高考一轮复习学案 第24讲 主语从句 (原卷+解析卷)

文档属性

名称 高考一轮复习学案 第24讲 主语从句 (原卷+解析卷)
格式 zip
文件大小 3.6MB
资源类型 试卷
版本资源 人教版(新课程标准)
科目 英语
更新时间 2018-11-26 09:41:43

文档简介

第二十四讲 主语从句(解析版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
主语从句也是名词性从句中的一种。名词性从句包括宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句就是在句子中起到名词作用的从句。名词性从句在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,因此,所对应的从句又分别被称为宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。宾语从句和表语从句已经在前面的第二十讲复习过了,我们在本讲来一起复习主语从句。
需要同学们注意的是:名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。在历年高考中,名词性从句不仅都是必考内容,而且涉及面也比较广泛,无论是在选择题、完型填空还是在阅读理解等各种题型中都会涉及到,并占有较大比例。
我们这一讲的复习内容是名词性从句中的主语从句。教师在辅导学生进行主语从句复习的时候,首先要注重对的主语从句语言知识进行梳理,夯实基础知识,掌握核心内容,避免偏题、难题;避免有争议的怪题。教师需要把主语从句部分的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通,通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。因此,教师要逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题,通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
I. 复习好主语从句的关键
复习好主语从句的关键是:把名词性从句梳理清晰,掌握名词性从句的引导词、使用方法以及注意事项。我们在前面考纲解读中已经强调了名词性从句就是在句子中起到名词作用的从句。我们在复习中可以将这些从句作为一个整体来看待,其作用就相当于一个名词,在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,分别被称作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
What we need to do now is to spare no effort to learn more by ourselves.
我们现在需要做的是不遗余力地自己多学习一些知识。(主语从句)
The question is how we’ll learn from the successful experience in Athens.
问题是我们如何学习雅典的成功经验。(表语从句)
I remembered that I had met the gold medalist somewhere before.
我记得我以前在哪里见过这位金牌得主。(宾语从句)
We all know the fact that the small country still not a sports power as great as China.
我们都知道这个小国家仍然不是像我们中国这样强大的体育强国。(同位语从句)
附:【名词性从句概述】
1. 名词性从句的连词
名词性从句通常用一个连接词和主句相连,它既是联系主句的纽带,又是从句的标志,通过连接词,我们可以辨认不同从句的性质。
(具体内容请参见第23讲)
2. 名词性从句的时态规则
1)主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时,从句谓语动词可以用任何需要的时态。
I wonder what he is doing now.
我想知道他现在在干什么。
Do you know when and where he was born?
你知道他在何时何地出身吗?
I'll write to tell him where I'll meet him.
我将写信告诉他我将在哪里与他碰面。
2)主句的谓语动词是过去时,从句的谓语动词一般需用过去时。
① 从句与主句的谓语动作同时发生,从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I thought that he studied hard.
我认为他学习很努力。
He told me his son was watching TV.
他告诉我他的儿子在看电视。
② 从句的谓语动作在主句的谓语动作之后,从句用过去将来时。
He said he would spend his holidays in Qingdao.
他告诉我他将在青岛度假。
③ 从句的谓语动作在主句的谓语动作之前,从句用过去完成时。
They told me they had waited for me half an hour.
他们告诉我他们已经等了我半小时了。
④ 从句如果有表示过去某一具体时间的状语,仍用过去时。
She told me her brother died in 1945.
她告诉我她的哥哥(弟弟)死于1945年。
3)从句的时态不受下列客观的条件影响
① 从句说明的是不受时间限制的事实或真理(客观真理)。
The teacher told us that the earth turns from west to east.
老师告诉我们地球自西向东转。
He said Asia is the largest continent.
他说亚洲是最大的大陆。
It was true that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.
水在的确是在32华氏度结冰的。
② 当从句表示的是反复或者经常出现的动作,时态不变。
She told me that she gets up at six o'clock every morning.
她告诉我她每天早晨6点起床。
He asked me when the train usually starts.
他向我询问火车通常何时出发。
③ 当从句的谓语动作仍在继续时,或者表示现在仍在的状态时,时态不变。
He said that the workers in that factory are trying to fulfill the task in time.
他说那家公司的员工正在全力及时完成任务。
She told me the other day that she is only 10.
她告诉我那天她只有10岁。
④ 当从句的动作状态还未发生,用一般式时态表示,强调与现在的联系。
He said he will wait for me this evening.
他说他今晚将等待我。
3. 名词性从句的语序
尽管许多名词性从句是用what,who,when,how等词引导的,但名词性从句必须使用陈述语序。
Can you tell me what time it is by your watch?
你能告诉我你的手表现在几点了吗?(宾语从句)
The question is how we can develop our reading skill.
问题是我们如何培养我们的阅读技巧。
II. 主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,即:在复合句中充当主语成分的句子。通常放在主句的谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。引导主语从句的关联词通常有:从属连词that,whether;连接代词what,whatever,who,whom,whose,whoever, which,whichever,连接副词how,when,where,why等(与引导主语从句的关联词大致相同)。
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
他在很短的时间内写完作文让我们都很惊讶。
在上面这个句子中,下划线部分是一个完整的句子,由连词that引导,在整个句子中做主语,这个句子的谓语动词是surprised。全句说的是“That he finished writing the composition in such a short time” (这件事情)让我们都很惊讶。
It is strange that he should do that. (这个句子就是由形式主语it代替的。)
他竟然那样做是很奇怪的。
1. 主语从句的基本结构为:主语从句+谓语+句子的其他成分
What caused the accident remains unknown.
事故的起因是未知的。
Whatever you did is right.
你做的任何事都是正确的。
Whoever you invite will be welcome.
无论你邀请谁,都会受到欢迎。
2. 主语从句的时态不受主句时态的影响和限制
Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
现在还没有决定谁会成为我们的班长。
Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. …
我们为谁而学习是个很重要的问题。
3. 由连词that引导的主语从句
连词that引导的主语从句中,引导词that无含义,在句中不做成分,不可以省略。
That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
That you are so indifferent bothers me.
你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。
That she survived the accident is a miracle.
她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。
4. 由连词 if/whether 引导的主语从句
当主语从句本身含有是否的意思时,连接词必须用if或whether。连词if/whether在句中不做成分,但有实际意义,表示是否(在句首不用if引导),不可省略。但是,如果主语从句位于句首时,只能用whether,不能用if。
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
她来不来都无关紧要。
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
我们明天是否会去郊游仍旧未知。
Whether it will do good to us remains to be seen.
是否对我们有害还要看一看。
5. 由连接代词引导的主语从句
在由连接代词who,whose,whom,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever引导的主语从句中,其连接代词在句中起名词性作用,充当一定成分。
What you need is more practice.
你所需要的是更多的训练。
What I want to know is this.
我想知道的就是这事。
Whatever we do is to serve the people.
我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。
Whoever leaves the classroom should tell me.
无论谁离开教室都应该告诉我。
What people I met were very friendly.
我所遇见的人都很友好。(此句what在这里是特殊用法,相当于all the…)
6. 由连接副词when, where, why, how引导的名词性从句
由连接副词when,where,why,how引导的主语从句,其连接副词有实际意义,在从句中作状语。
Where we should leave it is a problem.
我们应该把它丢弃到哪里还是个问题。
When they will come hasn’t been made pubic.
他们什么时候来还不知道。
How I make payments into my account is still a problem.
我如何付款到我的帐户仍然是一个问题。
Why he hasn't brought the his friend to the party is unknown.
他为什么没有带朋友来参加聚会不得而知。
7. It作为形式主语
1)It放在句首作为形式主语,避免头重脚轻
在主语从句中,为了避免带有主语从句的句子出现头重脚轻的情况,常把It放在句首作为形式主语,用It引导从句,真正主语从句中的主语置于谓语之后。其结构为:It形式主语+谓语+真正的主语(主语从句)。主语从句一般情况下被认为是单数形式,形式主语的谓语动词(包括be动词+表语)均用单数称形式。
It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.
他的确在化学领域有了一个伟大的发现。
2)用it 作形式主语的结构
① It is +名词+ that从句
It is a fact that… 事实是……
It is an honor that … 非常荣幸……
It is common knowledge that … 常识是……
② it is +形容词+that从句
It is natural that… 很自然……
It is strange that… 奇怪的是……
③ it +不及物动词+that从句
It seems that… 似乎……
It happened that… 碰巧……
④ it is+过去分词+that从句
It is reported that… 据报道……
It has been proved that… 已证实……
It is an honor ( that) I was invited to your birthday party.
我很幸运被约请参加你的生日聚首。
It is common knowledge that Chinese people are very intelligent.
众所周知,中国人很聪明。
It is natural that you should forget it first.
开始你不住是很自然的。
It is strange that he ( should) have failed in this exam.
很奇怪他竟然没有通过考试。
It seems that you have misunderstood what I said at the meeting.
看来你误解了我在会上所说的话了。
It is important that we all should attend the meeting.
重要的是我们都应该参加会议。
It is still a mystery what caused the accident.
造成事故的原因仍旧是个秘密。
It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.
他们很有可能会举行一场会议。
It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.
建议工作应该被小心地被完成。
It happened that he was there with us.
碰巧他当时和我们在一起。
It is reported that the production has been put into use.
据报道,这种产品已投入使用。。
It has been proved that his suggestion is reasonable.
事实证明他的建议是有道理的。
8. It作形式主语和It引导强调句的比较
1)It作形式主语的常用句型:It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+主语从句。
It is still a question whether she will come or not.
It is strange that you should like him.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
另外还有一些比较常见的结构:
It turned out that…;
It has been proved that…;
It happened/occurred that…;
It is well-known that…;等等。
2)强调句的结构是:It + be +被强调部分+ that +从句。
强调主语:It is the times that produce their heroes.(时势造英雄)
强调宾语:It is English that Prof. Lin teaches us.(是林教授教我们的英语)
强调状语:It was in shanghai that I saw the film.(我是在上海看过这部电影)
【温馨提示】
判断是否是强调的方法:将that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看有没有缺少的成分,缺的是什么,然后再把谓语动词后面that前面的那部分,带到你认为缺成分的地方,如果放进去是一句完整的句子,那就说明是强调句。
1. 主语从句的语序
主语从句的语序是陈述句语序(这是名词性从句共有的特点),在含有连接代词what,who,which和连接副词how,when,where,why的从句中,容易受疑问词的影响而误用倒装语序。
When they can come to the party is unknown.
他们什么时候能来参加聚会不得而知。
What he said is very correct.
他说的非常正确。
How he come here is a mystery.
他怎么来这里是个谜。
2. 下面四种情况需要由It作为形式主语,把主语从句放在句末。
在下面这些情况下,也要用It做形式主语,把主语从句放在句末。其结构为:It形式主语+谓语+真正的主语(主语从句)。
1) It is said / reported) … 结构中的主语从句不可放在句首。
It is said that President will visit our school next week.
据说总统下周要来参观我们学校。
2) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可放在句首。
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
他突然想到他考试不及格。
3) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可放在句首。
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
他是否错并不重要。
4) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可放在句首。
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
晚上有可能下雨吗?
3. “It is+形容词/名词/名词短语等+that主语从句”使用虚拟语气的情况
在形式主语it引导的主语从句结构“It is+形容词/名词/名词短语等+that主语从句”中,如果is后面的表语是表示重要或必要等(如:important、necessary、a necessity等)含义时,that从句中的谓语动词一般要采用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式,should经常省略。
It is imperative that we (should) make a quick decision.
我们要尽快做出决定。
It is necessary that we (should) learn English well.
我们必须学好英语。
4. if引导的主语从句不可以放在句首
引导主语从句的if是 whether 的口语用法,一般情况下都是用whether来引导主语从句。需要注意的是:if引导的主语从句不能放在句首,在这种情况下,把if引导的主语从句放在句末。
采用“It(形式主语)+be+表语+if从句”的结构。
It is not clear if he will come or not.
他来不来还不太清楚。
It is unknown if the meeting is postponed.
还不知道会议是否推迟。
It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
他明天是否动身去北京还不确定。
【温馨提示】
在名词性从句中,当表示“是否”时,位于句首的主语从句只能用whether来引导(同位语从句也只能用whether来引导)。但是,有时由于主语从句比较长,常会导致头重脚轻的情况,所以经常用形式主语it来代替,而把主语从句放到句末去。此时,连接词除了用whether外,也可以用if。
Whether the band will come to our city is still a mystery.
= It was still a mystery if/whether the band will come to our city.
这个乐队是否会来我们城市仍然是个谜。
Whether they will go to the Great Wall is unknown.
= It is unknown if they will go to the Great Wall.
他们是否去长城不得而知。
5. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,可充当主语、宾语、表语,但是that不能充当句子成分,也没有实际意义,只起连接主句和从句的作用。
What you said yesterday is right.(what是主语从句中的宾语)
你昨天说的话是对的。
What his phone number is is still unknown to me.(what是主语从句中的表语)
我不知道他的电话号码是多少。
What precisely triggered off yesterday's riot is still unclear. (what是主语从句中的主语)
究竟是什么引发了昨天的骚乱还不清楚。
That he was late for school again this morning made the teacher angry. (that在名词性从句中都不充当成分,没有实际意义)
【温馨提示】
that引导的主语从句中,that不可以省略(宾语从句可以省略that)
That we should stay calm is his suggestion.
我们应该保持冷静是他的建议。
That I would find him a good play was what I told him.
我会给他找个好剧本是我告诉他的。
知识点一 主语从句的连词与语序
例1:__________ some mammals came to live in the sea is not known.
A. Which B. Since C. Although D. How
【答案】D
【解析】句意:一些哺乳动物是如何生活在海里的还不知道。从句的全句主、谓语结构完整,而且还有地点状语,从句意得知是“哺乳动物生活在海里”,根据所给答案,答案D是表示如何、怎样等方式的连词,在主语从句中作方式状语。故选择答案为D。
变式训练1:
1)__________ doesn't matter to me.
A. If you go or not B. Where you go or not
C. Whether you go or not D. Whether do you go or not
2)_________orders he gives must be obeyed.
A. Whichever B. Which C. Whatever D. What
知识点二 主语从句中表示“是否”在句首时,用whether,不用if
例2:_________ the president is willing to negotiate with the democrats is not clear.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. What
【答案】B
【解析】句意:还不清楚总统是否愿意和民主人士洽谈。根据“is not clear”可知主语从句所表述的事情还不清楚,所要选择表示“是否”的连词,故排除答案A和D,再根据if不能用在句首引导主语从句,故选择答案B。
变式训练2:
1)__________ or not is still uncertain.
A. Whether is he coming B. If he is coming
C. That coming D. Whether he’s coming
2)_________ we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. What
知识点三 主语从句中,that与what的区别
例3:_________ he could win the championship was all surprised at us.
A. Whether B. How C. That D. What
【答案】C
【解析】句意:他竟然能夺得冠军让我们都很惊讶。从全句可以得知“他获得了冠军”这件事让我们很惊讶,从句除了缺少连接词以外,句子结构完整,不缺少成分,意思也完整,在四个备选答案中只有That只在从句中其连接作用,不充当句子成分,没有实际意义。故选择答案C。
变式训练3:
1)__________ he saw both surprised and frightened him.
A. That B. When C. What D. How
2)_________ you nominate will be elected.
A. That B. Whom C. What D. Who
知识点四 It作为形式主语
例4:It ____________ the Chinese invented paper-making and gunpowder.
A. was common knowledge B. is common knowledge that
C. was common knowledge that C. is common knowledge
【答案】B
【解析】句意:众所周知,中国人发明的造纸术和火药。It is common knowledge的意思是:众所周知(大家都知道的事);空格后面是一个完整的句子,由于主句是It is common knowledge,所以后面的句子就是从句,用It作形式主语,真正的主语是空格后面的句子,主语从句的连词that不可以省略。再看答案B和C,除了系动词的时态不同外,其它完全相同。因为“中国人发明的造纸术和火药”这件事是一个常识,大家都知道,而不仅仅是过去知道,所以选择一般现在时态;故选择答案B。
变式训练4:
1)It’s __________ he’ll be able to come.
A. doubt whether B. doubtful
C. doubt it D. doubtful whether
2)_________ is a pity that he should feel so upset.
A. What B. That C. He D. It.
知识点五 由关系代词和关系副词引导的主语从句
例5:_________ we can get the things we need is still a problem.
A. what B. where C. how D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我们怎样得到我们需要的东西仍然是个问题。根据所给答案的选项,空格后面是由疑问词引导的主语从句,从句中主、谓、宾语完整,根据句意,缺少方式状语,所以选择how,在主语从句中充当方式状语。故选择答案C。
变式训练5:
1)_________ she failed to pass the exam is unknown.
A. how B. when C. why D. what
2)_______ I need are the scissors.
A. how B. why C. what D. where
一、选择题(Choose the best answer)
1. ________ she couldn’t understand was _________ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What;why B. That;what C. What;because D. Why;that
2. ________ he had a few days off is that he drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
A. where B. when C. what D. why
3. ________ a spoonful of soil can tell us so much about the structure and early history of the moon.
A. Remarkable B. Quite remarkably
C. It is remarkable that D. It is remarkable fact that
4. __________ is about yesterday’s game.
A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
5. _________ he was late is that his bike broke down.
A. What B. Why C. When D. The reason what
6. ________ he failed is that he was too careless.
A. Because B. Why C. For D. Because of
7. _________ is a spell of warm sunshine.
A. What do we all need. B. What all we need
C. What we need D. What we all need
8. __________ book you borrow must be returned within a week.
A. What B. Which C. Whichever D. That’s
9. __________ of us gets home first starts cooking.
A. Who B. Which C. Whichever D. Anyone
10. It has not been announced ________ the plane will take off.
A. that B. what C. when D. whenever
11. __________ light travels in straight lines is known to all.
A. Why B. That C. What D. Where
12. It is common knowledge ________ the whale is not a fish.
A. because B. what C. why D. that
13. It is a mystery to me _________ it all happened.
A. whether B. if C. how D. what
14. _________ she had forgotten to take her notebook.
A. That occurred to her B. She occurred that
C. To her that occurred D. It occurred to her that
15. _________ we can master modern science and technology in a short time is an important question.
A. if B. that C. what D. how
16. It remains to be seen ________ it will do good to us.
A. that B. if C. what D. when
17. It is true _________ there are people from all over the world living here .
A. that B. when C. whether D. how
18. _______ he will become a doctor in the future is my hope.
A. if B. whether C. that D. what.
19. It is common knowledge _________ more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
A. what B. why C. where D. that
20. It is imperative that we criticism and self-criticism.
A. should practice B. practice C. will practice D. would practice
二、句型训练(Choose the correct words to fill in the blanks)
1. ________ the watch belongs to is still unknown. (Whom;Who)
2. It is necessary that it _________ right now. (should be returned;is returned )
3. It is ________ whether she will be able to come. (doubtful;doubt)
4. __________ will take over president of the Foundation is unknown. (who;what)
5. It is an indisputable fact _______ English is being accepted as an international language. (that;what)
6. It is doubtful ________ he will recover from the serious disease soon. (if;that)
7. _______such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well was surprised at me. (what, that)
8. ________ the famous scientist was born is the old and beautiful building.(where;when)
9. _________ you told me this morning is unbelievable. (That;What)
10. It is obvious _________ conductors and insulators are both important in industry.
(what;that)
三、Translate the following into Chinese(英译汉)
1. It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.
2. It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.
3. It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.
4. It is natural that a tree would grow best in a climate with plenty of sunlight and rainfall.
5. What surprised me most was that he had been married.
6. It suddenly occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.
7. It had never occurred to her that a new possibility would crop up abruptly.
8. It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars.
9. It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.
10. That he will come to our village tomorrow surprises us all.
四、Translate the following into English(汉译英)
1. 大家都认为他是最好的选手。
2. 大家都知道,她过去是个间谍。
3. 太奇怪了,她竟然知道我的名字!
4. 他今天好像不怎么舒服。
5. 碰巧我那时不在上海。
6. 让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。
7. 据估计这个花瓶有2000年的历史。
8. 没有必要使每一个人都成为科学家。
9. 飞机何时起飞还没有宣布。
10. 我对你去不去不感兴趣。
第二十四讲 主语从句(解析版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
主语从句也是名词性从句中的一种。名词性从句包括宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句就是在句子中起到名词作用的从句。名词性从句在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,因此,所对应的从句又分别被称为宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。宾语从句和表语从句已经在前面的第二十讲复习过了,我们在本讲来一起复习主语从句。
需要同学们注意的是:名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。在历年高考中,名词性从句不仅都是必考内容,而且涉及面也比较广泛,无论是在选择题、完型填空还是在阅读理解等各种题型中都会涉及到,并占有较大比例。
我们这一讲的复习内容是名词性从句中的主语从句。教师在辅导学生进行主语从句复习的时候,首先要注重对的主语从句语言知识进行梳理,夯实基础知识,掌握核心内容,避免偏题、难题;避免有争议的怪题。教师需要把主语从句部分的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通,通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。因此,教师要逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题,通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
I. 复习好主语从句的关键
复习好主语从句的关键是:把名词性从句梳理清晰,掌握名词性从句的引导词、使用方法以及注意事项。我们在前面考纲解读中已经强调了名词性从句就是在句子中起到名词作用的从句。我们在复习中可以将这些从句作为一个整体来看待,其作用就相当于一个名词,在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,分别被称作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
What we need to do now is to spare no effort to learn more by ourselves.
我们现在需要做的是不遗余力地自己多学习一些知识。(主语从句)
The question is how we’ll learn from the successful experience in Athens.
问题是我们如何学习雅典的成功经验。(表语从句)
I remembered that I had met the gold medalist somewhere before.
我记得我以前在哪里见过这位金牌得主。(宾语从句)
We all know the fact that the small country still not a sports power as great as China.
我们都知道这个小国家仍然不是像我们中国这样强大的体育强国。(同位语从句)
附:【名词性从句概述】
1. 名词性从句的连词
名词性从句通常用一个连接词和主句相连,它既是联系主句的纽带,又是从句的标志,通过连接词,我们可以辨认不同从句的性质。
(具体内容请参见第23讲)
2. 名词性从句的时态规则
1)主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时,从句谓语动词可以用任何需要的时态。
I wonder what he is doing now.
我想知道他现在在干什么。
Do you know when and where he was born?
你知道他在何时何地出身吗?
I'll write to tell him where I'll meet him.
我将写信告诉他我将在哪里与他碰面。
2)主句的谓语动词是过去时,从句的谓语动词一般需用过去时。
① 从句与主句的谓语动作同时发生,从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I thought that he studied hard.
我认为他学习很努力。
He told me his son was watching TV.
他告诉我他的儿子在看电视。
② 从句的谓语动作在主句的谓语动作之后,从句用过去将来时。
He said he would spend his holidays in Qingdao.
他告诉我他将在青岛度假。
③ 从句的谓语动作在主句的谓语动作之前,从句用过去完成时。
They told me they had waited for me half an hour.
他们告诉我他们已经等了我半小时了。
④ 从句如果有表示过去某一具体时间的状语,仍用过去时。
She told me her brother died in 1945.
她告诉我她的哥哥(弟弟)死于1945年。
3)从句的时态不受下列客观的条件影响
① 从句说明的是不受时间限制的事实或真理(客观真理)。
The teacher told us that the earth turns from west to east.
老师告诉我们地球自西向东转。
He said Asia is the largest continent.
他说亚洲是最大的大陆。
It was true that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.
水在的确是在32华氏度结冰的。
② 当从句表示的是反复或者经常出现的动作,时态不变。
She told me that she gets up at six o'clock every morning.
她告诉我她每天早晨6点起床。
He asked me when the train usually starts.
他向我询问火车通常何时出发。
③ 当从句的谓语动作仍在继续时,或者表示现在仍在的状态时,时态不变。
He said that the workers in that factory are trying to fulfill the task in time.
他说那家公司的员工正在全力及时完成任务。
She told me the other day that she is only 10.
她告诉我那天她只有10岁。
④ 当从句的动作状态还未发生,用一般式时态表示,强调与现在的联系。
He said he will wait for me this evening.
他说他今晚将等待我。
3. 名词性从句的语序
尽管许多名词性从句是用what,who,when,how等词引导的,但名词性从句必须使用陈述语序。
Can you tell me what time it is by your watch?
你能告诉我你的手表现在几点了吗?(宾语从句)
The question is how we can develop our reading skill.
问题是我们如何培养我们的阅读技巧。
II. 主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,即:在复合句中充当主语成分的句子。通常放在主句的谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。引导主语从句的关联词通常有:从属连词that,whether;连接代词what,whatever,who,whom,whose,whoever, which,whichever,连接副词how,when,where,why等(与引导主语从句的关联词大致相同)。
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
他在很短的时间内写完作文让我们都很惊讶。
在上面这个句子中,下划线部分是一个完整的句子,由连词that引导,在整个句子中做主语,这个句子的谓语动词是surprised。全句说的是“That he finished writing the composition in such a short time” (这件事情)让我们都很惊讶。
It is strange that he should do that. (这个句子就是由形式主语it代替的。)
他竟然那样做是很奇怪的。
1. 主语从句的基本结构为:主语从句+谓语+句子的其他成分
What caused the accident remains unknown.
事故的起因是未知的。
Whatever you did is right.
你做的任何事都是正确的。
Whoever you invite will be welcome.
无论你邀请谁,都会受到欢迎。
2. 主语从句的时态不受主句时态的影响和限制
Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
现在还没有决定谁会成为我们的班长。
Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. …
我们为谁而学习是个很重要的问题。
3. 由连词that引导的主语从句
连词that引导的主语从句中,引导词that无含义,在句中不做成分,不可以省略。
That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
That you are so indifferent bothers me.
你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。
That she survived the accident is a miracle.
她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。
4. 由连词 if/whether 引导的主语从句
当主语从句本身含有是否的意思时,连接词必须用if或whether。连词if/whether在句中不做成分,但有实际意义,表示是否(在句首不用if引导),不可省略。但是,如果主语从句位于句首时,只能用whether,不能用if。
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
她来不来都无关紧要。
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
我们明天是否会去郊游仍旧未知。
Whether it will do good to us remains to be seen.
是否对我们有害还要看一看。
5. 由连接代词引导的主语从句
在由连接代词who,whose,whom,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever引导的主语从句中,其连接代词在句中起名词性作用,充当一定成分。
What you need is more practice.
你所需要的是更多的训练。
What I want to know is this.
我想知道的就是这事。
Whatever we do is to serve the people.
我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。
Whoever leaves the classroom should tell me.
无论谁离开教室都应该告诉我。
What people I met were very friendly.
我所遇见的人都很友好。(此句what在这里是特殊用法,相当于all the…)
6. 由连接副词when, where, why, how引导的名词性从句
由连接副词when,where,why,how引导的主语从句,其连接副词有实际意义,在从句中作状语。
Where we should leave it is a problem.
我们应该把它丢弃到哪里还是个问题。
When they will come hasn’t been made pubic.
他们什么时候来还不知道。
How I make payments into my account is still a problem.
我如何付款到我的帐户仍然是一个问题。
Why he hasn't brought the his friend to the party is unknown.
他为什么没有带朋友来参加聚会不得而知。
7. It作为形式主语
1)It放在句首作为形式主语,避免头重脚轻
在主语从句中,为了避免带有主语从句的句子出现头重脚轻的情况,常把It放在句首作为形式主语,用It引导从句,真正主语从句中的主语置于谓语之后。其结构为:It形式主语+谓语+真正的主语(主语从句)。主语从句一般情况下被认为是单数形式,形式主语的谓语动词(包括be动词+表语)均用单数称形式。
It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.
他的确在化学领域有了一个伟大的发现。
2)用it 作形式主语的结构
① It is +名词+ that从句
It is a fact that… 事实是……
It is an honor that … 非常荣幸……
It is common knowledge that … 常识是……
② it is +形容词+that从句
It is natural that… 很自然……
It is strange that… 奇怪的是……
③ it +不及物动词+that从句
It seems that… 似乎……
It happened that… 碰巧……
④ it is+过去分词+that从句
It is reported that… 据报道……
It has been proved that… 已证实……
It is an honor ( that) I was invited to your birthday party.
我很幸运被约请参加你的生日聚首。
It is common knowledge that Chinese people are very intelligent.
众所周知,中国人很聪明。
It is natural that you should forget it first.
开始你不住是很自然的。
It is strange that he ( should) have failed in this exam.
很奇怪他竟然没有通过考试。
It seems that you have misunderstood what I said at the meeting.
看来你误解了我在会上所说的话了。
It is important that we all should attend the meeting.
重要的是我们都应该参加会议。
It is still a mystery what caused the accident.
造成事故的原因仍旧是个秘密。
It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.
他们很有可能会举行一场会议。
It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.
建议工作应该被小心地被完成。
It happened that he was there with us.
碰巧他当时和我们在一起。
It is reported that the production has been put into use.
据报道,这种产品已投入使用。。
It has been proved that his suggestion is reasonable.
事实证明他的建议是有道理的。
8. It作形式主语和It引导强调句的比较
1)It作形式主语的常用句型:It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+主语从句。
It is still a question whether she will come or not.
It is strange that you should like him.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
另外还有一些比较常见的结构:
It turned out that…;
It has been proved that…;
It happened/occurred that…;
It is well-known that…;等等。
2)强调句的结构是:It + be +被强调部分+ that +从句。
强调主语:It is the times that produce their heroes.(时势造英雄)
强调宾语:It is English that Prof. Lin teaches us.(是林教授教我们的英语)
强调状语:It was in shanghai that I saw the film.(我是在上海看过这部电影)
【温馨提示】
判断是否是强调的方法:将that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看有没有缺少的成分,缺的是什么,然后再把谓语动词后面that前面的那部分,带到你认为缺成分的地方,如果放进去是一句完整的句子,那就说明是强调句。
1. 主语从句的语序
主语从句的语序是陈述句语序(这是名词性从句共有的特点),在含有连接代词what,who,which和连接副词how,when,where,why的从句中,容易受疑问词的影响而误用倒装语序。
When they can come to the party is unknown.
他们什么时候能来参加聚会不得而知。
What he said is very correct.
他说的非常正确。
How he come here is a mystery.
他怎么来这里是个谜。
2. 下面四种情况需要由It作为形式主语,把主语从句放在句末。
在下面这些情况下,也要用It做形式主语,把主语从句放在句末。其结构为:It形式主语+谓语+真正的主语(主语从句)。
1) It is said / reported) … 结构中的主语从句不可放在句首。
It is said that President will visit our school next week.
据说总统下周要来参观我们学校。
2) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可放在句首。
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
他突然想到他考试不及格。
3) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可放在句首。
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
他是否错并不重要。
4) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可放在句首。
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
晚上有可能下雨吗?
3. “It is+形容词/名词/名词短语等+that主语从句”使用虚拟语气的情况
在形式主语it引导的主语从句结构“It is+形容词/名词/名词短语等+that主语从句”中,如果is后面的表语是表示重要或必要等(如:important、necessary、a necessity等)含义时,that从句中的谓语动词一般要采用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式,should经常省略。
It is imperative that we (should) make a quick decision.
我们要尽快做出决定。
It is necessary that we (should) learn English well.
我们必须学好英语。
4. if引导的主语从句不可以放在句首
引导主语从句的if是 whether 的口语用法,一般情况下都是用whether来引导主语从句。需要注意的是:if引导的主语从句不能放在句首,在这种情况下,把if引导的主语从句放在句末。
采用“It(形式主语)+be+表语+if从句”的结构。
It is not clear if he will come or not.
他来不来还不太清楚。
It is unknown if the meeting is postponed.
还不知道会议是否推迟。
It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
他明天是否动身去北京还不确定。
【温馨提示】
在名词性从句中,当表示“是否”时,位于句首的主语从句只能用whether来引导(同位语从句也只能用whether来引导)。但是,有时由于主语从句比较长,常会导致头重脚轻的情况,所以经常用形式主语it来代替,而把主语从句放到句末去。此时,连接词除了用whether外,也可以用if。
Whether the band will come to our city is still a mystery.
= It was still a mystery if/whether the band will come to our city.
这个乐队是否会来我们城市仍然是个谜。
Whether they will go to the Great Wall is unknown.
= It is unknown if they will go to the Great Wall.
他们是否去长城不得而知。
5. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,可充当主语、宾语、表语,但是that不能充当句子成分,也没有实际意义,只起连接主句和从句的作用。
What you said yesterday is right.(what是主语从句中的宾语)
你昨天说的话是对的。
What his phone number is is still unknown to me.(what是主语从句中的表语)
我不知道他的电话号码是多少。
What precisely triggered off yesterday's riot is still unclear. (what是主语从句中的主语)
究竟是什么引发了昨天的骚乱还不清楚。
That he was late for school again this morning made the teacher angry. (that在名词性从句中都不充当成分,没有实际意义)
【温馨提示】
that引导的主语从句中,that不可以省略(宾语从句可以省略that)
That we should stay calm is his suggestion.
我们应该保持冷静是他的建议。
That I would find him a good play was what I told him.
我会给他找个好剧本是我告诉他的。
知识点一 主语从句的连词与语序
例1:__________ some mammals came to live in the sea is not known.
A. Which B. Since C. Although D. How
【答案】D
【解析】句意:一些哺乳动物是如何生活在海里的还不知道。从句的全句主、谓语结构完整,而且还有地点状语,从句意得知是“哺乳动物生活在海里”,根据所给答案,答案D是表示如何、怎样等方式的连词,在主语从句中作方式状语。故选择答案为D。
变式训练1:
1)__________ doesn't matter to me.
A. If you go or not B. Where you go or not
C. Whether you go or not D. Whether do you go or not
【答案】C
【解析】句意:你去不去对我来说都不重要。根据所给答案得知:从句的连词表示的是是否,表示是否的连词有if和whether,因此排除答案B;答案A、C、D都有表示是否的连词,但是if不能用在主语从句的句首,所以也排除;在根据主语从句是陈述句语序,所以选择答案为C。
2)_________orders he gives must be obeyed.
A. Whichever B. Which C. Whatever D. What
【答案】A
【解析】句意:无论他发出什么命令都必须服从。根据主句中的must be obeyed和复数名词orders可以分析出,句意是无论是什么命令都要服从,所给答案中只有答案A的意思是“无论什么”,故选择答案A。
知识点二 主语从句中表示“是否”在句首时,用whether,不用if
例2:_________ the president is willing to negotiate with the democrats is not clear.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. What
【答案】B
【解析】句意:还不清楚总统是否愿意和民主人士洽谈。根据“is not clear”可知主语从句所表述的事情还不清楚,所要选择表示“是否”的连词,故排除答案A和D,再根据if不能用在句首引导主语从句,故选择答案B。
变式训练2:
1)__________ or not is still uncertain.
A. Whether is he coming B. If he is coming
C. That coming D. Whether he’s coming
【答案】D
【解析】句意:他是否来还不确定。根据空格后面的or not可以确定连词为是否的意思,that没有词意,可以排除;if不可以用在主语从句的句首,也排除;再根据语序问题(从句是陈述句语序),故选择答案D。
2)_________ we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.
A. That B. Whether C. If D. What
【答案】B
【解析】句意:问题是我们是否参加物理竞赛还没有决定。空格前面是be动词,所以空格后应该是表语从句,该从句的句子成分完整,但是句子中缺少“是否”的意思,所以排除答案C和D;if不能引导表语从句,表示“是否”时,只能用whether。故选择答案为B。
知识点三 主语从句中,that与what的区别
例3:_________ he could win the championship was all surprised at us.
A. Whether B. How C. That D. What
【答案】C
【解析】句意:他竟然能夺得冠军让我们都很惊讶。从全句可以得知“他获得了冠军”这件事让我们很惊讶,从句除了缺少连接词以外,句子结构完整,不缺少成分,意思也完整,在四个备选答案中只有That只在从句中其连接作用,不充当句子成分,没有实际意义。故选择答案C。
变式训练3:
1)__________ he saw both surprised and frightened him.
A. That B. When C. What D. How
【答案】C
【解析】句意:他看到的事情让他既惊讶又害怕。空格处的连词应该在主语从句中充当动词saw的宾语成分,That不能在主语从句中充当句子成分,所以排除答案A;答案B和D分别表示的是时间和方式,只能在从句中做状语,因此都不符合。What与That的区别就是:What可以在主语从句中充当主语、宾语或者表语,而That不能。故选择答案C。
2)_________ you nominate will be elected.
A. That B. Whom C. What D. Who
【答案】B
【解析】句意:你提名的人将会当选。nominate意思是提名……为候选人,所以主语从句缺少表示人的宾语,因此首先把答案A排除,因为That没有实际意义,又不能充当句子的成分;再排除表示事物的答案C;答案D是表示人的主格,而答案B是表示人的宾格;故选择答案B。
知识点四 It作为形式主语
例4:It ____________ the Chinese invented paper-making and gunpowder.
A. was common knowledge B. is common knowledge that
C. was common knowledge that C. is common knowledge
【答案】B
【解析】句意:众所周知,中国人发明的造纸术和火药。It is common knowledge的意思是:众所周知(大家都知道的事);空格后面是一个完整的句子,由于主句是It is common knowledge,所以后面的句子就是从句,用It作形式主语,真正的主语是空格后面的句子,主语从句的连词that不可以省略。再看答案B和C,除了系动词的时态不同外,其它完全相同。因为“中国人发明的造纸术和火药”这件事是一个常识,大家都知道,而不仅仅是过去知道,所以选择一般现在时态;故选择答案B。
变式训练4:
1)It’s __________ he’ll be able to come.
A. doubt whether B. doubtful
C. doubt it D. doubtful whether
【答案】D
【解析】句意:他是否能来令人怀疑。根据所给答案可知“he’ll be able to come”是doubt或者doubtful;为了避免头重脚轻,用It作形式主语,把由whether引导的主语从句移到了句末。答案B和C缺少引导主语从句的连词,所以排除;doubt是动词或者名词,此处应该用形容词,既doubtful;故选择答案D。
2)_________ is a pity that he should feel so upset.
A. What B. That C. He D. It.
【答案】D
【解析】句意:真遗憾,他竟如此难过。It is a pity的意思是:遗憾的是,在此作为形式主语代替主语从句,避免全句出现头重脚轻的问题。不要受平时所用的感叹句What a pity!的影响,因为从全句可以看出后面是由that应到的从句才是真正的主语。故选择答案D。
知识点五 由关系代词和关系副词引导的主语从句
例5:_________ we can get the things we need is still a problem.
A. what B. where C. how D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我们怎样得到我们需要的东西仍然是个问题。根据所给答案的选项,空格后面是由疑问词引导的主语从句,从句中主、谓、宾语完整,根据句意,缺少方式状语,所以选择how,在主语从句中充当方式状语。故选择答案C。
变式训练5:
1)_________ she failed to pass the exam is unknown.
A. how B. when C. why D. what
【答案】C
【解析】句意:她考试不及格的原因不得而知。how在从句中表示方式;when在从句中表示时间;why可引导表示原因的主语从句;what在从句中能充当主语、宾语或者表语。该从句的意思是她考试不及格,从句中结构完整,排除答案D;故选择答案C。
2)_______ I need are the scissors.
A. how B. why C. what D. where
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我所需要的是这把剪刀。空格处缺少的是引导主语从句的连接词,从句中缺少宾语,根据所给选项,what 在从句中可以充当宾语;答案A、B、D在从句中分别充当方式状语、原因状语和地点状语,不符合该句子。故选择答案C。
一、选择题(Choose the best answer)
1. ________ she couldn’t understand was _________ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What;why B. That;what C. What;because D. Why;that
【答案】A
【解析】 句意:她不能理解的是为什么对她的课感兴趣的学生越来越少。第一个空格处的引导词是引导的主语从句,并在该主语从句中充当宾语,特指她所不理解的事情,应选择关系代词做引导词,既what;第二个空格处表示“因此……”,指因某种原因所造成的后果,由why引导对应的从句,表示不知道是什么原因造成听课的学生少了;不是指由because引导对应的从句,表示原因、理由(为什么……的)。所以选择引导词why。故选择答案A。
2. ________ he had a few days off is that he drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
A. where B. when C. what D. why
【答案】D
【解析】句意:他休了几天假的原因是他上周开车去珠海参加航空展了。从全句子分析,空格处的引导词是表示原因或者理由的连词来引导主语从句,所以空格处应该选择表示“因此……”的引导词why,指因某种原因所造成的结果。故选择答案D。
3. ________ a spoonful of soil can tell us so much about the structure and early history of the moon.
A. Remarkable B. Quite remarkably
C. It is remarkable that D. It is remarkable fact that
【答案】C
【解析】句意:有意思的是,一勺土能告诉我们这么多关于月球的结构和早期历史的信息。It is remarkable that…的意思是“值得注意的是;令人奇怪的是;引人注目的是” 或者引申至“有意思的是”;这是一个固定搭配,以此作为做形式主语,真正的主语在空格的后面。故选择答案C。
4. __________ is about yesterday’s game.
A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
【答案】A
【解析】句意:让我感到兴奋的是昨天的比赛。A选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的事物”;B选项的意思是“我觉得激动的任何事物”;C选项的意思是“我对它感觉的方式”;D选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的时候”。四个选项中A最适合跟代表“game”的主语that对应,充当主语从句。故选择A。
5. _________ he was late is that his bike broke down.
A. What B. Why C. When D. The reason what
【答案】B
【解析】句意:他迟到的原因是自行车坏了。从所给的句子中“he was late is…”可知从句表达的是迟到的原因;系动词的后面还跟着一个表语从句,该表语从句告诉我们原因是自行车坏了;表示原因的连词是Why;答案A和C排除;答案D不符合The reason why的结构。故选择答案B。
6. ________ he failed is that he was too careless.
A. Because B. Why C. For D. Because of
【答案】B
【解析】句意:他失败的原因是他太粗心了。该句子的主语是一个主语从句,答案B作为主语从句的连词表示原因;表语又是一个表语从句。that引导的是表语从句,陈述主语从句失败原因,在表语从句中不充当句子成分。故选答案B。
7. _________ is a spell of warm sunshine.
A. What do we all need. B. What all we need
C. What we need D. What we all need
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我们所需的是一缕温暖的阳光。what we need是主语从句,what 称作关系代词型连接代词,等于“先行词+关系代词”,可以改写为 Something (that we need) is a spell of warm sunshine。答案A错用了倒装语序(从句不到装);答案B重复用了先行词,因为what本身有两个作用,一是连接主语从句,二是有具体意义,在从句中充当宾语,因此不能再用all,再用all就出现两个先行词了。故选择B。
8. __________ book you borrow must be returned within a week.
A. What B. Which C. Whichever D. That’s
【答案】C
【解析】句意:你无论借哪一本书都必须在一周内归还。-ever表示无论……,whichever表示无论哪一个/本。答案D排除,因为该句子缺少的是主语从句的连词,That’s不是连接词;答案A、B的意思不符合该句子;故选择答案C。
9. __________ of us gets home first starts cooking.
A. Who B. Which C. Whichever D. Anyone
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我们谁先回家,谁就开始做饭。从of us可以看出是:我们中的先到家的人做饭,Whichever表示两者中的任何一个,答案A、B和D都没有表示两者;故选择答案C。
10. It has not been announced ________ the plane will take off.
A. that B. what C. when D. whenever
【答案】C
【解析】句意:还没有通知飞机何时起飞。这是一个由It形式主语代替真正的主语的句子,真正的主语是位于句末的主语从句;四个备选答案都可以做主语从句的连词,that只有连接作用从句,没有实际意义;what在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语,不符合该从句,也排除;when表示时间,在从句中做时间状语;whenever表示无论何时,不符合该从句的句意。故选择答案C。
11. __________ light travels in straight lines is known to all.
A. Why B. That C. What D. Where
【答案】B
【解析】句意:光以直线传播,这是众所周知的事。位于系动词之前、空格之后的句子结构完整,在系动词之前说明这个句子是主语从句,四个备选答案都可以做主语从句的连词,When表示时间连接词,不符合该句子; What在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语,不符合该从句,可排除;Where表示地点的连接词,也不符合该句子。That只有连接作用从句,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分;当主语从句本身不缺成分时,就用that来连接。故选择答案B。
12. It is common knowledge ________ the whale is not a fish.
A. because B. what C. why D. that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:鲸鱼不是鱼,这是常识。该句子中的“It is common knowledge”是众所周知(大家都知道的常识)的意思,It作形式主语,真正的主语是一个主语从句(the whale is not a fish),为了避免头重脚轻,把主语从句放到了后面,从句结构完整,用不可以省略的that连接主语从句。故选择答案D。
13. It is a mystery to me _________ it all happened.
A. whether B. if C. how D. what
【答案】C
【解析】句意:这一切是如何发生的对我来说是个谜。“It is a mystery”的意思是这一切是个谜,这是个由it作形式主语的结构,真正的主语是后面的主语从句。答案A和B表示是否;不符合句意;答案C表示方式,可以作从句中的状语成分;答案D在从句中可以做主语、宾语和表语,该从句不需要这几种成分。所以选择表示方式的how,意思是“如何发生的”。故选择答案为C。
14. _________ she had forgotten to take her notebook.
A. That occurred to her B. She occurred that
C. To her that occurred D. It occurred to her that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:她突然想起忘了带笔记本了。答案D“It occurred to her that……”这是一个固定的、由It作形式主语的结构,其的意思是:她突然想到……;其它所给答案都不正确;故选择答案D。
15. _________ we can master modern science and technology in a short time is an important question.
A. if B. that C. what D. how
【答案】D
【解析】句意:如何在短时间内掌握现代科学技术是一个重要问题。系动词前面是主语从句,这个从句中句子结构比较完整,意思是“在短时间内掌握现代科学技术”,if不能引导表语从句,所以排除;that没有实际意义,不符合句意;what可以做从句中的主语、宾语,该从句主语、宾语完整;how在从句中表示如何、怎样,符合该句子的句意。故选择答案D。
16. It remains to be seen ________ it will do good to us.
A. that B. if C. what D. when
【答案】B
【解析】句意:这件事对我们是否有利还有待观察。“It remains to be seen”的意思是:还有待观察。这是It作为形式主语的结构,真正的主语在空格后面,如果选择答案that引导主语从句,意思不通,既然有待观察,就不知道是否有利,所以排除答案A;表示“是否”的连接词在四个备选答案中只有if,if在从句中不充当成分,但有实际意义,if不可以用在句首引导主语从句,但可以用在由It作为形式主语的结构后面引导主语从句。故选择答案B。
17. It is true _________ there are people from all over the world living here .
A. that B. when C. whether D. how
【答案】A
【解析】句意:来自世界各地的人们都生活在这里是事实。whether表示是否,how表示方式(如何/怎样),所以答案C和D都不符合句意,可以排除。答案B在从句中作时间状语,也不符合句意。that不充当从句的句子中的成分,只起连接作用,不能省略;故选择A。
18. _______ he will become a doctor in the future is my hope.
A. if B. whether C. that D. what.
【答案】C
【解析】句意:他将来成为一名医生是我的希望。从句句子结构完整,由不充当句子成分的that引导;答案A和B表示“是否”,不符合句意;答案what在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语从句,但是该从句中不缺少这些成分。故选择答案C。
19. It is common knowledge _________ more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
A. what B. why C. where D. that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:众所周知,地球表面70%以上被水覆盖。“It is common knowledge”的意思是:大家都知道的常识,It是形式主语。后面主语从句中句子结构和意思都完整,所以用不充当句子成分、也没有实际意义的that连接真正的主语从句。故选择答案D。
20. It is imperative that we criticism and self-criticism.
A. should practice B. practice C. will practice D. would practice
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我们应当进行批评和自我批评,这是很有必要的。“It is imperative that”……势在必行/有必要。在形式主语it引导的主语从句 “It is+形容词/名词/名词短语等+that主语从句”的结构中,如果is后面的表语是表示重要或必要等含义时,that从句中的谓语动词一般要采用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式,should经常省略。故选择答案A。附:这一类型主要包括It is (was) + important /necessary /desirable /imperative /advisable + that. . .句型。
二、句型训练(Choose the correct words to fill in the blanks)
1. ________ the watch belongs to is still unknown. (Whom;Who)
【答案】 Whom
【解析】 主语从句中缺少宾语,所以选择Whom(who的宾格)。(这只手表是谁的还不知道。)
2. It is necessary that it _________ right now. (should be returned;is returned )
【答案】 should be returned
【解析】 在形式主语it引导的主语从句 “It is+形容词/名词/名词短语等+that主语从句”的结构中,如果is后面的表语是表示重要或必要等含义时,that从句中的谓语动词一般要采用“should+动词原形”。(有必要马上把它还回去。)
3. It is ________ whether she will be able to come. (doubtful;doubt)
【答案】 doubtful
【解析】 It is doubtful that…意思是:值得怀疑的是……,所以用形容词doubtful。而doubt是动词或者名词,不符合It is doubtful that…的句型(她是否能来令人怀疑。)
4. __________ will take over president of the Foundation is unknown. (who;what)
【答案】 who
【解析】 这个句子的主语从句缺少主语,根据句意得知,这个从句的主语是人,既president,所以用who。(谁将接任该基金会主席职位还是个未知数。)
5. It is an indisputable fact _______ English is being accepted as an international language. (that;what)
【答案】 that
【解析】 “This is an indisputable fact”意思是:这是一个不争的事实,由It作为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的主语从句。从句结构完整,缺少不充当句子成分的引导词that。that引导主语从句本身没有词义,在句中只起连接作用。(这是一个不争的事实,英语正在被接受作为一种国际语言。)
6. It is doubtful ________ he will recover from the serious disease soon. (if;that)
【答案】 if
【解析】 It is doubtful that… 这是值得怀疑的,这是It作形式主语的结构,真正的主语在后面。根据 doubtful一词可知,是否能治好病,所以要选择if。注意:通常主语从句在句首时,表示是否要由whether引导,if不可以用在句首引导主语从句,但是可以用在由It作形式主语的结构中。(他是否能很快从重病中恢复过来是值得怀疑的。)
7. _______such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well was surprised at me. (what, that)
【答案】 that
【解析】主句的主语是“令我惊讶的事情”,从句是对“令我惊讶的事情”的解释说明,从句句子完整,搜易用that引导主语从句。(一个七岁的小女孩小提琴拉得这么好,真让我吃惊。)
8. ________ the famous scientist was born is the old and beautiful building.(where;when)
【答案】where
【解析】 全句中有两处系动词,was是主语从句的系动词,is是全句的系动词,全句的谓语是“是一座古老而美丽的建筑”,所以从句用表示地点的连词where引导。(那位著名科学家诞生的地方是一座古老而美丽的建筑。)
9. _________ you told me this morning is unbelievable. (That;What)
【答案】 What
【解析】 该句子的主语从句中缺少间接宾语(直接宾语是谓语动词的承受者me,间接宾语是告诉我的事情),所以要选择what,因为what可以充当从句中的宾语成分,而that不能充当成分。(你今天早上告诉我的事令人难以置信。)
10. It is obvious _________ conductors and insulators are both important in industry.
(what;that)
【答案】that
【解析】 这是由it作形式主语结构的句子,真正的主语是主语从句,位于空格的后面。句子结构和意思都完整,所以选择that。(很明显导体和绝缘体在工业中都很重要。)
三、Translate the following into Chinese(英译汉)
1. It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.
所有人都知道火药最初是由中国人发明的。
2. It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.
真奇怪,这个人竟然坚持自己愚蠢的想法。
3. It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.
真遗憾我们不能去南方度过我们的暑假。
4. It is natural that a tree would grow best in a climate with plenty of sunlight and rainfall.
树木在阳光和雨水充足的地方生长得最好,这很自然。
5. What surprised me most was that he had been married.
最使我吃惊的是他已经结婚了。
6. It suddenly occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.
她突然想到她忘记锁门了。
7. It had never occurred to her that a new possibility would crop up abruptly.
她万万没有想到会突然出现一种新的可能性。
8. It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars.
过去一直认为新星是由于两颗星星之间碰撞产生的。
9. It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.
还没弄清楚这条路将开始通车。
10. That he will come to our village tomorrow surprises us all.
他要来我们村,让我们都感到很惊讶。
四、Translate the following into English(汉译英)
1. 大家都认为他是最好的选手。
It is thought that he is the best player.
2. 大家都知道,她过去是个间谍。
That she used to be a spy is known to all.
3. 太奇怪了,她竟然知道我的名字!
It is strange that she knew my name.
4. 他今天好像不怎么舒服。
It seems that he is not quite himself today.
5. 碰巧我那时不在上海。
It happened that I was not in Shanghai at the time.
6. 让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。
It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.
7. 据估计这个花瓶有2000年的历史。
It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.
8. 没有必要使每一个人都成为科学家。
It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist.
9. 飞机何时起飞还没有宣布。
When the plane is to take off has not been announced .
10. 我对你去不去不感兴趣。
It does not interest me whether you go or not.
同课章节目录