第二十三讲 表语从句(解析版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
表语从句是名词性从句中的一种。名词性从句包括宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句就是在句子中起到名词作用的从句。名词性从句在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,因此,所对应的从句又分别被称为宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。宾语从句已经在前面的第二十讲复习过了,我们在本讲来一起复习表语从句。
需要同学们注意的是:名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。在历年高考中,名词性从句不仅都是必考内容,而且涉及面也比较广泛,无论是在选择题、完型填空还是在阅读理解等各种题型中都会涉及到,并占有较大比例。
我们这一讲的复习内容是名词性从句中的表语从句。教师在辅导学生进行表语从句复习的时候,首先要注重对的表语从句语言知识进行梳理,夯实基础知识,掌握核心内容,避免偏题、难题;避免有争议的怪题。教师需要把状语从句部分的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通,通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。因此,教师要逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题,通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
I. 如何才能复习好表语从句?
想要复习好表语从句,必须先要大致了解名词性从句;需要大体上掌握名词性从句的引导词、使用方法以及注意事项。因为表语从句也是名词性从句中的一部分,只要大体上了解了名词性从句的有关用法,就能够轻松地掌握表语从句。
我们在前面考纲解读中已经强调了名词性从句就是在句子中起到名词作用的从句。我们在复习中可以将这些从句作为一个整体来看待,其作用就相当于一个名词,在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,分别被称作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
What we need to do now is to spare no effort to learn more by ourselves.
我们现在需要做的是不遗余力地自己多学习一些知识。(主语从句)
The question is how we’ll learn from the successful experience in Athens.
问题是我们如何学习雅典的成功经验。(表语从句)
I remembered that I had met the gold medalist somewhere before.
我记得我以前在哪里见过这位金牌得主。(宾语从句)
We all know the fact that the small country still not a sports power as great as China.
我们都知道这个小国家仍然不是像我们中国这样强大的体育强国。(同位语从句)
附:【名词性从句概述】
1. 名词性从句的连词
名词性从句通常用一个连接词和主句相连,它既是联系主句的纽带,又是从句的标志,通过连接词,我们可以辨认不同从句的性质。
1)that:从属连词that用来引导名词性从句,本身并没有意义,在从句中不充当任何句子成分,仅仅起到连接的作用,除动词后的宾语从句外,一般不能省略。
That he will come to the conference is certain.
他会来参加会议是肯定的。
The fact remains that we are behind the other groups.
事实是我们落后于其他小组。
2)If和whether:从属连词if和whether含义相同,都有“是否”的意思,但whether比较正式,口语中经常使用if。If和whether尽管在名词性从句中不充当任何成分,但有实际意义(是否),不可省略。
(1) if只能引导宾语从句,而whether可以引导所有的名词性从句。
She asked if that was enough. 引导宾语从句(也可用whether)
她问这是否够了。
Whether the football match will be played or not depends on the weather. (主语从句,不可用if代替whether)
足球比赛是否举行要视天气而定。
(2) whether引导的宾语从句可作介词的宾语,而if则不能。
Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings.
瑞恩担心他是不是已经伤害了她的感情。
(3) or not可直接跟在whether后面,但不可直接跟在if后面;如果有or not就必须用whether,不可以用if。
This blood test will show whether or not you're immune to the disease.
这个血液检查会显示你是否对这种疾病具有免疫力。
(4) 用if代替whether有时会引起误解。请注意下面的句子:
Please let me know if you need my help.
如果你需要我帮忙,请告诉我。(if可被理解为“如果”,引导条件状语从句)
或者:请告诉我你是否需要我帮忙。(if可被理解为“是否”,引导宾语从句)
在这种能引起歧义的情况下,必须用whether,不用if。
Please let me know whether you need my help.
请告诉我你是否需要我的帮助。
3)who, whom, whose, what和which: 连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which等,除了引导名词性从句外,还在从句中担任一定的句子成分,如主语、宾语或定语等,有实际意义,不能省略。
Who did the work is unknown.(who在从句中作主语)
谁做的这件事还不知道。
I was surprised at what he said.(what在从句中作宾语)
我对他说的话感到惊讶。
She wonders whose fault that is.(whose在从句中作定语)
她想知道那是谁的过错。
Here are some reference books. Tell me which are worth buying. (which在从句中作主语)
这是一些参考书。告诉我哪些是值得买的。
Ask him which platform the train to London leaves from. (which在从句中作定语)
问问他开往伦敦的火车从哪个站台开出。
4)when, where, how和why:连接副词when,where,how,why等除引导名词性从句外,还在从句中担任状语,有实际意义,不能省略。
That is why she is so happy.
这就是她如此快乐的原因。
Where she has gone is not known yet.
她去哪儿了还不知道。
5)whoever, whomever, whatever和whichever:连接代词whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever等除了用来引导名词性从句外,还用来加强语气。whoever意思是“任何人,无论谁”(=anyone who);whatever意思是“凡是……,无论什么”(=anything that);whomever是whoever的宾格(=anyone whom);whichever的意思是“无论哪一个”。这些词都要在名词性从句中担任一定的句子成分。
Whoever leaves the classroom should tell me.(whoever在从句中作主语)
无论谁离开教室都应该告诉我。
You can give it to whomever you like. (whomever在从句中作宾语)
你可以把它送给任何你喜欢的人。
I’ll take whichever book interests me. (whichever在从句中作定语)
我会选我感兴趣的书。
I just said whatever came into my head.(whatever在从句中作主语)
我刚说了我脑子里的事。
2. 名词性从句的语序
尽管许多名词性从句是用what,who,when,how等词引导的,但名词性从句必须使用陈述语序。
Can you tell me what time it is by your watch?
你能告诉我你的手表现在几点了吗?(宾语从句)
The question is how we can develop our reading skill.
问题是我们如何培养我们的阅读技巧。
3. 名词性从句的特殊情况
1)what的特殊情况:what引导的名词性从句有时具有一些特殊的含义。
She has what it takes to be a doctor.
她具有当医生的必要条件。 (what it takes意为“……必要条件”)
He attended the competition and what was more surprising, won the first prize.
他参加了比赛,更令人吃惊的是,获得了一等奖。(what is + 比较级可用作插入成分)
What people I met were very friendly.
我所遇见的人都很友好。(what相当于all the)
The shop sells big ones, small ones, medium suitcases and what have you.
这家商点出售大的、小的、中等的旅行箱,应有尽有。(what have you,等等这类东西)
Today we drove over what seemed to me endless country.
今天我们驱车驶过在我看来是无边无际的乡村。(what seemed to me表示说话人的看法)
He is no longer what he was ten years ago.
他再也不是10年前的样子了。(what one is,某人的样子)
When it comes to cooking, Jenny knows what’s what.
谈到烹调,詹妮很在行。(know what’s what意为“了解情况,在行”)
2)whoever, whomever, whatever和whichever
~ever的形式还可以引导让步状语从句,需要注意区别。
Whoever leaves the classroom should tell me.(whoever在从句中作主语)
无论谁离开教室都应该告诉我。
You can give it to whomever you like. (whomever在从句中作宾语)
你可以把它送给任何你喜欢的人。
I’ll take whichever book interests me. (whichever在从句中作定语)
我会选我感兴趣的书。
I just said whatever came into my head.(whatever在从句中作主语)
我刚说了我脑子里的事。
在实际运用中,whomever常被whoever取代。
Tell whoever you like — it makes no difference to me.
告诉任何你喜欢的人,对我来说没什么区别。
Whoever you invite will be welcome.
无论你邀请谁,都会受到欢迎。
II. 表语从句概述
在句中作表语的从句称作表语从句。表语是由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当的,说明主语是什么,或者说明主语的状态、性状等;而表语从句就是用一个句子来充当表语的。在复合句中,表语从句从当主句的表语。
引导表语从句的关联词通常有从属连词that,whether,if;连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever;whichever,连接副词how,when,where,why等(与引导主语从句的关联词大致相同);还有because, as if, as though等。
表语从句位于连系动词后面,可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。
1. 表语从句的基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句
The trouble now is that we are short of money.
眼前的困难是我们资金短缺。
That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.
这就是为何在新英格兰地区使用石墙代替栅栏的原因。
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.
当时,我似乎无论如何也想不出正确的词语。
在带有表语从句的句子中,做主语的名词通常由表示事实、真理的名词,如:fact,truth;或者表示看法、观点的名词,如:idea,opinion, belief,feeling,suggestion,plan等等。
The fact is that our team has won the game.
事实是我们队赢了这场比赛。
My opinion is that we should discuss it with them.
我的意见是我们应该和他们讨论一下。
2. 表语从句的常用句型
表语从句常见的句型如下:
主语 + 系动词 + that从句
The truth is that she was a kind person.
事实是她是一个善良的人。
名词主语+ be + wh-/how疑问词引导的从句
The trouble is where we can get the things we need.
问题是我们能在哪里得到我们需要的东西。
Wh-疑问词引导的主语从句+ be + that从句
What surprised me most was that all the pupils were unusually quiet.
最让我吃惊的是所有的学生都异常安静。
This/That + be + wh-/how疑问词引导的从句
This is how you make the Italian pizza.
这就是你做意大利披萨的方法。
(that在表语从句中不可以省掉!)
III. 表语从句用法梳理
1. 由从属连词that和whether引导的表语从句
that在引导表语从句时无词义,而whether有词义,意为“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如question(问题),result(结果),chance(可能性),suggestion(建议),idea(想法)等。表语从句对主句的主语进行说明、解释。
The trouble is that we don't know his address.
麻烦的是我们不知道他的地址。
The difficult is (that) she has lost his job.
困难是她已经失业了。
The question is whether they will be able to help us out.
问题是他们能否帮助我们摆脱困境。
The reason for his absence was that he was ill in hospital.
他缺席的原因是因为他生病住院了。
2. 由关系代词引导的表语从句
关系代词who,what,which,whom,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever等引导表语从句,在句中作主语、宾语、表语,关系代词不能省略。
The question is which of us should go.
问题是我们该走哪条路。
The problem was who could do the work.
问题是谁能做这项工作。
That's what he is worrying about.
这就是他所担心的。
3. 由关系副词引导的表语从句
Go and get your coat. It's where you left it.
去拿你的外套。这是你离开的地方。
That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
问题是他什么时候可以到达酒店。
4. 由连词because,as if/as though等引导的表语从句
1)由because引导表语从句
That's because we never thought of it.
那是因为我们从未想到过。
He was sent to the hospital. That's because he was ill.
他被送到医院,是因为他生病了。
2)由as if/as though引导表语从句
as though = as if,意为“好像;似乎”,这两个从属连词的用法和意义完全一样,但as if 在当代英语中比 as though 用得更多、更普遍。由as if/as though引导的表语从句,其从句谓语常用虚拟语气。
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water. it looks as if it were broken.
当铅笔一部分放进水里,看起来好像折断了似的。(虚拟语气)
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
看样子天要下雨了。(陈述语气)
5. 表示命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等的词后面的表语从句
主句的主语通常是表示命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等的词,如:suggestion,proposal,necessary,request,order,idea等,表语从句中的谓语动词要用(should)+动词原型,should可以省略。
基本结构:主语 + 系动词+ that + 从句主语+ (should) +动词原形。
His suggestion is that we (should) go to Shanghai. The suggestion is wonderful!
他建议我们应该去上海。这个建议很棒!
My idea is that they (should) pay 100 dollars.
我的意见是他们应该付100美元。
1. 表语从句的语序
表语从句的语序是陈述句语序(这是名词性从句共有的特点),在含有连接代词what,who,which和连接副词how,when,where,why的从句中,容易受疑问词的影响而误用倒装语序。
The question is when they can come to the party.
问题是他们什么时候能来晚会现场。
That is why you see this old woman before you now.
这就是现在这个老妈妈出现在你面前的原因。
This is what he said.
这就是他所说的话。
That is why I came here.
这就是我来的原因。
2. if不能引导表语从句
if不能引导表语从句,当表示是否的时候只能用whether 来引导(还有需要注意的:引导宾语从句时if/whether可以互换,但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether来引导)。
The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.(连词不可以用if)
问题是敌人是否正在向我们走来。
正确:His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.
(错误:His first question was if Tom had arrived yet.)
他的第一个问题是汤姆是否已经到了。
【温馨提示】
if不能引导表语从句,但引导宾语从句时,if可以和whether一样,在口语或间接引语中两者可以互换使用。
I wonder if / whether I can get some advice from you.
Ask him whether / if he can come.
(另外,在名词性从句中,位于句首的主语从句也只能用whether来引导,同位语从句也只能用whether来引导)。
Whether they will go to the Great Wall is unknown. (主语从句在句首不用if)
他们是否去长城不得而知。
3. that在表语从句中不可以省略
that引导的表语从句不可以省略that(宾语从句可以省略that,而表语从句不可以)
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
他的建议是,我们应该保持冷静。
What I told him was that I would find him a good play.
我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分,但不能省略;另外,what在该句中引导的是主语从句,并且在主语从句中作直接宾语。)
4. why 和 because引导表语从句时的区别
why 和 because 都可以引导表语从句,其区别在于:前者强调结果,后者强调原因。即,前因后果用why;前果后因用because。
He was ill. That's why he was sent to the hospital.
他病了(原因),所以被送到医院来(结果)。
He was sent to the hospital. That's because he was ill.
他被送到医院(结果),是因为他生病了(原因)。
1)常用句型:“That is why...”和“That is because...”
“That is why...”意为“这就是……的原因”;“That is because...”意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is why...”与“That is because...”之间的不同在于“That is why...”指由于各种原因所造成的后果;而“That is because...”则指原因或理由。
He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.
昨天晚上他没有去看电影, 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果, 第二句话说明原因)
He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.
他以前曾看过那部电影, 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因, 第二句话说明结果)
2)常用句型:“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”
“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”结构形式相似,而且同义;但是它们之间的关系应该辨析清楚:
“That is why...”中的why引导的是表语从句,而“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是定语从句;将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构相同。
That is (the reason) why she failed to pass the exam.
那就是她考试不及格的原因。
That is (the reason) why I cannot agree.
这就是我不能同意的理由。
3)当主语是reason时,表语从句需要注意:
当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning. (此处只能用that,不可以用because)
他迟到的原因是他今早晚了一分钟而误了火车。
【温馨提示】
that引导表语从句时与why和because的区别是:why和because有自己的意思;而that没有词义,that本身没有词义,只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,但不可省略(这点与宾语从句不同,在宾语从句中that可省略)。
The reason was that you don’t trust her.
原因是你不信任她。
The fact is that they are angry with each other.
事实是他们生彼此的气。
5. 由as if/as though引导的从句需要注意
由as if/as though引导的从句是常用虚拟语气。但是用虚拟语气,还是用陈述语气,需要根据具体情况而定。如果从句表示的意思与事实完全相反,或者纯粹是一种假设,通常用虚拟语气,而且在虚拟语气中,be动词用were。
All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it were only yesterday.
这一切都是二十多年前的事,但就好像是昨天一样。(虚拟语气)
It seems as if I’m the first one here.
看起来我是第一个到这里的。(陈述语气)
as if/as though引导的表语从句时,如果从句中的情况与事实不相符,从句谓语用虚拟语气时的基本结构:
1) 表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用 一般过去式,be动词用were;
2) 表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用 had +过去分词;
3) 表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用 would /might/could +动词原形。
知识点一 表语从句的连词与语序
例1:The traditional view is ________ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:传统的观点是,我们睡觉是因为大脑被“编程”使我们这样做。空格处后面是一个含有原因状语从句的完整句子,句子中不缺少任何成分,又位于be动词后面,因此是一个含有状语从句的表语从句。四个答案均可做表语从句的连词,答案A、B、C在表语从句中既做连词,又有实际意义,不符合句意。所以选择答案D,that在表语从句中没有实际意义、不充当任何成分,又不可以省略的连词。故答案为D。
变式训练1:
1)You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _________ disagree.
A. where can I B. where I C. what I D. how can I
2)This is what _________ because we are the masters here.
A. we can do B. can we do C. should we do D. we should do
知识点二 表语从句中表示“是否”用whether,不用if
例2:The question is _________ we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
A. that B. whether C. if D. what
【答案】B
【解析】句意:问题是我们能否在明天晚上完成工作。空格前面有be动词,空格后面是一个完整的句子,说明空格处缺少的是表语从句的连接词,what在表语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或者表语的成分,此句完整,不缺少这些成分,故排除。that在表语从句中不充当成分,没有实际意义,也符合表语从句的用法,但是不符合该句子的句意,从句的意思是“在明天晚上能完成工作”,既然能完成,就不是问题了,所以也排除。答案B和C表示“是否”,但是,If不能引导表语从句。故选择答案B。
变式训练2:
1)The question is ________it is worth visiting.
A. if B. as if C. whether D. how
2)The question is _________ we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.
A. if B. whether C. what D. as though
知识点三 why 和 because引导表语区别
例3:These pictures are very profitable. That is ________ they were used as advertisements for the shop.
A. because B. which C. what D. why
【答案】A
【解析】句意:这些照片很赚钱,那是因为它们被用作商店的广告。从前面的句子得知,这些照片很赚钱,从句显然是解释赚钱的原因。why 和 because 都可以引导表语从句,表示原因或者结果。其区别在于:前者强调结果,后者强调原因。“That is why...”意为“这就是……的原因”;“That is because...”意为“这就是因为……”。“That is why...”与“That is because...”之间的不同在于“That is why...”指由于各种原因所造成的后果;而“That is because...”则指原因或理由。故选择答案A。
变式训练3:
1)He is sentenced to prison. That is ________ he is no longer a child. He is already 18 years old.
A. how B. why C. because D when
2)We were all surprised that he could win the championship. That's _________ we never expected him to win this award.
A. why B. how C. because D. the reason
知识点四 由as if/as though引导的从句
例4:Li Lei is now in a new jacket. He looks as if he _______ an American boy now.
A. were B. was C. had been C. would be
【答案】A
【解析】句意:李雷现在穿着一件新夹克衫。他现在看起来好像是个美国男孩。由as if(或者as though)引导的从句常用虚拟语气。但是用虚拟语气,还是用陈述语气,需要根据具体情况而定。如果从句表示的意思与事实完全相反,或者纯粹是一种假设,通常用虚拟语气。而且在虚拟语气中,be动词用were。故选择答案A。
附:虚拟语气时的基本结构:
1) 表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去式,be动词用were;
2) 表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用had +过去分词;
3) 表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用would /might/could +动词原形。
变式训练4:
1)The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she ______ to the moon many times.
A. were B. was C. had been D. would be
2)The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it ________.
A. might rain B. is going to rain C. had rained D. rained
知识点五 由关系代词和关系副词引导的表语从句
例5:The problem is _________ we can get the things we need.
A. what B. where C. how D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意:问题是我们怎样得到我们需要的东西。根据所给答案的选项,空格后面是由疑问词引导的表语从句,从句中主、谓、宾语完整,根据句意,缺少方式状语,所以选择how,在表语从句中充当方式状语。故选择答案C。
变式训练5:
1)That is _________ she failed to pass the exam.
A. how B. when C. why D. what
2)The scissors are not _______ I need.
A. how B. why C. what D. where
一、选择题(Choose the best answer)
1. ________ she couldn’t understand was _________ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What;why B. That;what C. What;because D. Why;that
2. — I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
— Is that ________ you had a few days off?
A. where B. when C. what D. why
3. ________ made the school proud was _________ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What;because B. What;that C. That;what D. That;because
4. —Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
—Oh, that’s __________.
A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
5. _________ he was late is that his bike broke down.
A. What B. The reason why C. When D. The reason what
6. The reason why he failed is ________ he was too careless.
A. because B. that C. for D. because of
7. She seems as if she _________ a great thing
A. does B. had done C. makes D. was doing
8. His first question was _________ Mr. Smith had arrived yet.
A. if B. when C. whether D. that
9. You are gaining weight recently. It is ________ you eat too much and haven't enough time to do exercise.
A. because B. why C. the reason D. what
10. My suggestion is that you _________ as much English as possible.
A. were reading B. are reading C. should read D. must read
11. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s _________ the best jobs are.
A. why B. where C. what D. how
12. The air is filled with dirt. It looks as if it ________. What pollution!
A. is raining B. might rain C. had rained D. were raining
13. He was ill .That is ________ he didn’t come yesterday.
A. when B. why C. how D. that
14. —Doesn’t Mr. Smith live on this street?
—No .This is _________ Mr. Brown lives.
A. which B. where C. how D. that
15. The problem is _________ we can master modern science and technology in a short time.
A. if B. that C. what D. how
16. The reason why he has been such a success is _________ he never gives up.
A. because B. that C. how D. where
17. It seems _________ there are people from all over the world living here.
A. that B. when C. whether D. how
18. My hope is _______ he will become a doctor in the future.
A. if B. whether C. that D. what.
19. That fact is _________ more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
A. what B. why C. where D. that
20. It is necessary that he _________ to our meeting tomorrow.
A. (should) come B. comes C. will come D. would come
二、句型训练(Choose the correct words to fill in the blanks)
1. He did not see the film last night. That is ________ he had to help his little sister with her homework. (because;why)
2. He had seen the film before. That is _______ he did not see it last night. (because;why)
3. The fact is _________ he has not been seen recently. (that;whether)
4. My question is __________ will take over president of the Foundation. (who;what)
5. The fact is _______ English is being accepted as an international language. (That;What)
6. What the doctors really doubt is ________ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. (if;whether )
7. What surprised me most was _______such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well. (what, that)
8. The building is so old and beautiful. This is ________ the famous scientist was born.(where;when)
9. Her son won the first prize in this year's Olympic mathematics competition. This is ________ she is so happy today. (why;because)
10. Our village is no longer ______ over twenty years ago. (what it was;what was it)
三、Translate the following into Chinese(英译汉)
1. They look as if they were friends. In fact, the boy is the man’s son.
2. The question is whether we will go for an outing tomorrow.
3. The problem is how we can find out the reason.
4. I'm sorry, my friend, but this is what I need.
5. That is why she failed to pass the exam.
6. That is why she is three years less than a good command of the spoken Chinese reasons.
7. This is probably because they are often very confident.
8. It?seems?that?you?are?letting?things?get?you?down.?
9. My suggestion is that we should set up a working group.
10. His idea is that we should hold a meeting this evening.
四、Translate the following into English(汉译英)
1. 看起来好像要下雪了。(事实是即将发生)
2. 那就是所谓的“新潮” 。
3. 问题是我们是否需要更多的冰淇淋。
4. 问题是我们能否按时完成任务。
5. 问题是明天谁将和我一起去北京。
6. 问题是他昨天为什么哭。
7. 那就是我想要对你讲的。
8. 就在那时,我意识到了英语的重要性。
9. 他已不是几年前的样子了。
10. 事实上,选手们尽了全力。
第二十三讲 表语从句(解析版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
表语从句是名词性从句中的一种。名词性从句包括宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句就是在句子中起到名词作用的从句。名词性从句在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,因此,所对应的从句又分别被称为宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。宾语从句已经在前面的第二十讲复习过了,我们在本讲来一起复习表语从句。
需要同学们注意的是:名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。在历年高考中,名词性从句不仅都是必考内容,而且涉及面也比较广泛,无论是在选择题、完型填空还是在阅读理解等各种题型中都会涉及到,并占有较大比例。
我们这一讲的复习内容是名词性从句中的表语从句。教师在辅导学生进行表语从句复习的时候,首先要注重对的表语从句语言知识进行梳理,夯实基础知识,掌握核心内容,避免偏题、难题;避免有争议的怪题。教师需要把状语从句部分的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通,通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。因此,教师要逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题,通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
I. 如何才能复习好表语从句?
想要复习好表语从句,必须先要大致了解名词性从句;需要大体上掌握名词性从句的引导词、使用方法以及注意事项。因为表语从句也是名词性从句中的一部分,只要大体上了解了名词性从句的有关用法,就能够轻松地掌握表语从句。
我们在前面考纲解读中已经强调了名词性从句就是在句子中起到名词作用的从句。我们在复习中可以将这些从句作为一个整体来看待,其作用就相当于一个名词,在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,分别被称作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
What we need to do now is to spare no effort to learn more by ourselves.
我们现在需要做的是不遗余力地自己多学习一些知识。(主语从句)
The question is how we’ll learn from the successful experience in Athens.
问题是我们如何学习雅典的成功经验。(表语从句)
I remembered that I had met the gold medalist somewhere before.
我记得我以前在哪里见过这位金牌得主。(宾语从句)
We all know the fact that the small country still not a sports power as great as China.
我们都知道这个小国家仍然不是像我们中国这样强大的体育强国。(同位语从句)
附:【名词性从句概述】
1. 名词性从句的连词
名词性从句通常用一个连接词和主句相连,它既是联系主句的纽带,又是从句的标志,通过连接词,我们可以辨认不同从句的性质。
1)that:从属连词that用来引导名词性从句,本身并没有意义,在从句中不充当任何句子成分,仅仅起到连接的作用,除动词后的宾语从句外,一般不能省略。
That he will come to the conference is certain.
他会来参加会议是肯定的。
The fact remains that we are behind the other groups.
事实是我们落后于其他小组。
2)If和whether:从属连词if和whether含义相同,都有“是否”的意思,但whether比较正式,口语中经常使用if。If和whether尽管在名词性从句中不充当任何成分,但有实际意义(是否),不可省略。
(1) if只能引导宾语从句,而whether可以引导所有的名词性从句。
She asked if that was enough. 引导宾语从句(也可用whether)
她问这是否够了。
Whether the football match will be played or not depends on the weather. (主语从句,不可用if代替whether)
足球比赛是否举行要视天气而定。
(2) whether引导的宾语从句可作介词的宾语,而if则不能。
Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings.
瑞恩担心他是不是已经伤害了她的感情。
(3) or not可直接跟在whether后面,但不可直接跟在if后面;如果有or not就必须用whether,不可以用if。
This blood test will show whether or not you're immune to the disease.
这个血液检查会显示你是否对这种疾病具有免疫力。
(4) 用if代替whether有时会引起误解。请注意下面的句子:
Please let me know if you need my help.
如果你需要我帮忙,请告诉我。(if可被理解为“如果”,引导条件状语从句)
或者:请告诉我你是否需要我帮忙。(if可被理解为“是否”,引导宾语从句)
在这种能引起歧义的情况下,必须用whether,不用if。
Please let me know whether you need my help.
请告诉我你是否需要我的帮助。
3)who, whom, whose, what和which: 连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which等,除了引导名词性从句外,还在从句中担任一定的句子成分,如主语、宾语或定语等,有实际意义,不能省略。
Who did the work is unknown.(who在从句中作主语)
谁做的这件事还不知道。
I was surprised at what he said.(what在从句中作宾语)
我对他说的话感到惊讶。
She wonders whose fault that is.(whose在从句中作定语)
她想知道那是谁的过错。
Here are some reference books. Tell me which are worth buying. (which在从句中作主语)
这是一些参考书。告诉我哪些是值得买的。
Ask him which platform the train to London leaves from. (which在从句中作定语)
问问他开往伦敦的火车从哪个站台开出。
4)when, where, how和why:连接副词when,where,how,why等除引导名词性从句外,还在从句中担任状语,有实际意义,不能省略。
That is why she is so happy.
这就是她如此快乐的原因。
Where she has gone is not known yet.
她去哪儿了还不知道。
5)whoever, whomever, whatever和whichever:连接代词whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever等除了用来引导名词性从句外,还用来加强语气。whoever意思是“任何人,无论谁”(=anyone who);whatever意思是“凡是……,无论什么”(=anything that);whomever是whoever的宾格(=anyone whom);whichever的意思是“无论哪一个”。这些词都要在名词性从句中担任一定的句子成分。
Whoever leaves the classroom should tell me.(whoever在从句中作主语)
无论谁离开教室都应该告诉我。
You can give it to whomever you like. (whomever在从句中作宾语)
你可以把它送给任何你喜欢的人。
I’ll take whichever book interests me. (whichever在从句中作定语)
我会选我感兴趣的书。
I just said whatever came into my head.(whatever在从句中作主语)
我刚说了我脑子里的事。
2. 名词性从句的语序
尽管许多名词性从句是用what,who,when,how等词引导的,但名词性从句必须使用陈述语序。
Can you tell me what time it is by your watch?
你能告诉我你的手表现在几点了吗?(宾语从句)
The question is how we can develop our reading skill.
问题是我们如何培养我们的阅读技巧。
3. 名词性从句的特殊情况
1)what的特殊情况:what引导的名词性从句有时具有一些特殊的含义。
She has what it takes to be a doctor.
她具有当医生的必要条件。 (what it takes意为“……必要条件”)
He attended the competition and what was more surprising, won the first prize.
他参加了比赛,更令人吃惊的是,获得了一等奖。(what is + 比较级可用作插入成分)
What people I met were very friendly.
我所遇见的人都很友好。(what相当于all the)
The shop sells big ones, small ones, medium suitcases and what have you.
这家商点出售大的、小的、中等的旅行箱,应有尽有。(what have you,等等这类东西)
Today we drove over what seemed to me endless country.
今天我们驱车驶过在我看来是无边无际的乡村。(what seemed to me表示说话人的看法)
He is no longer what he was ten years ago.
他再也不是10年前的样子了。(what one is,某人的样子)
When it comes to cooking, Jenny knows what’s what.
谈到烹调,詹妮很在行。(know what’s what意为“了解情况,在行”)
2)whoever, whomever, whatever和whichever
~ever的形式还可以引导让步状语从句,需要注意区别。
Whoever leaves the classroom should tell me.(whoever在从句中作主语)
无论谁离开教室都应该告诉我。
You can give it to whomever you like. (whomever在从句中作宾语)
你可以把它送给任何你喜欢的人。
I’ll take whichever book interests me. (whichever在从句中作定语)
我会选我感兴趣的书。
I just said whatever came into my head.(whatever在从句中作主语)
我刚说了我脑子里的事。
在实际运用中,whomever常被whoever取代。
Tell whoever you like — it makes no difference to me.
告诉任何你喜欢的人,对我来说没什么区别。
Whoever you invite will be welcome.
无论你邀请谁,都会受到欢迎。
II. 表语从句概述
在句中作表语的从句称作表语从句。表语是由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当的,说明主语是什么,或者说明主语的状态、性状等;而表语从句就是用一个句子来充当表语的。在复合句中,表语从句从当主句的表语。
引导表语从句的关联词通常有从属连词that,whether,if;连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever;whichever,连接副词how,when,where,why等(与引导主语从句的关联词大致相同);还有because, as if, as though等。
表语从句位于连系动词后面,可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。
1. 表语从句的基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句
The trouble now is that we are short of money.
眼前的困难是我们资金短缺。
That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.
这就是为何在新英格兰地区使用石墙代替栅栏的原因。
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.
当时,我似乎无论如何也想不出正确的词语。
在带有表语从句的句子中,做主语的名词通常由表示事实、真理的名词,如:fact,truth;或者表示看法、观点的名词,如:idea,opinion, belief,feeling,suggestion,plan等等。
The fact is that our team has won the game.
事实是我们队赢了这场比赛。
My opinion is that we should discuss it with them.
我的意见是我们应该和他们讨论一下。
2. 表语从句的常用句型
表语从句常见的句型如下:
主语 + 系动词 + that从句
The truth is that she was a kind person.
事实是她是一个善良的人。
名词主语+ be + wh-/how疑问词引导的从句
The trouble is where we can get the things we need.
问题是我们能在哪里得到我们需要的东西。
Wh-疑问词引导的主语从句+ be + that从句
What surprised me most was that all the pupils were unusually quiet.
最让我吃惊的是所有的学生都异常安静。
This/That + be + wh-/how疑问词引导的从句
This is how you make the Italian pizza.
这就是你做意大利披萨的方法。
(that在表语从句中不可以省掉!)
III. 表语从句用法梳理
1. 由从属连词that和whether引导的表语从句
that在引导表语从句时无词义,而whether有词义,意为“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如question(问题),result(结果),chance(可能性),suggestion(建议),idea(想法)等。表语从句对主句的主语进行说明、解释。
The trouble is that we don't know his address.
麻烦的是我们不知道他的地址。
The difficult is (that) she has lost his job.
困难是她已经失业了。
The question is whether they will be able to help us out.
问题是他们能否帮助我们摆脱困境。
The reason for his absence was that he was ill in hospital.
他缺席的原因是因为他生病住院了。
2. 由关系代词引导的表语从句
关系代词who,what,which,whom,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever等引导表语从句,在句中作主语、宾语、表语,关系代词不能省略。
The question is which of us should go.
问题是我们该走哪条路。
The problem was who could do the work.
问题是谁能做这项工作。
That's what he is worrying about.
这就是他所担心的。
3. 由关系副词引导的表语从句
Go and get your coat. It's where you left it.
去拿你的外套。这是你离开的地方。
That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
问题是他什么时候可以到达酒店。
4. 由连词because,as if/as though等引导的表语从句
1)由because引导表语从句
That's because we never thought of it.
那是因为我们从未想到过。
He was sent to the hospital. That's because he was ill.
他被送到医院,是因为他生病了。
2)由as if/as though引导表语从句
as though = as if,意为“好像;似乎”,这两个从属连词的用法和意义完全一样,但as if 在当代英语中比 as though 用得更多、更普遍。由as if/as though引导的表语从句,其从句谓语常用虚拟语气。
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water. it looks as if it were broken.
当铅笔一部分放进水里,看起来好像折断了似的。(虚拟语气)
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
看样子天要下雨了。(陈述语气)
5. 表示命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等的词后面的表语从句
主句的主语通常是表示命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等的词,如:suggestion,proposal,necessary,request,order,idea等,表语从句中的谓语动词要用(should)+动词原型,should可以省略。
基本结构:主语 + 系动词+ that + 从句主语+ (should) +动词原形。
His suggestion is that we (should) go to Shanghai. The suggestion is wonderful!
他建议我们应该去上海。这个建议很棒!
My idea is that they (should) pay 100 dollars.
我的意见是他们应该付100美元。
1. 表语从句的语序
表语从句的语序是陈述句语序(这是名词性从句共有的特点),在含有连接代词what,who,which和连接副词how,when,where,why的从句中,容易受疑问词的影响而误用倒装语序。
The question is when they can come to the party.
问题是他们什么时候能来晚会现场。
That is why you see this old woman before you now.
这就是现在这个老妈妈出现在你面前的原因。
This is what he said.
这就是他所说的话。
That is why I came here.
这就是我来的原因。
2. if不能引导表语从句
if不能引导表语从句,当表示是否的时候只能用whether 来引导(还有需要注意的:引导宾语从句时if/whether可以互换,但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether来引导)。
The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.(连词不可以用if)
问题是敌人是否正在向我们走来。
正确:His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.
(错误:His first question was if Tom had arrived yet.)
他的第一个问题是汤姆是否已经到了。
【温馨提示】
if不能引导表语从句,但引导宾语从句时,if可以和whether一样,在口语或间接引语中两者可以互换使用。
I wonder if / whether I can get some advice from you.
Ask him whether / if he can come.
(另外,在名词性从句中,位于句首的主语从句也只能用whether来引导,同位语从句也只能用whether来引导)。
Whether they will go to the Great Wall is unknown. (主语从句在句首不用if)
他们是否去长城不得而知。
3. that在表语从句中不可以省略
that引导的表语从句不可以省略that(宾语从句可以省略that,而表语从句不可以)
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
他的建议是,我们应该保持冷静。
What I told him was that I would find him a good play.
我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分,但不能省略;另外,what在该句中引导的是主语从句,并且在主语从句中作直接宾语。)
4. why 和 because引导表语从句时的区别
why 和 because 都可以引导表语从句,其区别在于:前者强调结果,后者强调原因。即,前因后果用why;前果后因用because。
He was ill. That's why he was sent to the hospital.
他病了(原因),所以被送到医院来(结果)。
He was sent to the hospital. That's because he was ill.
他被送到医院(结果),是因为他生病了(原因)。
1)常用句型:“That is why...”和“That is because...”
“That is why...”意为“这就是……的原因”;“That is because...”意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is why...”与“That is because...”之间的不同在于“That is why...”指由于各种原因所造成的后果;而“That is because...”则指原因或理由。
He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.
昨天晚上他没有去看电影, 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果, 第二句话说明原因)
He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.
他以前曾看过那部电影, 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因, 第二句话说明结果)
2)常用句型:“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”
“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”结构形式相似,而且同义;但是它们之间的关系应该辨析清楚:
“That is why...”中的why引导的是表语从句,而“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是定语从句;将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构相同。
That is (the reason) why she failed to pass the exam.
那就是她考试不及格的原因。
That is (the reason) why I cannot agree.
这就是我不能同意的理由。
3)当主语是reason时,表语从句需要注意:
当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning. (此处只能用that,不可以用because)
他迟到的原因是他今早晚了一分钟而误了火车。
【温馨提示】
that引导表语从句时与why和because的区别是:why和because有自己的意思;而that没有词义,that本身没有词义,只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,但不可省略(这点与宾语从句不同,在宾语从句中that可省略)。
The reason was that you don’t trust her.
原因是你不信任她。
The fact is that they are angry with each other.
事实是他们生彼此的气。
5. 由as if/as though引导的从句需要注意
由as if/as though引导的从句是常用虚拟语气。但是用虚拟语气,还是用陈述语气,需要根据具体情况而定。如果从句表示的意思与事实完全相反,或者纯粹是一种假设,通常用虚拟语气,而且在虚拟语气中,be动词用were。
All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it were only yesterday.
这一切都是二十多年前的事,但就好像是昨天一样。(虚拟语气)
It seems as if I’m the first one here.
看起来我是第一个到这里的。(陈述语气)
as if/as though引导的表语从句时,如果从句中的情况与事实不相符,从句谓语用虚拟语气时的基本结构:
1) 表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用 一般过去式,be动词用were;
2) 表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用 had +过去分词;
3) 表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用 would /might/could +动词原形。
知识点一 表语从句的连词与语序
例1:The traditional view is ________ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:传统的观点是,我们睡觉是因为大脑被“编程”使我们这样做。空格处后面是一个含有原因状语从句的完整句子,句子中不缺少任何成分,又位于be动词后面,因此是一个含有状语从句的表语从句。四个答案均可做表语从句的连词,答案A、B、C在表语从句中既做连词,又有实际意义,不符合句意。所以选择答案D,that在表语从句中没有实际意义、不充当任何成分,又不可以省略的连词。故答案为D。
变式训练1:
1)You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _________ disagree.
A. where can I B. where I C. what I D. how can I
【答案】B
【解析】句意:你是说每个人都应该平等,这是我不同意的观点。空格处前面是系动词is,根据所给选项分析,后面应该接表语从句。从所给选项可以看出,答案A和D错误,因为表语从句要用陈述句语序,所以排除。disagree属于不及物动词,所以I disagree本身是完整的主谓结构,空格处应该是从句中的状语,而不是宾语,因此不是答案C,而是答案D。where I disagree的意思是“我不同意之处/我不同意的地方”。故答案为B。
2)This is what _________ because we are the masters here.
A. we can do B. can we do C. should we do D. we should do
【答案】D
【解析】句意:这是我们应当做的,因为我们是这里的主人。空格前面的This is what告诉我们what引出的是表语从句,表语从句用陈述句语序,因此排除答案B和C。答案A和D均符合语法规范,但是。can表示能够做,而should表示应该做;从后面的原因状语从句可知,我们是这里的主人,是我们应该做的。故选择答案D。
知识点二 表语从句中表示“是否”用whether,不用if
例2:The question is _________ we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
A. that B. whether C. if D. what
【答案】B
【解析】句意:问题是我们能否在明天晚上完成工作。空格前面有be动词,空格后面是一个完整的句子,说明空格处缺少的是表语从句的连接词,what在表语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或者表语的成分,此句完整,不缺少这些成分,故排除。that在表语从句中不充当成分,没有实际意义,也符合表语从句的用法,但是不符合该句子的句意,从句的意思是“在明天晚上能完成工作”,既然能完成,就不是问题了,所以也排除。答案B和C表示“是否”,但是,If不能引导表语从句。故选择答案B。
变式训练2:
1)The question is ________it is worth visiting.
A. if B. as if C. whether D. how
【答案】C
【解析】句意:问题是它是否值得参观。空格前面是be动词,所以空格后是表语从句,句子中缺少“是否”的意思,所以排除as if和how。if不能引导表语从句,因为表语从句中表示“是否”用whether,不用if。故选择答案为C。
2)The question is _________ we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.
A. if B. whether C. what D. as though
【答案】B
【解析】句意:问题是我们是否参加物理竞赛还没有决定。空格前面是be动词,所以空格后应该是表语从句,该从句的句子成分完整,但是句子中缺少“是否”的意思,所以排除答案C和D;if不能引导表语从句,表示“是否”时,只能用whether。故选择答案为B。
知识点三 why 和 because引导表语区别
例3:These pictures are very profitable. That is ________ they were used as advertisements for the shop.
A. because B. which C. what D. why
【答案】A
【解析】句意:这些照片很赚钱,那是因为它们被用作商店的广告。从前面的句子得知,这些照片很赚钱,从句显然是解释赚钱的原因。why 和 because 都可以引导表语从句,表示原因或者结果。其区别在于:前者强调结果,后者强调原因。“That is why...”意为“这就是……的原因”;“That is because...”意为“这就是因为……”。“That is why...”与“That is because...”之间的不同在于“That is why...”指由于各种原因所造成的后果;而“That is because...”则指原因或理由。故选择答案A。
变式训练3:
1)He is sentenced to prison. That is ________ he is no longer a child. He is already 18 years old.
A. how B. why C. because D when
【答案】C
【解析】句意:他被判处了监禁。那是因为他不再是个孩子了,他已经18岁了。because引导表语从句表示原因,why引导的表语从句表示结果。“That is why...”意为“这就是……的原因”;“That is because...”意为“这就是因为……”。从前面的句子和后面的句子得知,他被判处了监禁,之所以判处了监禁是因为他已经18岁(是成人)了,再也不是个孩子了。故选择答案为C。why 和 because 都可以引导表语从句,表示原因或者结果。其区别在于:前者强调结果,后者强调原因。故选择答案C。
2)We were all surprised that he could win the championship. That's _________ we never expected him to win this award.
A. why B. how C. because D. the reason
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我们都很惊讶他竟然能夺得冠军。那是因为我们从未想到他能获得此项殊荣。从前面的句子得知“他获得了冠军都很惊讶”,之所以惊讶得原因是:我们都没有想到他会获得。因此空格处要选择表示原因的连词。why强调的是结果,because强调的是原因。答案B表示如何;答案D不符合语法规范,如果是that’s the reason why(=that’s why),从语法上符合,所表示的意义同答案A,不符合该句子。故选择答案C。
知识点四 由as if/as though引导的从句
例4:Li Lei is now in a new jacket. He looks as if he _______ an American boy now.
A. were B. was C. had been C. would be
【答案】A
【解析】句意:李雷现在穿着一件新夹克衫。他现在看起来好像是个美国男孩。由as if(或者as though)引导的从句常用虚拟语气。但是用虚拟语气,还是用陈述语气,需要根据具体情况而定。如果从句表示的意思与事实完全相反,或者纯粹是一种假设,通常用虚拟语气。而且在虚拟语气中,be动词用were。故选择答案A。
附:虚拟语气时的基本结构:
1) 表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去式,be动词用were;
2) 表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用had +过去分词;
3) 表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用would /might/could +动词原形。
变式训练4:
1)The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she ______ to the moon many times.
A. were B. was C. had been D. would be
【答案】C
【解析】句意:这个女孩正在给我们生动地描述月亮,就她好像已经去过月球很多次了似的。由as if(或者as though)引导的从句中,与事实相反的或者不可能实现的假设/不太可能发生的事情要用虚拟语气。该句中女孩好像多次去过月球这件事不太可能发生,所以用虚拟语气。根据虚拟语气的基本结构,答案A、B、C和D的时态都符合,但是虚拟语气中,be动词不用was,所以排除答案B;“好像去过很多次”是对与过去事实相反的描述,所以谓语动词用had +过去分词。故选择答案C。
2)The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it ________.
A. might rain B. is going to rain C. had rained D. rained
【答案】B
【解析】句意:云在聚集。看来要下雨了。该句子所描述的是即将发生的事实,所以要注意:as if(或as though)引导的从句与事实相符的时候,从句要用陈述语气。故选择答案B。
知识点五 由关系代词和关系副词引导的表语从句
例5:The problem is _________ we can get the things we need.
A. what B. where C. how D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意:问题是我们怎样得到我们需要的东西。根据所给答案的选项,空格后面是由疑问词引导的表语从句,从句中主、谓、宾语完整,根据句意,缺少方式状语,所以选择how,在表语从句中充当方式状语。故选择答案C。
变式训练5:
1)That is _________ she failed to pass the exam.
A. how B. when C. why D. what
【答案】C
【解析】句意:那就是她考试不及格的原因。how在从句中表示方式;when在从句中表示时间;why可引导表示原因的表语从句;what在从句中能充当主语宾语或者表语。该从句的意思是她考试不及格,从句中结构完整,排除答案D;根据从句的句意可分析出主语说的是原因,故选择答案C。
2)The scissors are not _______ I need.
A. how B. why C. what D. where
【答案】C
【解析】句意:这把剪刀不是我所需要的。空格处缺少的是引导表语从句的连接词,从句中缺少宾语,根据所给选项,what 在从句中可以充当宾语;故选择答案C。
一、选择题(Choose the best answer)
1. ________ she couldn’t understand was _________ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What;why B. That;what C. What;because D. Why;that
【答案】A
【解析】 句意:冰箱里有B。第一个空格处的引导词是引导的主语从句,并在该主语从句中充当宾语,特指她所不理解的事情,应选择关系代词做引导词,既what;第二个空格处表示“因此……”,指因某种原因所造成的后果,由why引导对应的从句,而不是“为什么……”指原因、理由,由because引导对应的从句,所以选择引导词why。故选择答案A。
2. — I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
— Is that ________ you had a few days off?
A. where B. when C. what D. why
【答案】D
【解析】句意:—上周我开车去珠海参加航空展。这就是你休了几天假的原因吧?空格处的引导词所引导的是与系动词is连用的表语从句,并在该表语从句中充当原因状语,所以空格处应该选择表示“因此……”的引导词why,指因某种原因所造成的结果。故选择答案D。
3. ________ made the school proud was _________ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What;because B. What;that C. That;what D. That;because
【答案】B
【解析】句意:让学校感到自豪的是,超过90%的学生已经进入重点大学就读。第一个空格处的引导词所引导是主语从句,并在该主语从句中充当主语,特指令校方骄傲的事情,应选用关系代词型的引导词what;第二个空格处所的引导词是在从句中不充当成分的that,从句中不缺少任何成分,但是that引导表语从句时,不可以省略。故选择答案B。
4. —Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
—Oh, that’s __________.
A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
【答案】A
【解析】句意:—你还在想昨天的比赛吗?—哦,这就是我感到兴奋的原因。A选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的事物”;B选项的意思是“我觉得激动的任何事物”;C选项的意思是“我对它感觉的方式”;D选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的时候”。四个选项中A最适合跟代表“game”的主语that对应,充当表语从句。故选择A。
5. _________ he was late is that his bike broke down.
A. What B. The reason why C. When D. The reason what
【答案】B
【解析】句意:他迟到是因为自行车坏了。从所给的句子中“he was late is…”可知从句表达的是迟到的原因;所以主句的主语应该选择reason,当主句中的主语是reason时,表语从句的连词用that,正好符合本句。另外The reason what部分和句法,故选择答案B。
6. The reason why he failed is ________ he was too careless.
A. because B. that C. for D. because of
【答案】B
【解析】句意:他失败的原因是他太粗心了。该句子的主语是一个主语从句,表语又是一个表语从句。主句的主语是reason。当主语是reason时,表语从句的连接词要用that引导,不能用because引导。that引导的是表语从句,在陈述reason的内容,在从句中不充当句子成分,该表从句中不缺少句子成分。故选答案B。
7. She seems as if she _________ a great thing
A. does B. had done C. makes D. was doing
【答案】B
【解析】句意:她看起来好像做了一件大事。as if引导表语从句,一般是与事实相反的、或者不太可能实现的假设,所以从句的谓语要用虚拟语气;但是如果从句的假设可以实现或者即将成为事实,可以用陈述句语序。从该从句的句意看,她看上去好像做了一件大事,暗含着不是的意思,所以用虚拟语气。故选择B。
8. His first question was _________ Mr. Smith had arrived yet.
A. if B. when C. whether D. that
【答案】C
【解析】句意:他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。主语question告诉我们要知道的问题是“是不是(是否)……”。表示是否的意思在选项中有if和whether,if不可以引导表语从句,故选择答案C。
9. You are gaining weight recently. It is ________ you eat too much and haven't enough time to do exercise.
A. because B. why C. the reason D. what
【答案】A
【解析】句意:你最近发胖了,那是因为你吃得太多了,又没有足够的时间做运动。空格处要选择表示原因的连词,所以答案D排除。why强调的是结果,because强调的是原因,该句子是强调发胖的原因。答案C不符合语法规范,如果是that’s the reason why(=that’s why),从语法上符合,所表示的意义同答案B,不符合该句子。故选择答案A。
10. My suggestion is that you _________ as much English as possible.
A. were reading B. are reading C. should read D. must read
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我的建议是你应该尽可能多地阅读英语。suggestion作主语时,that引出的表语从句中的谓语部分要用虚拟语气,基本结构是(should) +动词原形,should常常被省略。故选择答案C。
11. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s _________ the best jobs are.
A. why B. where C. what D. how
【答案】B
【解析】句意:鲍伯,为什么不试试你的运气呢?这就是最好的工作所在。从表语从句中可分析出,最好的工作在哪里,所以用表示地点的连接词where。故选择答案B。
12. The air is filled with dirt. It looks as if it ________. What pollution!
A. is raining B. might rain C. had rained D. were raining
【答案】D
【解析】句意:空气中充满了灰尘。看起来好像正在下雨一样。as if引导的表语从句中的谓语部分通常用虚拟语气,如果谓语部分的的动作是真实的或者有可能发生时,用陈述句语序。该句子的主语告诉我们“空气中充满了灰尘”,所以只是看上去像是在下雨,虚拟语气部分所表达的是正在进行的动作,用be动词+V-ing,be动词用were。故选择答案D。
13. He was ill .That is ________ he didn’t come yesterday.
A. when B. why C. how D. that
【答案】B
【解析】句意:他病了,这就是他昨天没来的原因。why和because都可以引导表语从句,分别表示原因或者结果。其区别在于why强调结果,because强调原因。 “That is why...”意为“这就是……的原因”;“That is because...”意为“这就是因为……”。从前面的句子得知,他病了,结果是他昨天没有来。故选择答案为B。
14. —Doesn’t Mr. Smith live on this street?
—No .This is _________ Mr. Brown lives.
A. which B. where C. how D. that
【答案】B
【解析】句意:—史米斯先生不住在这条街上吗?—不,这是布朗先生住的地方。从句中有主语和谓语,lives住的地方要用where引导,故选择答案B。
15. The problem is _________ we can master modern science and technology in a short time.
A. if B. that C. what D. how
【答案】D
【解析】句意:问题是我们如何在短时间内掌握现代科学技术。系动词后面的空格处是表语从句的连接词,if不能引导表语从句,所以排除;that没有实际意义,不符合句意;what可以做从句中的主语、宾语,该从句主语、宾语完整;how在从句中表示如何、怎样,符合该句子的句意。故选择答案D。
16. The reason why he has been such a success is _________ he never gives up.
A. because B. that C. how D. where
【答案】B
【解析】句意:他之所以成功,是因为他从不放弃。主句的主语是reason。当主语是reason时,表语从句的连接词要用that引导,不能用because引导。that引导的是表语从句,在陈述reason的内容,在从句中不充当句子成分,该表从句中不缺少句子成分。故选择答案B。
17. It seems _________ there are people from all over the world living here.
A. that B. when C. whether D. how
【答案】A
【解析】句意:似乎有来自世界各地的人们都生活在这里。whether表示是否,how表示方式(如何/怎样),所以答案C和D都不符合句意,可以排除。答案B在从句中作时间状语,也不符合句意。that不充当从句的句子中的成分,跟在seems的后面引导表语从句,故选择A。
18. My hope is _______ he will become a doctor in the future.
A. if B. whether C. that D. what.
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我希望他将来成为一名医生。主主语是名词hope,表语从句是对主语的解释说明,从句句子完整,由不充当句子成分的that引导表语从句。故选择答案C。
19. That fact is _________ more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
A. what B. why C. where D. that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:事实上,超过百分之七十的地球表面被水覆盖。从句句子完整,只缺少引导词,that引导表语从句本身没有词义,在句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分。故选择答案D。
20. It is necessary that he _________ to our meeting tomorrow.
A. (should) come B. comes C. will come D. would come
【答案】A
【解析】句意:他明天有必要来参加我们的会议。主句的主语通常是表示命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等的词,如:suggestion,proposal,necessary,request,order,idea等,表语从句中的谓语动词要用(should)+动词原型,should可以省略。其基本结构是:主语 + 系动词+ that + 从句主语+ (should) +动词原形。故选择答案A。
二、句型训练(Choose the correct words to fill in the blanks)
1. He did not see the film last night. That is ________ he had to help his little sister with her homework. (because;why)
【答案】 because
【解析】 第一句话说明结果,第二句话说明原因。That is because …指原因或理由;That is why … 指由于各种原因所造成的后果。(昨晚他没有去看电影,那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。)
2. He had seen the film before. That is _______ he did not see it last night. (because;why)
【答案】 why
【解析】第一句话说明原因,第二句话说明结果。That is why … 指由于各种原因所造成的后果。(他以前曾看过那部电影,因此他昨晚没有去看。)
3. The fact is _________ he has not been seen recently. (that;whether)
【答案】 that
【解析】 从句句子完整,只缺少引导词,that引导表语从句本身没有词义,在句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分。(事实上,近来谁也没有见过他。)
4. My question is __________ will take over president of the Foundation. (who;what)
【答案】 who
【解析】 这个句子的表语从句缺少主语,根据句意得知,这个从句的主语是人,既president,所以用who。(我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。)
5. The fact is _______ English is being accepted as an international language. (That;What)
【答案】 that
【解析】 主语是名词fact,表语从句是对fact的解释说明,从句结构完整,缺少不充当句子成分的引导词that。that引导表语从句本身没有词义,在句中只起连接作用,(事实上,英语正在被接受作为一种国际语言。)
6. What the doctors really doubt is ________ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. (if;whether )
【答案】 whether
【解析】 根据 doubt一词可知,所怀疑的是:是否能治好病,if不能引导表语从句,所以要填whether。(医生真地怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。)
7. What surprised me most was _______such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well. (what, that)
【答案】 that
【解析】主句的主语是“令我惊讶的事情”,从句是对what的解释说明,从句句子完整,用that引导表语从句。(最让我吃惊的是,一个七岁的小女孩小提琴拉得这么好。)
8. The building is so old and beautiful. This is ________ the famous scientist was born.(where;when)
【答案】where
【解析】这从前一句可知this指的是building,所以从句用表示地点的连词where引导。(这栋建筑又古老又美丽。这就是那位著名科学家诞生的地方。)
9. Her son won the first prize in this year's Olympic mathematics competition. This is ________ she is so happy today. (why;because)
【答案】why
【解析】why强调结果;because 强调原因。既:This is why … 指由于各种原因引出的结果,意为“这就是……的原因”;This is because …指原因或理由。(她儿子获得了今年的奥林匹克数学竞赛一等奖,这就是她今天如此高兴的原因。)
10. Our village is no longer ______ over twenty years ago. (what it was;what was it)
【答案】what it was
【解析】表语从句以及所有的名词性从句等从句的句子用陈述句语序。(我们的村庄不再是二十多年前的样子了。)
三、Translate the following into Chinese(英译汉)
1. They look as if they were friends. In fact, the boy is the man’s son.
他们看起来就像朋友似的。事实上,这个男孩子是这位男士的儿子。
2. The question is whether we will go for an outing tomorrow.
问题是明天我们是否去郊游。
3. The problem is how we can find out the reason.
问题是我们怎样才能找出原因。
4. I'm sorry, my friend, but this is what I need.
很抱歉,我的朋友,但这正是我所需要的。
5. That is why she failed to pass the exam.
那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)
6. That is why she is three years less than a good command of the spoken Chinese reasons.
这就是她为什么三年不到就熟练地掌握了汉语口语的原因。
7. This is probably because they are often very confident.
这可能是因为他们经常很自信。
8. It?seems?that?you?are?letting?things?get?you?down.?
看上去你快要累趴下了。
9. My suggestion is that we should set up a working group.
我的建议是我们应该建立一个工作小组。
10. His idea is that we should hold a meeting this evening.
他的意思是我们今晚开会。
四、Translate the following into English(汉译英)
1. 看起来好像要下雪了。(事实是即将发生)
It looks as if it is going to snow. (陈述语气)
2. 那就是所谓的“新潮” 。
That is what is called a new fashion.
3. 问题是我们是否需要更多的冰淇淋。
The question is whether we need more ice cream.
4. 问题是我们能否按时完成任务。
The question is whether we can finish the task on time.
5. 问题是明天谁将和我一起去北京。
The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
6. 问题是他昨天为什么哭。
The question is why he cried yesterday.
7. 那就是我想要对你讲的。
That is what I want to tell you.
8. 就在那时,我意识到了英语的重要性。
That is when I realized the importance of English.
9. 他已不是几年前的样子了。
He is not what he used to be a few years ago.
10. 事实上,选手们尽了全力。
The fact is that the players gave everything they had.