语法一 名词
考点一 名词的数
1.可数名词变复数变化规则
(1)变化规则
种类 变化 例词
一般情况 加?s desk→desks, map→maps
以s/x/sh/ch结尾 加?es bus→buses, box→boxes,
dish→dishes,
watch→watches
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y为i加?es city→cities,
factory→factories
以元音字母+y结尾的词 加?s monkey→monkeys,
toy→toys
种类 变化 例词
以f或fe结尾 变f/fe为v, 加?es knife→knives,
wolf→wolves
以辅音字母o结尾的词 一般来说,有生命的加?es hero→heroes,
tomato→tomatoes
无生命的加?s radio→radios,
piano→pianos
(2)不规则变化
类型 例词
字母
变化 改a为e型 man→men; woman→women;
Frenchman→Frenchmen;
policewoman→policewomen
改oo为ee型 foot→feet; tooth→teeth
在词尾加?en f在词尾加?en
其他特殊变化 mouse→mice
类型 例词
单复数同形 sheep, deer, police, people,
Chinese, Japanese
有一些名词只用于复数形式 trousers, socks, shoes,
scissors gloves, glasses, pants
复合名词的复数形式 a man teacher→men teachers;
a woman teacher→women teachers
【口诀】各国人变复数。中日不变英法变,其余“s”放后
面,即Chinese, Japanese单复数同形;Englishman,
Frenchman中man变为men,其余各国人German(德国人),
American(美国人),Australian(澳大利亚人),Greek(希腊
人),Arab(阿拉伯人),Indian(印度人)等均在后面直接加?s。
2.不可数名词的数量表达方式
(1)用“数词+表示数量的名词+ of +不可数名词”表示。
如:a piece of bread/meat一块面包/肉;two pieces of paper
两张纸。
(2)不可数名词通常没有复数形式,前面不能用不定冠词a/an限定,可用much, a lot of, a little, little, lots of, plenty of, some等表示多少。如:
There is a little milk in the bottle.在瓶子里有一点牛奶。
In winter there's a lot of snow. 冬天这里有很多雪。
3. 可数名词与不可数名词的“相互同化”
名词的可数、不可数并不是一成不变的。有些词会因为词
义、场合的变化而从不可数名词转化为可数名词或从可数
名词转化为不可数名词。试比较:
(1)Would you like some coffee? 喝点咖啡好吗?(coffee不可
数,表示咖啡、饮料)
(2)Let me have a coffee. 给我一杯咖啡吧。(coffee可数,表
示一杯咖啡)
1.Thanks to his hard , Lu Xun produced lot of famous
in his life.
A.work; works B.works; work
C.work; work D.works; works
解析: 句意:多亏了他的努力工作,鲁迅一生创作了许多
著名的作品。根据句意可知第一空指“工作”,为不可数名
词;第二空指“作品”,为可数名词。
答案: A
【方法总结】 英语中还有很多类似于work的用法,它既
是可数名词又是不可数名词,但是表达的意思不同,如:
paper(纸张)→papers(试卷,论文),glass(玻璃)→glasses
(玻璃杯), room(空间)→rooms(房间),wood(木料)→woods
(树林)等。
2.—Could I help you?
—I'd like to have 100 I want my students to pictures.
A.piece of paper B.pieces of paper
C.pieces of papers D.piece of papers
解析: paper意为“纸”时,是不可数名词,后面不能加?s;
若表示数量时,要借助于短语a piece of来修饰,它的复数
形式体现在piece上。由100可知此处应用pieces of paper来
表示。
答案: B
【方法总结】 将不可数名词可数化,要记住它们的固定格式。一定是借助量词来完成。
一、单项选择
1.(2018·广西百色中考)There are two beautiful ___ in the
picture.
A.womans B.women C.woman D.womens
B
2.(2018·新疆中考)Hurry up! Some ___ and ___ are on sale in the supermarket.
A.tomato; egg B.tomatoes; egg
C.tomatoes; eggs D.tomato; eggs
C
3.(2018· 四川凉山中考)Many foreigners came to our school
last week, including three ___ and four ___.
A.German, American B.Germans, American
C.Germans, Americans D.German, Americans
C
4.(2018·贵州铜仁) —What would you like to drink?
—I'd like three ___.
A.bottles of waters B.bottle of waters
C.bottle of water D.bottles of water
D
5.(2018·湖南怀化中考改编)There are many old ___ and
___in the park.
A.man; children B.men; child
C.men; children D.man; children
C
二、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. I need two pieces of ______(paper).
2. The ______(radio) in the shop are cheap. You can buy one.
3.We will report these ______(hero). They are the pride of our country.
4.Lucy received several beautiful _____(box) on her birthday.
paper
radios
heroes
boxes
5.Look! Her family ___ (be) watching the sitcom Home with Kids.
6. There are more _____ (sheep) in Australia than in Japan.
7.—How much ___ (tea) would you like?
—Two _______(pound).
8. I'll give you some ______(advice) on how to learn English well.
are
sheep
tea
pounds
advice
9. Could you pass some ___________(strawberry) to my brother, please?
10. A group of __________(Frenchman) are talking with
two ________(German).
strawberries
Frenchmen
Germans
考点二 名词所有格
名词的所有格表示人或物的所有关系,有以下几种形式:
's形式的所有格、of短语构成的所有格和双重所有格。
1. 's形式的所有格
名词情况 构成方法 举例
有生命的单数名词 加's Mike's father迈克的父亲
有生命的复数名词 以s结尾的加' my parents' hometown我父母的故乡
不以s结尾的加's Children's Day儿童节;Women's Day妇女节
名词情况 构成方法 举例
表示两个人共有一物时 在后一个名词后加's, Tom and Peter's room汤姆的房间和彼得的房间(两人共有)
表示两个人分别拥有某物时 在两个名词后分别加's Tom's and Peter's rooms汤姆和彼得的房间(两人分别拥有)
表示时间、距离、国家、地点和自然现象等无生命的名词时 可在词尾加's或' ten minutes' walk步行十分钟的路程;an hour's rest一个小时的休息
【注意】 名词所有格后跟表示住宅、学校、店铺、诊所等的名词时,这些表示住宅、学校、店铺、诊所等的名词习惯上省略。如at the doctor's在医生的诊所;at the doctor's (office)在医院
2.of短语构成的所有格
(1)没有生命的事物名词一般用of短语来表示所有关系。
the gate of the school学校的大门
the center of the city市中心
(2)当名词的定语较长时,有生命的名词也可以用of短语来表示所有关系。
The story of the old kind woman is moving.这位善良的老妇人的故事很感人。
(3)表示时间、距离、城市、团体等无生命的名词,也可以在词尾加“'s”构成所有格。
the future of China/ China's future 中国的未来
3.双重所有格
英语中名词所有格有时可以在前面加of构成短语,这种结构称为双重所有格。
双重所有格有两种形式:of+名词所有格;of +名词性物主代词
a friend of my sister's 我姐姐的一个朋友
a dictionary of mine我的一部词典
1. Day is on June first. All children are excited on that day.
解析: 句意:六月一日是儿童节。在那天,所有的孩子都很兴奋。不以?s结尾的复数名词,构成名词所有格要在后面加?s。children是child的复数,但不以?s结尾,变所有格时在后面加's。
答案: Children's
【方法总结】 以's结尾的名词,在s后加“'”;不以s结尾的词在词尾加's。
2.—Who are men over there?
—They are fathers. They are both teaching English in our school.
A.Mike and Jack B.Mike and Jack's
C.Mike's and Jack's D.Mike's and Jack
解析: 根据题干可知,此处指的是Mike和Jack各自的爸
爸,如某人某物为两人以上共有,则只在最后一个名词词
尾加's;若非共有,则在每个名词的词尾加's。此处表示
分别所有,则在每个名词的后面加's。
答案: C
【方法总结】 共同拥有格在最后,各自拥有各有所格。
一、单项选择
1.(2018·重庆中考B卷)—How far is it from Chongqing to
Guiyang?
—It's about two ___ ride by high?speed train.
A.hour B.hour's C.hours D.hours'
D
2.(2018·贵州安顺中考)—Excuse me! Is this ___ new house?
—Yes, it's ___.The parents of them bought it last September.
A.Lucy and Lily's; theirs
B.Lucy's and Lily's; them
C.Lucy's and Lily's; theirs
D.Lucy and Lily's; them
A
3. (2018·四川遂宁中考)—Tom, are these books___?
—No, they are ___. Mine are on that shelf.
A.mine; Jenny B.yours; Jenny's
C.mine; Jenny's D.yours; Jenny
B
4. (2017·广西贺州中考)Today is September 10th. It's ___ Day. Let's say “Thank you” to our teachers.
A.Teacher's B.the Teachers'
C.Teachers D.Teachers'
D
二、根据所给的汉语填空完成句子。
1.This is a ___________________________(王强爸爸的书).
2.He is going to __________________(老师们的办公室).
3.He wants to go to ___________(医生的诊所).
4. _____________(詹尼的姐姐) are nurses.
5.I like __________(吉林的雪).
book of Wang Qiang's father's
the teachers' (office)
the doctor's
Jenny's sisters
Jilin's snow
6.September 10th is _____________(教师节) in China.
7.Can you tell me ______________________(去邮局的路)?
8.This is _________________________(吉姆和杰克的数学老师).
9.Those are ______________________________(小张的书桌和小新的书桌).
10.This is ______________(双胞胎的房间).
Teachers' Day
the way to the post office
Jim and Jack's math teacher
Xiao Zhang's and Xiao Xin's desks
the twins' room
考点三 名词词义理解
有些名词在不同的语言环境中有不同的词义。词义理解题旨在考查学生能否通过对上下文的理解,使用合适的词汇,考查形式主要有以下三种:
1.一词多义
一词多义指某个名词具有两种或两种以上的常见意义,在不同的语言环境中有不同的意义。如:
orange橘子(汁);橘黄色 fish鱼;鱼肉
chicken小鸡;鸡肉 paper纸;报纸;试卷
glass玻璃;玻璃杯 light电灯;光
2.近义词辨析
近义词指某几个名词在意义上比较相近,但使用范围有差
别。英语中的近义词比较多,考试中出现频率较高的近义
词有以下几组:
home, family, house家
problem, question, trouble问题
clothing, clothes, dress衣服
job, work工作
sound, voice, noise声音
person, people, human人
message, information信息
street, road, way路
travel, trip, journey旅行
competition, game, match比赛
3.语境辨词
语境辨词就是运用我们的生活经验、知识积累,根据上下文推测出空格处所要表达的意思,从而选出正确的词语,如我们渴了就需要水(water)、饮料(tea, coffee, juice);饿了就需要食物(bread, rice, meat, cake等);我们寄信需要去post office;取钱需要去bank。
I'm thirsty, mom.Could you give me some water to drink?妈妈,我渴了。你可以给我点水喝吗?
1.—Wow,an iPhone 7. What a big surprise! Thanks, darling!
—It's your birthday present. But please read the carefully before you use it.
A.information B.instructions
C.invitation D.instrument
解析: 考查名词的辨析。句意:“哇,一部iPhone 7。太让人惊喜了!谢谢,亲爱的!”“它是你的生日礼物。但在使用之前请仔细阅读说明书。”前文中的iPhone 7和后文中的before you use it提示用instructions,表示“说明;说明书”。
答案: B
2.—You look worried.What's your ?
—I have trouble learning English.
A.name B.question
C.problem D.job
解析: question是指需口头回答的问题,而problem是指故障性的、困难的或令人困惑的科学、数学等问题。
答案: C
【方法总结】 首先要读懂句意,抓住题干中的关键信息,并分析各个选项的意思,结合日常生活中的常识及语境,即可选出正确答案。
一、单项选择
1. (2018·辽宁抚顺中考)The teacher's encouragement gave
Jenny great ___ to face the difficulties.
A.difference B.pride
C.courage D.attention
C
2. (2018·辽宁葫芦岛中考)Your spoken English is very good.
What's you ___?
A.spirit B.secret
C.situation D.service
B
3.(2018·辽宁辽阳中考)After years of war, the people in the
country are thirsty for ___.
A.price B.noise
C.peace D.course
C
4.(2018·山东莱芜中考)Stephen Hawking's story gives me
much ___to face all kinds of difficulties.
A.chance B.wealth
C.courage D.decision
C
5.(2018·江苏淮安中考)Linda's performance at the art
festival was a(n)___ and was loved by her teachers and classmates.
A.success B.dream C.chance D.idea
A
考点四 词性转换
英语中,有时一个名词加上不同的前缀或后缀就可以变为形容词。如:sleep(睡觉)→asleep (睡着的)→sleepy(瞌睡的,困乏的),help(帮助)→helpful (有帮助的)等。常见的名词变形容词的方法有:
名词 方法 举例
表天气的名词 ?y cloud→cloudy sun→sunny,
wind→windy rain→rainy
表方位的名词 ?ern west→western south→southern,
east→eastern north→northern
表称谓的名词 ?ly friend→friendly
mother→motherly
表时间的名词 ?ly week→weekly day→daily,
year→yearly
名词 方法 举例
表物质的名词 ?en/?y wood→wooden gold→golden,
sand→sandy stone→stony
表情感的名词 ?ful care→careful beauty→beautiful,
hope→hopeful use→useful
?y luck→lucky health→healthy
noise→noisy
?less care→careless home→homeless
hope→hopeless
名词 方法 举例
表大洲与国家的名词 ?n America→American
Russia→Russian
另外,在某些名词后加?ous或?ish也可构成形容词。如:danger(危险)→dangerous (危险的);fool(傻瓜)→foolish(愚蠢的)。
常见的名词后缀如下表:
名词后缀 例词
?er wait→waiter report→reporter
?or visit→visitor act→actor
?ist art→artist science→scientist tour→tourist piano→pianist
?ment develop→development
?ness ill→illness sad→sadness busy→business
名词后缀 例词
?tion educate→education invite→invitation
?ce different→difference important→importance
?ion decide→decision express→expression
?an America→American Russia→Russian
?ship friend→friendship relation→relationship
?sure please→pleasure
?dom free→freedom
1.Eat some vegetables and fruit every day because they
are (health) food.
解析: vegetables和fruit是健康食品,health为名词,而healthy为形容词,healthy food“健康食品”。
答案: healthy
2.We hope it will be (sun)tomorrow for our picnic.
解析: 由句意知“我们希望明天会是晴天”。sun为名词,意为“太阳”,sunny为形容词,意为“晴朗的”,符合句意。
答案: sunny
3.After the terrible earthquake,hundreds of people were
(home).
解析: home可作名词,意为“家”。句意为“可怕的地震过
后,成百上千的人无家可归”。homeless为形容词,意为
“无家可归的”,符合句意。
答案: homeless
1. (2018·内蒙古包头中考)Before reaching an _________,
they had a heated discussion. (agree)
2. (2018·内蒙古包头中考)—Can you tell me the way to the Central Hospital?
—Sorry. I myself am a ________to this city. (strange)
agreement
stranger
3.(2018·云南曲靖中考)—What do you usually do on weekends?
—I sometimes go to the old people's home as a ______.(help)
4.(2018·云南中考)Grace loves dancing. She wants to be a
______when she grows up. (dance)
helper
dancer
5.(2018·江苏徐州中考)I need ______when I am studying.
(silent)
6. (2018·黑龙江龙东中考)you should learn to make a
_______by yourself. (decide)
silence
decision