中考英语语法专项复习课件：简单句(共43张PPT)

语法十二　简单句
考点一 陈述句
1．陈述句的五种基本句型
(1)主语＋系动词＋表语
I am a student.我是一个学生。
(2)主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
(3)主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语
I like English.我喜欢英语。
(4)主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
He asked me a question.他问了我一个问题。
(5)主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
She found this question easy.她发现这道题容易。
2．陈述句的肯定式：主语＋谓语＋其他。
Mo Yan is a famous Chinese writer.莫言是一位著名的中国作家。
3．陈述句的否定式
(1)be用作系动词时，结构为：主语＋be＋not＋表语＋其他。
Learning English isn't just a matter of remembering words.学英语不仅仅是记些单词的事。
(2)be用作助动词，用于be doing/be going to do/be done等时态或被动语态中，结构为：主语＋be＋not＋动词的现在分词或过去分词＋其他。
Mike isn't watching TV. He's doing his homework.迈克不是在看电视。他在做作业。
The desk is not made of wood.这桌子不是木头做的。
(3)助动词、情态动词的否定式。
The girl didn't do housework at home.这个女孩在家不做家务。
Fish can't live without water.鱼儿离开水就不能活。
4．除not外，其他否定词也可以构成否定句
(1)用no表示，no＝not any/a。
She has no ability in that kind of work.＝She doesn't have any ability in that kind of work.她没有做那种工作的能力。
(2)never绝不，从来不。
I have never met a foreigner who speaks such perfect Chinese.我从来没有遇到一个外国人汉语说得这么好。
(3)little，few几乎没有。
Hundreds of years ago，few people believed in the possibility of flying.数百年前，很少人相信飞行是可能的。
(4)no one/nobody没有人。
Nobody is allowed to be late.任何人不得迟到。
(5)nothing什么也没有。
I have nothing much to do.我没什么事可做。
(6)neither of...没有什么人(常用于两者都不)；none of...没有任何人，什么都没有(用于三者及以上都不)。
Neither of them has ever been to Beijing.他们两个都没有去过北京。
(7)seldom很少，hardly 几乎不。
Lazy people seldom succeed.懒惰的人很少会成功。
I can hardly express my gratitude to you for your help.对于你的帮助，我几乎难以表达我的谢意。
(8)too...to...太……以至于不能……。
The boy is too young to go to school.这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。
The whole class did a good job, and made a mistake.
A．neither　　 B．either　　 C．none　　 D．all
解析： 根据“the whole class”可知范围是全班同学，在三者以上，相当于all of them，故否定形式用none。
答案： C
【方法总结】 neither“两个都不”，either“二者中有一个”，none“三个以上都不”。
根据所给提示，完成句子。每空一词，含缩略词。
1．(2017·重庆中考A卷)Mr. Hu is having a rest in his bedroom. (改为否定句)
Mr. Hu __ ___ having a rest in his bedroom.
is
not
2．(2018·上海中考)John went to church with his brother last Sunday morning.(改为否定句)
John ______ ___ to church with his brother last Sunday morning.
3．(2018·贵州黔南中考)Tom does morning exercise every day.(改为否定句)
Tom _______ ___ morning exercise every day.
didn't
go
doesn't
do
4．(2017·贵州安顺中考)Ben has finished the project on
reusing natural resources.(改为否定句)
Ben ______ _______ the project on reusing natural resources.
5．(2017·重庆中考B卷)Mark is watching TV now. (改为否
定句)
Mark ____ ________TV now.
hasn't
finished
isn't
watching
考点二 疑问句
1．一般疑问句是询问一件事或一个情况是否属实的疑问
句，常用yes, no来回答，但在口语中有时也用yes, no之外
的词回答。口语中若无特殊含义，句末用升调。
2．一般疑问句也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词回答，如：
certainly, surely, of course, I think so, all right, certainly not,
not at all, never, sorry, not yet, I'm afraid not等。
3．特殊疑问句的基本结构是“疑问词＋一般疑问句”。常见的特殊疑问词是指wh?开头外加能与之相结伴而行的名词和how以及它的形容词。英语中常用的疑问词有what, where, which, who, whom, whose, how, how many, how old, how much等。
4．选择疑问句的前部分用升调，后部分用降调。这种疑问
句有两种形式：一种是以一般疑问句为基础，另一种是以
特殊疑问句为基础。or连接的两个并列成分可以是状语、
宾语、表语、谓语或是两个句子等。
5．反意疑问句的结构：(1)肯定的陈述句＋否定的简短问
句？(2)否定的陈述句＋肯定的简短问句？
6．反意疑问句的用法注意
(1)反意疑问句前后两部分必须遵循的原则是“三同一反”，即：
人称相同，动词相同，时态相同，前肯后否，前否后肯。
(2)对反意疑问句的回答，不管问题的提法如何，若事实是肯
定的，就要用yes回答；事实是否定的，就要用no回答。注意
在“前否后肯”的反意疑问句的答语中，yes意为“不”，no意为
“是”。
(3)如果陈述句中含有表示否定意义的词，如never, hardly, few, little等，在构成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句部分需用肯定式。
(4)若陈述句部分含有否定前缀的词，如：unhappy, impossible, untrue, dislike 等，应把陈述句看作肯定句，构成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句用否定式。
Nothing has been considered about this meeting, ？
A．has it B．haven't they
C．have they D．hasn't it
解析： 陈述部分中，主语是nothing, 附加提问时人称代词用it，并且该句作肯定句看待。
答案： D
【方法总结】 陈述句的主语中是everything, anything, something, nothing附加问句的主语用it。
1．(2018·甘肃天水中考)—How often do your teachers have
a meeting?
—___．
A．For one week B．One week ago
C．In one week D．Once a week
D
2．(2018·黑龙江绥化中考改编)—___ do you like wolf warriors Ⅱ？
—Because it's exciting.
A．Why B．What　
C．How D．Where
A
3．(2018·贵州黔南中考)He has few friends in his new school,
___？
A．hasn't he B．does he
C．is he D．doesn't he
B
4．(2018· 贵州安顺中考)—There is little money for Mr.
Lee to buy a ticket for today's show，___？
—Exactly!
A．are there B．isn't there
C．aren't there D．is there
D
5．(2018·吉林长春中考)—Lucy, do you want to join the
art club or the chess club?
—___. I like drawing pictures.
A．Yes, I do B．The art club
C．No, I don't D．The chess club
B
考点三 祈使句和感叹句
1．祈使句与简单句、复合句之间的转换
(1)“Let's＋动词原形＋其他。”可转换为“Shall we＋动词原形＋其他？”
Let's go fishing this afternoon.＝Shall we go fishing this afternoon?
(2)“祈使句＋ and/then/or＋简单句”可转换为含if引导的条件状语从句。
Use your head, then you'll find a way.＝If you use your head, you'll find a way.
Hurry up, or we'll be late.＝ If we don't hurry, we'll be late.
2．祈使句的应答语
(1)Let's开头的祈使句，其答语常用Good idea./OK./Yes, I'd love to.等。
—Let's go to the park.让我们去公园吧。
—Good idea.好主意。
(2)其他肯定祈使句的应答语为Yes, I will. 否定祈使句的应答语为Sorry/No, I won't (do it again)．
—It's going to rain. Remember to take an umbrella with you.
—Thanks, I will.
——就要下雨了。记着带上雨伞。
——谢谢，我会的。
3．祈使句之后的附加疑问句
(1)一般祈使句之后， 附加疑问句常用will you? 或won't you?
(2)以let's 开头的祈使句之后， 附加疑问句常用shall we?
4．what引导的感叹句
(1)What＋a(an)＋形容词＋可数名词的单数形式＋主语＋谓语！
What a nice present it is! 它是一件多么好的礼物啊！
What an interesting book it is! 它是一本多么有趣的书啊！
(2)What＋形容词＋可数名词的复数形式＋主语＋谓语！
What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花啊！
(3)What＋形容词＋不可数名词＋主语＋谓语！
What fine weather it is today! 今天天气多好啊！
What important news it is! 多重要的新闻啊！
5. how引导的感叹句
(1)How＋形容词或副词＋主语＋谓语！
How careful she is! 她多么细心啊！
How fast he runs! 他跑得多快啊！
(2)How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词的单数形式＋主语＋
谓语！
How beautiful a girl she is! 她是个多么漂亮的姑娘啊！
(3)How＋主语＋谓语！
How time flies！时间过得真快呀！
1．—Look at the sign, what does it mean?
—It means “ ”．
A．Don't talking　　　 B．No talking
C．Not talk D．Not talking
解析： 表示“不要说话”可以使用Don't talk. 或No talking.两种形式，因此，答案选择B项。
答案： B
【方法总结】 否定结构主要有“Don't＋动词原形＋其他”和“No＋名词或动名词”两种形式。
2．—Dad, do you like my picture?
— ！ It's the nicest one I've ever seen!
A．What beautiful B．How careful
C．How wonderful D．What wonderful picture
解析： 对图画赞叹时不能用形容词careful，排除B项。对形容词感叹时用how，排除A项。picture为可数名词，单数前应用不定冠词，排除D项。
答案： C
【方法总结】 在做感叹句的题目时，分清可数名词与不可数名词、名词单数和复数很重要。
1．(2018·黑龙江龙东中考改编)Tom, ___ the umbrella with you. Look at the clouds, it's going to rain!
A．taking B．takes
C．take D．to take
C
2．(2018·吉林中考改编)Please ___here earlier！We don't want to miss the last bus to the library.
A．arrive B．to arrive
C．arriving D．arrived
A
3．(2017·四川眉山中考改编)—Listen！Someone is playing violin.
—Wow! ___ beautiful music! I like it very much.
A．What B．How a
C．What the D．How
A
4．(2018·吉林长春中考)___ clever dog Lucky is! It can
understand Mr. Smith's orders.
A．What B．What a C．How D．How a
5．(2018·青海中考改编)___ wonderful the sitcom is!
We all like it.
A．What B．How C．What a D．How a
B
B