
Everybody is really _______ about the new Olympic stadiums.
His wound became ________ with a new virus.blamed/upsettireddisappointedshocked/depressedexcitedinfectedUsing LanguageCOPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONARY THEORY At Copernicus’ time, Christian Church
was in charge of many western
countries.TRead through the passage, and tell
whether the following statements are
true or false. 3. Copernicus didn’t show his new theory
to his friends until he completed it.
4. His friends were not interested in his
ideas.TF2. Copernicus noticed that observed from the earth, some planets appears in front of or behind the earth.F5. Since he was not afraid of being attacked by the Church, Copernicus published his book as soon as he finished working on it.
6. Newton, Einstein, and Hawking are all scientists who made contribution to the study of the universe. FTUse the reading passage to help you draw the two theories of the universe.A diagram showing the solar system with the Earth at its centreA diagram showing the solar system with the Sun at its centre COPERNICUS ' REVOLUTIONARY THEORY 哥白尼的革命性理论
尼古拉·哥白尼被吓得心烦意乱的。虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数字，然而他所有的数学计算都得出了一个相同的结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。他的这个理论可不能告诉任何人，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教会势力的惩罚。教会认为世界是上帝创造的，正因为如此，地球就具有特殊的意义，它必定要成为太阳系的中心。 这样，问题就来了，因为天文学家以前发现过，天上有些行星停顿下来，往后移动，然后再成环状向前移动，而其他行星看上去有时亮些，有时又不怎么亮。如果地球是太阳系的中心，而所有行星环绕着地球转的话，那么这种现象就很奇怪了。
哥白尼对这些问题曾经苦苦思索过很久，试图找出问题的答案。他曾经收集过观察星球的数据，并且利用他的全部数学知识来解释这些数据。但是只有他的新理论才能作出解释。于是，他在1510至1514年期间从事这项研究，逐步修改他的理论，直到他感到完善时为止。 1514年，他把他的新理论私下里给他的朋友们看。他对旧理论的修改是具有革命性的。他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转。他还提出地球在围绕太阳转的同时，它本身还自转，这样就说明了行星运动的变化情况以及星球亮度问题。他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而他却小心谨慎，他不想遭到基督教会的攻击，所以他直到1543年临终之前才公布了这一观点。 当然，他小心谨慎是对的。基督教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而支持这种理论的人都会受到打击。然而哥白尼的理论却是我们宇宙观赖以建立的基础。他的理论还改变了基督教对地心引力的看法，他们认为物体往地球上掉落是因为上帝创造了地球，而地球正是宇宙的中心。哥白尼表明这是明显错误的。如今人们可以看到，他的这些想法与艾萨克·牛顿、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦以及斯蒂芬·霍金等人的研究都有着直接的联系。workbookUsing words and expressions
Using structures
Reading taskUSING WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSEx.1 This is a report on living conditions in England in the nineteenth century. Choose the proper word in its correct form to put into the text.instruct neighbourhood pollute defeat handle suspect blame severe clue link…to draw the conclusion cureEducated people in the twenty-first century may find it hard to believe that two hundred years ago people did not ____ illness ____ problems in the environment. We all know that in London drinking ________ water caused many deaths from cholera. There was a ____ to its cause because it always started in the poor ________________. Then it spread to the richer areas as the servants passed it on. Many doctors __________ that polluted water was to ________ and clean water was the _____. John Snow’s investigation proved that the dirtier the water, the more _______ the illness. So the government and the doctors ____________________ that water must be purified(净化). They __________ people to remove the ________ from pumps if the water was infected. Thus cholera was _________ in the end.linktopollutedclueneighbourhoodssuspectedblamecureseveredrew the conclusioninstructedhandlesdefeatedEx.2 Look at the dictionary entry for the verb expose and match the meanings with the sentences on the right. Write the correct numbers in brackets.( ) When he lifted his shirt he exposed his strong athletic chest.
( ) Li Hui was exposed to cholera but luckily she did not become ill.
( ) You cannot expose undeveloped film to light.125( ) I was afraid to expose my true feelings in case he laughed at me.
( ) The human rights lawyer spent his career exposing injustice in society.
( ) I was never exposed to ballet until I was sixteen.
( ) Mushrooms do not grow well if exposed to light.6341Ex.3 Translate these sentences into English, using the words and phrases in brackets.
1. 除了去公园之外，我的活动范围仅限于邻近地区。
Apart from going to the park, I limit my movements to my neighbourhood.
2. 没有足够的证据很难作出结论。
It is difficult to draw a conclusion without enough evidence.
3. 这些科学的探寻将有助于我们项目的成功。
These scientific enquiries will contribute to the success of our project.4. 居斯特夫·埃菲尔对他修建铁塔的计划满怀热情，而这座塔使他闻名于世。
Gustave Eiffel was very enthusiastic about his plan to construct the iron tower, which made him world-famous.
5. 他常提出些不同寻常的计划。你在加入之前要慎重对待。
He often puts forward unusual plans. So be cautious about them before you decide to join in.
6. 谁是第一个反对“地心说”的人？
Who was the first person to reject the idea that the earth was the centre of the universe?
7. 虽然他的写作没什么意思，但弗雷德还是确信自己的作文会得高分。
Although his writing doesn’t make sense, Fred is positive that his composition will score a high mark.USING STRUCTURESEx.1 Choose appropriate verbs to complete the following sentences, using the past participle. Explain the use of the past participle in each sentence. worry interest arrive frighten prepare continue concernThey were __________ to accept my idea.
I’ll be __________ to know how they made the wonderful fireworks.
The mayor said that he was __________ about the __________ rise of the water level in the river bed.
Recently __________ soldiers are helping to take the victims to safe areas from the flood.
Most of the newspaper seems to be __________ with pop stars.
He was __________ of going alone into the empty house.preparedinterestedworriedcontinuedarrivedconcernedfrightenedEx.2 Rewrite each pair of sentences as one, using the past participle as the attribute or predicative.1. I found this plate on the floor. The plate was broken in pieces.
I found this broken plate on the floor.
2. I saw a tall, dark and handsome man. His name is Xiao Ming.
I saw a tall, dark and handsome man called Xiao Ming.
3. I looked at that modern abstract painting. It was coloured in yellows and greens.
I looked at that modern abstract painting coloured in yellows and greens.4. Yesterday I got the answer to my question on the Internet. It was the one I expected.
Yesterday I got the expected answer to my question on the Internet.
5. She is one of my friends. She is devoted to my interests.
She is my friend devoted to my interests.
6. On the doorstep I found a lot of bottles. They were marked in green ink.
On the doorstep I found a lot of bottles marked in green ink.
7. We saw many windows in that room. They were all cracked.
We saw many cracked windows in the room.Reading task on P44Ex.1 Fill in the chart after reading the text.By turning the map into a diagram.
One which has an odd number of lines going to it.If a figure has more than two odd points, you cannot go over it without lifting your pencil from the page or going over a line twice.Four.Two.Yes.What’s Euler’s puzzle?
Koningsberg is an island and there is a river breaking it into two parts. “Seven Bridges of Konigsberg” and the famous “Euler path”.People wondered if they could walk around the city by crossing the seven bridges without going over any of them twice or going back on himself, but Euler found he couldn’t cross all the seven ones. This is Euler’s puzzle. The first stage in his research is to find the problem that he could cross six of the bridges without going over any of them twice or going back on himself, but he couldn’t cross all seven. How did Euler prepare for his research?The second stage is to think of a
method: He drew a map and used
dots and lines to simplify his analysis.
Trying and observing over and over
again, he found a general rule. It is topology. Euler’s theory is called “The Euler path”, which is expressed like this: If a figure has more than two odd points, you cannot go over it without lifting your pencil from the page or going over a line twice. What are the theories?So the general rule that Euler found is the even points and the odd points .Look at the following pictures:Conclusion
Euler’s theory (一笔画)
可以一笔画只有两种情况：
1. 没有奇数顶点。
2. 只有两个奇数顶点。
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geographer 地理学家
mathematician 数学家
physicist 物理学家
chemist 化学家agriculturist 农学家
astronomer 天文学家
botanist 植物学家
biologist 生物学家
inventor 发明家Scientist:New words (1)
Warming up
Text study
New words (2)
Learning about Language
Using language
WorkbookWARMING UP1. Can you name some famous scientists?NewtonGalileoEdisonWatt Curie BellFranklinEinsteinNobelFlamingHawking Joule杨振宁李政道 丁肇中李远哲朱棣文崔 琦 王 选袁隆平钱学森陈景润2. Try the quiz on P1 and find out who knows the most.1.Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?Archimedes
(287-212 BC)
an ancient Greek
mathematician & physicist2.Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?Charles Darwin (1808-1882)
British author of The Origin of Species 3.Who invented the first steam engine?Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) British, improved the first steam pump and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it and turned it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways. 4.Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children?Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884) Czech (捷克人)5.Who discovered radium?Marie Curie (1867-1934) (Polish and French, won two Nobel Prizes)6.Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?Thomas Edison (1847-1931)
an American inventor7.Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people? Last SupperMona LisaLeonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519) Italian artist8.Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground?Sir Humphry Davy
(1778-1829)BritishMiniature Miner's Safety Lamp 9.Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?Zhang Heng
(78-139) Chinese, invented seismograph10.Who put forward a theory about black holes?Stephen Hawking
(1942--) a British astronomerText studyPre-reading
Skimming
Fast reading
Detailed reading
Comprehending1. Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research? Discuss in small groups the stages in setting out a new scientific idea. What order would you put them in?Pre-readingFind a problemThink of a methodMake a questionCollect resultsAnalyse the resultsFind supporting evidenceDraw a conclusion2. What do you know about infectious disease?1. Infectious diseases can be spread easily.
2. They may do great harm to people.AIDS,SARS are infectious diseases3. Infectious diseases are difficult to cure.What do you know about cholera?Cholera is caused by a bacterium called Varian cholera（霍乱弧菌）.It infects people’s intestines (肠胃), causing diarrhea（腹泻）, vomiting and leg cramps (腿抽筋).The most common cause of cholera is people eat food or drink water that has been polluted by the bacteria.Varian choleraSkimming1. What’s the main idea of the passage?
John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.
The cause of Cholera was polluted water.
The source of all drinking water should be examined.
How did John Snow collect, analyze data and find the cause of the disease and solved it .Fast reading(in 10 minutes):Step 1: Match the main idea with each paragraph.Para.1
Para.2
Para.3
Para.4
Para.5
Para.6
Para.7John Snow collected information to test the two theories.
John Snow suggested how to prevent cholera from happening again.
John Snow was a famous doctor in London and he was kind enough to help the ordinary people with cholera.
John Snow was sure enough that polluted water carried the disease of cholera.
John Snow was interested in two theories about cholera.
The reason for cholera was that the source of the water（水源） was polluted.
The map showed that the polluted water might be the reason for cholera. Step 2: Read the passage and number these events in the order that they happened.(P3,E1)_____ John Snow began to test two theories.
_____ An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.
_____ John Snow marked the deaths on a map.
_____ He announced that the water carried the
disease.
_____ John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe.
_____ King Cholera was defeated.
_____ He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump.
_____ He had the handle removed from the water pump.21473856Detailed readingJohn Snow Defeats “King Cholera”JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Para.1 John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.ChineseTask 1Para.2 He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.ChineseTask 2Para.3 John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.ChineseTask 3Para.4 First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.ChineseTask 4Para.5 Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.ChineseTask 5Para.6 In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.ChineseTask 6Para.7 To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated.ChineseTask 7约翰·斯洛击败“霍乱王”
Para.1 约翰·斯洛是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。每次霍乱暴发时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。约翰·斯洛想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。 EnglishPara.2 斯洛对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着，像一股危险的气体到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。EnglishPara.3 斯洛推测第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候，约翰·斯洛着手准备对此进行调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰·斯洛就开始收集资料。他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。他决心要查明其原因。EnglishPara.4 首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街上16、37、38、40号）。他发现有些住宅（如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥街上的8号和9号）却无人死亡。他以前没预料到这种情况，所有他决定深入调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工，而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。 EnglishPara.5 接下来，约翰·斯洛调查了这两条街的水源情况。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的。EnglishPara.6 在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢那里的水，每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来。她和她的女儿喝了这种水，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个特别的证据，约翰·斯洛就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。EnglishPara.7 为了防止这种情况的再度发生, 约翰·斯洛建议所有水源都要经过检测。自来水公司也接到指令，不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。最终，“霍乱王”被击败了。EnglishTask 1: Read the first paragraph carefully,then answer these questions.1.What was the most deadly disease in 19th century?Why?2.When could the cholera be controlled?The cholera,because neither its cause,nor its cure was understood.John Snow knew it would never be controlled until its cause was found.Task 2: What were the two theories explaining how cholera killed people?The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.
The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.Task 3: Read the third paragraph then tell these sentences are true or false.1.When another outbreak hit London in 1854,John snow was ready to begin his enquiry.2.He found that in two tall buildings the cholera outbreak was so severe.True or false:Task 4: What helped John Snow find the clue about the cause of the disease?A map of LondonTask 5: What did John Snow find?He found that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.Task 6: When was John Snow able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus? After he found two deaths in another part of London that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.Task 7: To prevent the cholera from spreading again, what did John Snow do?Suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined.
Instructed the water companies not to expose people to polluted water anymore.1. defeat
① vt. to win a victory over someone in a war, competition, game etc. 打败，战胜，使受挫
I’ve tried to solve the problem, but it defeats me!
Our team defeated theirs in the game.
② n. failure to win or succeed 失败，输
This means admitting defeat.
They have got six victories and two defeats.即学即用
(1)张怡宁在第29届奥运会上艰难地战胜了李佳薇。
Zhang Yining __________ Li Jiawei ________
__________ in the 29th Olympics.
(2)这个问题把我难住了，我无法解决它。
The problem has ______________ and I can’t solve it.
(3)这个政党面临选举失败。
The party ____________ in the election.defeatedwithdifficultydefeated mefaces defeat 2. attend vt. &vi 参加，注意，照料
① be present at 参加
attend a ceremony / lecture / a movie / school / class / a meeting
I shall be attending the meeting.
Please let me know if you are unable to attend the conference.
② attend to (on): to look after, care for, serve 伺候, 照顾，看护
The queen had a good doctor attending on her.
Dr Smith attended her in hospital. 治疗
Are you being attended to?接待
Mother had to attend to her sick son.③ attend to 处理，注意倾听
A nurse attends to his needs.
Can you attend to the matter immediately?
I may be late – I have got one or two things to attend to.
Excuse me, but I have an urgent matter to attend to.3. cure与treat
cure主要指痊愈，强调的是结果。
treat强调治疗过程，指通过药物、特别的食品或运动治疗病人或疾病，不强调结果。
They cured me of my influenza.
They treated me with a new drug.4. absorb
① to take sth. in, especially gradually 吸收
Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
In cold climates, houses need to have walls that will absorb heat.
Paper that absorbs ink is called blotting paper (吸墨纸).
The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.
② to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them
It’s hard to absorb so much information.☆ be absorbed in = concentrate on专心于
He is absorbed in the research of Chinese history recently.
The writer was so absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.
I was so absorbed in a book that I didn’t hear you call.
☆ absorb one’s attention
Chinese history absorbs his attention recently.5. suspect: to think that something is probably true or likely, especially something bad
① vt. 怀疑，猜疑 n. 嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人
adj.可疑的，靠不住的
suspect sb. of doing sth. 怀疑某人做…
She suspected him of taking her money.
②以为，猜想
We suspected that he had finished doing his homework.6. blame v. 责备；谴责；把……归咎于 n n. 过失；责备
① blame sb. / sth. for sth.: to say or think that sb. or sth. is responsible for sth. bad 因…而指责
It’s not fair to blame me. It’s not my fault.
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.
Many children are afraid of being blamed for making mistakes in speaking English.
② blame sth. on sb. / sth.: be responsible for sth. bad 把……归咎于
The police blamed the traffic accident on Jack’s careless driving.③ (be) to blame应受责备（主动表被动）；承担责任
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.
Which driver was to blame for the accident?
Either he or I am to blame.
Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one to blame.
Who is to blame for the fire?
④ take the blame: to say that sth. is your fault承担责任
He is ready to take the blame for what had happened.
⑤ put the blame on怪在……身上
It’s no use blaming our defeat on him. 7. handle vt. to deal with处理，买卖，操作 n. 把手，把柄
The children are so naughty that I can't handle them. 处理
This shop handles paper and stationery. 买卖
We don’t handle that sort of book. 买卖
How shall we handle the problem. 处理
Can you handle the situation at present? 处理
It has a free handle.活把手
He learnt how to handle the axe. 操作ComprehendingEx.2 Read the passage again and answer these questions.
1. John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it?
John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map? Give a reason.
No. The map helped John Snow organise his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause. 3. Cholera was a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today? Why?Two diseases, which are similar today,
are SARS and AIDS because they are both
very serious, have an unknown cause and
need public health care to solve them.Discovering useful words and expressions
Grammar
Discovering useful structuresLearning about languageDiscovering useful words and expressionsEx.1 Find the word and expression from the text for each of the following meanings.
1.__________ someone who suffers when something bad happens
2.__________ a doctor
3.__________ to examine and think about something carefully
4.__________ to win a victory over someonevictimphysiciananalysedefeat5.__________ something that tests strength, skill or ability
6.__________ a question you ask to get information
7.__________ a machine for raising water
8.__________ to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad
9.__________ to take in
10._________ to connect something with something elsechallengeenquirypumpblameabsorblink…toEx.2 Choose the words in their correct forms to complete this passage.foresee cure severe expert attend announce suspect conclude exposeSimon Lee was a famous footballer but his career came to an end when he developed a __________ illness. His doctor __________ that Simon had been __________ to a new virus. All attempts by the __________ to __________ him failed. Simon __________ that he would not get better and __________ that he must leave football. Finally, he ___________ that he would make a new career coaching young football players. At his last match all his fans __________ and praised him by singing the popular song “Thanks for the memory”.severesuspectedexposedexpertscureforesawconcludedannouncedattendedEx.3 Sometimes in English we put the verb make with a noun instead of using a simple verb; for example, make a mistake instead of to mistake. Look at these simple verbs and make another construction using make+a+noun. Add one more of your own.make a suggestionmake a planmake a speechmake a changemake an investigationmake a decisionmake a contributionmake a noisemake a descriptionto choosemake a choiceGrammar过去分词作定语和表语Ⅰ. 过去分词作定语
1.单个的过去分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语作定语一般要后置。
two married women
a found umbrella
a used stamp
fallen leaves
a novel written by Jim
the letter sent to our boss
2. 过去分词具有被动或完成的含义。
What’s the language spoken in Germany?
They decided to rebuild the damaged bridge. 3. 过去分词作定语常可扩展为一个定语从句。
He is fond of the food cooked (=which had been cooked) by your mother.
The report is the best of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written).
4. 有时通过一个形容词或数词加另一名词的-ed形式构成复合形容词。
a three-legged desk
a one-eyed dog
an honest-faced man
a warm-hearted lady a）用作前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义。
例如：
We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter.
=We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter.
How many finished products have you got up to now?
=How many products that have been finished have you got up to now?来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语，能作这样用的仅限以下几个词，这时仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义。例如：
a retired worker=a worker who has retired
an escaped prisoner=a prisoner who has escaped
a faded / withered flower=a flower that has faded / withered
fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen
the risen sun=the sun that has just risen
a returned student=a student who has returned
vanished treasure=treasure that has vanishedb) 用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词，表示被动意义和完成意义。这时过去分词相当于一个定语从句。
例如：
Things seen are better than things heard.
=Things which are seen are better than things which are heard.
The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious.
=The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious.Ⅱ. 过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。用作表语的过去分词大多来自及物动词；不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词，如go, come, assemble等，它们用在连系动词之后，表示完成意义，无被动意义。例如：
The man looked quite disappointed.
He is greatly discouraged by her refusal.
His hair is nearly all gone.已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可作表语，常见的有accomplished, amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, complicated, confused, crowded, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, drunk, excited, frightened, hurt, interested, lost, satisfied, surprised, worried等。Discovering useful structuresEx.2 Complete the table with phrases that
have the same meaning.seats reserved by…water polluted by…a room crowded with…a winner pleased with…astonished
childrena broken vasea closed doorthe tired audiencea trapped animalEx.3 Complete the sentences using the past participle as the predicative.
He got _____________ about losing the money.
The painter looked so ______ after working for a whole day.
I was ____________ with the film I saw last night. I had expected it to be better.
Everybody was ___________________ to hear of the death of the famous film star.
Everybody is really _______ about the new Olympic stadiums.
His wound became ________ with a new virus.blamed/upsettireddisappointedshocked/depressedexcitedinfectedUsing LanguageCOPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONARY THEORY At Copernicus’ time, Christian Church
was in charge of many western
countries.TRead through the passage, and tell
whether the following statements are
true or false. 3. Copernicus didn’t show his new theory
to his friends until he completed it.
4. His friends were not interested in his
ideas.TF2. Copernicus noticed that observed from the earth, some planets appears in front of or behind the earth.F5. Since he was not afraid of being attacked by the Church, Copernicus published his book as soon as he finished working on it.
6. Newton, Einstein, and Hawking are all scientists who made contribution to the study of the universe. FTUse the reading passage to help you draw the two theories of the universe.A diagram showing the solar system with the Earth at its centreA diagram showing the solar system with the Sun at its centre COPERNICUS ' REVOLUTIONARY THEORY 哥白尼的革命性理论
尼古拉·哥白尼被吓得心烦意乱的。虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数字，然而他所有的数学计算都得出了一个相同的结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。他的这个理论可不能告诉任何人，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教会势力的惩罚。教会认为世界是上帝创造的，正因为如此，地球就具有特殊的意义，它必定要成为太阳系的中心。 这样，问题就来了，因为天文学家以前发现过，天上有些行星停顿下来，往后移动，然后再成环状向前移动，而其他行星看上去有时亮些，有时又不怎么亮。如果地球是太阳系的中心，而所有行星环绕着地球转的话，那么这种现象就很奇怪了。
哥白尼对这些问题曾经苦苦思索过很久，试图找出问题的答案。他曾经收集过观察星球的数据，并且利用他的全部数学知识来解释这些数据。但是只有他的新理论才能作出解释。于是，他在1510至1514年期间从事这项研究，逐步修改他的理论，直到他感到完善时为止。 1514年，他把他的新理论私下里给他的朋友们看。他对旧理论的修改是具有革命性的。他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转。他还提出地球在围绕太阳转的同时，它本身还自转，这样就说明了行星运动的变化情况以及星球亮度问题。他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而他却小心谨慎，他不想遭到基督教会的攻击，所以他直到1543年临终之前才公布了这一观点。 当然，他小心谨慎是对的。基督教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而支持这种理论的人都会受到打击。然而哥白尼的理论却是我们宇宙观赖以建立的基础。他的理论还改变了基督教对地心引力的看法，他们认为物体往地球上掉落是因为上帝创造了地球，而地球正是宇宙的中心。哥白尼表明这是明显错误的。如今人们可以看到，他的这些想法与艾萨克·牛顿、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦以及斯蒂芬·霍金等人的研究都有着直接的联系。workbookUsing words and expressions
Using structures
Reading taskUSING WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSEx.1 This is a report on living conditions in England in the nineteenth century. Choose the proper word in its correct form to put into the text.instruct neighbourhood pollute defeat handle suspect blame severe clue link…to draw the conclusion cureEducated people in the twenty-first century may find it hard to believe that two hundred years ago people did not ____ illness ____ problems in the environment. We all know that in London drinking ________ water caused many deaths from cholera. There was a ____ to its cause because it always started in the poor ________________. Then it spread to the richer areas as the servants passed it on. Many doctors __________ that polluted water was to ________ and clean water was the _____. John Snow’s investigation proved that the dirtier the water, the more _______ the illness. So the government and the doctors ____________________ that water must be purified(净化). They __________ people to remove the ________ from pumps if the water was infected. Thus cholera was _________ in the end.linktopollutedclueneighbourhoodssuspectedblamecureseveredrew the conclusioninstructedhandlesdefeatedEx.2 Look at the dictionary entry for the verb expose and match the meanings with the sentences on the right. Write the correct numbers in brackets.( ) When he lifted his shirt he exposed his strong athletic chest.
( ) Li Hui was exposed to cholera but luckily she did not become ill.
( ) You cannot expose undeveloped film to light.125( ) I was afraid to expose my true feelings in case he laughed at me.
( ) The human rights lawyer spent his career exposing injustice in society.
( ) I was never exposed to ballet until I was sixteen.
( ) Mushrooms do not grow well if exposed to light.6341Ex.3 Translate these sentences into English, using the words and phrases in brackets.
1. 除了去公园之外，我的活动范围仅限于邻近地区。
Apart from going to the park, I limit my movements to my neighbourhood.
2. 没有足够的证据很难作出结论。
It is difficult to draw a conclusion without enough evidence.
3. 这些科学的探寻将有助于我们项目的成功。
These scientific enquiries will contribute to the success of our project.4. 居斯特夫·埃菲尔对他修建铁塔的计划满怀热情，而这座塔使他闻名于世。
Gustave Eiffel was very enthusiastic about his plan to construct the iron tower, which made him world-famous.
5. 他常提出些不同寻常的计划。你在加入之前要慎重对待。
He often puts forward unusual plans. So be cautious about them before you decide to join in.
6. 谁是第一个反对“地心说”的人？
Who was the first person to reject the idea that the earth was the centre of the universe?
7. 虽然他的写作没什么意思，但弗雷德还是确信自己的作文会得高分。
Although his writing doesn’t make sense, Fred is positive that his composition will score a high mark.USING STRUCTURESEx.1 Choose appropriate verbs to complete the following sentences, using the past participle. Explain the use of the past participle in each sentence. worry interest arrive frighten prepare continue concernThey were __________ to accept my idea.
I’ll be __________ to know how they made the wonderful fireworks.
The mayor said that he was __________ about the __________ rise of the water level in the river bed.
Recently __________ soldiers are helping to take the victims to safe areas from the flood.
Most of the newspaper seems to be __________ with pop stars.
He was __________ of going alone into the empty house.preparedinterestedworriedcontinuedarrivedconcernedfrightenedEx.2 Rewrite each pair of sentences as one, using the past participle as the attribute or predicative.1. I found this plate on the floor. The plate was broken in pieces.
I found this broken plate on the floor.
2. I saw a tall, dark and handsome man. His name is Xiao Ming.
I saw a tall, dark and handsome man called Xiao Ming.
3. I looked at that modern abstract painting. It was coloured in yellows and greens.
I looked at that modern abstract painting coloured in yellows and greens.4. Yesterday I got the answer to my question on the Internet. It was the one I expected.
Yesterday I got the expected answer to my question on the Internet.
5. She is one of my friends. She is devoted to my interests.
She is my friend devoted to my interests.
6. On the doorstep I found a lot of bottles. They were marked in green ink.
On the doorstep I found a lot of bottles marked in green ink.
7. We saw many windows in that room. They were all cracked.
We saw many cracked windows in the room.Reading task on P44Ex.1 Fill in the chart after reading the text.By turning the map into a diagram.
One which has an odd number of lines going to it.If a figure has more than two odd points, you cannot go over it without lifting your pencil from the page or going over a line twice.Four.Two.Yes.What’s Euler’s puzzle?
Koningsberg is an island and there is a river breaking it into two parts. “Seven Bridges of Konigsberg” and the famous “Euler path”.People wondered if they could walk around the city by crossing the seven bridges without going over any of them twice or going back on himself, but Euler found he couldn’t cross all the seven ones. This is Euler’s puzzle. The first stage in his research is to find the problem that he could cross six of the bridges without going over any of them twice or going back on himself, but he couldn’t cross all seven. How did Euler prepare for his research?The second stage is to think of a
method: He drew a map and used
dots and lines to simplify his analysis.
Trying and observing over and over
again, he found a general rule. It is topology. Euler’s theory is called “The Euler path”, which is expressed like this: If a figure has more than two odd points, you cannot go over it without lifting your pencil from the page or going over a line twice. What are the theories?So the general rule that Euler found is the even points and the odd points .Look at the following pictures:Conclusion
Euler’s theory (一笔画)
可以一笔画只有两种情况：
1. 没有奇数顶点。
2. 只有两个奇数顶点。
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