中考英语语法知识复习学案(形容词与副词)

2018中考英语语法知识复习学案
(形容词与副词)
考点解读
形容词是用于描写或修饰名词或代词的词。它在句子中主要用作表语、定语和宾语补足语。有些形容词通常只用作表语，被称为表语形容词；有的形容词只用作定语，被称为定语形容词。
副词主要用于修饰动词，也可用于修饰形容词、副词、介词短语以及句子，表示时间、地点、方式、程度、疑问等。具有明显的修饰和强调功能。副词的构成形式主要有两大类：一类是单词本身就是副词；另一类是动词词尾加-ly的单词。
形容词
题型事例
(2015. 无锡)Why did she get so mad? It was only a joke.
A. hopeless B. hopeful C. harmless D. harmful
【正确选项】C
【蔫量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确理解和运用词汇
【知识内容】形容词
【试题分析】由上句“Why did she get so mad?”可推断此题选C. harmless“无害的，无恶意的”。该句意为“为什么她如此生气？这只是个无恶意的笑话。”A. hopeless意为“无望的；B. hopeful意为“充满希望的”；D. harmful意为“有害的”。故本题选C。
(2015. 盐城)With the development of modern industry, there will be ______living space for wild animals.
A. fewer and fewer B. less and less C. more and more D. bigger and bigger
【正确选项】B
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】形容词比较级
【试题分析】“比较级+and+比较级”，意为“越来越……”，less是little的比较级，“较少的”，修饰不可数名词。fewer是few的比较级，修饰可数名词，因为space是不可数名词。故选B项。
(2015. 扬州)---How do you like the piece of music Water by Tan Dun? .
---Wonderful! It's the ___________ one I've ever listened to.
A. better B. best C. worse D. worst
【正确选项】B
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】形容词最高级
【试题分析】由wonderful可知C和D排除，根据题意：它是我听到过的最好听的音乐。所以此处应填best，故本题正确答案为B项。
语法点拨
考点一 形容词的用法
1. 做前置定语
a good suggestion 一个好建议
an interesting film 一部有趣的电影
2. 作后置定语
当形容词修饰somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, anything，everything，nothing等不定代词时，形容词一般后置。
I have something interesting to tell you.
我有一些有趣的事情要告诉你。
Is there anything wrong with the machine?
机器有问题吗？
注意：有些形容词只能作定语，不能作表语。这类形容词有：live, elder, wooden, golden, woolen。
This is a live fish.(√) This fish is live.(×)
3. 用作表语
与系动词be, grow, get, become, feel, appear, prove, seem, look, keep. smell. taste, sound，turn, remain等连用，形成系表结构。
Our classroom is very bright.
我们的教室非常明亮。
The weather is getting colder and colder.
天气越来越冷了。
相约中考
(2015. 常州) ①---Don't you think it _______ of some teenagers to be crazy about pop stars?
----Well, I don't think so. We were once young and had the similar experiences.
A. creative B. silly C. wise D. curious
4. 用作宾语补足语
He found the door open. 他发现房门是开着的。
We should keep our classroom clean.
我们应该保持教室干净。
He finds it easy to learn English.
他发现学好英语很容易。
注意：以a-开头的形容词只能作表语或补语，不能作定语。这类形容词有：alike，alive，alone，afraid，ashamed，awake等。
The twins are very much alike. 这对双胞胎非常像。
The little girl has fallen asleep. 小女孩已经睡着了。
5. 某些形容词加上定冠词the形成名词性短语，表示一类人或事物。
the old/the young老人／年轻人
the rich/the poor富人／穷人
the living/the dead活着的人／死去的人
the sick/the disabled病人／残疾人
注意：这类词大多数表示的是复数概念，只有少数词如：injured，dead等可以表示单数概念。
The injured was sent to hospital at once.
伤者立即被送往了医院。
The dead was her grandmother. 死者是她的祖母。
考点二 常见的-ed形容词和-ing形容词
以后缀-ed结尾的形容词（如amazed，bored, excited, frightened, interested. moved, pleased, surprised, worried等）通常用于说明人，不用于说明事物，即使它们所修饰的名词是事物，那它们指的也是与该事物相关的人；纵后缀-ing结尾的形容词（如boring，exciting，frightening，interesting，moving，surprising. worrying等）主要用于说明事物，表示事物的性质或特征，若用它们说明人，则表示此人具有此性质或特征。
He had a pleased smile on his face.
他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He told me the news in a very excited voice.
他告诉了我这个消息，声音很激动。
The story is very interesting. 这个故事很有趣。
The man is very interesting. 这个人很有趣。
比较并体会以下例子：
a frightened look
害怕的表情（指带有这种“表情”的人感到害怕）
a frightening look吓人的表情（指这种“表情”令人害怕）
考点三 形容词的位置
1. 当多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时，一般应遵循以下顺序：
限定词（冠词、指示. 代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、数词）+表示观点的描绘性形容词十表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词十年龄、薪、旧的形容词十颜色的形容词十国籍、地区、出处的形容词十形成中心名词的表示材料的形容词十名词。
注意：可概括为七个字：限、描、形、年、色、国、材。
a beautiful old bridge -座漂亮的古桥
two round blue plates两个圆形的蓝色盘子
the first beautiful little white Chinese bridge
第一座美丽的白色的中国小桥
2. 表示长、宽、高、深、或年龄的形容词位于名词之后
five hundred kilometers long 五百千米长
seven years old 7岁
3. 一些特殊的形容词
某些形容词说明事物间的关系、方位、时间、用途等，不能用程度副词来修饰。也没有比较级的变化，如same，different，southern，Chinese等。
My watch is the same as yours.
我的手表和你的一样。
I'm Chinese. 我是中国人。
注意：某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词，这类形容词有：friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely。
There is a lively little .cat on the table.
桌子上有一只活泼的小猫。
相约中考
(2014. 无锡)②The shop owner suddenly stopped his talking with his mouth______ like a big “O”. It was the President!
A. tight closed B. tightly closed C. wide open D. widely open
常见易混形容词辨析
(1) excited/exciting
exciting和excited都有“激动”的意思，句子可作定语或表语。exciting指某事“令人兴奋、激动”；excited表示某人对某事物“感到兴奋、激动”，主语常是人。
(2) surprising/surprised/surprise
surprising形容词，意为“令人惊讶的”，描述物或事，常用词组：be surprised at sth. /be surprised to do sth.; surprised也是形容词，意为“感到惊讶的”，描述人的情绪或状态，如：
The surprising news surprised me.我被那个惊人的消息惊到了。surprise作名词时表示“惊奇”，常用词组：in surprise“惊奇地（放句末）”，to one's surprise“使某人惊奇地是……”；作动词时表示“使……惊奇”。
(3) asleep/ sleepy / sleep
asleep足形容词，意为“睡着的”，常用词组：fall asleep(入睡)；sleepy是形容词，意为“想睡的，困倦的”，常用词组：be sleepy；sleep是动词，意为“睡觉”，常用词组：go to sleep（睡觉）。
(4) die/dead/death/dying
die是动词，表示“死”；dead是形容词，表示“死的”；death是名词，表示“死的”；dying是形容词，表示“将死的”。
(5) alone: alonely
alone是形容词，表示“单独的，独自的”，作副词表示“独自地”；lonely是形容词，表示“孤独的，寂寞的，荒凉的”。
副词
题型事例
( 2015. 泰州）I can't hear you __________ .Something may be wrong with my telephone.
A. carefully B. clearly C. quietly D. slowly
【正确选项】B
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确区别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】副词辨析
【试题分析】根据句意“我不能清楚地听到你的声音，我的电话可能坏了。”可知，B“清楚地”符合题意。A“小心地”；C“安静她”；D“慢慢地”，均不符合题意。故选B。
(2015. 南京)---I saw David in the teachers' office this morning. Do you know ___he was there?
---He went there to hand in his homework.
A. how B. whether C. when D. why
【正确选项】 D
【测量目标】语言基础知识／能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构
【知识内容】疑问副词
【试题分析】由下句回答“He went there to hand in his homework. ”可知上句问的是“David为什么会在老师的办公室里”。由此可知，此空应填why。故此题选D。
语法点拨
考点一 副词的种类
1. 普通副词
(1)时间副词：now ( nowadays)，then，today，tonight，before, recently, lately, just, once, so far等
(2)地点副词：here，there，up，down, away, in, out, upstairs，downstairs等
(3)程度剐词：much，rather，greatly，quite，almost，properly，so，even，enough筹
(4)方式副词：well，fast，carefully，straight等
(5)频率副词：always，often，usually，frequently, sometimes，ever，seldom，hardly等。
(6)疑问副词：when, where，why，how，how long, how soon，how often等
注意：表示频度的副词常位于谓语动词前，如果谓语动词包含情态动词或助动词，则副词位于第一个情态动词或助动词后。
He always comes late. 他总是迟到。
They will soon arrive. 他们马上就到。
2. 疑问副词一般用于特殊疑问句句首
Where have you been? 你到哪几去了？
Why didn't he come? 他为什么没有来？
3. 关系副词
常用的关系副词有：when，where，why。它们是用来引导定语从句的。
We went to visit the place where Lincoln worked.
我们去参观了林肯工作过的地方。
Do you know the reason why he came late?
你知道他迟到的原因吗？
相约中考
(2015. 扬州) ③---____________ pocket money do you usually get every month?
----Fifty yuan. What about you?
A. how often B. how long C. how many D. how much
4. 连接副词分成两类
(1)连接两个句子，如：then, so, however, yet等
I got up early, then l went out for a walk.
我早起，接着出去跑步。
(2)引导从句：引导从句的连接副词不表疑问，如：when，why，where等
That's where the traffic accident happened.
那就是交通事故发生的地方。
考点二 副词的位置
1. 一般副词作状语时，放在谓语动词之后。如果谓语动词后带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。
They are talking loudly.
他们在大声地交谈。
The children are playing games happily.
孩子们在开心地玩着游戏。
2. 频率副词作状语时放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之后，行为动词之前。
My mother is always strict with us.
我的妈妈总是对我们很严格。
My uncle sometimes goes to Hong Kong for shopping.
我的叔叔有时去香港购物。
3. 某些副词为了强调上下句的衔接，放在句子之前。
Suddenly it rains. 突然下雨了。
4. enough修饰形容词和副词时，要放在所修饰词之后。
He got up early enough to catch the bus.
他起得足够早，可以赶上公变车。
注意：
副词修饰整个句子时，一般放在句首
Suddenly，he stopped.
突然，他停住了。
考点三 特殊形式的副词
1. 兼有两种方式的副词
有些副词有两种形式：一种是与形容词同形，二是由该形容词加-ly构成。具有这两种不同形式的副词有些在意义上差异很大。
(l) close意思是“近”，closely意思是“仔细地，亲密地”
He lives close to the station. 他住在车站附近。
Watch him closely. 密切注视他。
(2) late意思是“晚”，lately意思是“最近”，相当于recently
You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately? 你最近在做什么？
(3)deep表示空间深度，deeply表示感情深度，意是“深深地”
They dived deep in the sea. 他们深潜海里。
I was deeply moved by his words.
我被他的话深深地打动了。
(4) high表示空间高度，highly表示程度，意思是“高度地”
The plane，was flying high. 飞机在高空中飞行。
He thought highly of your opinion.
他高度地评价了你的意见。
(5)wide表示空间宽度，widely表示意思是“广泛地”
He opened the door wide. 他敞开门。
English is widely used in the world. ’
英语在世界上被广泛地应用。
2. 同形的形容词和副词
英语中有些词，其形容词形式和副词形式相同，如fast（快），hard(勤奋)，far(远)，straight(直，直接)，early(早)， enough(足够)，long(时间长)，clean(干净的，彻底地)等。
That is a very fast train. 那是一列快车。
He runs very fast. 他跑得很快。
考点四 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
1. 形容词和副词比较级与最高级的变化规则
分类 变化规则 例子
单音节词和少数双音节词 (l)一般直接加-er，-est tall-taller -tallest great-greater-greatest
(2)以不发音的e结尾加-r，-st Nice-nicer-nicest large-larger-largest 还有close, fine, late, wide, able, polite等
(3)以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，双写结尾的辅音字每，再加-er，-est Big-bigger-biggest hot-hotter-hottest 还有 red, sad, thin, wet, fat等
(4)以辅音字母+y结尾的词，改y为i，再加-er，-est Easy-easier-easiest angry-angrier-angriest 还有 cloudy, dry, dirty, early , empty, happy, healthy等
多（双）音节词 (5)大多数双音节词和多音节词加more，most构成比较级和最高级 Important- more important- most important serious- more serious- most serious
(6)大多数副词加more，most Warmly-more warmly-most warmly Often-more often- most often
相约中考
(2015 -南京)④Lisa was still very weak when she left hospital. But after a week's rest, she felt
much ______ and went back to school.
A. good B. better C. bad D. worse
2. 形容词和副词原级的用法
类型 构成 例句
原级（没 有比较） 形容词或副词前有标志词very，quite，rather，too，so或后有enough，该词用原级 This is a very beautiful flower. 这是一朵非常美丽的花。 The math problem is difficult enough for me to work out. 这道数学题难得让我解不出来。
相等比较 as+原级+as Tom is as old as Kate. 汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。
不等比较 not as/so+原级+as Jack doesn't swim as/so fast as Tom. 杰克游泳没有汤姆快。
相约中考
(2013 .苏州 )⑤ Peter speaks Chinese well indeed, but of course not a local speaker in China.
A. so fluently as B. more fluent than C. as fluent as D. much fluently than
3. 形容词和副词比较级的用法
类型 构成 例句
(1)两者之间的比较 比较级+than（可以修饰比较级的词有：much， even，still, a little. a bit，any，a lot，rather，far等） He is much taller than I am now. 他现在比我高多了。Why not go a little earlier? 为什么不早一点走呢？ My mother is a bit younger than my father. 我母亲比我父亲小一点。
(2)表示程度加 深，“越来越 +比较级……” 比较级+ and +比较级 He runs faster and faster. 他跑得越来越快。Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们的国家变得越来越美丽。The harder you study, the better your English will be. 你学习越努力，你的英语（成绩）会越好。
(3)表示程度加深“越 ……越……” the +比较级，the+比较级….. The more you eat, the fatter you get你吃得越多，长得越胖。
(4)丙者之间的比较 the+比较级+of… He is the taller of him. 在我和他之间，他高点。
相约中考
(2015 .连云港)⑥---The Internet service fees are too high, and the spend is too low.
---That's why Li Keqiang asks operators(运营商)to provide _____Internet.
A. many cheaper and quicker B. very cheaper and quicker
C. more cheaper and quicker D. much cheaper and quicker
4. 形容词和副词最高级的用法
类型 构成 例句
三者比较 the+最高级，A, B or C Which is the biggest, the Sun, the Earth or the Moon? 哪个最大，太阳、地球还是月亮？
有比较范围 ①the+最高级+in+场所②the+最高级+ of/among+人或物③among + the +形容词最高级十复数名词十范围 He is the tallest in his class. 他在班里最高。She runs (the) fastest among/of the five (girls). 她在五个女孩中跑得最快。She is among the best writers in China. 她是中国最优秀的作家之一。
④one of+ the+最高级十名词复数⑤the+序数词 十最高级 Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。The Yellow River is the second longest in China. 黄河是我国第二长的河流。
逻辑问题 ⑥any other+单数（包含在范围内）= the other+复数⑦any+单数（不包含在范围 内） Shanghai is the largest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。= Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.=Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China. （在这里上海属于中国）Shanghai is larger than any city in Japan. 上海比日本的任何一座城市都大。（在这里上海不属于日本）
5. 形容词和副词比较级的倍数问题
构成 意义 例句
(1)数字十倍数十as… as 是……的……倍 This street is twice as long as that one. 这条街比那条街长一倍。（两倍长）Chengdu is three times as big as my hometown.成都有我家乡三倍大。
(2)实物／数字／倍数十比较级+ than 比……高／长／宽／大多少 He is a head taller than I. 他比我高出一头。 This city is three times larger than that one.这座城市比那座城市大三倍。（是那座城市的四倍大）
常见易混副词和副词短语辨析
(l) already/yet/still
already意为“已经”，指某事发生地比预期还早（可用在肯定句或疑问句中），可置于句子或句末；yet意为“尚未”，是指预期某事发生，但尚未发生（多用在否定句或疑问句中），置于句末；still意为“尚且；仍然”，是指事物仍维持原状，表示动作或状态的延续，置于句中。
(2) how much/how many
how much后加不可数名词，表示数量，意为“多少”，how much常用来询问某一商品的价格，意为“多少”，如：How much is your new pen?你的新笔多少钱？ How many后可加可数名词的复数形式，同样意为“多少”，常用来提问棵树名词，如：How many students in your class?你们班有多少学生？
(3) how often/how long/how soon/how far
how often表示频率，指间隔有多久，通常用于一般现在时。常用once, twice, three times, often, usually, already, never 等回答；how long表示持续多久，通常用表示一段时间的时间
状语或“for+-段时伺”，“since+时间点”等来回答；how soon表示“还要多久”，通常用一般将来时，用“in+一段时间”来回答. how far表示距离有多远，通常用"kilometer(s)，mile(s)”
或“five minutes' walk”等来回答。
(4) much too/too much/too many
much too+形容词、副词原级，表示“非常，极其，太”；toomuch+不可数名词，表示“太多”；too many+名词复数，表示’“太多”。
(5) ago/before
ago表示“在……之前”，放在表示时间的单词后面，即：时间段+ago，用一般过去时；before表示“在……之前”，放在表示时间的单词前面，即： before+时间段，表示“以前”时，常用现在完成时。
易错防范
典例呈现一
( ) Jim stands ___________ to me.
A. near B. early C. close D. closely
【答案】C
【易错剖析】由于对词性和意义把握不准确或受思维定式而误选B或D项。考生可能认为close为形容词。stand为动词，修饰动词应该用副词nearly或closely。而实际上四个选
项均为副词，英语中有些副词兼具两种不同形式，有这两种不同形式的副词有些在意必上差异很大。close意思是“近”，closely意思是“仔细地，亲密地”。near意思是“近地”，nearly
意思是“几乎，差不多”。英语中没有near to这种用法，只有close to“靠近”。
典例呈现二
( ) I heard you went to U.S-last week! Would you like to tell us ________ ?
A. interesting something B. something interesting
C. interesting anything D. anything interesting
【答案】B
【易错剖析】本题考生易根据题目是疑问句而选择C和D项。或有考生无法分清形容词作定语时的位置而误选择A选项。would you. like表示委婉语气，虽然是疑问句，但是不
定代词应选择something表示期待肯定的回答。形容词作定语修饰名词或不定代词时位置为：名词之前，不定代词之后。如：a nice girl，something beautiful。综上可知，正确答案为B选项。
巩固训练
一、词汇运用
1. The day is bright and __________ .Let's go for a walk. (sun)
2.It was much _____________ cold yesterday. Tom caught a bad cold. He can't go to school today.（太）
3. The road is not _________ for three trucks to run side by side. （足够宽）
4. Can you give me a __________ explanation? (进一步地）
5. Things are much __________ on the moon than on the earth (light)
6. The river is over 3,000 metres ____________ . (long)
7. The housework needs _________ time to finish. (足够的 )
8. Of all the books, this one is _______________ one. (interesting)
10. This maths problem is _____________ that one. (一样简单）
二、单项填空
( )1. After the education reform (改革) in Jiangsu Province, the pupils have _____ time to relax and homework to do.
A fewer; more B. much; many C. many; much D. more; less
( ) 2. ---What do you think of the NBA basket basketball match last night?
---It was ___________ . I really enjoyed it.
A. boring B. wonderful C. strange D. terrible
( )3. ---________ do you go to the theatre every month?
---I seldom go there because I like seeing movies online.
A. How long B. How soon C. How often D. How many times
( )4. They clapped and shouted _______ when they saw the singer appear on the stage.
A. hardly B. quietly C. excitedly D. angrily
( )5. It is terrible. It's raining so ______ that we can go out.
A. hard; hardly B hard; hard C. hardly; hard D. hardly; hardly
( ) 6. Oxford University is __________ with tourists for its beautiful old buildings.
A. different B. famous C. special D. popular
( )7. Can you finish the work better with _____ money and ________people?
A. less; fewer B. fewer; less C. little; little D. few; few
( )8. I think the food is delicious at this restaurant, but the service seems ___________.
A. good B well C. poor D. badly .
( ) 9. Believe your teacher. She has various methods to make you speak English ______ .
A. clear B. clearer C. more clearly D. most clearly
( )10. ---How is he getting on with his spoken English?
--- Great. Now he can speak English ______ his English teacher. .
A. as good as B. as better as C. as many as D. as well as
( )11. ---Miss Gao is very popular with her students.
---Yes. Her classes are__________ lively and interesting.
A. seldom B. never C. sometimes D. always
( )12. The book is _______. Most of the teachers are _________ in it.
A. interesting; interested B. interesting; interesting
C. interested; interesting D. interested; interested
( )13. Andy has ail kinds of different ideas. He is ________ to be a great inventor.
A. enough creative B. creative enough
C. energetic enough D. enough energetic
( )14. I think winter is a beautiful season, ___________ it snows.
A. specially B. especially C. probably D. properly
( ) 15. --- Is your headache getting ___________?
--- No, it's worse.
A. better B. bad C. less D. well

答案：
语法点拨： BCDBAD
巩固训练：
一、1. sunny 2. too 3. wide enough 4. further 5. lighter
6. long 7. enough 8. the most interesting 9. good, well 10. as easy as
二、DBDCA DACCD DABBA