牛津译林版中考英语语法知识复习学案(并列句和复合句)

2018中考英语语法知识复习学案
(并列句和复合句)
考点解读
并列句指包含两个或两个以上互补依从的并列结构的句子，分句与分句之间通常用并列连词and，but，yet，or，for，so等或分号来连接。并列句中的几个分句在语法上互不依从，在意义上却有密切的关系。分句间的关系可分为四种：并列关系、转折关系、选择关系和因果关系。
复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子，其中有一个（或更多）主谓结构充当句子的某一（些）成分，如主语、宾语、袁语、定语、状语、同位语等。主语从句、宾语从句和状语从句都属于复合句。
题型事例
(2015. 盐城) In the UK, a lady usually doesn't like to be asked _________.
A. whether has she got married B. how old is she
C. where she comes from D. how much she weighs
【正确选项】D
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】宾语从句
【试题分析】本题考查宾语从句。宾语从句的语序用陈述句语序，所以A、B项排除，C项不符合事实，D项正确。句意“在英国，女性通常不喜欢被问体重多少。”故选D。
(2014. 镇江) ________ silk feels soft and cool, it's difficult to be taken good care of.
A. Because B. Though C. Since D. As
【正确选项】B
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】让步状语从句
【试题分析】由前半句“丝绸柔和凉爽”和后半句“保养起来很难”可知，两者之间存在转折关系，故选Though“虽然，尽管”。because“因为”；since“自从，既然”；as“由于，当……的时候”。
（2015. 淮安）你最好不要熬夜. 这样才能保持健康。
You _______ not stay up late, so you can___________.
【正确答案】had better; keep(stay) fit/healthy
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能运用所学的语言知识译出正确通顺的句子
【知识内容】并列句
【试题分析】由so可知，前后表示因果关系，故可译为."You had better not stay up late, so you can keep(stay) fit/healthy.
(2015. 扬州)那个女孩高兴时，不是唱歌就是跳舞。
【正确答案】When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances. /When the girl was happy, she either sang or danced.
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能运用所学的语言知识译出正确通顺的句子
【知识内容】并列句
【试题分析】由句子中“不是……就是……”可知翻译的句子应用“either_ or_”，故可以翻译为“When the-girl is happy，she either sings or dances. /When the girl was happy, she either sang or danced”。
语法点拨
并列句
并列分句之间的关系
1. 并列关系
表示同等、平行或承接关系，常用连词and，both….and….，not only…but also...,neither...nor..,as well as等。
I help him and he helps me. 我帮助他，他帮助我。
Tom can speak not only English but also French.
汤姆不仅会说英语也会说法语。
2. 转折关系
表示转折关系，常用连词but，yet（然而，可是），however（然而），while等。
I bought my sister a present, but she didn't like it.
我给我妹妹买了一件礼物，但是她不喜欢。
He has come to my house twice, yet he didn't remember the way.
他来过我家两次了，然而他却没记住路。
3. 选择关系
表示选择关系，常用连词or，either…or...，not… but….等。
Is it a boy or a girl? 是个男孩还是女孩？
He is not Japanese but Chinese.
他不是日本人而是中国人。
4. 因果关系
表示因果关系，常用连词as，for（因为），so，therefore，thus(因此)等。
1 was ill yesterday so I couldn't go to school.
我昨天生病了，所以没有去上学。
He didn't attend the' meeting for he was ill.
他没来开会，因为他生病了。
相约中考
①(2015. 泰州)---Doctor, I've got a headache.
---Don't worry. Just take some medicine,____ you'll be OK again.
A. and B. but C. so D. or
复合句
考点一 宾语从句
宾语从句属名词性从句，在句中起名词的作用。相当于一个名词词组，在全句中充当主句的宾语。连接宾语从句常用的连词有：，that，if(是否)，whether，who，whom，whose，what，which, when; where; how; why; whoever; whomever, whenever，wherever等。
1. 陈述句充当宾语从句
用that引导，that无意义，可以省略。
I remembered (that)1 was badly ill then.
我记得那时我病得很重。
He said (that) he couldn't arrive here tonight.
他说他今晚不能来这儿了。
2. 一般疑问句充当宾语从句
用if或whether引导，并改为陈述句的语序。whether/if意为“是否”，不可省略。
I once asked her if she liked cars.
我曾经问过她是否喜欢车。
Nobody knows whether/if he loves sports.
没有人知道他是否喜欢运动。
3. 由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句
Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?
你能告诉我怎么去最近的邮局吗？
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
凡是需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
相约中考
②(2013. 常州)---How soon will you start your journey?
---I'm not sure. I haven't decided __________.
A. when shall I ask the boss for leave
B. where l will go to spend the holiday
C. whether l would go by train or by plane
D. who could invite me to go ,
4. 当宾语从向后面接宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末，以避免句子头重脚轻。
He hasn't made it known when he is going to get married.
他还没宣布什么时候结婚。
5. 介词接宾语从句
(1)一般情况下，介词后面只能接wh-类连词引导的宾语从句。
We are talking about whether we will go for a walk.
我们在谈论是否去散步。
Dad is pleased with what I do at school.
爸爸对我在学校的表现很满意。
(2)that -般不引导介词后面的宾语从句，但except, but，besides这几个介词除外。
l know nothing about her except that she is a nurse.
除了知道她是护士，我对她一无所知。
(3)如果一定要用that引导的从句作介词宾语时，需要用形式宾语it替代，然后将that从句放在最后。
You may depend on it that I shall always help you.
你可以相信我，我会永远帮助你的。
相约中考
③(2014. 苏州)--I don't understand __________ .
---I'm sorry. But l was doing my homework.
A. why you didn't watch the football match
B. why didn't you watch the football match
C. why you don't watch the football match
D. why' don't you watch the football match
6. 形容词接宾语从句
happy, sure, certain, pleased, glad, afraid, surprised, satisfied，sorry等表示情感的形容词后也可以跟宾语从句。
I'm sure that she got good grades.
我确信她肯定得高分了。
We are happy that spring is coming.
我们很高兴春天即将来临，
7. 宾语从句应注意的问题
(1)宾语从句否定前移的问题
当主句的主语为第一人称，动词为think, believe，suppose, guess等时'若从句是否定句'应把否定转移到主句上来。
I don't think (that) it's going to be foggy.
我认为不会有大雾。
I don't think she will win the match.
我认为她不会赢得比赛。
I don't suppose that's true, is it?
我想那不是真的，是不是？
(2)主句与从句的时态应一致
如果主句为一般现在时，从句时态任意；如果主句的时态为过去的某种时态，则从句中通常使用过去的某种时态，但宾语从句表示客观真理或事实除外。
She says that she has never been to Mount Tai.
她说她没有去过泰山。
He knew Yao Ming had gone to America.
他知道姚明去了美国。
Teacher said that the moon goes round the earth.
老师说月球绕着地球转。
(3)主句与从句的引导词
引导词是宾语从句的关键。关于引导词，陈述句用that，一般疑问句用if成whether，特殊疑问句用原来的疑问词来充当。
She said (that) she would help others. .
她说她将帮助剐人。
I've no idea if 'she is better now.
我不知道她现在是否好多了。
Do you know why he was ill?
你知道他为什么病了吗？
(4)从句的语序
宾语从句的语序必须是陈述句的语序。即连接词十主语十谓语十其他，或者连接词（充当主语）+谓语十其他。
Can you tell me how you trained?
你能告诉我你怎么训练吗？
Do you know which seat is hers?
你知道哪一个座位是她的吗？
(5)宾语从句中不可省略that的情况
①当that从句作learn，suggest，explain，agree，wonder，prove，mean，feel，hold等动词的宾语时。
I have learned that you're interested in history.
我听说你对历史感兴趣。
She felt that she was like driving a plane.
她感觉自己就像在开飞机。
②当宾语从句较长时。
I think that there is nothing wrong with your computer.
我认为你的电脑没毛病。
③当宾语从句与谓语动词被状语（从句）或其他句子成分分割开时。
He said that, if I tried my best, I would do better.
他说如果我尽力，我会做得更好。
④当一个动词带有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，第二个that不能省略。
She tells me (that) should work hard and that I must be honest.
她告诉我要用功，而且必须诚实。
⑤当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语，或有it作形式宾语时。
He told me that he needs to learn from others.
他告诉我他需要向别人学习。
I consider it necessary that you should drink milk.
我认为你有必要喝牛奶。
⑥当wh-和how引导的宾语从句与that引导的宾语从句作并列宾语从句时。
l know where he lives and that he is an engineer.
我知道他的住处，而且他是个工程师。
考点二 状语从句
在复合句中，充当状语成分的从句叫状语从句，用来修饰谓语（或其他动词）、定语，状语或整个句子。根据意义上的不同，状语从句可分为：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、地点状语从句等。
1. 时间状语从句
用从属连词when，while，as，before，after，till，until, since，as soon as筹引导。
(l)when，while，as
相同点：三者皆可表示“当……时候”，如果主句谓语动词表示的是短暂性动作，从句表示的是持续性的动作或状态，而主、从句谓语的动作同时发生时，when，while，as可以互换。
When/While/As he walked, he got more and more excited.
走路的时候，他越来越兴奋。
区别如下：
①when引导的从句谓语动词可以是延续性的动词也可以是终止性动词；表示从句动作发生在主句动作前、后或与主句动作同时发生。
②while引导的从句谓语动词常用延续性动词或表示状态的动词，主、从句动作同时发生。
③as引导的从句谓语动词可以是延续性动词也可以是终止性动词，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。
When I stopped my car, a policeman came up to me.
当我停下车的时候，一个警察向我走来。
While we were still laughing, the teacher came in.
当我们还在笑时，老师进来了。
They talked as they walked. 他们边走边聊。
注意：when还可用于并列句，译作“这时，那时”，相当于at this time，at that time，while也可用做并列连词，表示两者之间的对比关系，意思是“而，然而”。when用于并列句时，常用于以下句式：
①sb. be doing sth. when.
“某人正在做某事，突然……”
1 was fishing by the river when someone called for help.
我正在河边钓鱼，突然有人求救。
②sb. be about to do sth. when.
“某人正要做某事，这时……”
We were about to start when it began to rain.
我们刚要出发就开始下雨了。
2. 条件状语从句
通常用if，unless(if.. . not)引导。
(1)引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if，表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。
If we pay more attention to the earth, we'll have a better world.
如果我们多关爱地球，我们就会拥有一个更美好的世界。
If it rains tomorrow. what shall we do?
如果明天下雨，我们怎么办？
if还可以引导虚拟条件句，表示不可实现的条件，从句中多用一般过去时或过去完成时。
What would happen if there was no water?
知果没有水会怎样？
注意：用务件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用，当主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。
(2)尽管unless可以理解为if_ not，但unless有“除非”的意思，而if not没有，所以在用这两个词的时候，还要注意句子的意思。
You will fail the test unless you study hard.
—You will fail the test if you don't study hard.
如果你学习不努力，你考试就不通过。
Unless it rains, the sports meet will start at 8:00 a.m.
除非下雨，运动会将在早上八点开幕。
相约中考
④(2015. 无锡)I think you should complain, ________, of course, you are happy with the situation.
A. unless B. however C. until D. though
3. 目的状语从句
主要由in order that, so that引导。
(l)in order that引导的目的状语从句中常用情态动词may/might/，can/could，will/would，should筹，以使语气通顺自然，且in order that可置于句首，也可置于句尾。
He worked day and night in order that he could save enough money to support his family.
他夜以继日地工作是为了积攒足够的钱来养家糊口。
(2)so that引导目的状语从句时也常用情态动词may/might/，can/could，will/would，should等，但so that不能置于句首。
4. 原因状语从句
原因状语从句由连词because，since，as引导，也可由for，now that等词引导。
I didn't go to school because l was ill.
我没去上学因为我病了。
Since we have finished our homework, we can play games.
既然我们完成了作业，我们可以玩游戏了。
相约中考
⑤（2015. 泰州）There ate fewer and fewer tigers m India. The situation will continue
________ humans stop hunting them for their fur and bones.
A. if B. unless C. because D. since
5. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由that，so that，so.…that_或such… that…引导，常用的句式主要有：
(1)…so+形容词／副词+that从句
(2).. such+a/an+形容词十可数名词单数+that从句
(3)…such+形容词十可数名词复数／不可数名词+that从句
(4)…so+ little/many/much/few+不可数名词+that从句
The stone was so heavy that nobody could lift it.
这块石头太重了，没有人能抬起它。
He gave us such a big surprise that we were all excited.
他给了我们这么大的惊喜，以至于我们都很兴奋。
They are such smart children that we all like them.
他们是如此聪明的孩子，以至于我们都喜欢他们。
He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam again.
他出了这么多错，考试又没及格。
注意：so that引导结果状语从句与目的状语从句的区别。
so that引导结果状语从句前常有逗号，使之与主句隔开，而so that引导目的状语从句常使用may，might，can，could，should和would等情态动词，结果状语从句里不用。
I didn't go early, so that I didn't get a good seat.我没有早去，结果没得到好座位。（结果状语从句）
They started early so that they could get to the town before noon.他们很早就出发了，这样他们就能在中午前到达镇上. （目的状语从句）
6. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句由as… as…，than，not as/so… as，the+比较级…the+比较级等引导。比较状语从句部分常是省略句。
The novel is not as/so interesting as we thought.
这本小说没有我们想象中那样有趣。
He spends more time in reading than I do.
他花在读书上的时间远比我多。
The more we practice English, the better marks we have.
英语练习得越多，我们的成绩就越好。
7. 让步状语从句
让步状语从句一般由though/although，even if/even though引导，但though/although与but在句中不能同时出现。
We had to go on walking though we were very tired.
尽管很累，但我们还要继续走。
Although I don't have much money,1 live a happy life.
尽管我不富有，但我生活得很幸福。
8. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句由连词where，wherever引导。
Where I live there are many trees.
在我住的地方有很多树。
Wherever I am l will be thinking of you.
无论我在何方，我都会想你。
考点三 定语从句
在复合句中作定语修饰主句中某一名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。基本结构为：先行词十关系词
十定语从句。
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词包括that，who(宾格whom，所有格whose)，which等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。
1. 关系代词的用法
(l)that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。
I like music that is quiet and gentle. (that作主语)
我喜欢安静温柔的音乐。
The coat (that)I put on the desk is blue. (that作宾语)
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
(2)which用于揩物，在句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。
I love the books which are written by Guo Jingming.（作主语）
我喜欢郭敬明写的书。
The film (which) we saw yesterday was funny.（作宾语）
我们昨天看的那部电影很有趣。
相约中考
⑤(2014. 浙江)I really like the photo of my family ______my sister took in the city park last year.
A. which B. who C. what D. whom
(3) who，whom用于指人，who用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom。
The man who stood there was my father. （作主语）
站在那里的那个男人是我父亲。
Mrs. Jones is the person for whom you should wait.（作宾语）
琼斯太太就是那个你应该等的人。
(4)当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但当介词移到关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
This is the house in which we lived.
这是我们居住的房子。
(5)含有介词的固定词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位子。
Who is the girl (Whom) Tom is looking for?
汤姆寻找的那个女孩是谁？
(6)that作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在句中动词的后面。
The city that she lives in is very far away.
她居住的城市非常远。
(7)只能用关系代词that的情况：
①先行词由序数词或形容词最高级修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时。
This is the first bridge that I have seen on this river.
这是在这条河上我所看到的第一座桥。
②先行词被few，little，all，every，each，no，some，any等修饰时。
Any paper that you read will give the same story.
你所看到的报纸都会告诉你相同的故事。
③先行词为few，everything，nothing，anything，all，little，much等不定代词时。
All that he told us is a big lie.
他所告诉我们的是一个弥天大谎。
①先行词被the only，the same，the last等修饰。
He is the only person that can do this job.
他是唯一一个能做这个工作的人。
⑤先行词里同时含有人和物时。
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I
saw in the room.
我能清楚地记得我在那个房间里看到的人和照片。
⑥以who或which引导的特殊疑问句。为避免重复，只用that。
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭的那个女孩是谁？ ，
(8)只能用which而不用that:
①先行词为that，those时。
What's that which is under the desk?’
在桌子底下的是什么？
②关系代词前有介词对，一般用which。
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
2. 关系副词的用法
关系副词when，where，why引导定语从句，修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，他们本身在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。
Do you remember the day when he came to see you?
你记得他来看你的那一天吗？
This is the village where he lives.
这是他住的那个村子。
I know the reason why he did so.
我知道他这么做的原因。
易错防范
典例呈现一
( )____it was raining heavily, _________the farmers went on working there.
A. Although; but B. Though; and C. Although;／ D. Though; but
【答案】C
【易错剖析】本题易受汉语“虽然……但是……”的影响，把两个简单句用“though/ although... but”连接。
典例呈现二
( ) ---Hurry up, Mike! The bus is coming.
----Wait a moment, please. Let me see if there's_________ left.
A. anything else B. something important C. nothing else D. any other things
【答案】A
【易错解析】本题易受there be句型和陈述语序的影响，误选B项。此句为宾语从句，从句是由if引导，说明从句是一般疑问句，something通常用于肯定句中，anything用于否定句或一般疑问句中，但是there be句型中be是IS，而D项中的名词是复数。
典例呈现三
( ) ---Could you tell me _________ I'm going to pick you up at the airport.
---At 15：45 this Friday.
A. where you met me B. who you are coming with
C. when you came here D. what time you are arriving
【答案】D
【易错剖析】本题易忽略主句是将来时，误选C项。本句为宾语从句，从句的时态与主句相向且语序为陈述语序，回答的是时间，所以问的应是“什么时间”，若没看清答句，易误选其他三项。
巩固训练
一、根据汉语提示完成句子
1. 你不会进步，除非你努力工作。
You will not make progress ___________you work hard.
2. 到学校我才意识到把家庭作业忘在家里了。
When I __________ to school I realized that I had __________ my homework at home.
3. 他和汤姆一样高。
He is _________ tall ________Tom.
4. 我不知道明天是否要去看电影。
I didn't know _________ I ___________ go to cinema tomorrow.
5. 他必须早点起床以便能按时上班。
He must get up early ________ ___________ he can go to work on time.
6. 你能告诉我这本书花了多少钱吗？
Could you tell me_________ _________ the book_________?
7. 你到家的时候，打电话给我。
________ you arrive home, please ____________me.
8. 如果明天下雨，运动会将会推迟。
________ it_________ tomorrow, the sports meeting _________ put off;
9. 这就是我们要买的书。
This is the book _________ we are going to buy.
10。安是第一个到教室的。
Ann is the __________person _________got to classroom.
二、单项填空
( )1. ---Excuse me. Is it my turn now?
--- Not yet. Please wait on the chair ________your name is called.
A. and B. until C. although D. since
( )2. Tom knew nothing ___________ his friend told him.
A. because B. until C. since D. if
( )3.I don't know __________to visit the old man or not.
A. whether B. if C. that D. who
( ) 4. like watching CCTV 4 __________ it can help me learn more about the world.
A. because B. though. C. if D. until
( )5. The programme "Running Man" has been hot on screen recently _______some pop stars bring the audience a lot of fun.
A. until B. because C. though D. unless
( )6. She asked me if I knew _____________.
A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it
( )7. ---Could you tell me _________ last night?
---I was watching TV at home.
A. what you were doing B. what were you doing
C. what you are doing D. what are you doing
( )8. ---What did the doctor say to you?
---He asked me _______________.
A. that I had a bad-cold
B. whether did I need to drink some water
C. how long I had been like that
D. if there is something wrong with me
( )9.I didn't understand_________ ,so I raised my hand
A. what my teacher says B. what does my teacher say
C. what my teacher said D. what did my teacher say
( )10. I don't know______________. Can you tell me?
A. what to do B. what should I do
C. how to do D. what to do it
( )11.______ both of us failed to pass the driving test, _______e learned much about driving.
A. Unless; and B. Because; / C. Though; but D. Although; /
( )12. Amy was reading a book __________ I came in.
A. when B. while C. because D. though
( )13. Don't laugh at her. She is________ any of the others in your class.
A. as clever student as B. as a clever student as
C. so clever a student as D. as a clever student like
( )14. We will have no water to drink _______ we don't protect the earth.
A until B. before C. though D. if
( )15. The train _________ I went to Nanjing broke down on the road.
A. by which B. by that C. by it D. that
( )16. This is the novel ____________ is written by Hanhan.
A. who B. what C. that D. /
( )17. We should give love to the children ______ lost their parents in the earthquake.
A. who B. whom C. those D. which
( )18. Peter likes to listen to Kelly Clarkson's music _______ is very loud and full of energy.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
( )19. The first thing ________my brother is going to do is to wash his hands.
A. which B. that C. why D. who
( )20. Jack, there is someone in the office ________ would like to speak with you.
. A. who B. which C. whom D. that
答案：
语法点拨
①A②B③A④A⑤B⑥A
巩固训练
一. 1. unless 9. got; left 3. as; as 4. if/whether; would 5. so that
6. how much: costs 7. When; call 8. If; rains 9. will be that 10. first; that
二.1.B 2.B 3.A 4. A 5.B 6. B 7. A 8.C 9.C 10．A
11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. A 19．B 20. A