2018中考英语语法知识复习学案
(代词与数词)
考点解读
代词是用来代指名词及起名词作用的短语、从句或句子的词。代词按其意义、特征及语法功能可分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词、相互代词和连接代词。
数词是用来修饰名词,表示数量和顺序的词。数词分为两类:基数词和序数词。基数词是表示数目静多少,序数词是表示顺序。
代词
(2014. 徐州)I asked two students the way to the post office, but _______of them knew.
A. both B. either C. none D. neither
【正确选项】D
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】限定代词
【试题分析】前半句“I asked two students the way to the post office.”句意为“我问了两个学生去邮局的路线。”,根据题中“but”可知,前半句与后半句之间是转折关系,故此处应是两
个学生都不知道路线,故应选D项neither“两者都不……”。
both“两者都”;either“两者中的一个”;none“三者或三者以土都不……”,均不符合题意。
(2015. 南京) 8.---What would you like to drink?
--I'm very thirsty. ____________ you can get. Just get it now.
A. Anything B. Something C. Nothing D. Other things
【正确选项】A
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】复合不定代词
【试题分析】anything表示“随便哪个东西,随便什么事物”,符合题意。该句意为“~你想喝点什么?…我很渴,随便什么你能拿到的东西。现在就把它拿来吧。”故此题选A。
(2014. 宿迁)I'm old enough to look after __________(我自己).
【正确答案】myself
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】反身代词
第二部分/语法知识积累
【试题分析】根据括号中的中文释义“我自己”可知设空处应填写myself。
(2015. 扬州)9.---Oh, The Old Man And The Sea!Whose book is it?
---It's ______________.
A. I B. me C. my D. mine
【正确选项】D
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】名词性物主代词
【试题分析】根据题意:《老人与海》这本书是谁的?它是我的书。此处填名词性物主代词mine,It's mine等同于it's my book。故本题正确答案为D项。
(2015. 南京)7. Everyone makes mistakes in his or her life. The important thing is not to repeat____________.
A. it B. them C. him D. her
【正确选项】B
【测量目标】语言基础知. 识/能在具体语境中正确识剐、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】指示代词
【试题分析】由上句的“mistakes”一词可知此空应为指示代词宾格them,指mistakes。该句意为:每个人在一生中都会犯错误。重要的是不要犯相同的错误。故此题选B。
语法点拨
考点一 人称代词
表示“我”你“他(她,它)…‘我们“你们”“他(她、它)们”的词称为人称代词。
1. 人称代词的形式
人称 单数 复数
主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 he him they them
she her
it it
?2. 人称代词的用法
(1)作主语的人称代词一般用主格。
He told me to go to movies. 他告诉我去看电影。
(2)作动词、介词的宾语用宾格,作表语也多用宾格。
She asked me to clean my room.
她要我打扫自己的房间。
Look at him, but don't wake him up.
看着他但别叫醒他。
It's me who invite you to the birthday party.
是我邀请你去那个生日聚会的。
(3)英语人称代词作主语时的排序通常是:he and I;you and I; you, we and you; we and they; we, you and they。
注意:承认错误时用I and he。
相约中考
(2015. 泰州)①Mr. Wu teaches________ English. We all like ___________.
A. our; him B. us; him C. us; her D. our; her
考点二 物主代词
1. 物主代词的形式
表示所属关系的代词叫物主伐词。物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
数人称类别 单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their
名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
汉语 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他(她、它)们的
2. 物主代词的用法
(1)形容词性物主代词一般在句子中作定语,后接名词
Its name is Lily. 它的名字叫莉莉。
Our school is very big. 我们的学校很大。
(2)名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词十名词”,在句中作主语、宾语、表语。
His bike is new, but mine is old.
他的自行车很新,但我的是旧的。(作主语)
I have finished my homework. Have you finished yours?
我已做完了我的家庭作业,你做完了吗?(作宾语)
-Whose coat is this? 这是谁的大衣?
-It's hers. 是她的。(作表语)
(3)英语中有些短语中必须使用物主代词
on one's way to… 在去……的路上
change one's mind 改变某人的主意
do one's best尽某人最大的努力
with one's help在某人的帮助下
考点三 反身代词
1. 反身代词的形式
反身代词是表示动怍反射到执行者本身或用来加强语气的代词,它有人称和数的变化。
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 myself yourself himself , herself , itself
复数 ourselves yourselves themselves
2. 反身代词的用法
(1)用在buy, enjoy, help, hurt, teach, wash, look after等动词后作宾语,表示动作落到主语本身。
He teaches himself English. 他自学英语。
He is old enough to look after himself.
他已经很大了,能够照顾自己。
(2)用在介词之后构成固定搭配
What do you have to say for yourself?
你还有什么可说的?
He learnt French by himself.
他自学法语。
(3)常见的反身代词固定词组
teach oneself/learn by oneself 自学
dress oneself 自己穿衣
say/talk to oneself自言自语
help oneself to 随便吃些
devote oneself to doing sth. 致力予,献身于
enjoy oneself过得愉快
by oneself独自
相约中考
(2015.连云港) ② 一I’m afraid I won't pass the exam.
---Come on, Bill. You should believe in _______. That's the secret of success.
A. myself B. ourselves C. yourself D. yourselves
考点四 指示代词
具体指示人或事物作用的代词叫指示代词。单数:this,that;复数:these,those。
(1)用作主语、宾语、表语或定语
This is my watch. 这是我的手表。(作主语)
Do you like this? 你喜欢这个吗?(作宾语)
This clock is mine. 那个钟是我的。(作定语)
(2)this,these指时间或空间上较近的人或物,可指前面谈到的事。That,those指时间或空间上较远的人或物,也可指前面提到过的事。
This is a pencil and that is a ruler.这是铅笔,那是尺子。
He had a bad cold. That is why he didn't come to the party.
他患了重感冒,那就是他没来的原因。
(3)打电话时,常用that询问对方是谁
---Is that Lucy speaking?足露西吗?
---Yes,who is that?是的,你是谁?
(4) it作为指示代词,代指上文中提到的同一事物。
相约中考
(2014. 连云港)③---This book on idioms is interesting. I'd like_____, where did you buy it, Simon?
一In the Amazon Bookstore.
A. it B. this C. that D. one
考点五 疑问代词
疑问代词用来构成疑问句。疑问代词主要有who(m) (谁),whose(谁的),what(什么),which(哪一个)。
Who is going to come here tomorrow?(作主语) 明天谁会来这?
What is that?(作表语)
那是什么?
Whose umbrella is this?(作定语)这是谁的伞?
Whom are you waiting for?(作宾语) 你正在等谁?
相约中考
(2015. 连云港)④---Do you know ________Dengchao is?
---He is an actor. He is the team leader in the popular reality TV show Running Man now.
A. which B. when C. what D. how
考点六 不定代词
不指明代替将定的名词或形容词的代词叫不定代词。不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分。
1. some和any的用法’
(1) some -般用于肯定句中,意思是几个、一些、某个,作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。some用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。
I have some work to do today.
今天我有事情要做。
Would you like some coffee with sugar?
你要加糖的咖啡吗?
(2)any一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是一些,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。any用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。
They didn't have any friends here.
他们在这里没有朋友。
Come here with any friend. 随便带什么朋友来吧。
2. all和both的用法
(l)all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词,也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。
(2)both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、表语等。
I know all of the four British students in their school.
他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识。
(3)all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+ (the)+名词),也可以独立使用;all/both+of the+名词(复数),其中的of可以省略;all of/both of后接人称代词宾格时,of不
可省。
All (of) (the) boys are naughty. 是男孩都调皮。
All of us went to the party. 我们都去参加聚会了。
3. each和every用法
each强调个体,当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,each可用来指两个或者两个以上的人或事物;every强调整体情况,修饰名词时谓语动词也要用单数形式,every只可指三个或三个以上的人或事物。
Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.
班上每个学生学习都很用功。
They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.
他们很忙,人人都有事干。
4. either和neither的用法
either意思是“两个中的一个”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。
neither和either在句子中呵作主语、宾语和定语等,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two is OK.
我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个都行。
5. many和much的用法
many修饰可数名词复数,还可以与副词so,too,as,how连用;much修饰不可数名词,也可以与副词so,too,as,how连用。
I don't have many friends here.
在这里我没有很多的朋友。
He has too much work to do. 他有太多的工作需要去做。
6. one的用法
one作为不定代词,代指上文中提到的事物中的一个。
相约中考:
( 2015.常州)⑤Your home town is really nice! The air quality is as good as ___ of Sanya.
A. it B. one C. that D. the one
考点七 复合不定代词
复合不定代词somebody,something,anything,nothing,everything,everybody等是由some,any,no,every加上body/thing构成的,叫做复合不定代词,在句子中作用相当于名词。
somebody,something,someone 一般用于肯定句中;anything, anybody,anyone -般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。
Hey, Lily. There is someone outside the door.
嗨,丽丽,门外有人。
He has nothing much to do today.
他今天没有多少事情做。
相约中考
(2015. 盐城)⑥---Wow, so many new buildings! But it used to be a poor village.
---Yes, ________ has changed in our hometown.
A. Nothing B. Nobody C. Everything D. Everybody
考点八 相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other和one another两种形式。在当代英语中,each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语、定语。
作定语用时,相互代词用所有格形式。
We should learn from each other/one another.(作宾语)
我们应该相互学习。
We often borrow each other's/one another's books.(作定语) 我们经常相互借书。
用法 例句
作句子的主语,指前面提到过的人或物(有时指心目中的或成为问题的人或事物)时,it是真正的主语 ---Who's it? 是谁? ---It's me. 是我。
可用来指时间或季节气候 It's June 5th. 今天是6月5号。 ---What's the weather like today? 今天气怎么样? --It's very hot. 很热。
可知距离或情况 It's five kilometers from my home to the school. 从我家到学校有五千米远。 Is it well with you? 你身体好吗?
作形式主语或形式宾语:动词不定式、动名词短语或者that从句等在句中起主语或者宾语作用,通常用it作形式主语或宾语,放在句首,以避免头重脚轻的现象,真正的主语或宾语则放在后面 It is dangerous playing with fire. 玩火是很危险的。I find it not difficult to learn a foreign language well. 找发现学好一门外语并不难。
常见易混代词辨析
(1) other/the other/ the others/another/others
other指其余的人或物,所有格是other's,复数形式是others; the other指“两个人或物中的另一个”,常用结构:one… the other…(一个……另一个……);the others指整体
中去掉一部分后剩余的全部,常用结构:some… the others…(一些……其余的所有人……);others指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分,但不是全部的,常用结构:some…others…(一些……其余的人……)
another泛指三者以上的不定数目中的“另外一个”,any other指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物”,后面要用名词的单数形式。
(2)a few/few/little/a little
a few/few+名词复数:a few表示“有一点”,few表示“几乎没有”(否定词);a little/little+不可数名词:a little表示“有一点”(还可接形容词或比较级),little表示“几乎没有”(否定
词)。
数词
题型示例
(2015. 淮安) During the May Day holiday, we stayed in a mountain village with trees around.
A. thousand of B. thousand C. thousands D. thousands of
【正确选项】D
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】数词
【试题分析】数词十介词of时,数词应用复数形式,即thousands of,故D项符合要求。A项thousand of数词应加s,所以不符合要求。B,C均不符合题意。故选D。
(2015. 扬州) It's the _______ time that I have visited the city of Yangzhou. (four)
【正确答案】fourth
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】序数词
【试题分析】句意:这是我第四次参观扬州。故fourth符合题意。
( 2014. 扬州)Two_______ of the students have read the book Alice in Wonderland.(five)
【正确答案】fifths
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】分数表示法
【试题分析】根据句意:五分之二的学生已经读过《爱丽丝梦游仙境》,用数词表示夯数时,分子为基数词,分母为序数词,当分子大于1时,分母要用复数形式,故此处应填写fifths。
考点一 基数词
1. 基数词的构成
(1)0-12为独立单词。如:one,seven等;
(2)13-19都是以teen结尾,其中thirteen,fifteen,eighteen的构成是不规则的;
(3)20,30,40等整数的基数词都是以ty结尾,但twenty,thirty,forty,fifty和eighty的变化是不规则的;
(4)“几十几”要在十位数和个位数之间加连字符”-“,如:forty-three,eighty-eight等。
(5)“几百几”或者“几百几十几”要在百位数和十位数(个位数)之间加and。如:one hundred and one( 101),one hundred and fifty-four(154)等。
2. 基数词的用法
基数词一般是单数形式,但遇到下列情况常用复数:
(1)在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里
They arrived in twos and threes.
他们三三两两地到了。
(2)表示“几十几岁”
in his fifties在他五十多岁的时候
(3)表示“年代”,用“in+the+数词的复数”;
in the 1960s在20世纪60年代
(4)基数词表示不确切数字,如“成百上千”;“成千上万”等时以复数形式出现,且有of;表示确切数字时没有复数形式,也没有of。
hundreds of 数百 two hundred 200
相约中考:
(2015 .淮安)⑦ During the May Day holiday, we stayed in a mountain village with ________
trees around.
A. thousand of B. thousand C. thousands D. thousands of
考点二 序数词
1. 序数词的构成
(1)“第一”、“第二”、“第三”分别是first,second,third;
(2)多数序数词由“基数词+th”构成,少数序数词的构成属于特殊情况;
five-fifth, eight- eighth, nine-- ninth, twelve-twelfth
(3)以y结尾的十位整数,先将y变成ie,再加th; twenty-twentieth; forty-fortieth
(4)第二十以上的非十整数,要将个位数改为序数词,十位数、百位数仍用基数词。
thirty- two-thirty- second; twenty- one- twenty-first
2. 序数词的用法
(1)序数词的缩写形式;
first-lst, second-2nd; thirty-first-3lst等。
(2)序数词前面加the时表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”;
The third lesson is rather difficult. 第三节课相当难。
Shall we read the text a third time?
我们把课文读第三遍,好吗?
(3)序数词可用在形容词最高级作修饰语;
He is the second most popular student in our class.
他是我们班上第二受欢迎的学生。
巧学妙用:基变序,有规律,末尾加上th;-、二、三,特殊记,八加h,九去e,ve要用f替,以y结尾变ie,后跟th莫忘记。若想表示几十几,只变个位就可以。
相约中考
(2015. 淮安)③Peter and his wife live on the________ (seven) floor and they go up and down by lift.
考点三 分数表达法
序数词表示分数时,分子用基数词,分母用序数词;如果分子大于1,分母要用复数。如:1/2-one-second,3/4-three-fourths等。
易错防范
典例呈现一、
( ) Jack was asked a lot of questions, but he didn't answer _______ of them.
A. some B. any C. none D. other
【答案】B
【易错剖析】由于受none用于否定句的影响,本题易误选C项,但是none若与否定句连用则会构成双重否定变肯定。any“任何一个”,与否定句一起表示全部否定意义,符合题意。
典例呈现二、
( ) Nearly ________ of the earth _______ covered by sea.
A. three fourth; is B. three fourths; is C. three forth; are D. three fourths; are
【答案】B
【易错剖析】由于对分数的表达和主谓一致的知识点不熟易误选D项。英语中的分数,分子用基数词,分母用序数词;分子大于1时,分母要用复数,首先排除A、C项。“分数+of+名词”作主语时,其谓话动词要与of后面的名词在数上保持一致,本题中of后面的名词是earth,为单数,故谓语动词也要用单数,因此B项正确。
巩固训练
单项填空
( )1. We have decided to try _______ best to help the homeless.
A. us B. our C. we D. ours
( )2. ---Ann, would you like to drink tea or coffee?
---___________ . I'm not thirsty at all.
A. Either B. All C. Both D. Neither
( ) 3. The apple pie is delicious. Could I have another _________?
A. one B. it C. this D. that
( ) 4. WeChat really makes _______ easier for people to keep in touch with each other.
A. that B. it C. this D. one
( )5. ---Shall we climb Nanshan this weekend?
---Good idea! It's not high. It's about ___________ high.
A. one hundred fifty meters B. one hundred and fifty meters
C. one-hundred-fifty-meter D. one-hundred-and-fifty-meter
( )6. A foreign visitor is coming to visit us this evening. We will offer him _____to eat.
A. anything delicious B. something real Chinese
C. something Japanese food D. delicious something
( )7. The lovely girl is from Class 5. _________name is Ann.
A. Her B. His C. Your D. Its
( ) 8. ---Is this___________ ruler?
---No. __________ is over there.
A. you; My B. your; Mine C. you; Mine D. your; My
( )9. My host family tried to cook _______ for me when I studied in New Zealand.
A. different something B. different anything
C. something different D. anything different
( )10. ---____________will go to the party.
A. We, you and they B. You, we and they
C. They, we and you D. They, you and we
( )11. ---Students in our school speaks either English or French, or even______ .
---That's so cool.
A. all B. both C. neither D. none
( )12. ---Excuse me. Liu Ming. Could you tell me what a UFO is like?
-- Sorry. Perhaps ___________ really knows whether there is a UFO in the world.
A. nobody B. anybody C. somebody D. everybody
( )13. The government of Anhui is building _____ cheap and good houses for the people.
A. thousand B. thousands C. thousand of D. thousands of
( )14. Nowadays _______ of business letters are written in English.
A. two third B. two thirds C. two three D. second three
( )15. ---How much is the new car?
---About eighty_________ yuan.
A. thousand B. thousands of C. thousands D. thousand of
( )16. My father always encourages me to have a try although l have failed three times.
A. second B. third C. fourth D. fifth
( ) 17. About ______ of the students in our class were born in the _____________.
A. two-thirds; 1990s B. two-thirds; 1990
C. two-third; 1990s D. two-third; 1990
( )18. ---Do you have enough students to clean the classroom?
-- -No, I think we need__________ students.
A. two another B. two others C. more two D. two more
( )19. The weather in China is different from ________ in England.
A. it B. this C. that D. weather
( )20. We enjoys ____________in the park yesterday.
A. us B. our C. ourselves D. we
答案:
语法点拨 ①B ② C ③ D ④ C ⑤ C ⑥ C ⑦ D ⑧ seventh / 7th
巩固训练
二、1—5 BDABB 6-10 BACDA 11-15 BADBA 16-20 CADCC