中考英语语法知识复习学案(名词与冠词)

2018中考英语语法知识复习学案
(名词与冠词)
考点解读
名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。名词可以分为普通名词、专有名词。名词有种类之分，其形态变化可以用来表示数、格。
冠词是用于名词前用以说明该名词含义的虚词。
冠词分为不定冠词(a，an)和定冠词(the)两类。
名词
题型事例
(2015. 淮安) 1.----Hi, Jack.Is this your new bike?
----No, __________ is over there. It's a present from my uncle.
A. Mine B. Yours C. Hers D. His
【正确选项】A
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】名词所有格
【试题分析】对问句中your new bike的回答应为my new bike= mine，故A项mine符合题意。Yours=your new bike; hers=her new bike; his= his new bike均不符合题意。故选A。
(2015. 扬州)2.A friend of my _______ bought my son this model plane. (father)
【正确答案】father's
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别，理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】名词所有格
【试题分析】由friend可知，空格前应填入名词所有格，且名词应填单数形式，故填father's。
(2014. 连云港)3. …or someone's mum or dad，so it is not just for emergencies and a____.
【正确答案】accidents
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】名词复数
【试题分析】由and可知，空格处的单词应与emergencies对应，联系上下文语境可知此处应填accident的复数形式accidents。
语法点拨
考点一 可数名词的复数变化
1. 可数名词的规则变化

构成方法 例词
一般在词尾加一s desk—desks , mile—miles , bridge—bridges , horse—horses
以s，x，sh，ch结尾的词加es glass—glasses, box—boxes, brush—brushes , watch—watches
以th结尾的词加s bath—baths , path — paths , mouth —mouths, month—months
以o结尾的词加s或es piano—pianos, photo —photos , radio —radios hero—heroes , potato—potatoes , tomato—tomatoes zero—zero( e) s , motto— motto ( e) s
以y结尾的词 以辅音字母加y结尾的词，把y变为i，再加es factory—factories , country—countries quality—qualities. ability— abilities
以元音字母加y结尾的词，直接加s monkey—monkeys , toy—toys
以f或fe结尾的词 f，fe变为v再加es wolf—wolves, wife— wives, leaf—leaves , knife— knives
个别词直接加s gulf —gulfs, belief— beliefs, roof— roofs
个别有两种复数形式 scarf—scarfs /scarves
2. 可数名词的不规则变化
构成方法 例词
复合名词 一般情况下只变词尾 bedroom —bedrooms, highway— highways
把中心词变为复数 looker-on—lookers-on ；passer-by— passers-by
没有中心词将最后一个词变为复数形式 grown-up—grown-ups . go-between—go-betweens
由man或woman构成的复合名词变复数时，man或woman写其他名词都要变为复数 a man-doctor— two men doctors, a woman teacher —three women teachers
特殊名词 改变内部元音 foot— feet, tooth—teeth, man—men
词尾加en或ren ox—oxen, child—children
单、复数同形 sheep— sheep, deer—deer, fish—fish
3. 特殊的几类名词
有些名词通常用复数形式 Police, people, socks, clothes. shorts, glasses, shoes. manners (礼貌) , trousers. wishes (问候 ), twins, thanks
集体名词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数；如为个体成员，谓语动词用复数 family, people , crowd , class, people, team, group, army等 His family is going to leave. Her family are football fans.
合成名词作定语，中间加连字符“一”，名词用单数 数词一名词 a two-year boy 数词一名词一形容词 a two- meter-long ruler
相约中考
(2015 .泰州 ) ①---I'm tired out these days.
---Well, you'd better keep a ________ between work and play.
A. promise B. diary C. balance D. secret
考点二 不可数名词的数
1. 常见的不可数名词
advice 建议 baggage 行李 bread 面包 change 零钱 coffee咖啡
food 食物 fire火 fun乐趣 fruit水果 gas汽体 furniture 家具 grain 谷物
glass 玻璃 information 信息 happiness 幸福
2. 可转化为可数名词的不可数名词
(1)有些物质名词在表达可数概念时，可转化为可数名词
wind 风 → a wind 一阵风 rain 雨→a ram 一场雨
snow 霉→a snow 一场雪 tea茶→a tea一杯茶
beer啤酒→a loeer 一杯啤酒 coffee咖啡→a coffee 一杯咖啡
(2)有些物质名词的复数形式有特殊含义
fruits各种各样的水果 foods各种各样的食物 waters大片水域 woods树林
(3)有些抽象名词可转化为可数名词
honor令人感到光荣的人或事
success成功的人或事
envy令人羡慕的人或事
comfort令人感到安慰的人或事
shame今人感到羞耻的人或事
Mary is a great honor to our class.
玛丽是我们全班的骄傲。
Your gift is a pleasant surprise.
你的礼物真是个惊喜。

考点三 名词所有格
名词所有格表示从属关系，相当于物主代词，在句中作定语、宾语或主语。
类型 构成方法 例词
有生命的名词 一般在词尾加’s the doctor's degree 博士学位 Max's works马克思著作
以s结尾的名词后加’ teachers' office 教师办公室 students' books学生用书
不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s the People's Hospital人民医院 the Children's Palace 少年宫
以s结尾的单数名 词或专有名词后既可加’s也可只加’ the boss’(s) house 老板的家the hostess’(s) photo女主人的照片Dickens's novels狄更斯的小说
合成名词一般在最后一个词的后面加’s My father-in-law's bicycle我岳父的自行车the grown-up's duty成年人的责任
以and连接的名词 如果两个或两个以上的名词共同拥有某物，只在最后一个名词后加’s Li Ming and Wei Fang's desk李明和魏芳的书桌（两人共同拥有）
如果两个或两个以上的名词分别拥有，名词后都要加’s Li Ming's (father) and Wei Fang's father李明的父亲和魏芳的父亲（两人分别拥有）
无生命的名词 表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命名词，在词尾加’s today's newspaper 今天的报纸ten dollar's worth 值十美元ten minute's break/walk十分钟的休息／散步
一般用of结构 a map of China中国地图
有生命及无生命的名词，一般均可用of短语 the boy's name=the name of the boy那个男孩的名字China's population= the population of China 中国人口
相约中考
（2012. 苏州）The Olympic team were given a ______ (英雄般的)welcome on their return home.
1. 名词可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语、状语
My friends are all interested in the Internet news.
我的朋友都对网络新闻感兴趣。（主语）
You can not see stars in the sky now.
你现在看不到天空中的星星。（宾语）
The EU is China's biggest trading partner.
欧盟是中国最大的贸易伙伴。（表语）
Would you like to go to the flower show tomorrow?
你明天想去看花展吗？（定语）
We are trying to make our home a comfortable place.
我们努力使我们的家成为舒适的地方。（宾补）
The workers worked day and night.
工人们夜以继日地工作。（状语）
2. 常见易混淆词辨析
中考选择题对名词的考查多在名词辨析上，平时需多积累。下面列出了常见名词的辨析。
family/home/house
family意为“家庭”，指全体的家庭成员；home意为“家”，包括房屋、家庭成员在内；house意为“房屋”，指实体建筑物。
voice/sound/noise
voice是可数名词，指人喉咙发出的声音；sound包括各种声响，不论大声还是小声、乐音或噪声、有意义的还是无意义的声音，多作可数名词；noise泛指一切大的、杂乱的或令人讨厌的嘈杂声和吵声，可作可数名词也可作不可数名词。
相约中考
(2015. 常州)②---Could you tell me the _______of making such tasty cakes?
---Well, I just follow the instructions in the cookbook.
A. time B. method C. cost D. menu
易错防范
典例呈现一
( ) In the future, there will be more _______ in nursery school(幼儿园).
A. man teachers B. men teacher C. men teachers D. man teacher
【答案】C
【易错剖析】由于对复合名词的复数形式变化规则不熟悉，可能会误选A、B项，但是由man或woman作定语时，其单复数要视其后的名词而定。teachers是复数，那么man作定语也要用复数形式men。
典例呈现二
( )---Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest bus stop?
---Go down this road. It's about _________ walk.
A. five minutes's B. five minutes' C. five-minutes D. five minutes
【答案】B
【易错剖析】由于对名词所有格的构成方法不熟而误选A项。在表示时间、距离时使用含有数词的名词所有格形式作定语时，以s结尾的复数名词所有格只需在词尾s后加’。
2. 常见易混名词辨析
(l) job/work
job和work都意为“工作”，但job是可数名词’，一般指职业、工作的种类；work是不可数名词，也可作为动词。
(2) problem/question
problem常和“困难”相关，前面的动词常为think about，solve等；question常和“疑问”相关，多和ask，answer搭配使用。
(3) noise/voice/sound
noise指“嘈杂声，噪音”；volce指“说话的声音，嗓音”；sound指“耳朵能够听到的声音，吵闹声”等。
(4) news/information/message/instruction
news表示“新闻；消息”，是不可数名词；information“信息；资料”，侧重信息的价值，是不可数名词；message“消息；信息”，侧重信息的简短，是不可数名词；instruction表示“说明；须知；教导”，是可数名词。
(5) people/person/member
people是集体名词，表示“人们”，复数形式，但是作“民族”时，为单数；person意为“人”，强调单个的人，是可数名词，复数形式为persons；member表示“成员；会员”，是可数名词。
冠词
题型示例
(2015. 淮安)1.My PE teacher often teachers us how to play _______ football.
A. a B. an C. ／ D. the
【正确选项】C
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】冠词
【试题分析】a/an表示泛指，the表示特指。踢足球，打篮球等球类运动均不用加冠词。句意为“我的体育老师经常教我们如何踢足球。”。故本题选C。
(2015. 秦州) 2.“Running man’’ is __________very popular TV programs in China. One of_______ most famous actresses, Angelababy, always appears in it.
A. a;/ B. the；the C. a；the D. the;/
【正确选项】C
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】冠词
【试题分析】根据句意“Running man是一个在中国很受欢迎的电视节目。”可知，第一空应填a，表示“一种”。“中国最著名的一位女演员Angelababy总是出现在里面。”the表示特指，而且位于最高级前面。A，B，D均不符合题意。故选C。
(2015. 苏州)3.Some small shops in Britain usually close for ____ hour at _____ lunchtime.
A. an；the B. a；不填 C. a；the D. an；不填
【正确选项】D
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】冠词
【试题分析】hour为元音素开头，故用an来修饰。at lunch-time为固定搭配，意为“在午餐时间”。句意为：“英国的一些
小店在午餐时间通常会关闭一小时。”故选D。
语法点拨
考点一 不定冠词
1. 不定冠词的形式：a，an
不定冠词有a和an两种形式，其区别是：a用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。
He is a good teacher. 他是一名好老师。
There is going to be an English lecture this evening.
今晚将有一场英语讲座。
有些以元音字母开头的单词，由于它不是以元音音素开头，其前仍用a。
His brother is now a university student.
他的哥哥现在是大学生。
同时，有些单词虽然以辅音字母开头，由于它的第一个发音为元音音素，其前用an。
An honest boy is more welcome.
诚实的孩子更受欢迎。
以下各例均用了an，也是因为紧跟在其后的词语以元音音素开头。
miss an “m” 漏写一个“m”
an 8-year-old boy 一个8岁的男孩
2. 不定冠词的基本用法
用法 例句
(1)用于单数可数名词前，泛指类别 A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是会飞的机器。
(2)用于单数可数名词前，泛指某人或某物 A girl is dancing over there. 有个女孩正在那边跳舞。
(3)用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一阵”“一份”，“一场” a heavy rain 一场大雨a heavy smoke 一股浓烟a strong wind 一阵大风
(4)用在叙述时第一次提到的某人或某物 Long long ago, there was a king. 很久以前，有个国王。
(5)用在序数词之前，表示“又一” He failed twice, but he still wanted to try a third time. 他第二次又没有成功，但他仍想试第三次。
(6)用于某些固定词组中 a few/little, a lot (of) , have a good time, take a rest, at a time, have a drink, go for a walk, in a hurry, make a living, have a headache, have a look, in a minute, three times a day, take an active part in, make a decision
相约中考
(2015 .连云港)④. Tong Liya is _______ famous actress who acted as a country woman in
________1970s in the TV show Ordinary World.
A. a; / B. a; the C. the; the D. the; /
考点二 定冠词
定冠词只有the，表示“这；那，那些”
用法 例句
(1)用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或物 The lion is a wild creature. 狮子是一种野生生物。
(2)表示双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物 Close the window，please. 请关上窗户。 There is a book on the table. The book is mine.桌上有本书是我的。
(3)世界上独一无二的东西 the earth地球 the sun太阳 the world世界the sky天空
(4)用在序数词、形容词或副词的最高级前 The second lesson is very difficult. 第二课非常难。 He is the tallest in our class. 他是我们班最高的。
(5)用于身体部位及表示方向或方位的名词前 hit sb. on the head/in the face 打某人的头／脸 on the right/left在右边／左边 in the south/east/west/north （包含在内） to the south/east/west/north （不包含在内）
(6)用于乐器前 play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴
(7)用于江河湖海、大洋、山川、群岛等专有名词前 the Changjiang/Yangtze River 长江 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
(8)用于姓氏的复数前表示一家人或夫妻 The Smiths will go to Japan next week. 史密斯一家下周要去日本。
(9)用于普通名词构成的专有名词前 the Great wall长城 the United States美国 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
(10)与某些形容词连用，指其一类人 the dead死去的人 the young年轻人 the wounded 伤员 the living 活着的入 I think the rich should help the poor. 我认为富人应该帮助穷人。
(11)用于整十数词的复数前表示年代 He was born in the nineties. 他生于90年代。
(12)用于某些固定词组中 in the morning/afternoon/evening, all the time, at the same time, b y the way, in the open air, the same as, at the age of , at the beginning of , in the middle of, look the same, in the end
(13)在某些词组中有无定冠词意思不同 go to school 去上学 go to the school 去学校 at table在吃饭 at the table在桌子旁
考点三 零冠词
用法 例子
(1)专有名词（国家、城市、人名）前无冠词 Beijing北京 China中国
(2)表示泛指的不可数名词及可数名词的复数前无冠词 Snow is white. 雪是白色的。 Teachers should be kind to (their) students. 老师应该对学生友好。
(3)名词前已有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格等修饰时，不用冠词 This pencil is hers. 这支铅笔是她的。 This is Li Ming's room. 这是李明的房间。
(4)年、月、季节、星期、节日、一日三餐等名词前无冠词。但是，中国特有的传统节日前常加定冠词 in summer 在夏天 have supper 吃晚饭 Women's Day 妇女节 the Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节 the Spring Festival 春节
(5)学科名称、球类、棋类等名词前无冠词 study English学习英语 play football踢足球 play chess下棋
(6)与by连用表示交通方式的名词前无冠词 by plane乘飞机 by car乘小轿车
(7)称呼语或表示头衔的名词前无冠词 Mr. Wang王先生 Professor Liu 刘教授
(8)在“专有名词十普通名词” 构成的表示街名、路名、公园名等名词前无冠词 Zhongshan Road 中山路 Xuanwu Lake 玄武湖
(9)在某些固定词组中无冠词 at school, in trouble, in fact, in/on time, from time to time, go to work, catch fire, on foot, after class , in danger, at home, at first, at sea， on duty/ sale/show, all day, at noon/night/midnight, from morning till night
相约中考
(2015 .准安) ⑤. My PE teacher often teaches us how to play _________football.
A. a B. an C. / D. the
典例呈现一
( ) People develop______ preference for a particular style of learning at____ early age and these preferences affect learning.
A. a；an B. a；／ C. ／；the D. the; an
【答案】A
【易错剖析】由于对句意的泛指、特指判断不明确以及对冠词的用法掌握不到位，考生会误选B项或D项。preference会被误认为是抽象不可数名词而使用零冠词，或者被误认为是特‘指而使用定冠词the，而此处preference为可数名词，是第一次出现，因而表示泛指。
典例呈现二
( )Many lifestyle patterns do such____ great harm to health that they actually speed up ____weakening of the human body.
A. a; / B. /; the C. a, the D. /; /
【答案】B
【易错剖析】由于对句子结构和意义把握不准确或对定冠词表示特指的语境把握不准确而误选D项。考生可能认为up为介词，其直接加动词的-ing形式weakening。而实际是the
weakening of the human body作为名词短语，其成分更密切，且由of结构限定时表示特指而非泛指。harm为抽象名词泛指，故do harm to“对……有害”，为固定搭配，不加冠词；
weakening也是抽象名词，weakening由of短语加以修饰限定，表示特指。
巩固训练
一、词汇运用
1. Please carry these ____________ (box) to the classroom.
2. Sun Yang is one of the best _____________ (play) in China.
3. There are many __________ (deer) in my hometown.
4. In our company there are about 45 ___________ (man) editors.
5. His car is different from my __________ (father).
6. Tomorrow is ____________ (teacher) Day.
7. Have a little _______________(patient) , the bus will come soon.
8. Just as the old saying goes "Don't judge a book by its cover. " , we shouldn't judge a person by his/her __________ ( appear) .
9. ---What do you want to be in the future, Nick?
---I want to be __________ pilot. It is _________ exciting job.
10. There is _________ big supermarket in _______ center of our city.
11. ---Lily is coming by ______ plane tomorrow.
---Let's go to __________ airport to meet her.
12. In the U. S. , Father's Day falls on _________ third Sunday in ________ June.
13. Tommy is ____________ tallest boy in his class.
14. We know that _________ moon moves around _________ sun.
15. George likes playing ________ basketball, but Mike likes playing _________ piano.
二、单项填空
( ) 1. When autumn comes, ________ of most trees turn yellow and fall down.
A. leaf B. leafs C. leave D. leaves
( )2. The customers are pleased with the _________of the restaurant.
A. balance B. experience C. surface D. service
( )3. ________ is next to their parents'.
A. Kate's and Joan's car B. Kate's and Joan car
C. Kate and Joan's car D. Kate and Joan car
( )4. ---Excuse me. May I know your___________?
---Sure. It's No. 3 Bridge Street.
A. house B. address C. way D. place
( ) 5. In order to stay fit, people pay more attention to their ________.
A. diet B. experience C. thoughts D. awards
( ) 6. The railway station is two_________ from our house.
A. hour's drive B. hours' drive C. hour drive D. hours drive
( )7. Come on, children, Help yourselves to some __________ if you like.
A. fish and chicken B. fishes and chicken
C. fish and chickens D. fishes and chickens
( )8. Mr. Li regards Suzhou as his second _____ because he has been there for over twenty years.
A. family B. house C. room D. home
( )9. We work together to achieve our common purpose______ world that is safer, cleaner and healthier than ________ one we are living in.
A. the ; / B. a , / C. the ; the D. a ; the
( )10. __________person like him won't be simply satisfied with _______ progress that has been made.
A. The; a B. A; the C. The; / D. The; the
( )11. More than 36 million Chinese children are receiving piano training, but quite a few have little _______ in the piano and some even hate it. D. success
( )12. ---What happened to Mike?
---He hurt one of his _________ in an accident yesterday.
A. foot B. teeth C. hand D. ear
( )13. Sandy often takes her dog for ______ walk around the lake after supper.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
( )14. Look! There is __________ colourful bird in the tree. ______ bird is singing.
A. a; The B. /; The C. the; A D. a; /
( )15. ----Eric, what would you like to be when you grow up?
---_____________ actor like Jackie Chan.
A. The B. A C. An D. /

答案：
语法点拨 （1）C (2) B (3) A (4) C
巩固训练
一、1. boxes 2. players 3. deer 4. men 5. father’s (6) Teachers’
7. patience 8. appearance 9. a, an 10. a, the 11. / , the 12. the, /
13. the 14. the, the 15. / ,the
二、1—5 DDCBA 6-10 BABCA 11-15 BDACD