2018中考英语语法知识复习学案
考点解读
用来表明名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句)与句中其他词的关系的词叫做介词。介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,特别是一些常用介词,搭配力特别强,可用来表示不同的意思,大部分的习惯用语都是由介词和其他词构成。介词是虚词,不能重读,不能单独作句子成分,需要和它后面的词共同充当句子成分。介词后面的名词、代词或相当于名词的部分称为介词宾语,简称介宾短语。
连词是连接单词、短语、从句或句子的一种虚词,在句中不单独作任何成分,一般不重读。一般来说,连词在英语中运用较多。在汉语中,常可把两个或更多的句子连接起来而不用连词,这种情况在英语中较少见。连词主要分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。
介词
(2015. 淮安)Helen is friendly and she always has a smile her face.
A. on B. with C. at D. for
【正确选项】A
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语海结构
【知识内容】介词
【试题分析】脸止带有笑容用介词on,即“smile on sb's face”,故A项符合题意。with表示一种伴随状态;at后接地点,时间;for表示原因均不符合题意。故选A。
(2014. 徐州) Healthy eating _______ regular exercise is the best way to keep fit.
A. less than B. instead of C. such as D. together with
【正确选项】D
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】介词短语
【试题分析】联系实际可知healthy eating和regular exercise都是保持健康的方式,故应选D项together with“和……一起”。less than“少于”;instead of“而不是”;such as“例如”,均
不符合题意。
(2015. 连云港)根据句子意思,从方框中选用恰当的单词或短语填空:
visit; lucky; be satisfied with; go missing; worry about; cut down; keep in touch; prepare for; in order to; instead of
2. Mr. Black doesn't like traveling. He stayed at home _________ going out all the summer.
【正确答案】instead of
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】介词短语
【试题分析】分析句子结构可知,此句为一个完整的句子,不缺主要成分,再结合方框内的词可知,此句句意应为“布莱克先生不喜欢旅行,他待在家里而没有出去玩”,故应该填介词词组instead of。
语法点拨
考点一 表示时间的介词
1. 表示时间段的介词
(l) in, after
“in+时间段”表示从现在起往后推算一段时间,“after+时间段”表示从过去某时间往后推算一段时间。
The performance will start in two hours.
演出再过两个小时开始。
He finished middle school in July, and after a month he joined the army.
他七月份读完初中,一个月后参了军。
(2) for, in, during, over
表示包括现在时间在内的过去一段时间内,句中谓语动词多用现在完成时。
In the last three years Shanghai has changed a lot.
过去三年中上海变化很大。
For the past few months they have been busy with their work.
过去几个月中他们忙于工作。
These palaces were rebuilt over the following years.
这些宫殿是后来几年中重修的。
2. 表示某一时间的介词
(l) at, on
at表示“在某一时刻,……点钟”,on表示“在某一天或日期”。
He usually gets up at ten on Sundays. 他星期天通常十点起床。
School will begin on Monday,September 1. 九月一日星期一开学。
注意:一天内各段时间表达应选用正确的介词。
in the morning在早晨
on a summer morning 一个夏天的早晨
in the afternoon 在下午
on Sunday afternoon 在星期天下午
at night在晚间
(2)after,since
after表示将来某一时间之后。
The singing group will have a performance after October.
十月份后这个演唱组将有场演出。
since示从过去某一时间延续到说话时间,句中谓语动词用现在完成时。
She has been at work since morning.
自早晨以来她一直在工作。
(3)before,by:before和by都表示“在……之前”,before可与多种时态连用. by含有“最晚不迟于……”、“到……为止”之意。如果by后是表将来的时间,则与将来时或将来完成时连用;如果是过去时间,则与过去完成时连用。
My sister will be back before Saturday.
我姐姐在星期六之前回来。
Tourists will be here by 6 0'clock.
游客将在6点之前到这。
(4) by,until/till:by表示到什么时候为止动作已经完成,until表示动作持续到什么时候;在终止性动词的否定式中,二者通用。
The talk show won't be over until/by 10:00 p.m.
谈话节目晚上10点才结束。
(5)不含介词的表示时间的词组
由one,this,that,last,next等词修饰的表示时随的词组前不用介词。
one night 一天晚上 'this year 今年
last summer 去年夏天 next month 下个月
that winter 那年冬天 one week later 一周后
相约中考
(2015 .扬'州) ①---David, when do you get up every day?
---I usually get up _____ half past six_ I'm never late for school.
A. in B. at C. on D. during
考点二 表示位置关系的介词
1. at,in
当事物被视作一点,不强调其空间常用介词at,可强调事物空间或地域内部时用in。
We'll meet at the theatre. 我们在剧院碰面。
There are about l,000 seats in the theatre.
刷院有约1,000个座位。
You may get off at 25th Street.
你可以在25号大街下车。
There was deep snow in Baker street.
贝克大街上积雪很深。
另外,arrive后接at,用于较小的地方如车站、机场、村庄和学校等,而后接in,用于较大的地方如城市、省份、国家等。
We arrived at the station before six.
我们六点前到达车站。
Our plane arrived in Beijing on time.
我们的飞机准时到达了北京。
2. in, to
in表示事物在区域内,to表示某一事物相对另一事物的位置。
The restaurant lies in the north of the square. .
餐馆位于广场北边(内部)。
The restaurant lies to the north of the shopping centre.
餐馆位于购物中心北边(外部)。
3 behind ,in front of, in the front of
behind表示“在……后面”,而in front of表示“在……前面(外部)”,in the front of表示“在……前部(内部)”。
The boy hid behind the door。 孩子藏在门后。
There is a tall tree in front of the house.
房子前面有棵很高的树。
We sat in the front of the hall. 我们坐在会场前部。
4. on,in
on表示“在……上”,强调在某事物表面。in强调在某事物的内部。
The boy finished everything off on the plate.
男孩吃完了盘子上所有的东西。
There are bananas in the fruit bowl. 果盆里有香蕉。
I stuck the wet stamp on the mirror.
我把湿邮票贴在镜子上。
1 looked at myself in the mirror. 我照镜子。
5. at, by, beside, next to, near
at,by,beside均表示“在……旁边”,next to表示“紧靠……的旁边”,near意为“在……附近”。
She sat down at the desk and began writing.
她在书桌旁坐下,开始写作。
I saw a pair of sports shoes beside the locker.
我看见寄存柜旁边有一双运动鞋。
6. above, below, over, under
above. below仅表示位置“高于”或“低于”;over,under表示垂直的上下关系。具有正上(下)方的关系。
The vegetable market is right below my window.
这个菜市场就在我窗下。
The whale usually lives under water.
鲸通常生活在水下。
7. between. among
between“在……之间”,一般用于两者之间,而among“在……中间”,一般用于三者或三者以上的中间。
He took a seat between the two boys.
他在两个男孩中间坐下。
The policeman stood among people.
警察站在人群中间。
考点三 表示运动方向的介词
(l) onto
onto表示“到……上”。
He jumped onto the stage. 他跳到台上。
2. into,out of
into表示“由外到内”;而out of表示“从里到外”。
They went into the shop. 他们走进商店。
He came out of the swimming pool.
他从游泳池里出来。
3. from,off
from表示“离开某个点”,而off表示“从……落下;偏离”。
The boat moved away from the island. 小船驶离小岛。
He suddenly fell off the bike.
他突然从自行车上摔了T来。
4. by, past
by,past均表示“经过”。例如:
On my way to school, I happened to go by/past a bookshop.
我上学的路上,恰好经过一家书店。
5. across,through
across表示“从物体的一端到另一端,在表面上通过”,而through表示“穿过一个空间或地区从内部穿过”。
They all swam across the river.
他们都游过了这条河。
We drove through the woods and watched the animals.
我们开车穿过树林并观赏动物。
6. to,towards,for
to表示“到……目的地”,toward表示“朝……方向运动”,而for表示“以……为目的地”。
We took a bus to the seaside.
我们乘公共汽车去海边。
I saw a man over there and went towards him.
我看到那儿有个人,便向他走去。
We left for Mexico early in the morning.
我们一早动身去墨西哥。
相约中考
(2013. 扬州) ②We can't walk ________ the street when the traffic light is red. (cross)
考点四 介词的搭配
1. 名词和介词的搭配
注意某些名词后的介词搭配。
This is our first visit to Australia.
这是我们第一次访问澳大利亚。
Well have a checkup on eyesight next week
我们下星期进行视力检查。
We found a solution to the problem.
我们找到了这个问题的解决办法。
Here is the key to the exercise.
这儿是练习的答案。
2. 形容词与介词的搭配
不少形容词与介词构成固定搭配。
be famous for 因……出名
be pleased with对……满意 .
be interested in对……有兴趣
be angry with. 因…… 生气
be late for迟到
be ready for为……做好准备
be good at擅长
be proud of为……自豪
be busy with忙于
be surprised at 对……惊讶
be familiar with对……熟悉
be fond of喜爱
China is famous for its Great Wall all over the world.
中国以长城闻名于世。
Mothers are always proud of their sons.
母亲总是为自己的儿子感到自豪。
I was surprised at his words.
我对他的话感到惊讶。
3. 动词与介词的搭配
不少动词与介词组成了惯用词组。
agree with sb. 同意某人的意见
join in参加
help……sb. with帮助某人
operate on sb. 给某人动手术
clear…from清除
point at指着
worry about…为……担忧
run after 追赶
pay for付钱买
belong to属于
protect….from…保护……免受……
prefer… to… 宁可,更喜欢
I wonder whether you agree with me.
我想知道你是否同意我的看法。
The doctor has 3ust operated on the sick boy.
医生刚给患病男孩动过手术。
Don't worry about your students. They are all right.
别为你的学生担心。他们都很好。
4. 惯用词组中的介词
英语中还有许多惯用词组,注意这些词组中介词的固定用法。
not at all 一点也不 in fact事实上
in all总共by oneself单独
by the way顺便 at the moment 比刻
in a hurry匆忙地 in charge of 负责 .
in no time很快 from time to time不时地
in time及时 on time 准时
5. 常见易混介词和介词短语辨析
(l) between/among
between意为“两者之间”,常用结构为between … and…;among意为“在三者或三者以上之间”。
(2) except/besides
except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了……”,可以理解为“撇开……不谈”;besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“除……之外还……”,besides还可用作副词,意为“此外;而且”,常用于句首。
(3) in/on
表示“使用”意义时,in后面一般是跟语言,表示“用……语言”;on后主要接通讯工具,表示“通过……”。
(4) on/in/behind/after 4
表示方位时,on表示在某人、某物的左边或右边;in用来表示在第几排. behind用来表示“在……之后”;after用来表示顺序。
(5)in time/on time/at times/at any time/at a time/at all times
in time意为“及时”;on time表示‘‘准时”;at times意为“有时;偶尔”;at any time表示“任何时候”;at a time意为“一次;每次”;at all times表示“一直;始终”。
相约中考
(2014. 淮安) ③It is important to keep a balance between work and rest. Too little rest often leads ____________illness.
连词
题型事例
(2014. 南通)You can join the Reading Club, _______ you can go to the Dancing Club. Either is OK.
A. and B. or C. but D. so
【正确选项】B
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】并列连词
【试题分析】根据后一句either“两者中的任何一个”可推知空
缺处少应填一个表示选择关系的连词,分析选项or“或者”符
合题意。故选B项。
( 2015. 苏州) He hasn't got any hobbies ________ you call watching TV a hobby.
A. while B. unless C. as D. if
【正确选项】B
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】从属连词
【试题分析】B. unless“如果,除非”,表示条件,符合题意。句意为“他没有任何爱好·除非你把看电视也算作爱好。”while和as表示。当……时”;if"如果”,均不符合题意。故选B。
(2015 . 扬州) ---This is between you and me.
---I promise________ I won't tell others you say you can.
A. unless B. or C. since D. and
【正确答案】 A
【测量目标】语言基础知识/能在具体语境中正确理解和运用词汇
【知识内容】从属连词
【试题分析】根据题意“这事只有你我知道”。“我保证,你让我说我才会告诉别人” unless“除非”;or“或者”;since“因为,既然”;and“而且”。,所以本题正确答案为A项。
语法点拨
考点一 并列连词
1. 表示并列关系和转折关系的连词
(1)表示并列关系的连词
表示并列关系的连词主要含有“和”、“补充”、“增加”等意思。
and 和
both… and… 两者都
either… or…. 或者……或者……
neither…nor_ 既不……也不……
as well as也,连同
not only_ but also_ 不但……而且……
Both Jane and Jim are interested in pop music.
简和吉姆都对流行音乐感兴趣。
Bob as well as his parents is going on holiday this summer. 鲍勃和他的父母今年夏天要去度假。
She is not only kind but also honest.
她不但善良而且诚实。
(2)表转折关系的连词
常用来表示转折关系的并列连词有如下几个:
but但是yet然而
while然而
The car is very old but it runs very fast.
这辆小汽车虽然旧了,但跑得很快。
My mother was cooking, while my brother was sitting doing nothing.
我妈妈在厨房做饭,而我弟弟却在闲坐着。
2. 表示选择关系和因果关系的连词
(1)表示选择关系的连词
表示选择关系的并列连词:
or 或者 or else 或者 otherwise 否则
either_ or_或者……或者……
neither… nor… 既不……也不……
Would you like to leave or to stay?
你是想走还是想留下来?
Neither you nor I nor anyone else believes such things.
不管你我或者其他人都不会相信这样的事情。
(2)表示因果关系的连词
表示因果关系的并列连词主要有so,for,等。
The air here is polluted, so the crops are dying.
这里的空气受到了污染,所以庄稼快要死了。
The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.
树叶在飘落,因为秋天已经到了。
3. 几个特殊并列连词的用法
(l) and
and作并列连词有多重含义,除可表示并列外,还可以表示顺承、目的、条件等关系。
He went to the market and bought some vegetables.(表示顺承,动作发生的先后)
他到市场买了一些蔬菜。
Come and help me out.(表目的)
过来帮我一下。
Be careful and you will make fewer mistakes.(表结果)
仔细点,你犯的错误就少一点。
(2)as well as与not only… but also…
“名词+as well as十名词”作主语时,强调前面的名词,谓语动词根据前面的名词而定。not only…but also… 并列接名词作主语时,强调后者,谓语动词根据后面名词而定。
China as well as many other countries loves peace.
中国和世界上许多其他国家一样热爱和平。
Not only Bill but also his parents want to go traveling by bike. 比尔和他父母都想骑自行车去旅行。
考点二 从属连词
L从属连词:指连接主句与从句的连词,从属连词分为
三种:
(1)简单从属连词:after,before,because,if,when,where
等等;
(2)复合从属连词:so far as,as soon as,as if,in that(因
为),so that等等;
(3)关联从属连词:if…then…,as…so…,so…that..., no sooner…than…, hardly. ..when/before…,等等。
2. 从属连词的用法
(1)引导宾语从句
① that引导由陈述句转变成的宾语从句,口语或非正式用语中可以省略。
Tom has gone to Japan. 汤姆去日本了。
I hear that Tom has gone to Japan.
我听说汤姆去日本了。
②if/whether由一般疑问句转换成的宾语从句,一般可互换;但在以下三种情况时只用whether:介词后的宾语从句;后跟动词不定式时;句中含有or not时。
I don't know whether he is good at English or not.
我不知道他是否擅长英语。
③引导特殊疑问句转变成的宾语从句,常用who,whom,which, what, when, where, why, how, whatever等等。
I can't tell you why l came here,
我不能告诉你我为什么来到这。
(2)引导状语从句
①引导时间状语从句的从属连词有;when“当……时候”} whenever"每当”;as“当……时候” before“在……之前”等等。
Whenever we found an unknown plant, we had to describe it in our notebooks.
每当我们发现一种不认识的植物时,我们就必须在笔记本里加以描绘。
As I entered, he looked at me kindly without scolding.
我进来时,他慈爱地看看我,汝有责骂我。
②引导地点状语从句的从属连词:where“在……地方”,wherever“在任何……的地方”
He goes wherever he wants. 他想去哪儿就去哪儿。
③引导目的状语从句的从属连词:so that“为了……”;in order that“为了……”;m case“以防,万一”等等。
I shall stay in the hotel all day in case there is news of the missing child.
我将整天待在旅馆以防会有失踪孩子的消息。
④引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because“因为”;since“既然;因为”;as“因为”;now that“既然”;considering that“考虑到”等等。
Now that they could ride horses., it became easier to hunt the wild ox.
既然他们会骑马了,猎取野牛也就容易了。
He is unlikely to come because he is ill.
他不可能来了,因为他病了。
⑤引导结果状语从句的从属连词有;so that“因此”,so…that…“如此……以至于……”;such…that…,“这样……以致于……”等。
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
我们走地很匆忙以至于门都忘锁了。
⑥引导让步状语从句的从属连词有:though“虽然,尽管”;although"虽然,尽管”;even though“即使”;even if“即使”等。
They keep on working even if it is raining. 尽管下着雨,他们仍然工作。
Although he was ill,he went to work. 尽管生病,他还是去上班了。
⑦引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if “如果”,as long as “只要”,unless“除非,如果不”。
I| won't be late, unless I get up late.
除非我起床晚,否则我不会迟到。
I'll go as long as you call me. 只要你打电话,我就会去。
常见易混连词辨析
(l) so/such
so和such都可意为“如此”,但与不定冠词a/an连用的结构不同:so+形容词+a/an+名词;such+ a/an+形容词十名词。
(2) either. or./neither. nor_
Either…or… 意为“或者……或者……”;neither… nor…“两者都不……”。
(3) and/or
and和or都可用于肯定句中,and表示“和”;or表示“或者”;or可用于否定句中,意为“和”。
(4) because/since
because“因为”,表示直接原因,回答why的提问;since “由于;既然”,表示对方已经知道的、既成事实的理由,语气较弱。
( o)even if/even though
even if/ even though均表示即使,假使的意思,但稍有差别;even if引导让步状语从句含有强烈的假定性,而even though引导让步状语从句时,表示说话人往往肯定从句是
事实。
典例呈现一
( )He saw three apples _______ the tree and a kite________the tree.
A. on; in B. in;in c. in; in D. in; on
【答案】A
【易错剖析】由于片面认为on是“在……上面”和in是“在……里面”而误选D项。而事实上,在表示物体在树上时,若是树本身的东西应选用on,而不是树本身生长出的东西则用in,所以此题选A项。
典例呈现二
( ) Neither I nor he _________a bad boy, though we sometimes play for a long time.
A. am B. are C. is D. was
【答案】C
【易错剖析】本题学生易因无法分清谓语动词由前面哪个词来确定,而易选错答案。其实当or,either…or…,neither….nor…,等连词连接主语时,采用就近原则,即谓语动词
由or或nor后面的部分而定。
巩固训练
一、词汇运用
1. My mother often goes shopping ________ Sundays.
2. We are going to send some cards to our teachers __________Teachers' Day.
3. We have four lessons _________ the morning.
4. I always get up ______________ 6:00 a. m. every day.
5. Stay inside during the storm, ____________ you could be seriously injured.
6. He threw it into the sea ________ he realized what he had done.
7. ____________we are careful, it's easy to fail to recognize an opportunity when it is in hand.
8. He can't be at home ___________ he has gone to Shanghai.
二.单项填空
( ) 1. The teachers hope all of us can hand ______ our homework _______ time every day.
A. up; in B out; on C. on; in D. in; on
( )2. The plane will take off _________ three hours. I must get to the airport right now.
A. in B for C. on D. at
( )3. He suddenly saw Sue ________ the room. He pushed his way_________ the crowd of
people to get to her.
A. across; across B. over; through C. over; into ' D. across; through
( )4. ---Which do you prefer to use to keep in touch with your friends, QQ
_____WeChat(微信).
--- WeChat, and I can share photos, ideas and feelings freely.
A. and B. but C. so D. or
( )5. ________the TV, please. It's time for the weather report.
A. Turn on B. Turn off C. Put down D. Put away
( ) 6. Look! There is a chair ______ three legs in the meeting room.
A. has B. with C. of D. have
( )7. Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you _____ the tough years.
A. through B. up C. with D. from
( )8. We drove ________the direction of Hangzhou ______ a high speed.
A. to; at B. in; by C. in; at D. to; with
( )9. People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, and this ______ creates more problems.
A. after all B. once again C. in case D. in turn
( ) 10. You can improve your English _________ practicing more.
A. by B. with C. in D. of
( )11. They will try their best in the Dragon Boat Racing ______ they may fail.
A. if B although C. unless D. until
( )12. Good to see you again. It's almost three years _________ we met last time.
A. until B. before C. while D. since
( )13. ---Why didn't you try your best to get on the subway?
--- I tried to, but it started moving________ I could get in it.
A before B. after C. since D. if
( )14. Eric will never win a gold in the swimming race _______ he works hard.
A if B. when C. unless D. since
( )15. Amy likes to go to the cinema, _________ she doesn't like to see horror films.
A. since B. as C. though D. but
答案:
语法点拨
①B ② across ③ to
巩固训练
一、 1. on 2. on 3. in 4. at 5. or 6. before 7. Unless 8. because
二、 BDABB BABCA BADBA CADCC