英语
路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索
人教版 · 必修5
Great Scientists
Unit 1
Section Ⅲ Using Language
Ⅰ.下面是本部分的重点词汇，你能准确填出内容吗？
1．用所给单词的适当形式填空
(1)The workers are ____________ the bridge damaged by the flood, and the bridge under ____________ connects the road with the town.(construct)
(2)The famous star has ___________ a lot of money to the school and has made a great ___________ to the building of the school.(contribute)
(3)The girl student has a ________ attitude towards life, and I'm ________ that she will have a happy life all her life.(positive)
constructing
construction
contributed
contribution
positive
positive
(4)In the dim light, something ________ fast in the distance, whose quick ___________ made us shocked.(move)
(5)She is ___________ about designing beautiful dresses, and she also admires all kinds of beautiful clothes with great ___________.(enthusiastic)
(6)__________， she drove her car to the main road. Because of the crowd, she drove all the way with great ________.(cautious)
(7)As soon as his design was ________， he also ________ the idea that he would stay here for his rest life.(reject)
(8)It is __________ known that the _______ is vast.(universal)
moved
movement
enthusiastic
enthusiasm
Cautiously
caution
rejected
rejected
universally
universe
2．补全下列短语
(1)come ________ an end 结束
(2)apart ________ 除……之外；此外
(3)________ one's own 某人自己的
(4)(be) strict ________ 对……严格的
(5)lead ________ 导致；通向
(6)________ sense 讲得通；有意义
to
from
of
with
to
make
Ⅱ.重点句式
Only if you put the sun there ________ the movements of the other planets in the sky________________.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
did
make sense
Ⅲ.阅读课文，回答下列问题
1．What did Nicolaus Copernicus's mathematical calculations lead to?
2．Why couldn't Nicolaus Copernicus tell others about his discovery?
3．When did Nicolaus Copernicus publish his ideas?
4．Did the Christian Church support Nicolaus Copernicus's theory?
5．How many scientists are mentioned in this passage? Who are they?
答案：1.They led to a conclusion that the earth was not the center of the solar system.
2．Because the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea.
3．As he lay dying in 1543.
4．No, it didn't. Instead, it rejected his theory.
5．Four scientists. Nicolaus Copernicus, Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.
1.positive adj.
(1)～(about sth.)自信的，积极乐观的
She tries to be more positive about her new job.
她力求对新工作更有信心。
(2)积极的，建设性的，朝着成功的
He has a positive attitude towards life.
他对生活持有积极的态度。
(3)表示赞同的，拥护的
We've had a very positive response to the idea.
我们对这个想法反应很好。
(4)良好的，有益的，正面的
His family have a very positive influence on him.
他的家庭对他有十分良好的影响。
(5)～(about sth.)|～(that...)有绝对把握，确信，肯定
She was quite positive about the amount of money involved.
她对所涉及的钱数十分肯定。
be positive of/about对……有把握
positively adv.确实地；肯定地；毫无疑问地
passive adj.消极的；被动的
知识拓展
比较网站
positive，certain，definite与sure
(1)positive：语气强烈，指对自己的看法或作的结论的正确性有不可动摇的信念。
(2)certain：与sure同义，但语气比sure强，着重指有确切理由或不容置疑的证据所支持的确信。
(3)definite：指已毫无怀疑的余地。
(4)sure：侧重主观上对某事确信无疑。
①There is positive proof that he did it.
有确凿的证据证明他做了这件事。
②We are sure of his innocence.
我们确信他是无辜的。
③I'm quite certain of that.
对那事我完全可以肯定。
④It's definite that he'll be late again.
他肯定又要迟到了。
活学活用
用恰当词语填空
Her ________character didn't help her become an actress.
答案：positive 句意：她积极向上的性格对她成为一名演员来说没有什么帮助。positive表示“积极的，向上的”，符合语境。
2．movement n.
(1)[U & C](身体部位的)运动，活动，转动
She observed the gentle movement of his chest as he breathed.
她观察着他呼吸时胸部的微微起伏。
(2)[U & C]移动，迁移，转移，活动
Troop movements can be observed from space by a satellite.
借助卫星可观察到部队的调动。
比较网站
movement，move与motion
(1)movement：通常抽象地指有规则的动作或定向运动，也可用于特指政治性的运动。
(2)move：着重指开始的行动或变化。
(3)motion：指不处于静止状态而在移动的过程中，强调运动本身，而不涉及其动因。
①We are starting a movement to clean up the city.
我们正在发动一个清洁城市的运动。
②He made a move toward the door.
他朝门口走去。
③The object is no longer in motion.
该物体已不处于运动状态。
活学活用
完成句子
我们在树林里寻找走动的痕迹。
We watched the________ ________ ________in the trees.
答案：signs of movement
3．backward adv. & adj.向后地(的)；相反地(的)；退步地(的)
①He took a step backward to let her pass.
他向后退了一步，让她过去。
②The technology was backward, but the system worked.
虽然技术落后，但系统还有效。
(1)backward(s)and forward(s)来来回回
(2)bend/lean over backwards(to do sth.)(＝make a great effort)尽力，竭力
(3)forward adv. & adj.向前地(的)
知识拓展
①She rocked backwards and forwards on her chair.
她坐在摇椅上前后摇晃着。
②Although we bent over backwards to please her, our new manager was still very critical of our work.
尽管我们竭力讨好新经理，但她仍然对我们的工作百般挑剔。
③Move forward carefully or you'll slip.
小心地往前走，不然会滑倒。
④He is forward in his English.
他的英语有进步。
图解助记
活学活用
补全句子
他的话让她很生气，于是她头也不回地走了。
She went without ________ ________ ________because she got very angry with his words.
答案：a backward glance
4．spin
(1)vi. & vt.(spun，spun)(使)旋转；纺(线或纱)
①She got up and spun a little turn.
她站起来转了一圈。
②The wheels of the car were spinning.
轿车的轮子飞速旋转。
③Can you spin thread?
你会纺线吗？
(2) n.
①[C & U]高速旋转
Give the washing a short spin.
把洗过的衣服稍稍甩一下。
②[U] (网球、板球)旋转
The pitcher gave spin to the ball.
投手使球旋转。
③[C] (乘汽车等)兜风
Get your bicycle and come for a spin.
骑上你的自行车去兜一圈。
活学活用
补全句子
妈妈过去自己纺线。
Mother ________ ________ ________ her own thread.
答案：used to spin
5．enthusiastic adj.热心的，热情的
①His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Coopernicus was cautious.
他的朋友们很热情，鼓励他把想法公诸于世，但哥白尼却小心谨慎。
②You don't sound enthusiastic about the idea.
你好像对这个想法不太感兴趣。
(1)be enthusiastic about sth. 对某事很热衷，热爱
(2)be crazy/nuts about sb./sth.对某人很迷恋；对某事很热衷，很狂热
(3)enthusiasm n. 热心，热情，狂热
enthusiast n. 热衷于……的人，爱好者
enthusiastically adv. 热情地，热烈地
知识拓展
①He's always been enthusiastic about sports.
他一直对运动很热衷。
②He's crazy/nuts about basketball.
他热爱篮球。
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
She kept silent at first and I gathered from the way she replied that she wasn't very ________(enthusiasm)．
答案：enthusiastic 句意为“起初她保持沉默，而且我从她回答的方式判断，她并不热心”。此处需用形容作表语。
6．cautious adj.小心的，谨慎的
①Losses make us more cautious.
损失使我们更谨慎。
②A cautious mind is the half of wisdom.
谨慎小心近于明智。
caution n．谨慎，小心；警告，告诫
vt.警告，告诫
cautionary adj.劝告的，告诫的
cautiously adv.谨慎地，小心地
知识拓展
比较网站
cautious, careful
这两个形容词均含有“小心的，谨慎的”之意。
(1)cautious指人因担心某事危险或不明智而缓慢行事或小心谨慎；着重考虑事情的后果，谨慎留意，防止出差错。
People are now more cautious about buying luxuries.
现在人们购买奢侈品都经过认真考虑。
(2)careful侧重做事谨慎、留心，特别注意一些细节地方。其内涵为确保万无一失而做事小心仔细，并非担心害怕。
Be careful not to wake the baby.
注意别吵醒了宝宝。
活学活用
(1)用恰当形式填空
Dad always drives with________(cautious)．He always says safety is the most important thing in the world.
答案：caution 句意：爸爸开车一直十分小心。他总是说安全是世界上最重要的事情。考查名词。with caution小心地，介词with后需接名词形式。cautious为形容词，意为“谨慎的；小心的”，不符合语境。
(2)补全句子
政府始终对这种问题持谨慎态度。
The Government have always treated this kind of issues ________ caution.
答案：with
7．reject vt.拒绝；不接受；抛弃
①The suggestion was firmly rejected.
这个建议被断然否决。
②She rejected telling us the truth.
她拒不对我们讲实情。
③He rejected the old records.
他丢弃了那些旧唱片。
特别提示
reject后面通常跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语，不跟不定式。
比较网站
reject, refuse, decline, deny
这些动词均含“拒绝”之意。
(1)reject多指由于某物、某事或某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。
They rejected damaged goods.
他们拒收损坏的货物。
(2)refuse语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的拒绝。
He refused to take the money.
他拒绝接受此款。
(3)decline指正式地，婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
I declined their offer of help.
我谢绝了他们提出的帮助。
(4)deny指坚决地拒绝接受、给予或承认。
She was angry at being denied the opportunity to see me.
因不准她见我，她非常生气。
活学活用
(1)用恰当形式填空
I threatened to report the taxi driver for illegally ________ (reject)a passenger，but he pointed at his“Not for Hire”sign and drove away.
答案：rejecting 句意：我威胁说要举报出租车司机，因为他非法拒载乘客，但是他指了指“非出租”的牌子，然后开车走了。
(2)补全句子
社工的诚心建议最终使他摒弃了每天喝酒的坏习惯。
The social worker's sincere advice finally made him ________ his bad habit of drinking every day.
答案：reject
1.be strict with...对……严格的
①He is very strict with his students.
他对学生很严格。
②Our manager is very strict with us.
我们的经理对我们要求很严格。
be strict in/about (doing) sth.对(做)某事严格
知识拓展
①The teacher is strict about his work.
这位老师对工作严格要求。
②The hospital is quite strict about visiting hours.
该医院对探望时间的规定相当严格。
活学活用
(1)用恰当介词填空
Our parents are very strict ________ us, but never too hard ________ us.
答案：with; on 句意：父母对我们要求非常严格，但从来不对我们太苛刻。be strict with sb.“对某人要求严格”；be hard on sb.“对某人苛刻”。
(2)补全句子
①严格来说，西红柿并不是蔬菜。
Tomatoes are not，________(strict)speaking，vegetables.
②她不仅对我们所有人都很严格，对她自己的工作要求也很严格。
She is very strict not only________all of us，but________all her own work.
答案：①strictly ②with；about/in
2．lead to
(1)导致，造成(结果)
①This will lead to great trouble.
这将导致极大的麻烦。
②Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness.
过量的工作和过少的休息会引起疾病。
(2)通向，通往
The path leads to the village.
这条小路通向村庄。
lead sb. to do sth.使得某人做某事；引导某人做某事
lead up to sth.是……的先导；是导致……的原因
lead (sb./sth.) in sth.(在某活动或领域中)领先
result in导致，造成
result from由……造成；因……而发生
bring about导致，造成
知识拓展
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
It is sleeping late in the evening that leads to________(late)for work.
答案：being late 句意为“正是晚上睡得晚才导致了上班迟到”。lead to意为“导致”，其中to为介词，后跟动词－ing形式。该句为强调句型，是Sleeping late in the evening leads to being late for work.的强调形式。
3．make sense
(1)有道理，有意义，讲得通
I don't think what he said makes any sense.
我认为他的话没有意义。
(2)是明智的，是合情理的
It makes good sense to grow fruit trees on the hillside.
在山坡上种果树是明智的。
(3)表述清楚，易于理解，道理明显
John wasn't making much sense on the phone.
约翰在电话里说得不大清楚。
(1)make sense of sth. 理解，弄懂(不易理解的事物)
Can you make sense of this poem?
你能明白这首诗的含义吗？
(2)bring sb. to one's senses使某人醒悟过来
Only failure can bring her to her senses.
只有失败才能使她醒悟过来。
(3)come to one's senses恢复理性，苏醒
He waited for Dora to come to her senses and return.
他盼着多拉冷静下来后回来。
知识拓展
(4)in a sense在某种意义上说
In a sense(＝in one way) it doesn't matter any more.
在某种意义上说，这事已无关紧要了。
(5)in no sense决不
In no sense can you do it.
你决不能做此事。
活学活用
补全句子
(1)有时候需要重新组织故事的段落以使我们弄懂。
Sometimes paragraphs need to be rearranged for the story________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
答案：to make sense to us
(2)不要再说了。比起你说的话，我们更相信事实。你的解释没有意义。
Don't say that any more.We all believe the facts rather than your words.What you have explained_____________________.
答案：makes no sense
1.Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
这是一个由only加状语从句放在句首引起的倒装句。句子的正常语序为：The movements of the other planets in the sky made sense only if you put the sun there.。
“only＋状语或状语从句”置于句首时主句要使用部分倒装，即把主句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词be放在主语之前。但only如果不是修饰状语，即使放在句首，句子也不倒装。
①Only in this way can we solve the problem.
只有通过这种方式，我们才能解决这个问题。
②Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home.
只有在1949年战争结束后，他才能返回家乡。
③Only some of the children seemed to have understood it.
似乎只有一部分孩子明白。
比较网站
if only, only if
(1)if only“但愿……，要是……就好了”，常引导含虚拟语气的条件句或感叹句。
(2)only if“只要……”，only if本身是一个固定词组。only是副词，用来修饰整个if从句。若用于句首，后接从句，主句要部分倒装。
If only I had gone by taxi.
我要是乘出租车去就好了。
活学活用
用恰当形式填空
Li Wei failed the job interview because of his poor English. Only then ________(realize)how important it was to learn English well.
答案：did he realize “only＋状语”放于句首时，句子应用部分倒装的形式。根据then可知时态应用一般过去时。
2．He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.
他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转。
本句中with the planets going round it and... the earth是with复合结构，在句中作状语。
with复合结构为“with＋宾语＋宾补”，在句中作状语或定语。其常见形式如下：
(1)with＋名词(或代词)＋现在分词
With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries.
由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起奢侈品。(原因状语)
(2)with＋名词(或代词)＋过去分词
The thief was brought in with his hands tied back.
小偷被带了进来，双手捆在背后。
(3)with＋名词(或代词)＋形容词
I like to sleep with the windows open.
我喜欢开着窗户睡觉。(伴随情况)
(4)with＋名词(或代词)＋介词短语
①They often go climbing with bags on their backs.
他们经常背着书包去爬山。
②We live in a house with many flowers around it.
我们住在一所周围有很多花的房子里。(定语)
(5)with＋名词(或代词)＋副词
With the manager away, no one knew what to do.
经理不在，没有人知道该做什么。
(6)with＋名词(或代词)＋动词不定式，此时，不定式表示将发生的动作。
With a lot of work to do, he wasn't allowed to go out.
因为有很多工作要做，他没有被允许外出。(原因状语)
活学活用
(1)完成句子
①他站着，手插在衣袋里。
He stood __________________________.
②这个男孩低着头站在那里。
The boy stood there ____________________.
答案：①with his hands in his pockets ②with his head down
(2)用恰当词语填空
________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
答案：With 句意：担心着两次考试，这个周末我必须努力学习了。“with＋名词＋不定式”为with复合结构，不定式表示将要发生的动作，表示原因。
(3)用恰当形式填空
With the rain ________(fall)so heavily, it becomes more and more difficult to carry on the rescue work.
答案：falling 句意：雨下得这么大，使救援工作的进行越来越困难。“with＋名词/代词＋不定式/分词/形容词等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因等状语，本题中with复合结构作伴随状语，此处指雨还在下，表示正在进行的动作，故用现在分词形式。with复合结构中，名词/代词后用不定式表示将要发生的动作，用过去分词表示被动或完成的动作。
写作指导
人物类写作指导
一、写作内容
1．age，sex，birth－place，background(概况)
2．appearance，character(外表、性格)
3．education(教育背景)
4．big events in his or her life(in order of time)(经历、生平)
5．evaluation(评价)
二、写作技巧
1．介绍概况：同位语结构、分词结构，使文章简洁。如：
(1)Ye Shiwen，a world champion in swimming (一位游泳世界冠军)，is a girl of 17 from Zhejiang.(同位语)
(2)Born in Maryland，USA in 1985 (他1985年出生于美国马里兰州)，Michael Phelps is a famous swimmer.(分词短语)
2．描写外貌：巧用with短语。如：
My history teacher is a beautiful woman，with long hair and big eyes (她长着两只大眼睛，留着长发)．
3．生平事迹：尽量用复合句、并列句、非谓语动词短语和倒装等高级语句。如：
(1)In his life，he got many honours，one of which is the 2012 CCTV Moving China Award (其中包括获得“2012感动中国年度人物”的称号)．(定语从句)
(2)In 2012，having broken the world record and got the gold medal (在他打破世界纪录并获得金牌之后)，he became the idol of the youth.(分词短语)
(3)Not only does he show interest in science (他不但对科学极有兴趣)，but also he has a gift for music.(倒装句式)
4．评价：尽量运用短语。如：
Zhang Lili set an good example to us(给我们树立了一个良好的榜样)，so all the people show great respect to her (很敬重她)．
实战演练
根据下列提示，写一篇介绍我国著名的水稻专家袁隆平的文章。
1．袁隆平， 1937年9月7日出生在重庆的一个贫困农民家庭。
2．1953年毕业于西南农学院，毕业后被分配到湘西农校任教。
3．1964年开始从事水稻研究。1981年荣获我国第一个国家发明特等奖，被国际上誉为“杂交水稻之父”。
4．生活简朴，不计名利。
注意：(1)要有标题。
(2)介绍须包括所有内容要点，但不要逐条译成英语。
写作要求：只能使用5个句子表达全部的内容。
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参考范文：
Father of Hybrid Rice
Born on September 7, 1937 in Chongqing, Yuan Longping was from a poor farmer's family. Having graduated from Southwest Agriculture College in 1953, he was sent to work as a teacher in the Agriculture School in the west of Hunan. He began his research in rice in 1964 and got the First National Special Prize for Invention in 1981. He is honored as “Father of Hybrid Rice” by the international friends. Famous as he is, he cares little for money and fame.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．She had a great eye for color and came up with some ________ (有创造力的) ideas for our house.
2．He is p________ to believe in the being of God.
3．Scientists watch the moon to get data about its ________ (运动，移动)．
4．Yesterday one told me that there is a kind of bird; it's the only one which can fly b________.
5．Let's s________ the coin to decide whether to go or not.
6．A lot of people in Shanghai are e________ football fans.
7．We shouldn't r________ his offers because the time is running out.
8．She p_____ told the secret to me and I promised to keep it.
9．In the _____ (革命的) practice, he went for truth all the way.
10．She is an ________ (专家) on these incredible animals and has made it her life work to study them.
答案：1.creative 2.positive 3.movement 4.backward 5.spin 6.enthusiastic 7.reject 8.privately 9.revolutionary
10．expert
Ⅱ.用方框中所给短语的适当形式填空
1．Our coach________us when we practiced driving cars.
2．I tend to accept any idea________by experts on TV.
3．You can be really annoying________ you know.
4．Eating too much sugar can________health problems.
5．He was________refusing to answer their questions.
6. ________you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.
7．It doesn't________to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.
8．For a few weeks in the summer, visitors are able to________Buckingham Palace.
9．I don't have time to________you about this.
10. I had a good impression of Tom when I met him________.
答案：1.was strict with 2.put forward 3.at times 4.lead to 5．punished for 6.Only if 7.make sense 8.go round 9.argue with 10.for the first time
Ⅲ.用适当的介词或副词填空
1．The quarrel led ________ the fighting between the two villagers.
2．He is always positive ________ trying new ideas.
3．His father is very strict ________ him and ________ his studies too.
4．We should base our theory ________ facts.
5．The photo calls up the memory of his childhood ________ times.
答案：1.to 2.about 3.with；in/about 4.on 5.at
