中考语法专题系列- 动词时态语态

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台


Chapter Eight 动词时态语态
时态语态概述：
时态、语态仅针对于句子的谓语结构，根据动作发生的时间会使用不同的时态，动作发生的对象会使用主动或者被动语态。在整个初中阶段我们重点学习7种时态。
与现在有关：一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时
与过去有关：一般过去式，过去进行时，过去完成时
与将来有关：一般将来时

一般现在时态：谓语主动为（do/ does动词原型或三单），被动为(is,am/are +done)
一般现在时主要用来表示现在的状态、性质或者经常性的行为，常使用的时间副词有usually, always, often, sometimes,never等。在写作、翻译中考察居多。
例：Lucy always helps her mother with housework. (主动）
Tommy is often punished by his teacher. （被动）

什么是三单？
第三人称单数是指除去第一人称（我，我们），第二人称（你，你们），第三人称复数以及一切复数名词（除时间、距离、金钱做主语外）外的所有名词或者代词。 如 my mother, our teacher等。
重点考点：
--Will you go to Jack’s party tonight?
--Unless I______.
A.invited B.will be invited C.am invited
答案：C。 主将从现，并且用被动。
主将从现：在时间状语、条件状语从句中，主句将来时，从句一般现在时表将来。
主情从现：主句含有情态动词，从句同上。（偶尔考）
例：You may fail the exam if you don’t work hard. (还未发生）
主祈从现：主句我祈使句，从句同上。(不常考）
例：Work hard if you want to go abroad.

现在进行时：谓语主动为（is/am/are+doing），被动为(is,am/are +being done)
现在进行时表示动作在现在正在进行，常使用的时间副词为now, at the moment等。
例：Look, my brother is flying.
Our new school is being built now, and will be finished next year.(正在被建）
注意：此时态主要通过上下文语境进行考察，通过上下文的对话推断出动作正在进行，常见的标志词有look, listen, sorry, wait for a moment等。
例：--Could you go out with us now?
-- Sorry, I_____ my father wash his car.
A.help B. am helping C.helped
答案： B. 表示他当时正在忙。

一般将来时：谓语主动为 (will/ be going to+do), 被动为(will/be going to +be done)
一般将来时用于表示动作发生在将来，是时态中最好判断的，常见的时间标志有next+时间，in the future, in+将来时刻，tomorrow等。
例：Our family are going to leave Changsha next week. (主动)
The meeting will be put off because of the bad weather. (被动)

重点考点：
I am not sure if she_____. If she _____, I will call you.
A.will come;comes B.comes;comes C.will come; will come
答案：A。 前句为宾语从句，后句为条件状语从句。

一般过去时：谓语主动为 (did动词的过去式)，被动为(was/were done)
一般过去时用于表示动作在过去发生，一般会有明确的过去时间标志或者给出的语境强调只发生在过去。常见的时间标志：last+时间名词，yesterday, 过去的时刻等，有时候也通过语境考察。
例：We had fun last weekend. (主动)
My dog was stolen last night. (被动)
一般过去时态是中考重点考察时态，主要体现在单选、翻译或写作中。
例：Where is my book? -- Jack_____ it just now.
A.takes B.took C.was taking
答案：B。动作发生在过去，但是没有正在进行。

五、过去进行时：谓语主动为（was/were doing）, 被动（was/were being done）
过去进行时用于表示动作在过去某一时刻或时段正在进行，常见的时间标志为at that time/moment，all night等，其他主要通过语境进行考察。
例：I was watching TV at that time yesterday.

重要考点：
when和while引导的时间状语从句，表示某动作发生时，另外一个动作正在进行。
例：My brother was playing computer games when I came back last night.
My mom was cooking while my father was reading a newspaper.
例：--Jack, why did you answer my call last night？
-- Sorry. I_____football with my friends at that time.
played B.was playing C.have played
答案：B。强调当时正在踢足球。

六、现在完成时：谓语主动为（have/has done）,被动（have/has been done）
现在完成时表示“已经...”，有两种用法：
1.动作在过去发生，对现在造成影响，针对现在来说，没有具体的过去时间。常见的时间标志：already, never, ever, ...yet, ...before等。（注意与过去时的区别）
例：I finished my homework an hour ago. (过去时，有具体过去时间）
I have finished my homework. (现在完成时，没有具体过去时间）
2.动作在过去发生，一直持续到现在并且可能继续持续下去，常见的时间标志：since(自从), for+时间段/次数等。
例：I have worked in Beijing since 5 years ago.
I have lived in Changsha for 4 years.
since的用法： 1.+时间段+ago since 3 years ago
2.+过去的时间点 since 1991
3.+谓语为一般过去时的句子 since I arrived here
for的用法： 1.+时间段 for 5 years
2.+次数 for 5 times
注意：I _____ (watch) this movie for 3 times last month.
I_____ (watch) this movie for 3 times.
答案：watched; have watched. 第一句中有明确的过去时间last month.
重要考点
1.：have/has been (to) +地点 表示“去过某地”，+次数。here/there不需要to.
Have/has gone to+地点 表示“去了某地”，不能+时段
Have/has been in+地点 表示“去了并且还在”+时间段
改错：I have gone to Beijing for 3 times. (been)
My father has gone to Beijing for 3 days. (been in)

重要考点2：瞬间动词延续化
瞬间动词如（buy, leave）等可以用于现在完成时态，但是不能+时间段。
如：He has left. (对) He has left for 2 hours. (错)
如果要+时间段，则需要改为相应的延续状态，常考的有以下动词：
Buy-- have had
Borrow-- have kept
Leave-- have been away
Die--have been dead
Finish-- have been over
Start/begin-- have been on
Get married-- have been married
例：Your watch is so nice! I haven’t seen it before.
-- Oh, I ________it for 2 days.
A.have bought B.bought C.have had
答案：C，bought不能延续。
七、过去完成时：谓语主动（had+done）,被动（had been done）
过去完成时态表示动作发生在过去的过去，会给出一个过去时间状语或者语境进行参考，常见的标志性介词短语为by+过去的时刻（表示在过去时刻之前），或者在时间状语从句中，一个句子谓语为过去时态，另一个句子谓语发生在其之前。
例：The train ______before I got to the train station.
has left B.left C.had left.
答案：C.火车在我到达之前就离开了。


专题演练

1．[2017·巴中]I wonder if it ________ rain tomorrow, if it ________ rain I'll go hiking with my friends.
A．will; isn't B．doesn't; won't C. will; doesn't
2．[2017·青海]—I tried calling you all the morning, but you didn't answer.
—Oh, sorry. I ________ a meeting.
A．am having B．was having C．had
3．[2017·齐齐哈尔]—How long is it since he ________ this school?
—He ________ for three years.
A．has left; has left B．left; has been away C．leaves; has left
4．[2017·绥化]My family will go to Yunnan as soon as the holiday ________．
A．will begin B．begin C．begins
5．[2017·哈尔滨]—I wonder if our foreign teacher Mr. White ________ to his hometown next Tuesday.
—I'm not sure. But if he returns to his hometown, I ________ him off.
A．returns; see B．will return; see C．will return; will see
6．[2017·海南]Last year our class set up Reading Corner. So far, we ________ more than 200 books.
A．were reading B．have read C．will read
7．[2017·永州]It is said that BRT(快速公交系统) ________ in Yongzhou soon.
A．was used B．will be used C．is used
8．[2017·乐山]It's not your turn yet. Please wait on the chair over there until you ________．
A．are calling B．have called C．are called
9．[2017·咸宁改编]—What do you think of the latest TV play In the Name of People?
—It's very popular. Millions of families ________ by it during that time.
A．attracted B．are attracted C．were attracted
10.[2019·预测]Our sports meeting _______ if it rains tomorrow.
A.will put off B.is put off C.will be put off
11.【2018杭州】I_____scared of dogs ever since a dog hurt me when I was 5 years old.
A.will be B.was C.have been D.would be
12.【2018江西】--Ben and Sue aren’t at home, are they?
-- No. They ____ to London on business.
A.have gone B.go C.have been D.will go
13.【2018天津】--why did the car hit the boy?
-- Because the drive_____ on the phone at that time.
A.talk B.is talking C.was talking D.have talked
14.【2018三亚】---Where is Linda? I can’t find her anywhere.
--She____ the flowers in the garden.
A.waters B.watered C.is watering
15.【2018广州】Miss Brown, we_____ cleaning our classroom. Can we go home now?
A.finish B.finished C.are finished D.have finished
16.【2018苏州】--where is Joan?
--- She ____a novel in her study.
A.has read B.reads C.will read D.is reading
17.【2018福州】--Miss Lin ____ my desk-mate with her lessons when I left school
---She is really a nice teacher.
helps B.is helping C.was helping
【2018长沙】--Will you see the film Cinderella with us tonight?
---No, I______ it last week.
A.see B.have seen C.saw
19.【2018江西】--Do you have any plans for tonight?
--Yes, I____ at the new Italian restaurant in town.
A.eat B.have eaten C.ate D.am going to eat
20.【2018安顺】Premier Zhou Enlai _____ for many years. But he still lives in our heat
A.died B.was died C.has been died D.has been dead


参考答案：
C. 前句为宾语从句，从句时态根据时间定，后句为条件状语从句，符合主将从现。
B. 动作发生在过去，并强调当时正在开会。
B. since后的句子谓语为过去，答句为从过去一直到现在，并且延续。
C. 条件状语从句，符合主将从现.
C. 前句为宾语从句，从句时态根据时间定，后句为条件状语从句，符合主将从现,主句为将来时。
B. So far为“到现在为止”，是现在完成时的时间标志。
B. Soon为“即将，很快”，为将来时态标志，并且为被动。
C. 主祈从现，从句用一般现在时，并为被动。
C. During that time表示在那段时间，强调的是过去，并且为被吸引。
C 条件状语从句，符合主将从现，主句用被动的现在时。
C Ever since为自从，是现在完成时的标志，主句用现在完成时。
A. 根据句意表示已经去了，并且还没回。
C at that time为过去进行时态时间标志。
C 根据语境表示为她现在正在浇花。
D 根据语境，可知他们已经完成，句子没有具体的过去时间，则使用现在完成时。
D. 根据语境表示为他现在正在读小说。
C 从句发生在过去，而老师的动作在过去那个时刻正在进行，用过去进行时态。
C last week为过去时态标志。
D. 计划的事情还没有发生，为将来时态。
D for many years为完成时标志，并且die为瞬间动词，所以选D。


















































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