高中英语 不定式讲与练

非谓语动词-不定式讲与练时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　 被动
一般式　　　　　 to do　　　　　　 to be done
进行式　　　　　 to be doing　　
完成式　　　　　 to have done　　 to have been done
完成进行式　　 to have been doing　　I．时态 1)动词不定式的一般式常常表示该动作 “要”做，如：I decide to go over my lessons on May Day. 2）动词不定式的完成式表示该动作先于谓语动词动作完成； He seemed to have known the news. 3）动词不定式的进行式表示该动作正在进行，如： The boy pretended to be sleeping when his mother came into his bed room.II. 语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语）
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）
I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）
He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）
在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。 如：There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如： These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)III. 动词不定式的作用不定式主语 (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14861.shtml" \t "_blank?) 1) To see is to believe2） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy,　difficult,　 hard,　 important,　 possible,　 impossible,　comfortable,　 necessary,　 better;　　
the first,　 the next,　　　the last,　　the best,　too不定式作表语 (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14863.shtml" \t "_blank?)不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
　　 My work is to clean the room every day.
　　 His dream is to be a doctor. 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定 式说明主语的内容。
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving the people is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。
不定式作宾语 (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14859.shtml" \t "_blank?)1) 动词+ 不定式
afford　 aim　　 appear　　agree　 arrange　　ask　be decide　bother　　care　　choose　　 come　 dare　　 demand　desire　　determine　　expect　　　elect　　endeavor(努力）　hope　　fail　 happen　 help　　hesitate　learn　 long　mean　　 manage　 offer　 ought　　 plan　　prepare　pretend　　 promise　refuse　seem　　 tend　　 wait　　　 wish　　　　 undertake
不定式作补语 (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14860.shtml" \t "_blank?)1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise　　 allow　　 appoint　　 believe　　 cause　　 challenge　command　 compel（强迫）　　　consider　 declare　　 drive　　　enable　　encourage　 find　　　 forbid　　 force　　　guess　　 hire　　　　imagine　　impel（驱使）　　　induce（引诱）　　 inform　　instruct　　invite　　 judge　　　 know　　　 like　　　order　　　 permit　　persuade　 remind　　 report　　request　　 require　　select　send　state（规定）　区别：动词+不定式?；　动词+宾语+不定式
ask,?beg,?choose,?expect?,?hate,?help?intend?like,?love,?need?prefer,?prepare,?promise,?want,?wish…
I?like?to?keep?everything?tidy.　我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I?like?you?to?keep?everything?tidy.　我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I?want?to?speak?to?Tom.　?我想和汤姆谈话。
I?want?you?to?speak?to?Tom.　?我想让你和汤姆谈话。
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
acknowledge,　believe,　consider,　think,　declare(声称),　discover, fancy(设想),　feel　find,　guess,　judge,　imagine,　know,　prove,　see(理解), show,　suppose,　take(以为),　understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 3) to be +形容词
seem,　appear,　be said,　be supposed,　be believed,　be thought,　be known,　be reported,　hope, wish,　desire,　want,　plan,　expect,　mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered　___ the first computer.　
A. to invent　B. inventing　C. to have invented　D. having invented　
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。不定式作定语 (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14864.shtml" \t "_blank?)不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
　　　I have a lot of work to do.　
　　　So he made some candles to give light 　　不定式作状语 (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14865.shtml" \t "_blank?)1）目的状语　
just to(只是为了…), … only to (结果…, 仅仅为了..),　in order to,　so as to,　so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
　　He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.　他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
　　I come here only to say good-bye to you.　我来仅仅是向你告别。 The young man stayed up late just to get a good mark in English.
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
　　What have I said to make you angry.
　　He searched the room only to find nothing.
3)　表原因　　I'm glad to see you. Nice to see you！ They were very frightened to see the terrible scene. 有关so as to do 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
　　 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.　
　　　　 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
　　 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
　　　　 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。

2)　so kind as to ---劳驾
　　 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
　　　　 劳驾，现在几点了? 典型例题
　The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.　
　A. sit　 B. sit on　 C. be seat　 D. be sat on
答案：B.　如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。不定式的特殊句型too…to… (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14870.shtml" \t "_blank?)和enough …to1）too…to　 太…以至于…
　　He is too excited to speak.
　　他太激动了，说不出话来。
　 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
　 ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.　不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。
　 It's never too late to mend.　(谚语)
　　　改过不嫌晚。
3) It’s not too much careful of you to cross the street. 对于你来说在怎么小心过马路都不为过。 4）enough …to 足以做 … The child is old enough to go to schooll.IV.动词不定式的否定式 (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14869.shtml" \t "_blank?)Tell him not to shut the window…　
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
省to 的动词不定式 (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14868.shtml" \t "_blank?)1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役动词 let, have, make：
3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
　 I saw him dance.
　=He was seen to dance.
　 The boss made them work the whole night.
　=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better + do 用作介词的toto 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认，　　　　　　　confess to承认，
be accustomed to 习惯于，　 be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持，　　　　　　 turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于，　be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，　　　pay attention to 注意 　It's for sb.和 It's of sb. (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14862.shtml" \t "_blank?)1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,　 interesting, impossible等：
　　 It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
　　 It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
动名词与不定式举例： 动名词与不定式的区别：
　动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
　不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 begin to do begin doing start to do start doing cease to do　　　　 cease doing continue to do continue doing
3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有8 组： 1.stop to do　　　　　 stop doing　　　
　 2. forget to do　　　　 forget doing
　 3.remember to do　　　 remember doing　　　　　
　 4. regre (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?c257" \l "####更多英语学习资料尽在英语联盟；欢迎访问：英语联盟-www.enun.cn#####" \o "?)t to do　　　　 regret doing
　 5. try to do　　　　　　 ry doing
　 6.go on to do　　　　 go on doing　　　　　　　
　 7. be afraid to do　　　　 be afraid doing
　 8. mean to do　　　　　 mean doing
　 不定式的特殊句型Why not (?http:?/??/?www.enun.cn?/?html?/?2006-06?/?14842.shtml" \t "_blank?)"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
例如：
　　　Why not take a holiday?
　　　干吗不去度假?1．_____ is better to love than _____.
　 A. That； to be loved 　 B. That； be love
　 C. It； be loved 　　　　 D. It； to be loved
2．I've got the loaf； now I'm looking for a bread knife _____.
　 A. cutting it by 　 B. cutting it wit C. to cut it with 　 D. to cut it by
3．I'm glad _____ by him yesterday.
　 A. not to be seen 　　　　　 B. to not have been seen
　 C. not to have been seen　　 D. not to have seen
4．-What do you think about English?
　 -It's a difficult language _____.
　 A. speaking 　 B. to be spoken C. to speak 　 D. spoken
5．He would rather stay at home than _____ out with you.
　　A. go 　　 B. to go C. going 　 D. goes
6. She pretended _____ me when I passed by.
　　A. not to see 　 B. not seeing C. to not see 　 D. having not seen7. Don't forget _____ this book to John when you see him.
　　A. to return 　 B. returning C. return 　　 D. to returning
8. We are both looking forward to _____ next week.
　　A. going on vacation 　　B. go on vacation C. be going on vacation 　 D. have gone on vacation
9. Remember _____ the newspaper when you have finished it.
　　A. putting back 　 B. having put back C. to put back 　 D. will put back
10. I regretted _____ that to her.
　　A. having said 　 B. to have said C. to say 　　　 D. /
11. In order to reach the top of the hill in six hours, they try _____.
　　A. to climb the mountain hardly 　 B. hard to climb the mountain
　　C. to climb hardly the mountain 　 D. to climb the mountain hard
12．I happened _____ the article when he asked me about it.
　　A. having read 　 B. to have read C. to be read　　 D. reading
13．He is said _____ to London already.
　　A. having sent 　　　　 B. to be sending C. to have been sent 　 D. being sent
14. Mr. Crossett seemed _____ the visitor somewhere before.
　　A. meeting 　　　　 B. to have met C. to be meeting 　 D. to meet
15. He doesn't like _____ in public.
　　A. praising 　　 B. to be praised C. to praise 　 D. praised
16．The doctor was careful _____ the patient the truth.
　　A. not having told 　 B. not to tell C. to not tell 　　　 D. not telling
17．Will you _____ me _____ out this problem myself?
　　A. forbid； to work　 B. allow； work C. let； work 　　　　 D. permit； working
18. He loves parties. He is always the first _____ and the last _____.
　　A. of coming； of leaving 　 B. comes； leaves
　　C. to come； to leave 　　　 D. coming； leaving
19．Before liberation he had no chance _____.
　　A. of going to the school　　 B. to go to school
　　C. to go to the school 　　　 D. going to school
20．You'd better _____ her the bad news now.
　　A. don't tell 　 B. not tell
　 C. won't tell 　 D. not to tell 1.D 2. C 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.A 8A 9 C 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.C 19.B 20.D 1. The flu is considered ______ by viruses which are likely to reproduce in the cell s inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 2. What is the best way Mike can think of ____ Jane with her experiment? A. to help B. helping C.help D. to be helping 3. To be good for agricultural purpose, soil must have in it the minerals plants ________ . A. to require B. require C. required D. requiring 4. We left the small town , there clearly ____ no point in staying . A. was B. being C. to be D. is 5. Before I buy a car, I would like to have a mechanic, whom I truly trust , ______. A. look it over B. looking it over C. to look it over D. looked it over 6. The girl was afraid ___ the yard because she was afraid ______ by the big dog _____ at the gate. A. to enter.. to be bitten..lay B. of entering … of being bitten … lay C.of entering … to be bitten …laying D. to enter … of being bitten ..lying 7. --- How many species do you believe will be threatened with extinction when the reservoir is completed? --- I expect ______ ten at least. A. there to be B. there being C. there be D. there have been 8. Hearing the bad news that her mother was killed in the traffic accident , she couldn’t help but _____ . A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry 9. What he said at the meeting has proved ______ effective and everyone thinks it is worth ______ . A. to be .. being listened to B. / … being listened C. being .. listening to D. / … listening to 10. Don’t worry. There are still five minutes _______ and you can take your time. A. leaving B. to leave C. to go D. being left 11. --- Paul always forgets things he has done. --- Yes, you know what happened ? He forgot _____ and looked for it everywhere. A. to post the card B. to have posted the card C. having posted the card D. to have the card posted 12. – Who are you going to have _____ the doxcument for you ? --- My secretary, of course. A. type B. typed C.to type D. typing 13. Last night I had to walk home because it was too late ______ any taxis. A. to be B. being C. to have been D. there to be 14. What’s the best way you think ________ our spoken English ? A. of improving B. to improve C. of to improve D. improving 15. It’s payday, and they are waiting ________. A. for paying B. to be paid C. to be paying D. to have paid 16. I’m not going to ask the teacher why he gave me that grade; I intend ________ . A. to let rest the matter B. letting the matter rest C. to let the matter rest D. to let the matter to rest 17. --- Do you want to lake a speech on the topic? --- I _________. A. prefer to not B. prefer not C. perfer not to D. don’t prefer to 18. I regret ____ you that your application has been rejected. A. informing B. be informed C. to be informed D. to inform 19. Do you consider it better ________ ? A. not doing it again B. not do it again C. not having done it again D. not to do it again 20. While it was very late when Jone began doing the job, he managed with his friend’s assistance, ____ Before the office was locked. A. to be finishde B. being finished C. finishing D. to finish1. C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.A 6. D 7.A 8.D 9.D 10.C 11.C 12. A 13.D 14. C 15. B 16.C17.C 18.D 19.D 20.D课后练习1．_____ is better to love than _____.
　 A. That； to be loved 　 B. That； be love
　 C. It； be loved 　　　　 D. It； to be loved
2．I've got the loaf； now I'm looking for a bread knife _____.
　 A. cutting it by 　 B. cutting it wit C. to cut it with 　 D. to cut it by
3．I'm glad _____ by him yesterday.
　 A. not to be seen 　　　　　 B. to not have been seen
　 C. not to have been seen　　 D. not to have seen
4．-What do you think about English?
　 -It's a difficult language _____.
　 A. speaking 　 B. to be spoken C. to speak 　 D. spoken
5．He would rather stay at home than _____ out with you.
　　A. go 　　 B. to go C. going 　 D. goes
6. She pretended _____ me when I passed by.
　　A. not to see 　 B. not seeing C. to not see 　 D. having not seen7. Don't forget _____ this book to John when you see him.
　　A. to return 　 B. returning C. return 　　 D. to returning
8. We are both looking forward to _____ next week.
　　A. going on vacation 　　B. go on vacation C. be going on vacation 　 D. have gone on vacation
9. Remember _____ the newspaper when you have finished it.
　　A. putting back 　 B. having put back C. to put back 　 D. will put back
10. I regretted _____ that to her.
　　A. having said 　 B. to have said C. to say 　　　 D. /
11. In order to reach the top of the hill in six hours, they try _____.
　　A. to climb the mountain hardly 　 B. hard to climb the mountain
　　C. to climb hardly the mountain 　 D. to climb the mountain hard
12．I happened _____ the article when he asked me about it.
　　A. having read 　 B. to have read C. to be read　　 D. reading
13．He is said _____ to London already.
　　A. having sent 　　　　 B. to be sending C. to have been sent 　 D. being sent
14. Mr. Crossett seemed _____ the visitor somewhere before.
　　A. meeting 　　　　 B. to have met C. to be meeting 　 D. to meet
15. He doesn't like _____ in public.
　　A. praising 　　 B. to be praised C. to praise 　 D. praised
16．The doctor was careful _____ the patient the truth.
　　A. not having told 　 B. not to tell C. to not tell 　　　 D. not telling
17．Will you _____ me _____ out this problem myself?
　　A. forbid； to work　 B. allow； work C. let； work 　　　　 D. permit； working
18. He loves parties. He is always the first _____ and the last _____.
　　A. of coming； of leaving 　 B. comes； leaves
　　C. to come； to leave 　　　 D. coming； leaving
19．Before liberation he had no chance _____.
　　A. of going to the school　　 B. to go to school
　　C. to go to the school 　　　 D. going to school
20．You'd better _____ her the bad news now.
　　A. don't tell 　 B. not tell
　 C. won't tell 　 D. not to tell 1.D 2. C 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.A 8A 9 C 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.C 19.B 20.D 1. The flu is considered ______ by viruses which are likely to reproduce in the cell s inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 2. What is the best way Mike can think of ____ Jane with her experiment? A. to help B. helping C.help D. to be helping 3. To be good for agricultural purpose, soil must have in it the minerals plants ________ . A. to require B. require C. required D. requiring 4. We left the small town , there clearly ____ no point in staying . A. was B. being C. to be D. is 5. Before I buy a car, I would like to have a mechanic, whom I truly trust , ______. A. look it over B. looking it over C. to look it over D. looked it over 6. The girl was afraid ___ the yard because she was afraid ______ by the big dog _____ at the gate. A. to enter.. to be bitten..lay B. of entering … of being bitten … lay C.of entering … to be bitten …laying D. to enter … of being bitten ..lying 7. --- How many species do you believe will be threatened with extinction when the reservoir is completed? --- I expect ______ ten at least. A. there to be B. there being C. there be D. there have been 8. Hearing the bad news that her mother was killed in the traffic accident , she couldn’t help but _____ . A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry 9. What he said at the meeting has proved ______ effective and everyone thinks it is worth ______ . A. to be .. being listened to B. / … being listened C. being .. listening to D. / … listening to 10. Don’t worry. There are still five minutes _______ and you can take your time. A. leaving B. to leave C. to go D. being left 11. --- Paul always forgets things he has done. --- Yes, you know what happened ? He forgot _____ and looked for it everywhere. A. to post the card B. to have posted the card C. having posted the card D. to have the card posted 12. – Who are you going to have _____ the doxcument for you ? --- My secretary, of course. A. type B. typed C.to type D. typing 13. Last night I had to walk home because it was too late ______ any taxis. A. to be B. being C. to have been D. there to be 14. What’s the best way you think ________ our spoken English ? A. of improving B. to improve C. of to improve D. improving 15. It’s payday, and they are waiting ________. A. for paying B. to be paid C. to be paying D. to have paid 16. I’m not going to ask the teacher why he gave me that grade; I intend ________ . A. to let rest the matter B. letting the matter rest C. to let the matter rest D. to let the matter to rest 17. --- Do you want to lake a speech on the topic? --- I _________. A. prefer to not B. prefer not C. perfer not to D. don’t prefer to 18. I regret ____ you that your application has been rejected. A. informing B. be informed C. to be informed D. to inform 19. Do you consider it better ________ ? A. not doing it again B. not do it again C. not having done it again D. not to do it again 20. While it was very late when Jone began doing the job, he managed with his friend’s assistance, ____ Before the office was locked. A. to be finishde B. being finished C. finishing D. to finish1. C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.A 6. D 7.A 8.D 9.D 10.C 11.C 12. A 13.D 14. C 15. B 16.C17.C 18.D 19.D 20.D






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