中考英语语法知识复习学案(非谓语动词)

2018中考英语语法知识复习学案
(非谓语动词)
考点解读
非谓语动词是指不能单独做谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词、过去分词）。它们没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语、状语等。
(2015 .淮安)i still like those good old songs. I often listened to _____ myself in my spare time.
A. enjoy B. enjoying C. to enjoy D. enjoyed
【正确选项】 C
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】动词不定式
【试题分析】根据句意“我仍然很喜欢这些老歌，我在业余时间经常听老歌自我娱乐”可知，此题用动词不定式做目的状语，故C项符合题意。A，B，D三项均不符合题意。故选C。
(2014 .南通)Why have you stopped ______ ,Kitty? The singing competition is coming up soon!
A. to practice to sing B.to practice singing C. practicing to sing D.practicing singing
【正确选硬】D
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】动名词
【试题分析】stop doing sth. 表示“停下来（正在）干的某事”，stop to do sth.则表示“停下来去干另一件事情”；根据语境可知这里表示“你为什么停止练歌了？”，是停下正在做的事，且practice后要接动名词，故选D项。
语法点拨
考点一 动词不定式
1. 动词不定式的形式
基本式：to do 否定式：not to do
被动式：to be done 进行式：to be doing
完成式：to have done 完成被动式：to have been done
注：动词不定式的to是不定式符号，本身无意义，有时可以省略。
2. 动词不定式的句法功能
功能 说明 例句
主语 动词不定式直接作句子的主语；当主语过长时，通常用it作句子的形式主语，而把不定式移到后面，形成“It+谓语十动词不定式”的句型。 To learn a foreign language well takes tough efforts.=It takes tough efforts to learn a foreign language well. 要学好一门外语需要付出艰苦的努力。
宾语 一般只作动词的宾语而不作介词的宾语I在find，think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。 She asked to have two weeks off. 她要求休假两周。I find it easy to read English every day. 我发现每天读英语很容易。
宾语补足语 某些动词在主动式中后接动词不定式作宾语补足语；使役动词、感官动词后不定式省略to。 She invited me to have dinner with her yesterday. 昨天她请我一起进餐。The pictures made her feel happy. 这些照片让她感到高兴。
定语 不定式作定语放在修饰词后。 Do you have anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？ （不定式to send的动作执行者是you。
状语 不定式作状语相当于一个状语从句，表示行为的目的、结果或原因。 To hear the teacher better. you have to sit in the front. 为了更清楚她听见老师（讲课），你不得不坐在前排。
表语、 动词不定式往往放在系动词和be动词的后面作表语，表示将来的情况说明主语的内容。 My wish is to become a teacher. 我的愿望是当一名教师。

注：一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词表示打算或希望等，如：would like, like, want , wish, hope, decide，plan，expect等。
Would you like to see a film tomorrow evening? ‘ ’
明天晚上你去看电影吗?
3. 动词不定式的时态和语态
(l)如果不定式所表示的动作与主要谓语动词所表示的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生或发生在主要谓语之后，通常用不定式的一般形式。
I'm glad to see you. 我很高兴看见你。
(2)当主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生，通常使用不定式进行式。
She pretended to be listening attentively.
她假装听得很认真。
(3)当表示一个开始于过去某一时刻但一直延续到谓语动词发生的那一时刻的动作，通常使用不定式完成进行时。
He was thought to have been working on the project for two years.
入们认为他已经在这个项目上工作两年了。
(4)当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，通常使用不定式被动式。
She doesn't like to be treated as a guest.
她不喜欢被当作客人对待。
They want their TV set to be fixed right now.
他们想马上把电视机修好。
There are a lot of things to be done.
有许多事要做。
This is the text to be read next time.
下次就读这篇课文。
注：有些习惯用法中，只能用主动语态。
The house is to rent. 这房子要出租。
4. 不带to的不定式
(l) 使役动词和感官动词用不定式作宾补时，不定式要省略。 这些动词有：一感( feel)、二听(hear，listen to)、三让( let，'make，have)、四看(look at，see，watch，notice)、五帮助
(help)。
(2)不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时，如果这些介词前有行为动词如的各种形式，有些类似于情态动词的词语，如rather than，had better， would rather，night as well等之后，不定式不带to。
We might as well go without him 我们可以不让他跟去。
(3)不定式用在介词but，except，besides后时，如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么介词后的不定时不带to，如果有则带to。
She could do nothing but cry. 她除了哭什么都做不了。
I have no choice but to go. 除了离开我别无选择。
5. 习惯接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：
afford agree ask:. care choose decide expect fail help. Hope like learn offer plan prepare promise refuse want wish would would like/love
6. “动词十宾语十不定式”结构
通常可带不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：
advise allow ask beg cause encourage expect get hate help invite like love order prefer
teach tell trouble. want warn
7. “疑问词十不定式”结构
(1)不定式有时可以与what，which，who，how, when, where等疑问词连用，构成不定式短语，在句中作宾语，也可作主语、表语等。
注意：疑问词why后面不能接不定式。
I will show you how to do it. 我会给你示范怎么做。
(2)有时“疑问词十不定式”结构可以转挨成相应的从句。
Tell me when to leave= Tell me when we shall leave.
告诉我什么时候离开。
相约中考
(2015. 苏州)①1 was tired out, so I stopped the car _______ a short rest.
A. have B. having C. to have D. had
考点二 动名词
1. 动名词的基本形式
基本式：doing
被动式：being done
完成式：having done
完成被动式：having been done
否定式：not doing，not having done
2. 动名词的句法功能
功能 说明 例句
主语 动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；可以用it作形式主语，而将动名词后置。 Smoking is harmful to people's health. 吸烟有害健康。She is very interested in playing the piano. 她对弹钢琴很感兴趣。
宾语 动名词作宾语表示一般的习惯或经常的动作；包括作动词的宾语和介词的宾语。 The naughty boy enjoys climbing trees. 那个淘气的男孩喜欢爬树。She is afraid of being left alone at home. 她害怕一个人被留在家里。
表语 一般来说，动名词作表语时，表语和主语可以互换位置。 His job is driving taxi. =Driving taxi is his job. 他的工作是开出租车。
定语 动名词作定语，一般表示用途，放在被修饰词之前。 He slept in the sleeping bag. 他睡在睡袋里。

3. 动名词的时态和语态
(1)动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。
We are interested in playing chess.
我们喜欢下象棋。
He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
他因为提前完成工作而受到表扬。
I'm sorry for not having kept my promise.
很抱歉我没有遵守承诺。
(2)若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。
We must. do something to prevent water from being pollution.
我们必须采取一些措施防止水被污染。
I remember having been told a story.
我记得有人告诉过我一个故事。
He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.
他害怕被老师责骂。
4. 常接动名词的动词有：advise，admit，appreciate，avoid, allow, consider, enjoy, excuse' finish, imagine, mind, miss, practice, suggest, permit, forbid, encourage, resist, risk, keep, escape等。
有些动词可按动名词和动词不定式：
(1)接动名词与不定式意义相近的词：
begin, continue, intend, start, prefer, etc.
(2)接动名词与不定式意义不同：
remember to do记得去做
remember doing 记得做过
stop to do停下来去做
stop doing 停止做
go on to do继续做（另一件事）
go on doing继续做（同一件事）
forget to do忘记要做
forget doing 忘记做过
regret to do对要做的事感到遗憾（未做）
regret doing后悔做过
mean to do打算做
mean doing 意味着
try to do努力做，企图做
try doing 试着做
(3)动词need，require，want表示“需要”的意思时，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。
The food needs heating.=The food needs to be heated.
食物需要加热。
The problem is worth discussing. 这个问题值得讨论。
相约中考
(2014. 盐城) ②I think A Bite of China is well worth __________ (watch).
考点三 分词
1. 分词的基本形式
(1) 现在分词
基本式：doing 被动式：being done
完成式：having done 完成被动式：having been done
否定式：not doing，not having done
(2) 过去分词
基本式：done
否定式：not done
2，分词的句法功能
功能 说明 例句
定语 现在分词作定语时，单个的分词作前置定语，分词短语常作后置定语；单个过去分词常置于被修饰词前作定语，通常为及物动词的过去分词，表示被动和完成意义。 A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗不咬人。We only sell used books in our bookstore我们的书店只卖用过的书。
表语 现在分词表示主语的特质、特征；过去分词表示某种性质或状态。 Playing with kids is exciting. 张孩子们玩耍很令人激动。 I've very surprised to see you here.在这儿见到你很惊奇。
状语 过去分词和现在分词都可以作时间、原因、结果、伴随、方式等状语；分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语。 The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 学生们谈笑着走出了教室。Hit by dad, the boy' felt sad。 由于挨了爸爸的打，那男孩感到很伤心。
补足语 现在分词作补足语，与其被补足的宾语或主语是主动关系；过去分词作补足语，与其被补足的宾语或主语是被动关系。 I noticed the birds standing. in the trees.我看到鸟儿站在树上。 When she got home，she found her cat gone. 她回家后，发现猫不见了。
3. 作前置定语的某些动词的过去分词形式与作谓语或表语的过去分词的形式往往不一样。
原形 用作定语的过去分词 用作表语或谓语的过去分词
drink drunken drunk
light lighted/lit lighted
sink sunken sunk
We lit the candle and the candle lit up the room.
我们点着蜡烛，蜡烛照亮房间。
There is a lighted candle on the table.
桌上有一支点燃着的蜡烛。
4. 现在分词与过去分词的区别
(l)在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义。
the surprising news 令人惊讶的消息
a surprised man 一个感到惊讶的人
a moving film 一场感人的电影
the moved people被感动的人们
(2)在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
the developing country 发展中国家
the developed country 发达国家
the rising sun正在升起的太阳
the risen sun 升起来的太阳t
相约中考
(2014. 无锡)③ __________(compare) with the older model, the new robot costs less but lasts longer.
常见非谓语动词易混词组辨析
(1) remember to do/remember doing
remember to do指“记得去做某事”，表示这件事情还没有做；remember doing指“记得做过某事”表示这件事已经做过了。
(2) find sb. doing/find sb. to do
find sb. doing表示“发现某人正在做……”，强调发现的结果；find sb. to do表示“发现某人做……”，强调动作的全过程。
(3) stop doing/ stop to do
stop doing强调“停下正在做的事”；stop to确强调“停下正在做的事，继续去做另外一件事情”。
(4) regret doing/regret to do
regret doing表示“对做过的事遗憾、后悔”；regret to do表示“对要做而未做的事感到遗憾、后悔”。
(5) see sb. doing/see sb. do
see sb. doing表示“看到某人正在做……”，强调看到的结果；see sb. do“看到某人做……”，强调看到的整个过程。
易错防范
典例呈现一
( ) When people want to relax themselves, they________ prefer TV or listen to music
rather than ___________newspapers.
A. watching; reading B. watching; to read C. to watch; read D. to watch; reading
【答案】C
【易错剖析】受prefer doing to doing结构的影响，易误选A项。本题考查prefer.. . rather than.句型的用法，prefer后接动词不定式，rather than后接动词原形。句意为“当人们想放松自己时，他们宁愿看电视听音乐也不会去看报纸”。
典例呈现二
( ) Mr. Wang does' what he can ________us improve our English.
A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped
【答案】B
【易错剖析】易把can看成谓语动词而误选A项。本题的谓语动词为does,what he can为宾语从句，因此应该用动词不定式作目的状语，所以选B项。
典例呈现三
( ) This math problem is too difficult.. Can you show me ___________, George?
A. what to work out B. to work it out C. how to work it out D.how to work out it
【答案】C
【易错剖析】不知out是副词，加宾语时，需放在out之前，而误选D项。考查“疑问词十不定式结构”和动词短语。work out是动词十副词短语，故代词作宾语时，要放在动词和副词之间，这里是疑问词加不定式在句中作宾语，根据题意是指“如何解答出来”。
典例呈现四
( )The two men had their lights_______ all night long.
A. burn B. burned C. burning D. being burn
【答案】C
【易错剖析】易混淆have sb. do sth.，have sb. doing sth.和have sth. done的区别，误选B项。此处应该用have sth. doing sth.，现在分词表示“燃烧”这个动作，有持续的含义，故选
C项。
巩固训练
一、词汇运用
用动词的适当形式填空
1. She wants_________ (leave) as soon as possible.
2. Please teach me how __________(use) the computer.
3. I feel it necessary ___________ (make) a study plan.
4. Mom is glad that I enjoy _________ (play) the piano.
5. It's no use ___________(collect) so many cheap stamps.
6. The woman is good at __________ (take) care of babies.
7. Just then he heard someone____________ (call) for help.
8. ____________ (compare) with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful.
9. T he workers had the machines _________ (run) all night to finish the work on time.
10. ______________ (lose) fn thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
二.单项填空
( )1. Tell him ____________ the window.
A. to close not B. not to close C. to not close D. not close
( )2. ---Why do you speak in _________a loud voice?
. . ---Because I want to make myself _________ clearly.
A. such; hear B. so; heard C. such; heard D. so; hear
( )3. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _________.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
( )4. Paul doesn't have to be made __________. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
( )5. There are five pairs _______, but I'm at a loss which to buy.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing
( )6. The____________ news made us____________ .
A. exciting; exciting B. exciting; excited C. excited; excited D. excited; exciting
( ) 7. __________ all the time is the key to ________ progress in English:
A. Practise; making B. Practising; making
C. Practising; make D. To practise; make
( )8. I'II go to the post office. Do you have a letter ___________?
A. to be posted B. to be posting C. being posted D. to post
( )9. Only one of these books is worth ___________ .
A. to read B. being read C. of reading D. reading
( )10. I like _________ very much, but I don't like ____________this morning.
A. swimming; swimming B. to swim; to swim
C. swimming; to swim D. to swim; swimming
( )11. When __________ that it was getting late, I put off the light and went to bed.
A. find B. finding C. found D. to find
( ) 12. China is a __________ country __________ to the third world.
A. developed; belongs B. developing; belonging
C. developing; belongs D. developed, being belonged
( )13. The cake ________ is for Candy's birthday.
A. is being cooked B. being cooked C. that cooks D. that is cooking
( )14. The scientists are dealing with something _______ unknown to man.
A. remains B. remaining C. to remain D. remain
( )15. The __________waiter came up to us and said, "You are welcome. "
A. smiling B. smiled C. smile D. to smile
答案：
语法点拨： C watching Compared
巩固训练
一、1. to leave 2.to use 3. to make 4. playing 5. collecting
6. taking 7.calling 8. Compared 9. running 10. Lost
二、BCBBA BCADC BBBBA