Module 9 Great inventions
【教材分析】
Module 9的主要内容为运用一般将来时的被动语态来描述伟大的发明，包括造纸和印刷术的发明，电脑的出现和网络的广泛使用。从全书来看，本模块承接上一模块对被动语态的学习和运用，着重一般将来时被动语态的使用，让同学们通过课堂活动来掌握其用法。
Unit 1 Will computers be used more than books in the future?
【教学目标】
Knowledge objective
1. Words: borrow,website,mail,textbook,mainly,page,electronic,powerful,memory,full,fix,
instructions, lend, properly
2. Expressions: put up, thousands of
Ability objective
To listen and read the materials about computer.
To make a dialogue about the wide use of the computer.
Moral objective
1. To arose Ss’ interest in great inventions.
2. To make Ss be proud of our great inventions in our country.
3. To make Ss love our country and study hard.
【教学方法】
PWP method, task-based method and interactive approach
【教学手段】
A tape recorder, multimedia and some pictures
【教学过程】
Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Warming up
Ss look the pictures and answer the questions.
Step 2 Presentation
Look and say. The teacher shows the pictures of new words and let the students to say as soon as possible.
Step 3 Look and say
Look at the pictures and answer the questions in pairs.
1. How have these inventions changed people’s lives?
2. Which one do you think is the most important?
3. What other important inventions can you think of?
Step 4 Listening
1. Listen and complete the sentences.
Linging loves her mobile phone because she can ______________.
All of Daming’s friends’ numbers are _______ in his phone.
Today’s cameras are better than old cameras because they do not ________ and the photos can ______________.
Lingling thinks everything ___________ by computer to some degree, so the computer is __________________ invention.
2. Listen to Part 3 and answer the following questions.
1. What will Tony do on the school visit to the museum?
2. Where did we get mainly information in the past?
Step 5 Reading
Find out the sentences which belong to the passive voice in the dialogue.
1. They’ll be put up on the school website.
2. And they can be seen on the Internet by other classes.
3. Will computers be used more than books in the future?
Now read the summary of the conversation. Underline the wrong information and correct it.
Tony wants to borrow his father’s camera and take some photos of the school dance and the basketball match. The photos will be shown in the school magazine. Tony’s dad lends the camera. He promises Tony to look after it.
Find the sentences in the conversation which mean:
1 Changing the subject, can I get the camera?
2. It is not a problem. I will use another memory card.
3 I will do what you tell me to do.
Answer the questions.
electronic fix instruction invention lend mail page website
1 How do you fix a camera if the memory is full?
2 When do you need to read the instructions?
3 How often do you send messages by mail?
4 How many pages does this book have?
5 Which website do you often go to when you get online?
6 What is an example of electronic technology?
7 When you lend something to someone, what do they have to do later?
8 What do you think is the most important invention in human history?
Step 6 Everyday English
Let Ss say the everyday English that they have learnt in the passage.
I wonder …
Perhaps.
Here it is.
Promise!
Step 7 Language points
1. Can I borrow your camera?
borrow表示“借入”
lend表示“借出”
borrow sth. from sb. 表示“向某人借某物”。例如：
I borrowed a book from the library yesterday.
昨天我从图书馆借了一本书。
2. They’ll be put up on the school website.
put up表示“张贴，公布”。例如：
You can put up the notice on the noticeboard.
你可以把通知贴在布告栏上。
3. In the past, we mainly got information from paper books.
in the past表示“在过去”。
mainly表示“大部分地，主要地”。是副词。它的形容词为main。例如：
We mainly get food from the land and sea.
我们主要从陆地和海洋获取食物。
4. Some were huge ones with thousands of pages.
thousands of 表示“成千上万的”。
例如：
Thousands of birds fly back to the north in spring.
成千上万的鸟儿在春天飞回北方。
5. And the memory card may be full.
memory 表示“内存，存储器”。
full adj. 满的；充满的
例如：
My suitcase was full of books.
我的提箱装满了书。
6. That can be fixed.
此句为含有情态动词的被动语态。结构为情态动词+be+过去分词。
fix v. 修补，挽救
例如：
The broken window need to be fixed. 这个破窗户需要修补。
7. If you have to lend it to anyone, tell them to use it properly.
lend v. （把某物）借出，借给（某人）
lend sth. to sb. 表示“把某物借给某人”
例如：
Tom lent his book to me last month.
上个月汤姆把书借给了我。
properly adv. 合适地，正确地
例如：
How much money do we need to do the job properly?
我们需要多少钱才能做好这件事？
Step 8 Listening
Listen and mark the pauses.
1. They’ll be put up on the school website. And they can be seen on the Internet by other classes, even people living in other countries.
2. You must promise that you’ll take good care of it.
Now listen again and repeat.
Step 9 Acting
Work in pairs. Talk about the advantages of these inventions.
email mobile phone TV washing machine
— We can use email to send messages.
— Yes, we can use email to send messages
quickly and cheaply.
Now describe how these inventions have changed your life.
Step 10 Exercises
Let students do more exercises to master the language points.
1. I want to ____ your bike to go to the museum.
A. keep B. lend C. borrow
2. The poster will ______ on the wall in our classroom tomorrow.
A. be put up B. put up C. to be put up
3. Pandas _____ live on bamboo in Sichuan Province.
A. main B. mainly C. properly
4. There are ________ people waiting in line.
A. thousand of B. thousands of
C. thousand D. two thousands
Step 11 Homework
请介绍一下你眼中最伟大的发明。60词左右。
Unit 2 Will books be replaced by the Internet?
【教学目标】
Knowledge objective
Key vocabulary—printing, development, trade, result, spread, introduction, amount, store,
varied, form, connection, single, direction, replace,
Key structures—look through, at a time, by hang, in a way, compare … to …, wait and see
Ability objective
To get information from the passage about the great inventions.
To master the passive voice of the simple future tense.
Moral objective
1. To arose Ss’ interest in learning about the great inventions.
2. To encourage Ss to be proud of our great country.
3. To develop the ability to cooperate with others.
【教学重点】
T o learn about some expressions in the passage.
【教学难点】
1. To get information from the article.
2. The use of the phrases.
【教学方法】
PWP method, task-based method
【教学手段】
A tape recorder, multimedia and some pictures
【教学过程】
Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Lead-in
Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
What did people use to remember something long long ago?
Where did people start to write on about 2,000 years ago?
What was invented in China during the Sui and Tang Dynasties?
What was introduced to China in the twentieth century?
Have you read books on the Internet?
Step 2 Consolidate new words
Look and say. The teachers shows the pictures of new words and let the students to say as soon as possible.
Step 3 Consolidate new expressions
Look at the pictures and say the expressions as soon as possible.
Step 4 Pre-reading
Work in pairs. Read the title of the passage in Activity 2.Discuss and make a list of the advantages of books and the Internet.
Step 5 Listening
Listen to Part 2 and answer the questions.
What does his mother do at home every evening?
She looks through magazines.
When was paper first created?
About 2,000 years ago.
Step 6 Learning to learn
To learn about how to find information quickly.
Step 7Reading
1. Read the passage and match ideas with the paragraphs.
a) The world before printed books
b) The world after the invention of printing.
c) Life with paper and printing
d) Technology and books
e) The future of books
a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4, e-5
2. Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 What may become more powerful than printing?
The Internet.
2 When was printing invented in China?
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
3 When was the Internet introduced to China?
In the twentieth century.
Step 8 Complete the passage with the words in the box
Read the passage carefully.
Choose the right words to fill in the blanks.
Step 9 Language points
1. Every evening, my mother looks through magazines at home.
look through表示“快速阅读，浏览”
e.g. I haven’t looked through the books yet.我还没浏览这本书。
2. As a result, there were not many book.
as a result表示“结果”。
e.g. As a result, they got the cheapest TV set yesterday.
结果，他们昨天买到了最便宜的电视。
3. Books were only produced one at a time by hand.
at a time表示“每次，一次”。
e.g. Please come in one at a time, not all together.
每次进来一个，不要一起进来。
by hand表示“用手（做）”。
e.g. All these toys are made by hand.所有这些玩具都是手工的。
4. Later, developments in printing made it possible to produce books more quickly and
cheaply.
development n. 表示“发展，进步”
develop v. 发展，进步
e.g. With the development of our country, our life will become better and better.
随着我们国家的发展，我们的生活也会越来越好。
5. A much larger amount of information can be stored in more varied forms on the Internet than in books.
amount n. 表示“量，数量”
a large amount of表示“大量的”
varied adj. 表示“各种各样的”，等于all kinds
of。
e.g. There are a large amount of varied dresses and I don’t know what to buy.
这里有许多各式各样的裙子，我不知道该买哪个。
6. So what direction will traditional printing take in the future?
direction n. 表示“方向”
e.g. Tom went off in the direction of home.汤姆朝家的方向去了。
7. Will books be replaced by the Internet?
be replaced by表示“被…代替”。
e.g. The old textbook was replaced by the new one.
旧的教材被新的代替了。
Step10 Writing
1. Read the sentences and notice how we give reasons and results.
as a result
as a result是一个固定短语，意为“因此，结果”，表示后面句子与前面句子所表达的内容构成因果关系，前面是因后面是果。它与so可以进行转换。如：
Tony got up late that morning. As a result, he didn’t catch the first bus.
= Tony got up late that morning, so he
didn’t catch the first bus.
because
because是连词，引导原因状语从句。because +句子可以直接回答以why开头的特殊疑问句。
e.g. I like playing basketball because it’s fun.
—Why is Lily crying?
—Because she can’t find her cat.
2. Now work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions. Write full sentences with as a result, because or so.
Answers: 、
2 Few books were produced and, as a result, few people could read.
3After printing technology developed, books were cheaper, so more people learnt how to
read.
4 Books might not be needed in the future because the Internet is growing quickly.
3. Write full sentences with the notes in Activity 3.
Answer
About 2,000 years ago, paper was first created.
Printing was invented during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Today, the Internet is growing very fast. Computers and the Internet are used in classroom now, and newspapers and magazines are read online.
4. Write a passage about traditional printing and its future. Use the sentences you have written in Activity 5 and 6 to help you.
Possible answer:
Possible answer
It’s hard to imagine a world without printing because we have so many printed things now, for example, menus, comics and schoolbooks. Paper was first created about 2,000 year ago, but books weren’t printed at that time. They were written by hand, so few books were produced, and as a result, few people could read.
Printing was invented during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. After printing developed, books became cheaper, so more people learnt how to read. Today, the Internet is growing
very fast. A much larger amount of information can be stored in more varied
forms on the Internet than in book. As a result, in the future, the Internet will probably be more important than printing.
Step 11 Summary
Let Ss talk about what they have learnt in class.
重点短语
look through at a time
by hand in a way
compare … to … wait and see
Step 12Exercises
Let the students practice the main points in Unit 2.
1. Let’s look ______ the text and then answer the questions.
A. at B. through C. for D. after
2. The children are making kites ____ hand.
A. by B. for C. with
3. With the _____ of our school we’ll have a better environment for studying.
A. develop B. developed C. development
4. -How many music are there in the world?
-There are ______ forms of music now.
A. vary B. varied C. much D. little
Answers: BACB
Step 13 Homework
请介绍一下互联网的优点和缺点。60词左右。
Unit 3 Language in use
【教学目标】
Knowledge objective
Get the students to be able to use the new words and expressions they learnt in this module.
Ability objective
To summarize and consolidate the passive voice of the simple future tense.
Moral objective
To be proud of our great nation and to be proud as a Chinese person.
【教学重点】
To be able to use the passive voice of the simple future tense.
【教学难点】
Through listening, speaking and writing, let students practise the passive voice of the simple future tense.
【教学方法】
PWP method, task-based method
【教学手段】
A tape recorder, multimedia and some pictures
【教学过程】
Teaching Procedures:
Step 1 Warming up
Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
Step 2 Language practice
Complete the following sentences.
1. They ____________ on the school website.
2. _____ computers _______ more than books in the future?
3. _____ books __________ by the Internet?
Keys: will be put up, Will, be used, Will, be replaced
Step 3 Grammar
The structure of the passive voice.
?
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
肯定
主语+am/is/are +done
主语+ was/were +done
主语+will/ be (am/is/are) going to +be +done
否定
主语+am/is/are + not+done
主语+was/were +not+done
主语+will/ be (am/is/are) not+going to+be+done
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
一般疑问
Am/Is/Are+主语+done
Was/Were+主语+done
Will+主语+be+
done/ Be (am/is/are)
+主语+going to +be+done
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
特殊疑问
特殊疑问词+am/is/
are+主语+done
特殊疑问词+was/
were+主语+done
特殊疑问词will+主语+be+done/
特殊疑问词be(am/is/are)+主语+going to+be+done
Step 4 Complete the sentences and conversations with the correct form of the words and expressions in brackets
1. ____ books ________ (replace) by computers in the future?
2. My bike is broken. It _________ (fix) tomorrow.
3. —Dad, can I use the Internet this evening?
—Yes, but the computer is not on yet. The electricity ___________ (not connect) until nine o’clock.
4. _____ the problem _____________ (talk about) at the meeting tomorrow?
5. Who ____________ (invite) to give a report about great inventions next Friday?
6. —When _____ the work __________ (finish)?
—In two days.
Keys: 1. Will, be replaced 2. will be fixed 3. won’t be connected 4. will be talked about
5. will be invited 6. will, be finished
Step 5 Look and say
Look at the pictures and describe the new classroom that will be built. Use the words in the box to help you.
build, buy, change
A new classroom will be built.
Keys: A new floor will be built.
New furniture (desk/ chairs) will be bought.
A new blackboard will be bought.
A new interactive whiteboard will be bought.
The windows and the door will be changed.
The teacher’s desk will be painted.
The lights will be changed.
The color of the walls will be changed.
The walls will be fixed.
Step 6 Talking
Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions about these great inventions.
●1875
● America
● Alexander Graham Bell
A: When was the telephone invented?
B: It was invented in 1875.
…
A: What kind of telephone do you think will be made in the future?
B: …
● 1903
● America
● Wright Brothers
● 1924
● Britain
● John Logie Baird
Step 7 Complete the sentences with the words in the box
direction, introduction, spread, trade
Before the ___________ of printing, few people could read.
There were more books to sell, so the _____ in books grew.
Because more people could read, ideas ______ quickly.
What ________ will printing take in the future?
Keys: introduction, trade, spread, direction
Step 8 Listening
1. Listen and find out where the speaker is.
a). In a school library.
b). In the British Library.
c). In the British Museum.
Keys: b
2 .Listen again and answer the questions.
1. Why were so few books produced in ancient times?
2. Why were many old books copied onto a computer?
3. How has the computer helped people read old books in the British Library?
Keys: 1. Because they were written by hand.
2. They are too valuable to be picked up and held in the hand.
3. Old books were copied onto a computer a few years ago for people to be able to read them without touching them.
Step 9 Reading
Read the passage and choose the best title.
a) The history of the Internet
b) The World Wide Web
c) The Internet and the Web
d) The future of the Internet
Keys: c
Read the passage and answer the questions.
1. When was the Internet invented by the US government?
2. What could people only send at first?
3. Who invented the World Wide Web in 1991?
4. Can people use e-commerce and online shopping to buy and sell things?
Keys: 1. In the 1960s.
2. They could only send very simple texts.
3. A British scientist named Tim Berners-Lee.
4. Yes, they can.
Now complete the time table.
In the 1960s: The Internet was invented for the army to use.
In the 1970s: Scientists and businesspeople wanted to use the Internet to send and receive messages.
In 1991: The World Wide Web was invented.
In the 1990s: More and more people started to use the Internet to send various types of files.
Today: The Web has hundreds of millions of users. It has changed the way people live, work and play.
Step 10 Around the world
To learn about e-books.
Step 11 Discussion
Work in groups. Prepare for your discussion.
Think of an invention that has changed your life.
Make notes about the invention:
1 What is it?
2 Why is it useful?
Research how the invention has been developed and make notes about what you find out.
Discuss with your group.
Tell your group about the invention. Ask them for their ideas.
Make notes about your discussions.
Present your findings to the class.
Step 12中考链接
The sports meeting _____ next month.
A. will hold
B. is going to hold
C. will be held
2. From May 6, pedestrians (行人) _____ 10 yuan if they run red lights, according to Beijing traffic authorities.
A. will fine B. were fined
C. are fine D. will be fined
3. －A new park _____ in our hometown next year.
－Really? Our hometown must be more beautiful.
A. will build
B. will be built
C. is built
4. It is said that an Asian Culture Village ______ inside the AYG, Village in Nanjing in the coming Asian Youth Games period.
A. builds B. is building
C. will be built D. was built
5. —How many people will _____ to your
birthday party?
—Twelve.
A. invite
B. be invited
C. be inviting
Keys: C, D, B, C, B
Step 13 Homework
你的朋友Jim迷恋上网，经常逃学，成绩下降。请给他写一份信来帮助他。60-80词左右。
【课后反思】
Books can’t be replaced by computers
Books will never be completely replaced by computers. Computers can crash, and all information will be lost. If the power goes out in your house, you can’t read on your computer, but you can pick up a book. What you read on a computer is just light or something on a screen. A book is a permanent physical printing. If computers replaced books, we’d all have serious eye problems. The joy of reading would be lost. I'd hate to have to depend on a machine for my relaxing reading time. Books are forever, computers are until it breaks down, and everything will be lost. Books can be taken care of, as can computers, but there are books that are a hundred years old, I haven't heard of anyone with the same computer for even 10 years. I guess computers are getting new and better, but books are still better to read. However, on the up side for computers, one computer, can store over a hundred books. But if the one computer breaks, a hundred books break too. Computers are good, and should store that kind of stuff, but I don't think it should completely replace the book. That would really suck.
印刷术
印刷术发明之前，文化的传播主要靠手抄的书籍。手抄费时、费事，又容易抄错、抄漏。既阻碍了文化的发展，又给文化的传播带来不应有的损失。印章和石刻给印刷术提供了直接的经验性的启示，用纸在石碑上墨拓的方法，直接为雕版印刷指明了方向。中国的印刷术经过雕版印刷和活字印刷两个阶段的发展，给人类的发展献上了一份厚礼。 【印刷术的起源】 印章在先秦时就有，一般只有几个字，表示姓名，官职或机构。印文均刻成反体，有阴文、阳文之别。在纸没有出现之前，公文或书信都写在简牍上，写好之后，用绳扎好，在结扎处放粘性泥封结，将印章盖在泥上，称为泥封，泥封就是在泥上印刷，这是当时保密的一种手段。纸张出现之后，泥封演变为纸封，在几张公文纸的接缝处或公文纸袋的封口处盖印。据记载在北齐时（公元550~577年）有人把用于公文纸盖印的印章作得很大，很像一块小小的雕刻版了。 战国（公元前475-前221年）时期的铜印。 晋代著名炼丹家葛洪（公元284~363年）在他著的《抱朴子》中提到道家那时已用了四寸见方（13.5×13.5）有120个字的大木印了。这已经是一块小型的雕版了。 佛教徒为了使佛经更加生动，常把佛像印在佛经的卷首，这种手工木印比手绘省事得多。碑石拓印技术对雕版印刷技术的发明很有启发作用。刻石的发明，历史很早。初唐在今陕西凤翔发现了十个石鼓，它是公元前8世纪春秋时秦国的石刻。秦始皇出巡，在重要的地方刻石7次。东汉以后，石碑盛行。汉灵帝四年（公元175年）蔡邕建议朝廷，在太学门前树立《诗经》、《尚书》、《周易》、《礼记》、《春秋》、《公羊传》、《论语》等七部儒家经典的石碑，共20.9万字，分刻于46块石碑上每碑高175、宽90、厚20厘米，容字5000，碑的正反面皆刻字。历时8年，全部刻成。成为当时读书人的经典。很多人争相抄写。后来特别是魏晋六朝时，有人趁看管不严或无人看管时，用纸将经文拓印下来，自用或出售。结果使其广为流传。 古人发现在石碑上盖一张微微湿润的纸，用软槌轻打，使纸陷入碑面文字凹下处，待纸干后再用布包上棉花，蘸上墨汁，在纸上轻轻拍打，纸面上就会留下黑地白字跟石碑一模一样的字迹。这样的方法比手抄简便、可靠。于是拓印就出现了。 拓片是印刷技术产生的重要条件之一。 印染技术对雕版印刷也有很大的启示作用，印染是在木板上刻出花纹图案，用染料印在布上。中国的印花板有凸纹板和镂空板两种。1972年湖南长沙马王堆一号汉墓（公元前165年左右）出土的两件印花纱就是用凸纹板印的。这种技术可能早于秦汉，而上溯至战国。纸发明后，这种技术就可能用于印刷方面，只要把布改成纸，把染料改成墨，印出来的东西，就成为雕版印刷品了。在敦煌石室中就有唐代凸板和镂空板纸印的佛像。 印章、拓印、印染技术三者相互启发，相互融合，再加上我国人民的经验和智慧，雕版印刷技术就应运而生了。 【雕版印刷技术的发明】 印章、拓印、印染技术的发展是否会导致雕版印刷技术的发明呢？不可否认这三种技术起了很大的作用，但是，作为一项新的发明，雕版印刷技术的发明，必须有它的创新内容，社会的需要也是必不可少的。 自秦代统一文字以后，汉字发展迅速。东汉《说文解字》收字9353个，南北朝成书的《玉篇》收字2.2万余个。用这么多字表达思想，每一个字又有若干笔画组成，书写起来费事、费时。儒家、道家、释家及诸子百家竟相发展，著作越来越多。《汉书·文艺志》收各类著作14，994卷，《隋书·经籍志》收50，889卷，隋内府藏书37万卷。中国人口众多，西汉末年已有近6000万，东汉仅太学生就有5万之多。读书人要读正史和经典，对书籍需求量很大。此外佛教、道教教徒中的识字者也要读佛经、道经。这样，社会对书籍的需求量是很大的。 如果我们看一下雕版印刷的刻板和印刷的过程，就会发现它从印章、拓印、印染技术那里继承了什么，又发展了什么。雕版印刷的过程大致是这样的：将书稿的写样写好后，使有字的一面贴在板上，即可刻字，刻工用不同形式的刻刀将木版上的反体字墨迹刻成凸起的阳文，同时将木版上其余空白部分剔除，使之凹陷。板面所刻出的字约凸出版面1~2毫米。用热水冲洗雕好的板，洗去木屑等，刻板过程就完成了。印刷时，用圆柱形平底刷蘸墨汁，均匀刷于板面上，再小心把纸覆盖在板面上，用刷子轻轻刷纸，纸上便印出文字或图画的正像。将纸从印板上揭起，阴干，印制过程就完成了。一个印工一天可印1500~2000张，一块印板可连印万次。 我们看到，刻板的过程有点象刻印章的过程，只不过刻的字多了。印的过程与印章相反。印章是印在上，纸在下。雕版印刷印刷的过程，有点象拓印，但是雕版上的字是阳文反字，而一般碑石的字是阴文正字。此外，拓印的墨施在纸上，雕版印刷的墨施在版上。由此可见，雕版印刷既继承了印章、拓印、印染等的技术，又有创新技术。 雕版印刷的发明时间，历来是一个有争议的问题，经过反复讨论，大多数专家认为雕版印刷的起源时间在公元590~640年之间，也就是隋朝至唐初。唐初已有印刷品出土。1900年，在敦煌千佛洞里发现一本印刷精美的“金刚经”末尾题有“咸同九年四月十五日（公元868年）”等字样这是目前世界上最早的有明确日期记载的印刷品。雕版印刷的印品，可能开始只在民间流行，并有一个与手抄本并存的的时期。唐穆宗长庆四年，诗人元稹为白居易的《长庆集》作序中有“牛童马走之口无不道，至于缮写模勒，烨卖于市井”。“模勒”就是模刻，“烨卖”就是叫卖。这说明当时的上层知识分子白居易的诗的传播，除了手抄本之外，已有印本。 1944年，发现于成都唐墓，是唐末期的雕版印刷品。 沈括在《梦溪笔谈》中说，雕版印刷唐代尚未盛行。五代时期开始印制大部儒家书籍冯道始印“五经”。以后，经典皆为版刻本。 宋代，雕版印刷已发展到全盛时代，各种印本甚多。较好的雕版材料多用梨木、枣木。因此，对刻印无价值的书，有以“灾及梨枣”的成语来讽刺，意思是白白糟蹋了梨、枣树木。可见当时刻书风行一时。 雕版印刷开始只有单色印刷，五代时有人在插图墨印轮廓线内用笔添上不同的颜色，以增加视觉效果。天津杨柳青版画现在仍然采用这种方法生产。将几种不同的色料，同时上在一块板上的不同部位，一次印于纸上，印出彩色印张，这种方法称为“单版复色印刷法”。用这种方法，宋代曾印过“会子”（当时发行的纸币）。 单版复色印刷色料容易混杂渗透，而且色块界限分明，显得呆板。人们在实际探索中，发现了分板着色，分次印刷的方法，这就是用大小相同的几块印刷板分别载上不同的色料，再分次印于同一张纸上，这种方法称为“多版复色印刷”又称“套版印刷”。 “多版复色印刷”的发明时间不会晚于元代，当时，中兴路（今湖北江陵县）所刻的《金刚经注》就是用朱墨两色套印的，这是现存最早的套色印本。多版复色印刷在明代获得较大的发展。明清两代，南京和北京是雕版中心。明代设立经厂，永乐的北藏，正统的道藏都是由经厂刻板。清代英武殿本及雍正的龙藏，都是在北京刻板。明初，南藏和许多官刻书都是在南京刻板。嘉靖以后，到16世纪中叶，南京成了彩色套印中心。 印制于1341年，我国现存最早的双色套印实物。
【活字印刷的发明】 雕版印刷一版能印几百部甚至几千部书，对文化的传播起了很大的作用，但是刻板费时费工，大部头的书往往要花费几年的时间，存放版片又要占用很大的地方，而且常会因变形、虫蛀、腐蚀而损坏。印量少而不需要重印的书，版片就成了废物。此外雕版发现错别字，改起来很困难，常需整块版重新雕刻。 活字制版正好避免了雕版的不足，只要事先准备好足够的单个活字，就可随时拼版，大大地加快了制版时间。活字版印完后，可以拆版，活字可重复使用，且活字比雕版占有的空间小，容易存储和保管。这样活字的优越性就表现出来了。 用活字印刷的这种思想，很早就有了，秦始皇统一全国度量衡器，陶量器上用木戳印四十字的诏书，考古学家认为，“这是中国活字排印的开始，不过他虽已发明，未能广泛应用”。古代的印章对活字印刷也有一定启示作用。关于活字印刷的记载首见于宋代著名科学家沈括的《梦溪笔谈》。公元1041~1048年，平民出身的毕升用胶泥制字，一个字为一个印，用火烧硬，使之成为陶质。排版时先预备一块铁板，铁板上放松香、蜡、纸灰等的混合物，铁板四周围着一个铁框，在铁框内摆满要印的字印，摆满就是一版。然后用火烘烤，将混合物熔化，与活字块结为一体，趁热用平板在活字上压一下，使字面平整。便可进行印刷。用这种方法，印二、三本谈不上什么效率，如果印数多了，几十本以至上千本，效率就很高了。为了提高效率常用两块铁板，一块印刷，一块排字。印完一块，另一块又排好了，这样交替使用，效率很高。常用的字如“之”、“也”等字，每字制成20多个字，以备一版内有重复时使用。没有准备的生僻字，则临时刻出，用草木火马上烧成。从印板上拆下来的字，都放入同一字的小木格内，外面贴上按韵分类的标签，以备检索。毕升起初用木料作活字，实验发现木纹疏密不一，遇水后易膨涨变形，与粘药固结后不易去下，才改用胶泥。 毕升发明活字印刷，提高了印刷的效率。但是，他的发明并未受到当时统治者和社会的重视，他死后，活字印刷术仍然没有得到推广。他创造的胶泥活字也没有保留下来。但是他发明的活字印刷技术，却流传下去了。 1965年在浙江温州白象塔内发现的刊本《佛说观无量寿佛经》经鉴定为北宋元符至崇宁（1100~1103）年活字本。这是毕升活字印刷技术的最早历史见证。 宋人周必大（1129~1204年）曾被封为济国公，老年时从沈括那里学来了毕升的方法，印了自己的著作。他也做了一点小改动，把铁板改为铜板。铜板比铁板传热性好，易使粘药熔化，但铜板比铁板价格贵，这对一个公爵来说就算不了什么。 元代的姚枢（1201~1278）提倡活字印刷，他教子弟杨古用活字版印书，印成了朱熹的《小学》和《近思录》，以及吕祖谦的《东莱经史论说》等书。不过杨古造泥活字是用毕升以后宋人改进的技术，并不是毕升原有技术。 清康熙六年翟世琪出任饶州推官，集磁户，造青磁《易经》一部。所谓青磁（活字）据专家分析可能是以制青瓷的瓷土烧成的陶活字。 1718年山东泰安人徐志定制成陶活字，印《周易说略》。他将泥土煅烧后制成活字用以排版印书，采用的仍然是毕升用过的方法。 19世纪安徽泾县的翟金生，因读沈括的《梦溪笔谈》中所述的毕升泥活字技术，而萌生了用泥活字印书的想法。他费事30年，制泥活字10万多个。1844年印成了《泥版试印初编》。此后，他又印了许多书。20世纪60~70年代在泾县还发现了翟金生当年所制的泥活字数千枚。这些活字有大小五种型号。他以自己的实践证明了毕升的发明是可行的，打破了有人对泥活字可行性的怀疑。 1962年发现于安徽徽州的翟氏泥活字模。 与杨古同时代的王祯（1271~1368年）创制了木活字。王祯是山东东平人，是一位农学家，做过几任县官，他留下一部总结古代农业生产经验的著作——《农书》。王祯关于木活字的刻字、修字、选字、排字、印刷等方法都附在这本书内。他在安徽旌德请工匠刻木活字3 万多个，于元成宗大德二年（1298年）试印了6万多字的《旌德县志》不到一个月就印了一百部可见效率之高。这是有记录的第一部木活字印本。王祯在印刷技术上的另一个贡献是发明了转轮排字盘。用轻质木材作成一个大轮盘，直径约七尺，轮轴高三尺，轮盘装在轮轴上可以自由转动。把木活字按古代韵书的分类法，分别放入盘内的一个个格子里。他做了两副这样的大轮盘，排字工人坐在两副轮盘之间，转动轮盘即可找字，这就是王祯所说的“以字就人，按韵取字”。这样既提高了排字效率，又减轻了排字工的体力劳动。是排字技术上的一个创举。元代木活字印本书虽已失传，但当时维吾尔文的木活字则有几百个流传下来。 明代木活字本较多，多采用宋元传统技术。明万历十四年（1586年）的《唐诗类苑》、《世庙识余录》、嘉靖间（约1515~1530年）的《璧水群英待问会元》等都是木活字的印本。 在清代，木活字技术由于得到政府的支持，获得空前的发展。康熙年间木活字本已盛行，大规模用木活字印书则始于乾隆年间《英武殿聚珍版丛书》的发行。印制该书共刻成大小枣木木活字253500个。印成《英武殿聚珍版丛书》134种，2389卷。这是我国历史上规模最大的一次用木活字印书。 用金属材料制造活字，也是活字印刷的一个发展方向。在王祯以前，已有人用锡做活字。但锡不易受墨印刷很困难，难于推广。公元15、16世纪之际，铜活字流行于江苏无锡、苏州、南京一带。铜活字印刷在清代进入新的高潮，最大的工程要算印刷数量达万卷《古今图书集成》了，估计用铜活字达100~200万个。 【印刷技术的对外传播】 中国是印刷技术的发明地，很多国家的印刷技术或是由我国传入，或是由于受到中国的影响而发展起来的。日本是在中国之后最早发展印刷技术的国家，公元8世纪日本就可以用雕版印佛经了。朝鲜的雕版印刷技术也是由中国传入的，高丽穆宗时（998~1009年）就开始印制经书。中国的雕版印刷技术经中亚传到波斯，大约14世纪由波斯传到埃及。波斯实际上成了中国印刷技术西传的中转站，14世纪末欧洲才出现用木版雕印的纸牌、圣象和学生用的拉丁文课本。我国的木活字技术大约14世纪传入朝鲜、日本。朝鲜人民在木活字的基础上创制了铜活字。 我国的活字印刷技术由新疆经波斯、埃及传入欧洲。1450年前后，德国的谷腾堡受中国活字印刷的影响，用合金制成了拼音文字的活字，用来印刷书籍。 印刷技术传到欧洲，加速了欧洲社会发展的进程，它为文艺复兴的出现提供了条件。马克思把印刷术、火药、指南针的发明称为“是资产阶级发展的必要前提”。中国人发明的印刷技术为现代社会的建立提供了必要前提。
造纸术
中国四大发明之一。人类文明史上的一项杰出的成就。 纸是用以书写、印刷、绘画或包装等的片状纤维制品。一般由经过制浆处理的植物纤维的水悬浮液，在网上交错的组合，初步脱水，再经压缩、烘干而成。中华人民共和国是世界上最早发明纸的国家。根据考古发现，西汉时期(公元前206年至公元前8年)，我国已经有了麻质纤维纸。质在粗糙，且数量少，成本高，不普及。 公元105年，蔡伦在东汉京师洛阳总结前人经验，改进了造纸术，以树皮、麻头、破布、旧渔网等为原料造纸。大大提高了纸张的质量的生产效率，扩大了纸的原料来源，降低了纸的成本，为纸张取代竹帛开辟了的前景，为文化的传播创造了有利的条件。关于蔡伦发明造纸见之古籍记载，《后汉书·蔡伦传》中说：“自古书契，多编以竹筒；其用缣者，谓之为纸。缣贵而简重，并不便于人。伦乃造意，用树肤、麻头及敝布、鱼网以为纸。”后世遂尊他为我国造纸术的发明人。 造纸术到公元7世纪初期（隋末唐初）开始东传至朝鲜、日本；8世纪西传入撒马尔罕，就是后来的阿拉伯，接着又传入巴格达；10世纪到大马士革、开罗；11世纪传入摩洛哥；13世纪传入印度；14世纪到意大利，意大利很多城市都建了造纸厂，成为欧洲造纸术传播的重要基地，从那里再传到德国、英国；16世纪传入俄国、荷兰；17世纪传到英国；19世纪传入加拿大。造纸的发明与传播，使文字的载体成本得到了大幅度的下降，知识在平民中的普及得以实现，从而极大的推动了世界科技、经济的发展。 针对企图否定蔡伦是造纸术发明人，否定中华人民共和国是造纸的发明国的歪风1990年8月18日至22日在比利时马尔梅迪举行的国际造纸历史协会第20届代表大会一致认定，蔡伦造纸术的伟大发明家，中华人民共和国是造纸的发明国。据洛阳市地方史志编委会石建厚同志考证。位于洛阳汉魏故城近郊的缑氏(今本魏书注：“纸氏”作“缑氏”，马涧河流经缑氏那一段河流古时为“造纸河”，沿岸原有“造纸河碑刻”，借已失损。 据史书记载：汉和帝曾到缑氏巡视过，有可能是参观这里的造纸作坊)和纸庄(现分前纸庄和后纸庄，位于洛阳汉魏故城东约2000米，面临洛河)很可能是汉代造纸作坊所在地。这两个地方，附近有造纸需要的优越的地理环境，有比较丰富的造纸资源(如麻、楮林等)。
