第八讲 构词法(解析版)
(合成、派生法、转化、简写、缩写)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
在高考中,词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断,也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断,既可以是生词生义,也可以是熟词生义,还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。比如:构词法中的“缩略法”,其规律性虽然不强,但还是存在着一定规律性,熟悉这种构词方法,不但有助于考生更好地记忆词汇,还能对生词进行准确的猜测。所以,考生能否很好地掌握英语构词法对提高英语分数起着很重要的作用;能否准确把握高考阅读材料中单词、短语的含义是理解文意的重要环节。因此,历年高考英语将猜测词义列为考查阅读理解能力的一个重要方面。词义猜测包括对超纲词义的推断与熟词生义的猜测。事实上,阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有着紧密的关联,我们可以利用上下文中我们所熟悉的词汇和关系进行合乎逻辑的综合分析,推测相关生词的词义。考生在一轮复习时要注意认真复习并掌握构词法知识(如:合成法、转化法、派生法、简写和缩写等);要学会根据构词法推测词义。比如:大多数学生对于后缀比较熟悉,但是当前缀或者前后缀都有时,就感觉比较陌生,因而造成理解障碍。我们可以依靠构词法知识,通过生词的词形结构来猜测词义。因此,考生在复习过程中,要注意学会根据构词法推测词义。教师在辅导学生进行一轮复习的时候,必须注重正确引导,强调夯实基础的重要性。建议教师首先引导学生进行语言知识的梳理,把与构词法有关的内容从横向与纵向进行融会贯通,形成相应的网络构架,使学生熟练掌握相关表达方法,并列出学生出容易出现错误的问题,通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
Word Formation(构词法)
构词法:语言是随着人类社会的不断发展而发展的。一些旧词的过时意味着需要人们创造出一些新的词,而新词的产生,也大体上服从一定规则,有其规律可循。语言的这种不断完善和发展的过程体现出的就是一种规律,即:构词法。
构词法主要有:合成法、转化法、派生法、简写法、缩写法等。
I. 转化法
转化法:英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词义不变的方法称为转化法。
1. 动词转化为名词:很多动词可以转化为名词,大多意思没有多大的变化。有时意思有一定变化;有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作。
Let's go out for a walk. 我们到外面去散散步吧。
Let's have a swim. 咱们游泳吧。
They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.
在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。
2. 名词转化为动词:很多表示物件、身体部位、某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词也可作动词。
Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗
He shouldered his way through the crowd. 他用肩膀推开人群前进。
She nursed her husband back to health. 她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。
We lunched together. 我们在一起吃了午餐。
3. 形容词转化为动词:有少数形容词可以转化为动词。
We will try our best to better our living conditions.
我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
They tried to perfect the working conditions. 他们努力改善工作条件。
4. 副词转化为动词:有少数副词可以转化为动词。
Murder will out. 恶事终必将败露。
5. 形容词转化为名词:表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:black(白色),red(红色)。某些形容词,如:old,young,poor,sick,rich,wounded,injured等与定冠词the连用,表示一类人或事物:the sick(病人),the rich(富人),the beautiful(美好的事物),the French 法国人。
You should be dressed in black at the funeral. 你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
The old in our village are living a happy life.
我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong. 他不辨是非。
6. 形容词转化为副词:
How long have you lived there? 你在那儿住多久了?
7. 某些个别词在一定场合下可转化为名词:
Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.
穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。
Life is full of ups and downs.
人生有得意时也有失意时。
His argument contains too many ifs and buts.
他的辩论中含有太多的如果和但是。
II. 派生法
派生法:在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词称为派生法。
1. 前缀:除少数外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性。
(1) 表示否定意义的前缀:常用的有dis-;il-;im-;in-;ir-;mis-;non-;un-等,在单词前面加这类前缀时,常常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
appear出现 → disappear消失
correct正确的 → incorrect不正确的
lead带领 → mislead领错
stop停下 → non-stop不停
possible可能的 → impossible不可能的
(2) 表示其他意义的前缀:常用的有a- (多构成表语形容词);anti- (反对;抵抗);auto- (自动);co- (共同);en- (使);inter- (互相);re- (再;又);sub- (下面的;次;小);tele- (强调距离)等。
alone单独的
anti-gas 防毒气的
auto-chart 自动图表
cooperate合作
enjoy使高兴
internet互联网
reuse再用
subway地铁
telephone电话
(3) 改变词性的前缀有:en-;de-;be-;a-;out等。
1) en- 该前缀通常加在形容词或名词前构成动词。
large (形容词,大的) → enlarge (动词,扩大)
courage (名词,勇气) → encourage (动词,鼓励)
2) de- 该前缀通常加在名词之前构成动词,其意义大多和原名词相反。
value (名词,价值) → devalue (动词,降低……的价值)
3) be- 该前缀可加在名词或形容词前构成动词。
friend (名词,朋友) → befriend (动词,与……交朋友)
little (形容词,小的) → belittle (动词,轻视)
4) a- 常加在名词或描述性动词之前,构成形容词或副词。
board (名词,甲板) → aboard (副词,在船上)
side (名词,旁边) → aside (副词,在旁边)
sleep 动词,睡觉) → asleep (形容词,睡着的)
(5) out-
1) 加在名词之前构成形容词。
door (名词,门) → outdoor (形容词,户外的)
2) 加在动词之前构成名词。
break (动词,打破) → outbreak (名词,爆发)
2. 后缀:后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1) 构成名词的后缀:常用的有 –ence;-(e)r / -or (从事某事的人);-ese (某地人);-ess (雌性);-ian (精通……的人);-ist (专业人员);-ment (性质;状态);-ness (性质;状态);-tion (动作;过程) 等。
differ不同于 → difference区别
write写 → writer作家
Japan日本 → Japanese日本人
act表演 → actress女演员
music音乐 → musician音乐家
(2) 构成动词的后缀:常用的有 -(e)n (多用于形容词之后);-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成为)。
wide → widen加宽
beauty → beautify美化
pure → purify提纯
real → realize意识到
organ → organize组织
(3) 构成形容词后缀:常用的有 –al (具有……性质的);-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。
nature自然→natural自然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美国→American美国的
China中国→Chinese中国人的
gold金子→golden金的
east东→eastern东方的
child孩子→childish孩子气的
snow雪→snowy雪的
(4) 构成副词后缀:常用有 -ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度);-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。
angry生气的 → angrily生气地
to到 → towards朝……,向……
east东方 → eastward向东
(5) 构成数词后缀: -teen (十几);-ty (几十);-th (构成序数词)。
six六 → sixteen十六 → sixteenth第十六
four四 → forty四十 → fortieth第四十
III. 合成法
合成法:将两个独立的单词和在一起。
1.合成名词
名词+名词weekend周末
名词+动词daybreak黎明
名词+动名词handwriting书法
名词+及物动词+er/or pain-killer止痛药
名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑
代词+名词she-wolf母狼
动词+名词typewriter打字机
动名词+名词reading-room阅览室
现在分词+名词flying-fish飞鱼
形容词+名词gentleman绅士
副词+动词outbreak爆发
介词+名词afternoon下午
2.合成形容词
名词+形容词snow-white雪白的
名词+现在分词English-speaking讲英语的
名词+to+名词face-to-face面对面的
名词+过去分词man-made人造的
数词+名词one-way单行的
数词+名词+形容词two-year-old两岁的
数词+名词+ed five-storeyed五层的
动词+副词see-through透明的
形容词+名词high-class高级的
形容词+名词+ed noble-minded高尚的
形容词+形容词light-blue浅蓝色的
形容词+现在分词good-looking相貌好看的
副词+形容词ever-green常青的
副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的
副词+过去分词well-known著名的
副词+名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的
介词+名词downhill下坡的
3.合成动词
名词+动词sleep-walk梦游
形容词+动词white-wash粉刷
副词+动词overthrow推翻
4.合成副词
形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地
形容词+副词everywhere到处
副词+副词however尽管如此
介词+名词beforehand事先
介词+副词forever永远
5.合成代词
代词宾格+self herself她自己
物主代词+self myself我自己
形容词+名词anything任何东西
6.合成介词
副词+名词inside在……里面
介词+副词within在……之内
副词+介词into进入
IV. 简写法
简写法:即将单词简写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头;去尾;截头去尾等形式。
1. 截头
telephone → phone(电话)
airplane → plane(飞机)
parachute → chute(降落伞)
2. 去尾
exposition → expo(展览会)
public house → pub(酒吧)
mathematics → maths(数学)
examination → exam(考试)
gentleman’s lavatory → gents(男厕)
3. 截头去尾
influenza → flu(流感)
refrigerator → fridge(冰箱)
4. 混合缩简法
混合缩简法,即将两个词各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast → newscast 新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
V. 缩写法
1. 缩写的构成:最常用的是用单词首字母组成一个新词,称作首字母缩写法。读音主要有两种形式,一是各字母分别读音;二是作为一个单词读音。
very important person → VIP (读字母音) 要人;大人物
television→ TV (读字母音) 电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language → TOEFL托福
2. 首字母缩写法的几种常见的情况:
(1) 单个单词截取其首字母:verb → v.
(2) 多个单词构成的词组截取其各个单词的首字母:Video Compact Disc→ VCD光盘
(3) 不含虚词的词组,截取各个单词首字母:International English Language Testing System → IELTS 雅思
(4) 含虚词的词组,截取实词首字母:People's Republic of China → PRC中国
(5) 街区单词的辅音字母:China → CHN中国
(6) Canada (CAN) 加拿大
(7) 根据发音省略:ex → X。
3. 其它缩略的情况:
(1) 截取单词的前1、2个或者几个字母:France (FRA) 法国
(2) 词组中部分词省略:identify card → ID card
(3) 两组以上词组的缩写:Compact Disc-Read Only Memory →CD-ROM压缩光盘(只读光盘)
1. 前缀in-;un-两个前缀构成的派生词并不都具有否定的意义。
前缀in-;un- 通常表示“不”或与该词的相反的含义,一般具有否定的意义。但是,有些由这两个前缀构成的派生词并不都具有否定的意义,这些派生词与词根同义或近义。如:coming/incoming(来到),habit/inhabit(居住于),loose/unloose(解开,释放),rip/unrip(撕开)等。因此,不可以望词生义。
Has received your incoming letter and the picture, I am very happy!
收到了你的来信和照片,我很开心!
The valley is inhabited by the Dani tribe.
山谷里居住着达尼部落。
2. 动词转化为名词时,注意冠词的使用及其搭配词语。
He visited the summer palace yesterday.
他昨天参观了颐和园。(动词)
We paid a visit to the scientist last week.
我们上星期拜拜访了那位科学家。(名词)
We often swim in summer. 我们在夏天常常游泳。(动词)
We stopped there for a swim. 我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。(名词)
注意:这类名词常与give,have,make,take等动词搭配形成一个短语,表示一个动作。
give a shout 喊叫
give a kick 踢
take a seat 就座
take a bath 洗澡
have a swim 游泳
have a smoke 吸烟
have a bath /chat, debate, discussion, dream, flight, interview, lie, look, quarrel, rest,
ride, shave, smoke, talk, taste, try, walk, wash…
make a bet 打赌
make a decision 商定
make a call /demand, guess, jump, show, an advance, an attack, an attempt…
3. 某些形容词转化为名词,形容词前加定冠词常表示一类人,常用的有:the old,the young,the poor,the rich,the wounded,the injured,the poor,the important,the dead,the living,the blind,the deaf,the hungry,the sick,the true,the good,the beautiful,the bad,the false,the ugly。加定冠词后表示这个形容词所修饰的这一类人(转化为了名词);当它们作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
“The rich don't care for the poor, ” he said.
有钱人不在乎穷人,他说。
The wounded were taken good care of in the hospital.
伤员在医院得到了很好的照料。
The young will be the main force in the IT industry.
年轻人将是IT产业的主力军。
4. some,any,no可以与-thing,-one,-body合成代词。
anybody 任何人
something 某事
everything 一切
nobody 没有人
someone 每个人
No wonder you can't find anybody here, they're all away at a meeting.
难怪找不到人,都开会去了。
【注意】当something被形容词修饰时,形容词需要后置。
The garden was something special
这个花园很特别。
There's something wrong with the TV.
电视出毛病了。
5. 最常用、容易混用的几种由派生法(词根加前缀、后缀)构成新词的情况:
1)前缀
a-(形容词;副词):asleep,arise, awake, abroad(在国外),alone(独自)
co-(共同):co-exist,co-operate
over-(过于):overdo,oversimplify
anti-(反,防):anti-tank,anti-clockwise
re-(重复;再):return,redesign,reunite,remarry(再婚)
super-(超级,上层):superstar,superman,supermarket
sub-(下面的):subway,subconscious
tele-(远程):telephone,telegraph,telescope(望远镜)
bi-(双):bicycle,bimonthly,bilingual
mis-(误):mistake,misunderstand(误会)
inter-(相互;之间):international,interrelation
en-(使可能):encourage,enable(使成为可能)
dis-(否定):disappear,disagree,discourage,disappoint,dishonest,
in-/il-/im-/ir-(不;非):invisible(看不见的),illogical, illegal(非法的), impolite, impossible,irregular,irresponsible
un-/non-(不;非):unfit,unfair,unknown,non-conductor(非导体)
2)名词后缀
-er(……者):foreigner,thinker,swimmer,traveller
-ese(……地方的人):Chinese,Portuguese,Japanese
-ian(精通……的人;……地方的人):musician,magician,physician,technician,russian
-ist(专业人员):artist, specialist, pianist, physicist
-ment(性质;状态):government,movement,argument,engagement,development
-ion:expansion,discussion,decision
-dom:freedom, kingdom
-ance/ence:acceptance,allowance,dependence,confidence
-ee:employee,interviewee,trainee
-ness(性质;状态):business,happiness,greatness,illness,darkness
-or(器具;……者):cooker,tractor,actor,visitor,professor
-ship:friendship,leadership,hardship,scholarship
-tion(动作;过程;结果):pollution,suggestion,invention
3)形容词后缀
-al:practical,continual,educational,national
-an:American,European,Canadian,Italian,Australian
-ern:southern, northern, eastern
-ful:helpful, cheerful, grateful, useful, careful
-ary:revolutionary,secondary,imaginary
-ble:reasonable,horrible,comfortable,acceptable,terrible
-ish:foolish,childish,Swedish,British,English
-ive:active, native, decisive, destructive, expensive
-y:rainy, dirty, sleepy, healthy
-less:careless,homeless,motherless,useless
-ant:important,significant,ignorant
-ous:serious,courageous,famous,continuous
-some:troublesome,tiresome,handsome,lonesome
4)动词、副词和数词后缀
-fy(使……化):simplify,beautify,amplify,satisfy,electrify
-en(使……变得):strengthen,lengthen,widen
-ize(使……成为):realize (实现),modernize,apologize,organize
-ly(方式;程度):freely,badly,terribly,perfectly,truly,angrily
-wise:clockwise,otherwise,likewise
-ward(s)(方向):towards, backward, eastward, forward, outward
-th(第几):fourth,ninth,twelfth,twentieth
-teen(十几):fourteen,fifteen,eighteen
-ty(几十/整十位数):twenty,forty,thirty
知识点一 转化法
例1:The plan comes as West End theatres are enjoying record audiences, thanks largely to musicals _________ up with television talent shows.
A. going B. making C. getting D. teaming
【答案】D
【解析】句意:随着西区剧院观众观看记录,该计划出台,这主要归功于音乐剧与电视才艺节目合作。team原本是名词,表示:团队,一起工作的人。在此句中用作动词,可以推测teaming 的意思是:一起工作,合作。故答案为D。
变式训练1:
1)She ________ her husband back to health finally.
A. nursed B. nurses C. nurse D. nursing
2)We don’t belong to ________ but we don’t belong to ________ either.
A. rich, the poor B. the rich, poor
C. rich, poor D. the rich, the poor
知识点二 合成法
例2:Research shows that eating breakfast keeps you from ________ later in the day.解析:
A. overweighting B. overworking
C. over-breaking D. overeating
【答案】D
【解析】句意:研究表明,吃早餐可以防止你在白天晚些时候暴饮暴食。over-是前缀,表示过量。根据词根eating,结合前缀over(超过,过多),可以猜出overeating 的意思是:吃得过多。overweighting超重;overworking过度工作;over-breaking过度破碎。故选择D。
变式训练2:
1)--How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, _________ use of them? --That’s what we’re all struggling with.
A. generally B. general C. generally speaking D. generalized
2)Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. __________ tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward hand positions.
A. Bad-designed B. Designed C. Well-designed D. Design
知识点三 合成词
例2:The word presumptuous is closest in meaning to _____________.
A. full of respect B. rude and too confident
C. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet?
【答案】B
【解析】句意:放肆/自以为是这个词的意思最接近粗鲁和过于自信。presumptuous 是合成词:pre-前缀,先前的,预先的;sumptuous形容词豪华的,奢侈的;sumptuously副词,豪华地,奢侈地。根据前缀的意思可推测还没有达到豪华、奢侈,自己自以为是。答案B的意思是粗鲁/无礼并过于自信。故选择B。
变式训练3:
1)As in many areas, old habits diehard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. What does the underlined phrase “diehard” in the sentences probably mean?
A. Change suddenly. B. Change significantly.
C. Disappear mysteriously. D. Disappear very slowly.
2)My mother takes care of me all the time, she takes ________ of my daily things, though my father is busy, I know he works so hard to raise my family.
A. responsible B. responsibility C. response D. responsibly
知识点四 某些形容词前加定冠词表示一类人
例4:The whole hospital was galvanized into action to save _______ wounded, who ________ injured in the earthquake.
A. the, is B. /, are C. the, are D. the, were
【答案】D
【解析】句意:整个医院都动员起来抢救伤员,这些伤员都是在地震中受的伤。
the(定冠词)+ 形容词=这个形容词所修饰的一类人,从save和引导从句的先行词可以断出save的宾语是伤员(the wounded),从句中关系代词who代替是the wounded,在从句中作主语,从句的谓语动词需要用复数形式;只有答案D符合,故选择D。
变式训练4:
1)________ beautiful are dressed in fashion, _______ the local fashion.
A. They, leading B. The, led C. The, leading D. They, led
2)Men died from diseases they caught in the hospital and some _________ were suffering from the infections, _________ were lying on the ground before Nightingale and the nurses came to the front.
A. wounded; the dying B. the wounded; dying
C. the wounded; the dying D. the wounded; the dying
知识点五 动词转名词注意冠词的使用
例5:I hope very much that he will be able to ________ on a different subject.
A. give talk B. give a talk C. give talking D. give a talking
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我非常希望他能就另一个不同的课题作个报告。某些动词可转换为名词,这类名词常与give,have,make,take等动词搭配形成一个短语,表示一个动作,转化为名词的词与其动词同形,但要在该词前面加冠词a,因此排除答案A和C;答案D错用为现在分词。故选择B。
变式训练5:
1)_________, go for a snack or have a conversation about something else than work.
A. Take a walking B. Take a walk C. Take walk D. Take walking
2)It is said that if you _________ when you see a meteor in the sky your wish will be realized.
A. make a wish B. make wishing C. make wish D. make a wishing
一、选择题(Choose the best answer)
1. The city government has decided to have the main streets _________.
A. wide B. widen C. widened D. widing
2. Everyone should read some books because reading ________ our life.
A. can rich B. can make C. can enrich D. can do
3. The trains are _______ on yesterday evening.
A. over crowd B. crowd C. overcrowded D. over crowding
4. The WHO is ________ organization which brings a new concepts of global health.
A. an international B. a international
C. a inter-nation D. an inter-nation
5. Nothing dries sooner than a tear, she said to herseltlf and she _________ herself.
A. was calm B. was able to calm C. calms D. calmed
6. They talked very quietly so that they could keep ________ needed by the patients in the ward.
A. the quiet B. quietly C. the quietly D. the quite
7. You must be ________ if you have not heard of Shakespeare.
A. literate B. illiterate C. literature D. illiterature
8. Our aim is to save the patient and not ________ him to death.
A. doctor B. care C. to care D. to doctor
9. The equipment was manned by three workers per shift.
A. was made B. manned C. was manned D. made
10. There are many apartments here. Each apartment can _________ a family of six.
A. house B. held C. be housed D. be held
11. For six days and nights the doctors and nurses ________ to save his life.
A. battle B. battled C. fight against D. fought against
12. This is the chief way of _________ the differences between city and rural areas.
A. decrease B. narrow C. narrowing D. reducer
13. The government ________ that another ambassador had been arrested for spying and everyone knew it.
A. disclose B. close C. disclosed D. closed
14. The injured man was ________ of walking,so he had to be carried.
A. capable B. incapable C. able D. unable
15 One should have the ability to tell the ________ between right and wrong.
A. different B. difference C. differentiating D. distinguish
16. He ________ went into the building house to rescue the baby. Everybody present praised him for his ________ .
A. bravely;bravery B. brave;bravery
C. bravely;brave D. brave;brave
17. Most Chinese like drinking tea,while ________ like coffee.
A. America B. Americans C. American D. Americas
18. You should assume that the ________ would receive big money but they only got a certificate.
A. winners B. win C. winner D. winning
19. The scenery of Zhangjiajie is so ________ that many tourists go there every year.
A. attract B. attractive C. attraction D. attracting
20. New ________ discoveries are being made at an increasing speed.
A. science B. scientists C. scientist D. scientific
二、句型训练(Use the correct form of the words in brackets)
1. We should _______ these responsibilities.(should)
2. Look up the ________ of the word in the dictionary. (mean)
3. ________,the injured athlete came first in the 100?meter dash. (expect)
4. Which means of ________ will you use if you travel to Beijing? (transport)
5. If you want to go ________, you'd better get everything ready in advance. (travel)
6. “Thank you” is a polite ________ which is widely used in English. (express)
7. Excessive dosage of this drug can result in ________ to the liver. (injure)
8. The water is ________ for drinking and you have to go without water. (fit)
9. His income is ________ to meet his basic needs and he has to find another job. (adequate)
10. This delay was ________ so we had to be patient. (avoidable)
三、Translate the following into Chinese(英译汉)
1. The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
2. He pinned great hopes on us.
3. They have booked their plane tickets.
4. His identity is unknown to us so we have to confirm.
5. The teacher gave them instructions to arrive early tomorrow morning.
6. Everyone should learn to distinguish the true and the false
7. The building will house twelve boys and eight girls
8. It is unreasonable to stick to this absurd proposal.
9. He seems to be unaware of the trouble he is making.
10. Her illness had made her completely immobile.
四、Translate the following into English(汉译英)
1. The hall can seat two thousand people.
2. 请把那本书递给我。
3. 有钱人并非总是幸福的。
4. 他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
5. 他不知道对与错的区别。
6. 酒后开车违法。
7. 她儿子意外的死亡使她伤心。
8. 吉姆对他吵闹的小妹妹不耐烦。
9. 富国与穷国之间存在着不平衡。
10. 鲜艳的衣服对葬礼来说不合适。
第八讲 构词法(解析版)
(合成、派生法、转化、简写、缩写)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
在高考中,词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断,也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断,既可以是生词生义,也可以是熟词生义,还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。比如:构词法中的“缩略法”,其规律性虽然不强,但还是存在着一定规律性,熟悉这种构词方法,不但有助于考生更好地记忆词汇,还能对生词进行准确的猜测。所以,考生能否很好地掌握英语构词法对提高英语分数起着很重要的作用;能否准确把握高考阅读材料中单词、短语的含义是理解文意的重要环节。因此,历年高考英语将猜测词义列为考查阅读理解能力的一个重要方面。词义猜测包括对超纲词义的推断与熟词生义的猜测。事实上,阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有着紧密的关联,我们可以利用上下文中我们所熟悉的词汇和关系进行合乎逻辑的综合分析,推测相关生词的词义。考生在一轮复习时要注意认真复习并掌握构词法知识(如:合成法、转化法、派生法、简写和缩写等);要学会根据构词法推测词义。比如:大多数学生对于后缀比较熟悉,但是当前缀或者前后缀都有时,就感觉比较陌生,因而造成理解障碍。我们可以依靠构词法知识,通过生词的词形结构来猜测词义。因此,考生在复习过程中,要注意学会根据构词法推测词义。教师在辅导学生进行一轮复习的时候,必须注重正确引导,强调夯实基础的重要性。建议教师首先引导学生进行语言知识的梳理,把与构词法有关的内容从横向与纵向进行融会贯通,形成相应的网络构架,使学生熟练掌握相关表达方法,并列出学生出容易出现错误的问题,通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
Word Formation(构词法)
构词法:语言是随着人类社会的不断发展而发展的。一些旧词的过时意味着需要人们创造出一些新的词,而新词的产生,也大体上服从一定规则,有其规律可循。语言的这种不断完善和发展的过程体现出的就是一种规律,即:构词法。
构词法主要有:合成法、转化法、派生法、简写法、缩写法等。
I. 转化法
转化法:英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词义不变的方法称为转化法。
1. 动词转化为名词:很多动词可以转化为名词,大多意思没有多大的变化。有时意思有一定变化;有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作。
Let's go out for a walk. 我们到外面去散散步吧。
Let's have a swim. 咱们游泳吧。
They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.
在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。
2. 名词转化为动词:很多表示物件、身体部位、某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词也可作动词。
Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗
He shouldered his way through the crowd. 他用肩膀推开人群前进。
She nursed her husband back to health. 她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。
We lunched together. 我们在一起吃了午餐。
3. 形容词转化为动词:有少数形容词可以转化为动词。
We will try our best to better our living conditions.
我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
They tried to perfect the working conditions. 他们努力改善工作条件。
4. 副词转化为动词:有少数副词可以转化为动词。
Murder will out. 恶事终必将败露。
5. 形容词转化为名词:表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:black(白色),red(红色)。某些形容词,如:old,young,poor,sick,rich,wounded,injured等与定冠词the连用,表示一类人或事物:the sick(病人),the rich(富人),the beautiful(美好的事物),the French 法国人。
You should be dressed in black at the funeral. 你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
The old in our village are living a happy life.
我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong. 他不辨是非。
6. 形容词转化为副词:
How long have you lived there? 你在那儿住多久了?
7. 某些个别词在一定场合下可转化为名词:
Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.
穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。
Life is full of ups and downs.
人生有得意时也有失意时。
His argument contains too many ifs and buts.
他的辩论中含有太多的如果和但是。
II. 派生法
派生法:在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词称为派生法。
1. 前缀:除少数外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性。
(1) 表示否定意义的前缀:常用的有dis-;il-;im-;in-;ir-;mis-;non-;un-等,在单词前面加这类前缀时,常常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
appear出现 → disappear消失
correct正确的 → incorrect不正确的
lead带领 → mislead领错
stop停下 → non-stop不停
possible可能的 → impossible不可能的
(2) 表示其他意义的前缀:常用的有a- (多构成表语形容词);anti- (反对;抵抗);auto- (自动);co- (共同);en- (使);inter- (互相);re- (再;又);sub- (下面的;次;小);tele- (强调距离)等。
alone单独的
anti-gas 防毒气的
auto-chart 自动图表
cooperate合作
enjoy使高兴
internet互联网
reuse再用
subway地铁
telephone电话
(3) 改变词性的前缀有:en-;de-;be-;a-;out等。
1) en- 该前缀通常加在形容词或名词前构成动词。
large (形容词,大的) → enlarge (动词,扩大)
courage (名词,勇气) → encourage (动词,鼓励)
2) de- 该前缀通常加在名词之前构成动词,其意义大多和原名词相反。
value (名词,价值) → devalue (动词,降低……的价值)
3) be- 该前缀可加在名词或形容词前构成动词。
friend (名词,朋友) → befriend (动词,与……交朋友)
little (形容词,小的) → belittle (动词,轻视)
4) a- 常加在名词或描述性动词之前,构成形容词或副词。
board (名词,甲板) → aboard (副词,在船上)
side (名词,旁边) → aside (副词,在旁边)
sleep 动词,睡觉) → asleep (形容词,睡着的)
(5) out-
1) 加在名词之前构成形容词。
door (名词,门) → outdoor (形容词,户外的)
2) 加在动词之前构成名词。
break (动词,打破) → outbreak (名词,爆发)
2. 后缀:后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1) 构成名词的后缀:常用的有 –ence;-(e)r / -or (从事某事的人);-ese (某地人);-ess (雌性);-ian (精通……的人);-ist (专业人员);-ment (性质;状态);-ness (性质;状态);-tion (动作;过程) 等。
differ不同于 → difference区别
write写 → writer作家
Japan日本 → Japanese日本人
act表演 → actress女演员
music音乐 → musician音乐家
(2) 构成动词的后缀:常用的有 -(e)n (多用于形容词之后);-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成为)。
wide → widen加宽
beauty → beautify美化
pure → purify提纯
real → realize意识到
organ → organize组织
(3) 构成形容词后缀:常用的有 –al (具有……性质的);-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。
nature自然→natural自然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美国→American美国的
China中国→Chinese中国人的
gold金子→golden金的
east东→eastern东方的
child孩子→childish孩子气的
snow雪→snowy雪的
(4) 构成副词后缀:常用有 -ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度);-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。
angry生气的 → angrily生气地
to到 → towards朝……,向……
east东方 → eastward向东
(5) 构成数词后缀: -teen (十几);-ty (几十);-th (构成序数词)。
six六 → sixteen十六 → sixteenth第十六
four四 → forty四十 → fortieth第四十
III. 合成法
合成法:将两个独立的单词和在一起。
1.合成名词
名词+名词weekend周末
名词+动词daybreak黎明
名词+动名词handwriting书法
名词+及物动词+er/or pain-killer止痛药
名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑
代词+名词she-wolf母狼
动词+名词typewriter打字机
动名词+名词reading-room阅览室
现在分词+名词flying-fish飞鱼
形容词+名词gentleman绅士
副词+动词outbreak爆发
介词+名词afternoon下午
2.合成形容词
名词+形容词snow-white雪白的
名词+现在分词English-speaking讲英语的
名词+to+名词face-to-face面对面的
名词+过去分词man-made人造的
数词+名词one-way单行的
数词+名词+形容词two-year-old两岁的
数词+名词+ed five-storeyed五层的
动词+副词see-through透明的
形容词+名词high-class高级的
形容词+名词+ed noble-minded高尚的
形容词+形容词light-blue浅蓝色的
形容词+现在分词good-looking相貌好看的
副词+形容词ever-green常青的
副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的
副词+过去分词well-known著名的
副词+名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的
介词+名词downhill下坡的
3.合成动词
名词+动词sleep-walk梦游
形容词+动词white-wash粉刷
副词+动词overthrow推翻
4.合成副词
形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地
形容词+副词everywhere到处
副词+副词however尽管如此
介词+名词beforehand事先
介词+副词forever永远
5.合成代词
代词宾格+self herself她自己
物主代词+self myself我自己
形容词+名词anything任何东西
6.合成介词
副词+名词inside在……里面
介词+副词within在……之内
副词+介词into进入
IV. 简写法
简写法:即将单词简写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头;去尾;截头去尾等形式。
1. 截头
telephone → phone(电话)
airplane → plane(飞机)
parachute → chute(降落伞)
2. 去尾
exposition → expo(展览会)
public house → pub(酒吧)
mathematics → maths(数学)
examination → exam(考试)
gentleman’s lavatory → gents(男厕)
3. 截头去尾
influenza → flu(流感)
refrigerator → fridge(冰箱)
4. 混合缩简法
混合缩简法,即将两个词各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast → newscast 新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
V. 缩写法
1. 缩写的构成:最常用的是用单词首字母组成一个新词,称作首字母缩写法。读音主要有两种形式,一是各字母分别读音;二是作为一个单词读音。
very important person → VIP (读字母音) 要人;大人物
television→ TV (读字母音) 电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language → TOEFL托福
2. 首字母缩写法的几种常见的情况:
(1) 单个单词截取其首字母:verb → v.
(2) 多个单词构成的词组截取其各个单词的首字母:Video Compact Disc→ VCD光盘
(3) 不含虚词的词组,截取各个单词首字母:International English Language Testing System → IELTS 雅思
(4) 含虚词的词组,截取实词首字母:People's Republic of China → PRC中国
(5) 街区单词的辅音字母:China → CHN中国
(6) Canada (CAN) 加拿大
(7) 根据发音省略:ex → X。
3. 其它缩略的情况:
(1) 截取单词的前1、2个或者几个字母:France (FRA) 法国
(2) 词组中部分词省略:identify card → ID card
(3) 两组以上词组的缩写:Compact Disc-Read Only Memory →CD-ROM压缩光盘(只读光盘)
1. 前缀in-;un-两个前缀构成的派生词并不都具有否定的意义。
前缀in-;un- 通常表示“不”或与该词的相反的含义,一般具有否定的意义。但是,有些由这两个前缀构成的派生词并不都具有否定的意义,这些派生词与词根同义或近义。如:coming/incoming(来到),habit/inhabit(居住于),loose/unloose(解开,释放),rip/unrip(撕开)等。因此,不可以望词生义。
Has received your incoming letter and the picture, I am very happy!
收到了你的来信和照片,我很开心!
The valley is inhabited by the Dani tribe.
山谷里居住着达尼部落。
2. 动词转化为名词时,注意冠词的使用及其搭配词语。
He visited the summer palace yesterday.
他昨天参观了颐和园。(动词)
We paid a visit to the scientist last week.
我们上星期拜拜访了那位科学家。(名词)
We often swim in summer. 我们在夏天常常游泳。(动词)
We stopped there for a swim. 我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。(名词)
注意:这类名词常与give,have,make,take等动词搭配形成一个短语,表示一个动作。
give a shout 喊叫
give a kick 踢
take a seat 就座
take a bath 洗澡
have a swim 游泳
have a smoke 吸烟
have a bath /chat, debate, discussion, dream, flight, interview, lie, look, quarrel, rest,
ride, shave, smoke, talk, taste, try, walk, wash…
make a bet 打赌
make a decision 商定
make a call /demand, guess, jump, show, an advance, an attack, an attempt…
3. 某些形容词转化为名词,形容词前加定冠词常表示一类人,常用的有:the old,the young,the poor,the rich,the wounded,the injured,the poor,the important,the dead,the living,the blind,the deaf,the hungry,the sick,the true,the good,the beautiful,the bad,the false,the ugly。加定冠词后表示这个形容词所修饰的这一类人(转化为了名词);当它们作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
“The rich don't care for the poor, ” he said.
有钱人不在乎穷人,他说。
The wounded were taken good care of in the hospital.
伤员在医院得到了很好的照料。
The young will be the main force in the IT industry.
年轻人将是IT产业的主力军。
4. some,any,no可以与-thing,-one,-body合成代词。
anybody 任何人
something 某事
everything 一切
nobody 没有人
someone 每个人
No wonder you can't find anybody here, they're all away at a meeting.
难怪找不到人,都开会去了。
【注意】当something被形容词修饰时,形容词需要后置。
The garden was something special
这个花园很特别。
There's something wrong with the TV.
电视出毛病了。
5. 最常用、容易混用的几种由派生法(词根加前缀、后缀)构成新词的情况:
1)前缀
a-(形容词;副词):asleep,arise, awake, abroad(在国外),alone(独自)
co-(共同):co-exist,co-operate
over-(过于):overdo,oversimplify
anti-(反,防):anti-tank,anti-clockwise
re-(重复;再):return,redesign,reunite,remarry(再婚)
super-(超级,上层):superstar,superman,supermarket
sub-(下面的):subway,subconscious
tele-(远程):telephone,telegraph,telescope(望远镜)
bi-(双):bicycle,bimonthly,bilingual
mis-(误):mistake,misunderstand(误会)
inter-(相互;之间):international,interrelation
en-(使可能):encourage,enable(使成为可能)
dis-(否定):disappear,disagree,discourage,disappoint,dishonest,
in-/il-/im-/ir-(不;非):invisible(看不见的),illogical, illegal(非法的), impolite, impossible,irregular,irresponsible
un-/non-(不;非):unfit,unfair,unknown,non-conductor(非导体)
2)名词后缀
-er(……者):foreigner,thinker,swimmer,traveller
-ese(……地方的人):Chinese,Portuguese,Japanese
-ian(精通……的人;……地方的人):musician,magician,physician,technician,russian
-ist(专业人员):artist, specialist, pianist, physicist
-ment(性质;状态):government,movement,argument,engagement,development
-ion:expansion,discussion,decision
-dom:freedom, kingdom
-ance/ence:acceptance,allowance,dependence,confidence
-ee:employee,interviewee,trainee
-ness(性质;状态):business,happiness,greatness,illness,darkness
-or(器具;……者):cooker,tractor,actor,visitor,professor
-ship:friendship,leadership,hardship,scholarship
-tion(动作;过程;结果):pollution,suggestion,invention
3)形容词后缀
-al:practical,continual,educational,national
-an:American,European,Canadian,Italian,Australian
-ern:southern, northern, eastern
-ful:helpful, cheerful, grateful, useful, careful
-ary:revolutionary,secondary,imaginary
-ble:reasonable,horrible,comfortable,acceptable,terrible
-ish:foolish,childish,Swedish,British,English
-ive:active, native, decisive, destructive, expensive
-y:rainy, dirty, sleepy, healthy
-less:careless,homeless,motherless,useless
-ant:important,significant,ignorant
-ous:serious,courageous,famous,continuous
-some:troublesome,tiresome,handsome,lonesome
4)动词、副词和数词后缀
-fy(使……化):simplify,beautify,amplify,satisfy,electrify
-en(使……变得):strengthen,lengthen,widen
-ize(使……成为):realize (实现),modernize,apologize,organize
-ly(方式;程度):freely,badly,terribly,perfectly,truly,angrily
-wise:clockwise,otherwise,likewise
-ward(s)(方向):towards, backward, eastward, forward, outward
-th(第几):fourth,ninth,twelfth,twentieth
-teen(十几):fourteen,fifteen,eighteen
-ty(几十/整十位数):twenty,forty,thirty
知识点一 转化法
例1:The plan comes as West End theatres are enjoying record audiences, thanks largely to musicals _________ up with television talent shows.
A. going B. making C. getting D. teaming
【答案】D
【解析】句意:随着西区剧院观众观看记录,该计划出台,这主要归功于音乐剧与电视才艺节目合作。team原本是名词,表示:团队,一起工作的人。在此句中用作动词,可以推测teaming 的意思是:一起工作,合作。故答案为D。
变式训练1:
1)She ________ her husband back to health finally.
A. nursed B. nurses C. nurse D. nursing
【答案】A
【解析】句意:最后,她终于把丈夫看护得恢复了健康。nurse原本是名词:护士,在本句子中,空格处缺少的是动词,所以推测是名词转化为动词:看护,护理。再根据状语可知动作发生在过去,答案A用的是过去式,故答案为A。
2)We don’t belong to ________ but we don’t belong to ________ either.
A. rich, the poor B. the rich, poor
C. rich, poor D. the rich, the poor
【答案】D
【解析】句意:我们不是有钱人,但也不是穷人。大难C两个词都是形容词,根据主语We可知to后面指的是人,当用形容词表示人的时候,在形容词前面需要加定冠词the,故排除C。同样,答案A和B分别有一个词缺少定冠词,故选择答案D
知识点二 合成法
例2:Research shows that eating breakfast keeps you from ________ later in the day.解析:
A. overweighting B. overworking
C. over-breaking D. overeating
【答案】D
【解析】句意:研究表明,吃早餐可以防止你在白天晚些时候暴饮暴食。over-是前缀,表示过量。根据词根eating,结合前缀over(超过,过多),可以猜出overeating 的意思是:吃得过多。overweighting超重;overworking过度工作;over-breaking过度破碎。故选择D。
变式训练2:
1)--How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, _________ use of them? --That’s what we’re all struggling with.
A. generally B. general C. generally speaking D. generalized
【答案】D
【解析】句意:--你如何回答非常具体的问题,并广泛而普遍地使用它们?--这就是我们正在努力奋斗的目标。答案A、B、C分别是副词、形容词和短语:通常地、总的、总地来说。答案D的后缀-ize 意思是:使成为……;使……化,结合词根general(一般的,普遍的),可以猜出generalized 的意思是:一般化,普遍化,故答案为D。
2)Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. __________ tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward hand positions.
A. Bad-designed B. Designed C. Well-designed D. Design
【答案】C
【解析】句意:良好的工具设计对于防止过度使用损伤是非常重要的。精心设计的工具和设备将需要较少的力来操作它们并防止在手部别扭的位置。首先根据前一句的首词Good…可以推断出第二句是设计精良的意思。再根据合成词中的bad/well (不好/良好,优秀)和design (设计) 两部分,Bad-designed 和Well-designed分别是:设计不佳的和设计精巧的/设计精良的。故答案为C。
知识点三 合成词
例2:The word presumptuous is closest in meaning to _____________.
A. full of respect B. rude and too confident
C. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet?
【答案】B
【解析】句意:放肆/自以为是这个词的意思最接近粗鲁和过于自信。presumptuous 是合成词:pre-前缀,先前的,预先的;sumptuous形容词豪华的,奢侈的;sumptuously副词,豪华地,奢侈地。根据前缀的意思可推测还没有达到豪华、奢侈,自己自以为是。答案B的意思是粗鲁/无礼并过于自信。故选择B。
变式训练3:
1)As in many areas, old habits diehard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. What does the underlined phrase “diehard” in the sentences probably mean?
A. Change suddenly. B. Change significantly.
C. Disappear mysteriously. D. Disappear very slowly.
【答案】D
【解析】句意:与许多地区一样,旧习惯顽固地存在,而且在失去意义之后,这个地方仍然被非官方的名字所称呼。句子中下划线的短语“diehard”可能是什么意思?diehard由die + hard构成的合成词,分别是死亡、坚硬的。我们知道old habits 很难改,所以很顽固;同时结合下文“the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost”则可以猜测出其意思是“Disappear very slowly”。故选D。
2)My mother takes care of me all the time, she takes ________ of my daily things, though my father is busy, I know he works so hard to raise my family.
A. responsible B. responsibility C. response D. responsibly
【答案】B
【解析】句意:由于爸爸很忙,所以我妈妈一直照顾着我,她负责我的日常生活,但我知道爸爸为养活全家人,工作很辛苦。答案A形容词,responsible负责的;答案B名词,responsibility(由response加形容词词尾,再增加转换成名词性词尾构成)责任;答案C是re- 回、回复/回答+ spons承诺/答应构成response响应(可以由respond名词,回答推断出其意思);答案D副词,responsibly负责任地。再则,takes responsibility of是固定搭配,即使不熟悉这个固定搭配,也可以根据takes ________ of猜测需要用名词,再根据名词性词尾即可确认。故选择答案B。
知识点四 某些形容词前加定冠词表示一类人
例4:The whole hospital was galvanized into action to save _______ wounded, who ________ injured in the earthquake.
A. the, is B. /, are C. the, are D. the, were
【答案】D
【解析】句意:整个医院都动员起来抢救伤员,这些伤员都是在地震中受的伤。
the(定冠词)+ 形容词=这个形容词所修饰的一类人,从save和引导从句的先行词可以断出save的宾语是伤员(the wounded),从句中关系代词who代替是the wounded,在从句中作主语,从句的谓语动词需要用复数形式;只有答案D符合,故选择D。
变式训练4:
1)________ beautiful are dressed in fashion, _______ the local fashion.
A. They, leading B. The, led C. The, leading D. They, led
【答案】C
【解析】句意:这些美丽漂亮的人们都穿着时尚,引领着当地的时尚风。根据the(定冠词)+ 形容词=这个形容词所修饰的一类人,该句子缺少主语,再根据“are dressed in fashion”可以推断出主语是穿着漂亮的人,所以选择有定冠词的答案,排除答案A和D;leading是现在分词,其逻辑主语The beautiful发出的动作。而led的逻辑主语的动作是被动的,所以又排除了答案B。故选择C。
2)Men died from diseases they caught in the hospital and some _________ were suffering from the infections, _________ were lying on the ground before Nightingale and the nurses came to the front.
A. wounded; the dying B. the wounded; dying
C. the wounded; the dying D. the wounded; the dying
【答案】D
【解析】句意:在南丁格尔和护士们到达前线之前,人们死于医院里传染的疾病,一些伤员正遭受着感染,濒临死亡的患者躺在地板上。根据the(定冠词)+ 形容词=这个形容词所修饰的一类人,第一个空格处填the wounded,第二个空格处填the dying。故选择答案D。
知识点五 动词转名词注意冠词的使用
例5:I hope very much that he will be able to ________ on a different subject.
A. give talk B. give a talk C. give talking D. give a talking
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我非常希望他能就另一个不同的课题作个报告。某些动词可转换为名词,这类名词常与give,have,make,take等动词搭配形成一个短语,表示一个动作,转化为名词的词与其动词同形,但要在该词前面加冠词a,因此排除答案A和C;答案D错用为现在分词。故选择B。
变式训练5:
1)_________, go for a snack or have a conversation about something else than work.
A. Take a walking B. Take a walk C. Take walk D. Take walking
【答案】B
【解析】句意:散散步,拿点儿零食,或和别人聊会儿天,这会儿就别谈工作的事情了。某些动词转化为名词时,该词的形式不变,在其前加冠词a,故选择B。
2)It is said that if you _________ when you see a meteor in the sky your wish will be realized.
A. make a wish B. make wishing C. make wish D. make a wishing
【答案】A
【解析】句意:据说,如果你在看见流星时许一个愿,你的愿望就会实现。have,make,take等动词与某些由动词转化的同形名词搭配,形成一个短语,表示一个动作,同形名词前面加冠词a。故选择A。
一、选择题(Choose the best answer)
1. The city government has decided to have the main streets _________.
A. wide B. widen C. widened D. widing
【答案】C
【解析】 句意:市政府决定把主要街道拓宽。形容词wide(宽的)转化为动词加词尾-en= widen(动词:拓宽,变宽)。 故选择C。
2. Everyone should read some books because reading ________ our life.
A. can rich B. can make C. can enrich D. can do
【答案】C
【解析】句意:每个人都应该读一些书,因为读书可以丰富我们的生活。形容词rich(富有的)转化为动词加前缀en- = enrich(动词:丰富)。故选择C。
3. The trains are _______ on yesterday evening.
A. over crowd B. crowd C. overcrowded D. over crowding
【答案】C
【解析】句意:昨天晚上火车太拥挤了。over- 过度,太多了,crowd,名词是人群,群众;转化为动词是拥挤,聚集;前面加上前缀over- 的意思是过度的拥挤;火车上拥挤用被动语态,所以答案C符合。故选择C。
4. The WHO is ________ organization which brings a new concepts of global health.
A. an international B. a international
C. a inter-nation D. an inter-nation
【答案】A
【解析】句意:世界卫生组织是一个国际组织,它带来了全球健康的新概念。inter- 表示……之间,nation(名词)国家,民族;national是名词+ al转换成的形容词,inter + national= international,国家之间的,国际的(形容词),修饰organization。答案B的冠词错用,要用an,因为是元音。故选择A。
5. Nothing dries sooner than a tear, she said to herseltlf and she _________ herself.
A. was calm B. was able to calm C. calms D. calmed
【答案】B
【解析】句意:擦干眼泪,重新振作,她自言自语地说着,所以她能使自己平静下来。calm是形容词转化为动词,从所给答案可知calm是空格处的中心词,根据前面的“Nothing dries sooner than a tear”可推测出she遇到了使她伤心的事情,但是她经过努力能够做到让自己平静下来,应该用be able to来表示。故选择B。
6. They talked very quietly so that they could keep ________ needed by the patients in the ward.
A. the quiet B. quietly C. the quietly D. the quite
【答案】A
【解析】句意:他们谈话的声音很轻,以便能保持病房里病人所需的安静环境。quite安静,the quiet安静的环境(定冠词+形容词构成);quite非常(此处错用作quiet安静一词)。故选择A。
7. You must be ________ if you have not heard of Shakespeare.
A. literate B. illiterate C. literature D. illiterature
【答案】B
【解析】句意:如果你没听说过莎士比亚,那你一定是文盲。literate ,有读写能力的,有文化修养的;识字的人,有学问的人;前面加上否定前缀il-变成了反义词:有读写能力的;不识字的(文盲)。literature,文学,文学作品。故选择B。
8. Our aim is to save the patient and not ________ him to death.
A. doctor B. care C. to care D. to doctor
【答案】D
【解析】句意:我们的目的是挽救病人,而不是把病人治死。doctor,名词是医生,但此处转化为动词,意思是医治。再根据前面的to save… ,所以用not to doctor;故选择D。
9. The equipment was manned by three workers per shift.
A. was made B. manned C. was manned D. made
【答案】C
【解析】句意:这台设备每班由三名工人来操作。manned形容词,是由名词man双写n+后缀-ed转化而成,表示(机器、车辆、或活动)有人控制的,需人操纵的,由人操作的意思。所以排除答案A和D,选择答案C。
10. There are many apartments here. Each apartment can _________ a family of six.
A. house B. held C. be housed D. be held
【答案】A
【解析】句意:这里有很多公寓,每个公寓可以居住一个六口之家的家庭。house名词是住房,房子;转化为动词为:给……提供住房,安置;公寓能住下多少人,不用被动语态,所以排除C和D,held是hold(容纳)的过去式或过去分词,空格前面是情态动词,因此也排除。故选择A。
11. For six days and nights the doctors and nurses ________ to save his life.
A. battle B. battled C. fight against D. fought against
【答案】B
【解析】句意:医生和护士们为了挽救他的生命而奋战了六天六夜。battled,名词战斗,战役;转化为动词为:苦战,奋战;fight against是:与……作斗争/争吵,所以排除答案C和D。答案A时态不符合;故选择B。
12. This is the chief way of _________ the differences between city and rural areas.
A. decrease B. narrow C. narrowing D. reducer
【答案】C
【解析】句意:这是缩小城乡差距的主要途径。narrow,形容词,窄的,狭窄的;转化为动词,变窄;narrow … the difference的意思是:缩小……间的差距,of后面要用动名词形式,narrowing。答案A,decrease(名词,名词转化为动词)减少,减小;reducer是reduce(动词,减少,缩小) + r构成名词,减速器,缩减者。故选择C。
13. The government ________ that another ambassador had been arrested for spying and everyone knew it.
A. disclose B. close C. disclosed D. closed
【答案】C
【解析】句意:政府公开了又一名外交大使因间谍罪而被捕,所有人都知道。先看答案A和B时态错误,因为从句是过去完成时态,主句应该是过去时态,因此可排除。根据从句可知另一个外交大使因间谍罪被逮捕,而且everyone knew it(每一个人都知道了),说明是这个消息是公开了,而不是封锁了。disclose是动词:公开,揭露,说出;由close加dis-前缀构成了close(封锁,关闭)的反义词。故选择C。
14. The injured man was ________ of walking,so he had to be carried.
A. capable B. incapable C. able D. unable
【答案】B
【解析】句意:那个受伤的人不能走路,所以他得被人背着。答案C和D的后面需要接to,所以不符合该句,可以排除。答案A和B后面接of;A的意思是能够,答案B是capable的反义词,由capable加前缀in-构成,表示不能够,没有能力的;后半句告诉我们他得由别人来背着,所以空格处是不能;故选择B。
15 One should have the ability to tell the ________ between right and wrong.
A. different B. difference C. differentiating D. distinguish
【答案】B
【解析】句意:一个人应该有能力分辨是非。答案A是形容词,空格前面的定冠词要求空格处是名词,difference是名词,tell the difference是固定表达= distinguish(动词,区别);答案C是形容词/现在分词,不符合该句。故选择B。
16. He ________ went into the building house to rescue the baby. Everybody present praised him for his ________ .
A. bravely;bravery B. brave;bravery
C. bravely;brave D. brave;brave
【答案】A
【解析】句意:他勇敢地走进大楼去营救婴儿。在场的每个人都表扬他的勇敢。第一空用副词修饰动词;第二空前有物主代词his,所以后面要用名词。brave动词勇敢;bravely由brave+后缀-ly构成副词;bravery由brave+后缀-ry构成名词;故选择A。
17. Most Chinese like drinking tea,while ________ like coffee.
A. America B. Americans C. American D. Americas
【答案】B
【解析】句意:大多数中国人喜欢喝茶,大多数美国人喜欢和咖啡。答案A和D是美国,美洲;前面的主语是Chinese中国人,应该与American(America+表示人的后缀-n/an)美国人相呼应,所以排除答案A和D。答案B和C是美国人,谓语动词用的是一般现在时,而且没有用单数第三人称,说明主语是复数形式,故选择B。
18. You should assume that the ________ would receive big money but they only got a certificate.
A. winners B. win C. winner D. winning
【答案】A
【解析】句意:你应该认为获胜者会得到大笔的钱,但是他们只得到了证书。从后面的they可以看出空格处是指人,并且需要用复数。故选择A。
19. The scenery of Zhangjiajie is so ________ that many tourists go there every year.
A. attract B. attractive C. attraction D. attracting
【答案】B
【解析】句意:张家界的风景非常迷人,每年都有许多游客到那里去。答案attract是动词,吸引,有吸引力;attract加后缀-ive构成形容词attractive,迷人的。答案C和D非别是名词(-ion)和现在分词(-ing);so后面要加形容词。故选择B。
20. New ________ discoveries are being made at an increasing speed.
A. science B. scientists C. scientist D. scientific
【答案】D
【解析】句意:新的科学发现正在以越来越快的速度进行着。science是名词,科学;答案B和C是带有表示人的后缀,意为科学家,scientific形容词,科学的。discoveries是discovery(发现)的复数形式,所以空格处缺少的是形容词。故选择D。
二、句型训练(Use the correct form of the words in brackets)
1. We should _______ these responsibilities.(should)
【答案】shoulder
【解析】shoulder,名词,肩膀;转化为动词,意思为担负,承担,肩起,挑起。(句意:我们应当担负起这些责任来)。
2. Look up the ________ of the word in the dictionary. (mean)
【答案】meaning
【解析】 在mean是动词:意思是;表示……的意思,加后缀-ing构成了名词。定冠词与of之间用名词。(句意:在词典中查一下这个单词的意思。)
3. ________,the injured athlete came first in the 100?meter dash. (expect)
【答案】 Unexpectedly
【解析】 Unexpectedly是由expect(期望;预料)分别加前缀un-(转化为反义词)和后缀-ed转化为形容词(意外的;想不到的),再加-ly构成的副词,表示:出人意料地,用来修饰整个句子。(句意:出乎意料地是,受伤的运动员在100米短跑中得了第一名。)
4. Which means of ________ will you use if you travel to Beijing? (transport)
【答案】transportation
【解析】transport动词,运输,运送;transportation名词,运输,运输工具,交通工具。means of transportation交通方式。(句意:如果你到北京旅行,你会使用哪种交通工具?)
5. If you want to go ________, you'd better get everything ready in advance. (travel)
【答案】traveling
【解析】 跟常go构成固定搭配的动名词:go traveling / swimming / fishing / camping / shopping…等为固定结构(go+动名词),意思分别是:去旅行;去游泳;去钓鱼;去野营(宿营);去购物……等。(句意:如果你想去旅行,你最好提前做好一切准备)
6. “Thank you” is a polite ________ which is widely used in English. (express)
【答案】expression
【解析】。express是动词,表达,加名词性后缀-ion构成expression词句,语句,措辞,说法,表达方式。(句意:“谢谢”是一种礼貌用语,在英语中被广泛使用。)
7. Excessive dosage of this drug can result in ________ to the liver. (injure)
【答案】injury
【解析】injure动词,伤害;转化为名词injury。(句意:这种药物过量会导致肝脏损伤。)
8. The water is ________ for drinking and you have to go without water. (fit)
【答案】unfit
【解析】unfit是由fit(适合)+否定前缀un-构成的,意思是:不适合。(句意:这水不适合饮用,你只能不喝水了。)
9. His income is ________ to meet his basic needs and he has to find another job. (adequate)
【答案】inadequate
【解析】adequate是形容词,足够的,适当的;加否定前缀in-构成反义词,根据后面所给的句意,必须要再找一份工作得知手如不够。(句意:他的收入不足以满足基本需求,所以他不得不再找份工作。)
10. This delay was ________ so we had to be patient. (avoidable)
【答案】unavoidable
【解析】 词干是avoid(动词:避免)加able转换成形容词avoidable:能避免的,可回避的;加否定前缀un- 构成unavoidable,不可避免的。从后文可知,必须有耐心,因此用unavoidable,不可避免的。(句意:延迟不可避免,所以我们得耐心。)
三、Translate the following into Chinese(英译汉)
1. The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。
2. He pinned great hopes on us.
他对我们寄托了很大希望。
3. They have booked their plane tickets.
他们已经定了飞机票。
4. His identity is unknown to us so we have to confirm.
他的身份为我们所不知,所以我们得证实。
5. The teacher gave them instructions to arrive early tomorrow morning.
老师命令他们明天早晨要早到。
6. Everyone should learn to distinguish the true and the false
每一个人都应该学会区别正确的与错误的。
7. The building will house twelve boys and eight girls
这座房子里会住12个男孩和8个女孩。
8. It is unreasonable to stick to this absurd proposal.
坚持这种荒谬的建议是不合理的。
9. He seems to be unaware of the trouble he is making.
他似乎不知道他正在造成的麻烦
10. Her illness had made her completely immobile.
她的病使得她完全不能活动了
四、Translate the following into English(汉译英)
1. The hall can seat two thousand people.
大厅能坐2000人。
2. 请把那本书递给我。
Please hand me the book.
3. 有钱人并非总是幸福的。
The rich are not always happy.
4. 他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
He is a man of strong build.
5. 他不知道对与错的区别。
He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.
6. 酒后开车违法。
It is illegal to drive after drinking alcohol.
7. 她儿子意外的死亡使她伤心。
The unexpected death of her son made her sad.
8. 吉姆对他吵闹的小妹妹不耐烦。
Jim is impatient with his little sister who is so noisy.
9. 富国与穷国之间存在着不平衡。
There exists the imbalance between the rich and poor countries.
10. 鲜艳的衣服对葬礼来说不合适。
The bright dress is improper for a funeral.
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