第二十九讲 省略句
(原卷版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
英语中省略现象较为普遍，对省略句的考查已经成为高考中的热点之一。省略是一种语言现象，是英语的一种习惯用法。省略句避免了对旧信息的重复，减轻了说话人语言表达的负担，也有助于听话者对信息的理解。省略又是一种衔接手段，能通过采用省略的手法承上启下，把上下文连接起来。能否正确理解省略句的语义，主要靠语境。英语句子乃至文章中常常会频繁地出现省略的现象，省略是英语中一个重要的结构方式，将有关省略句的语法项目进行清晰的梳理，对高考复习的成败有着至关重要的作用。省略句在近年的高考试题中出现的频率越来越高，涉及面也较广泛，是高考试卷中比较重要语法项目。教师在辅导学生进行省略句复习的时候，首先要注重对其语言知识进行梳理，夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，避免偏题、难题和怪题；教师要注意把有关省略句的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通，通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。因此，教师要逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
I. 省略句概述（Summary of Elliptical Sentences）
英语中为了避免重复，以便于使语言更加简练，在不影响句子结构、不会引起歧义或误解的前提下，常常会省去一个或者多个句子成分而保持句子原意不变，这种情况就被称作省略（Ellipsis）。省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略形式多样，从单词、短语到分句都可以省略，而且各有一定的衔接关系不容臆断。省略不但是一种“以无为有”的最简便的表达方法，而且也是一种简便至极、“虽无胜有”的修辞手段。句子成分的省略常常有：省略主语、主谓语或主谓的一部分；省略不定式符号to；省略不定式结构中的动词；省略状语从句中的部分词句；省略定语从句中的关系词；省略虚拟语气中的if与should；在not，so，neither，nor的使用中的替代性省略等等。省略的情况大致可分为两类：一类是功能词的省略；另一类是句子成分的省略。
These are John's books and those are Mary's (books).省略了books
这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。
Our teacher came in, book in hand.
= Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。
Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day.
迈克说他第二天要来学校看我，但是第二天他并没有来学校看我。
= Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't. 迈克说他第二天要来学校看我，但是他并没有来。(省掉最后九个词，句子简洁多了)
— What did he want yesterday 他昨天要了什么？
— An apple. 一个苹果。（全文应该是“He wanted an apple yesterday”，但显得生硬、别扭，很不自然）
II. 功能词的省略
功能词指的是没有完整意义，但有语法意义的词，如冠词、介词、助动词等。英语句子结构的简洁，首先表现在功能词的省略上。
1. 冠词的省略
A man and (a) woman are talking in the office.
办公室一男一女正在谈话。
He could not understand why there was no noise coming from the house, not even the sound of the radio or (the) television.
他不明白为什么从屋子里一点响声也没传出来，甚至连收音机和电视机的声音也没有。
2．代词的省略
I went to the market, (I) bought something useful, and (I) returned home within an hour.
我去了市场，买了点有用的东西，一小时之内就回来了。
(It) Doesn't matter.
这不碍事。
(You) Had a good time, didn't you.
玩得开心，是吧？
I like your two small bottles, but I don't like the smallest (one).
我喜欢你的两只小瓶子，但我不喜欢最小的那一只。
3．连词的省略
We are delighted (that) you can come.
你能来，我们很高兴。
It's a pity (that) he's leaving.
他要走，真遗憾。
4．关系词的省略
I'll give you all (that) I have.
我要把我所有的一切都给你。
It wasn't I (who) let him in. 不是我放他进来的。
It happened on the day (when) we first met.
这发生在我们初次见面的那一天。
5．助动词的省略
(Does) Anyone want a drink?
有谁要喝一杯吗？
Who (do) you think you are?
你以为你是谁？（在特殊疑问句中，当主语是第二人称时，助动词do可省略）
I (have) got to go now.
我得走了。
6．不定式符号的省略
I hope to finish my job and (to) go back home.
我希望做完事回家。（当几个不定式并列时，一般只需在第一个不定式前用to）
What we could do was (to) get away. （主语从句中含有do，那么作表语的动词不定式往往省略to）
We did not dare (to) speak. 我们不敢说话。（dare作行为动词用时，否定式可省略to）
There is nothing to do but (to) obey the orders. 除了服从命令之外，我们别无他法。（介词but前如有do，but后可省略to）
7．介词的省略
He went (in) that way.
他往那边去了。
I am in doubt (about) whether this is right or not.
我拿不定主意这对不对。
You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5.
你在4点到5点之间随时都可以来见我。
8．引导词there的省略
(There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot.
壶里应该有些咖啡的。
(There) Must be somebody waiting for you.
肯定有人在等你。
III. 句子成分的省略
为了避免重复，或者为了使某一内容显要注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变。
1．省略主语
Hope so.
= I hope so. 希望如此。
Take care!
= You take care. 当心！
Looks as if it will rain.
= It looks as if it will rain. 看起来像要下雨。
2．省略谓语
Anything the matter？
= Is anything the matter. 要紧吗？
Who next
= Who comes next? 该谁了？
Just a moment, please.
= Just wait a moment, please. 请等一会儿。
What we can't get seems better than what we have.
= What we can't get seems better than what we have got.
我们得不到的似乎要比我们已经得到的要好。
3．省略表语
--Are you ready?
--Yes, I am.
你准备好了吗？我准备好了。（am后面省略了表语ready）
He is a lover of sports as he was in his youth.
他还是像年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。（was后面省略了a lover of sports）
4．省略宾语
We have to analyze and solve problems.
我们必须分析问题解决问题。（analyze后省略了宾语problems）
I struck match after match, but could not light.
我划了一根又一根火柴，但一根也没划着。（light后省略了宾语a match）
5．省略定语
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved.
他花了一部分钱，其余的他都存了起来。（the rest后面省略了定语of the money）
6．省略状语
(Even) The wisest man cannot know everything.
即使最聪明的人也不能无所不知。
Mary spoke (rudely), and John answered rudely.
玛丽说得粗鲁，约翰答得也粗鲁。
IV. 并列句中的省略
在并列句中，如果前后分句有相同的部分，为避免重复，常常省略。通常被省略的可以是主语、谓语、谓语动词、宾语或其它成分，或句子成分的一部分。
1. 省略出现在后一分句。
John likes collecting stamps but (John) hates listening to music.
约翰喜欢集邮但不喜欢听音乐。（省略主语）
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞食下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。（省略谓语）
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to (see the film).
我请他去看电影，但他不想去。（省略作宾语的不定式）
2. 省略出现在前一分句。
We can (win tomorrow's match), and certainly will, win tomorrow's match.
我们能够，而且一定会在明天的比赛中获胜。（前一分句省略谓语+宾语）
I wished (to find him), yet feared to find him.
我又想找到他，又怕找到他。
3. 前后两个分句都出现省略。
They can (pay the full fee) and (they) should pay the full fee.
他们能够也应该支付全部费用。
I'll fly to (Guangzhou), but (I'll) drive back from Guangzhou.
我将飞往广州，但开车回来。
V. 复合句中的省略
在主从复合句中，省略的现象是很普遍的。
1．省略主句的句首部分。
(I'm) Sorry I couldn't go. 很抱歉，我不能去。
(Is there) Nothing more you want to say 你没什么要补充吗？
2．省略整个主句或主句的一部分（回答问题时常用）。
(It is a ) Pity he's failed. 很遗憾，他失败了。
If he says he'll come, he will (come).
如果他说来，他就一定会来。
— Where is it？
—(It is) Where you left it.
那东西在哪里？
就在你放的地方。
— How are you getting on with your English？
— (I'm) Not (getting on) so well as I expected.
你的英语学得怎么样？
没有我预计的那样好。
— Will you go abroad soon?
— (I'll) Not (go abroad) until I graduate from the college next summer.
你很快要出国吗？
要到明年夏天大学毕业后才走。
3．在某些状语从句中，如果谓语动词是be，主语又和主句的主语一致，或者主语是it，常常可以把从句中的主语和be省略掉。
1) 以when, while, once, until等连词引导的时间状语从句
When (you are) in Rome do as Rome does.
入国问禁，入乡随俗。
Whenever (it is) possible, you should speak English as much as you can.
在任何可能的时间，你应多讲英语。（省略的主语it并不和主句的主语一致）
2) 以as if, as though等连词引导的方式状语从句
She lay there, as if (she was) dead.
她躺在那儿，好像死了。（省略的主语和主句的主语一致）
He opened his lips as if (he were going) to say something.
他张开嘴唇，好像要说什么话似的。
3) 以if, unless等连词引导的条件状语从句
We shall start at eight, if (it is) convenient.
如果方便的话，我们八点钟出发。
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences, if (there are) any.
如果下面句子中有错，请加以改正。
English words are easily forgotten unless (they are) constantly repeated.
英语单词不经常重复是很容易忘记的。
4) even if, even though, though, although, whether等连词引导的让步状语从句。
Frost is possible, though (it is) not probable, even at the end of May.
甚至在五月底下霜也是可能的，虽然可能性不太大。
Whether (it is) difficult or not, we will try our best to complete the task.
不管任务是否艰巨，我们都要尽力去完成。
Whatever the cause (may be), the result is certain.
不论原因是什么，结果是确定的。
4．在比较从句中通常把和主句重复的部分省掉。
1) 省略谓语的全部
James enjoys the theatre more than Susan.
詹姆斯比苏姆更喜欢戏剧。（Susan后省略了enjoys the theatre）
Tom has as many books as Jack.
汤姆有跟杰克一样多的书。（Jack后省略了has many books）
2) 省略主语和谓语的一部分
Brown speaks French as fluently as English.
布朗说法语和英语一样流利。（as后省略了he speaks）
She was more angry than frightened.
与其说她害怕，倒不如说她生气。（than后省略了she was）
3) 省略表语部分
Mrs White is not so young as she looks.
怀特夫人没有看上去那样年轻。（looks后省略了young）
The situation is much more delicate than it seems.
情况要比表面上看起来微妙得多。（seems后省略了delicate）
4) 省略主语和谓语的大部分，保留状语
He is working harder than before.
他现在工作比过去努力多了。（than后省略了he worked hard）
There are as many students in our school as in their school.
我们学校的学生和他们学校的学生一样多。（as后省略了there are many students）
5) 省略主语
He drank a little more than was good for him.
他喝酒稍有一点过量。（than后省略了it）
6) 省略宾语
You spent more money than I had expected.
你花掉的钱比我预料的多。（expected后省略了that you should spend）
I was able to borrow as many books as (what) I asked for.
我想要的许多书如数借到。
7) 省略从句的全部
You are getting slimmer.
你越来越苗条了。（slimmer后省略了than you were before）
It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.
不仅仅只是瞎子才犯如此愚蠢的错误。有时候，眼睛看得见的人也做出同样的蠢事。（foolishly后省略了as blind men act）
5．主句和从句中可同时省略一些成分。
The sooner (this is done), the better (it will be).
越快越好。
(If you take) No pains, (you will make) no gains.
一分耕耘一分收获（不劳者不得食/不劳者无收获）。
VI.使用替代词的省略
我们在省略句子某些成分时，有时还必须加上适当的替代词，如do, so, one等，以保持句子意思的完整。
1．do：用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。
I know you better than he does.
我比他更了解你。（he does等于he knows you）
--- Have you finished your work
--- Yes, I did yesterday. （did替代finished my work）
2．so：在expect, think, imagine, hope, suppose, believe等词后面，代替单词、词组或句子。
She became a loyal friend to me and remains so.
她成了我的一个忠诚的朋友，而且一直如此。（so替代a loyal friend）
3．not：not代替否定的句子，用法和so相似。
--- Will it rain tomorrow?
--- I hope not.
明天会下雨吗？
我希望不会。（= I hope it won't rain tomorrow.）
--- Can you come next week?
--- I'm afraid not.
你下星期能来吗？
恐怕我不能来。(= I'm afraid that I can not come.)
4．the same：the same可代替词组或从句。
The mother swept the floor and her child did the same.
母亲扫地, 孩子也跟着干。（the same代替swept the floor）
Kate ordered two fried eggs. I ordered the same.
凯特点了两个煎鸡蛋，我也点了同样的菜。（the same代替two fried eggs）
These oranges are just as sour as the last ones we had. They taste the same.
这些桔子和我们上次吃的一样酸。他们味道一样。（the same代替as sour as the last ones we had）
5．one：one是不定代词，常用来代替可数名词。其复数形式是ones。
I haven't got any books. Can you lend me one?
我没有书，你能借我一本吗
The white dresses go with the hat better than the blue ones.
白色套装比蓝色套装更配这顶帽子。
VII. 省略在句子中的运用
在一个句子中，省略可分为依赖上下文省略和不依赖上下文省略两种。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到，但后者可能找不到。
1．简单句中的省略
1) 依赖上下文的省略，在对话中最为常用。
Like more beer?
= Would you like more beer. 再要点啤酒吗？
--Would you mind if I used your telephone？ 用一下你的电话，你介意吗？
--Not at all.
= I do not mind at all. 一点也不
--Will he pass this examination? 他这次考试会通过吗？
--Probably.
= He will probably pass the examination. 大概会的。
2) 不依赖于上下文的省略。
All aboard!
=All go aboard. 请上船。(省略谓语）
What exciting news!
= What exciting news it is! 多么令人激动的消息啊！ (省略主语+谓语)
Sounds like a good idea.
= It sounds like a good idea. 听上去是个好主意。 (省略主语)
Everybody appears well prepared.
=Everybody appears to be well prepared. 看起来大家都准备好了。(省略不定式）
1. 冠词的省略在英语新闻标题、告示中的应用
在英语新闻标题、告示中，经常省略冠词，只保留实词。
Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class
中国国家主席强调工人阶级作用 （新闻标题）
= The Chinese President Stresses the Role of the Working Class.
DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION
汽车在行驶时请勿和司机讲话。（告示）
= Do not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion.
2. 不定式符号的省略时需注意问题
当两个并列的不定式在意义上表示对比关系时，后面的不定式中的to一般不可以省略。
To be or not to be, that is the question.
活着还是死亡，这就是问题所在。（莎士比亚）
It was better to laugh than to cry.
笑比哭好。
3. 在含有介词的短语中，下列情况中的介词in常省略
be busy (in) doing sth. 忙于做某事
spend time (in) doing sth. 花时间做某事
waste energy (in) doing sth. 浪费精力做某事
have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
have a good time (in) doing sth. 某事做得非常愉快
have a hard time (in) doing sth. 某事做得很艰难
take turns (in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
It is no use (in) doing sth. 做某事没有用
It is no good (in) doing sth. 做某事无益
There is no hurry (in) doing sth. 不必着急做某事
There is no point (in) doing sth. 做某事无意义
There is no use (in) doing sth. 做某事没有用
4. 在祈使句中省略情况需注意
祈使句中一般省略主语，如果为了明确对方，可以加上主语。
You feed the bird today, will you?
今天你喂鸟，好吗？
Somebody answer the phone, please.
请来个人接一下电话。
5. 在并列句中的省略情况需注意
在并列句中，前后分句中的相同的部分常常省略。通常被省略的可以是主语、谓语、谓语动词、宾语或其它成分，或句子成分的一部分。为了避免重复，不定式可以省去与句子前面重复的动词原形，但必须保留不定式符号to。
—Will you join in the game? 你愿意参加这项活动吗？
—I'd be glad to (join in the game). 我很乐意参加。
I didn't want to go there, but I had to (go there).
我不想去那里，但没办法。
6. 在状语从句中的省略情况需注意
1）在由连词before和after引导的时间状语从句中，当省略了主语和be之后，连词before和after就自然转换成了介词，这时要注意其后面的动词要做相应的转换。
The old machine must be checked before it is used.
The old machine must be checked before used.（错误：因为before在此时已经由原来的连词转化为介词，动词的-ed形式不可做介词的宾语。）
The old machine must be checked before being used. （转换为before being used）
这台旧机器在使用前必须检查。
He told me the truth after he was asked three times.
He told me the truth after asked three times. （错误：因为after在此时已经由原来的连词转化为介词，动词的-ed形式不可做介词的宾语。）
He told me the truth after being asked three times. （转换为before being asked）
问了他三遍他才告诉我真相。
2）从句中主语和助动词be的省略情况
在某些状语从句中，如果be是助动词，后面跟着现在分词或过去分词，只要主语和从句中的主语相同，也可以把从句中的主语和助动词be省略掉。
He hurt his leg while (he was) riding a horse.
他在骑马时伤了腿。
When (you are) cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights.
骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
Once (it is) seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦看见，就永远不会忘记。
If (it is) burnt, rubber can give off a poisonous gas.
橡胶如果燃烧起来，会发出有毒气体。
7. 替代词省略情况需注意
在省略句子某些成分时，有时还必须加上适当的替代词，如do, so, one等，以保持句子意思的完整，常可使用do so, do that来代替动词加宾语。
--- Has she ever been to London 她曾到过伦敦吗
--- I don't think so. 我想她没去过。（= I don't think she has been to London.)
He said he would make the bed for me but he didn't do so.
他说他帮我整理床铺的，但是他没有这样做。（do so代替make the bed for me）
They played cards after supper and I watched them do that.
他们晚饭后打牌，我在一旁观看。（do that代替play cards）
8. 省略的部分不可以补上
在一个句子中，被省略的部分一般可以根据上下文在句子中补上，然而一旦再补上，反而显得累赘或不合乎习惯。因为补充后的句子不仅庸常，更重要的是被省略结构已经定型。
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.
一日之计在于晨。（在two后补上hours显得罗嗦。）
It is now ten to seven.
现在七点十分。（如说It is now ten minutes to seven o'clock. 显得累赘）
No parking.
= No parking is allowed here. 禁止停车。（告示用语，补上不合乎习惯。）
知识点一 状语从句的省略
例1：—Who should be responsible for the accident?
—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____.
A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told
【答案】A
【解析】句意：他们只是按照老板的吩咐做事。当状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，从句可省略主语与助动词，保留“连词+现在分词、过去分词、形容词”等形式。状语从句as they were told 省略为as told，因此最佳答案为as told，所以选择答案为A。
变式训练1：
1）—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes, _______, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible
2）The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _________ regularly, can improve our health.
A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
知识点二 在表示坚持、命令、建议等后面宾语从句中的省略
例2：The detective insisted that he ________ a look.
A. has B. has had C. have D. have had
【答案】C
【解析】句意：警探坚持要查看。在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”等后面的宾语从句中，谓语由“should + 动词原形”构成，should可以省略。故选择答案C。
变式训练2：
1）He insisted that I _________ with them.
A. will go B. would go C. will be going D. go
2）She suggested that I _________ responsible for the arrangements.
A. had been B. was C. (should) be D. were
知识点三 定语从句中的省略
例3：They talked about the things and people _________ they remembered.
A. who B. which C. (that) D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意：他们谈论他们所记得的事情和人。在定语从句中，当先行词在句中作宾语时，可省略关系代词。而且，该句子只能用that，不能用whom，因为先行词“things and people”表示人和物/事情的时候，引导词只能用that。故选择答案C。
变式训练3：
1）―Do you have anything to say for yourselves？
―Yes, there’s one point _________ we must insist on.
A. why B. where C. how D. /
2）The doctor did everything _________ he could to save the patient.
A. why B. (that) C. where D. how
知识点四 虚拟条件句中的省略
例4：_________ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
Had it not been for B. If it were not
C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果不是因为有云，你会很容易找到天空中的飞机。该句子是一个含有省略形式的虚拟语气的句子，是省略if的倒装句。当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。该句子是对现在事实相反的假设，所以排除答案A和D。答案D强调了找不到飞机的原因是因为天上有云；而答案的意思是如果天上不是云，显然表达不清。故选择答案D。
变式训练4：
1）__________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
2）__________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work
知识点五 动词不定式的省略
例5：You can go to the party with us if you _________.
A. want to B. want to do C. want it D.want to go
A. have not told B. didn’t told C. had not told D. would not told
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果你想和我们一起参加聚会，你就去吧。前句出现了动词短语：go to the party with us，因此在if引导的状语从句中该动词不定式短语被省略，只保留动词不定式的符号to，因此最佳答案为want to。故选择答案C。
变式训练5：
1）In the earthquake, parents were willing to do _________ they could, _________ their children.
A. whatever，save B. whatever；to save
C. what；saving D. what；to save
2）Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hope to________.
A. have B. / C. have got D. drive
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1. Some of you may have finished Unit One. _________ you can go on to Unit Two.
A. If you may B. If you do C. If not D. If so
2. Is this the reason _________ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work？
A. was B. had been C. were D. /
3. __________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work
4. What surprised me was not what he said but the way ________ he said it.
A. what B. / C. where D. why
5. _________ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
Had it not been for B. If it were not
C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for
6. It was suggested that he _________ the club activities.
A. would join B. has joined C. join D. had joined
7. It is essential that you _________ the voters’ hearts.
A. would win B. has wined C. win D. will win
8. He has made a lot of films, but _________ good ones.
A. any B. some C. few D. many
9. --Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
--Just a minute. I’ll have Bob _________ you to your room.
A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing
_________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be
C. Will have been working D. Had worked
11. The woman boss told the customer that it was none of her business and ordered that he _________ away at once.
A. went B. go C. goes D. going
12. It is desired that this rule _________ brought to the attention of the staff.
A. is B. has been C.be D. as
13. They suggested that he _________ on a summer camp.
A. was going B. went C. had gone D. (should) go
14. Metals expand when _________ heated and contract when _________cooled。
A. they were；/ B. /；/ C. they was；/ D. /；they have
15. While ________ eating breakfast, he heard the doorbell ring.
A. he is B. will be C. being D. /
16. --It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
-- _________ her this weekend？
A. Why not visit B. Why not to visit
C. Why not visiting D. Why don’t visit
17. The report says the Internet is developing rapidly, and _________ the world’s information superhighway is already beginning to take shape.
A. why B. that C. when D. where
18. --What’s the noise？It sounds as if it comes from upstairs.
--_________. It must be the window-cleaner working, next door.
A. I’m not sure B. I hope not C. I’d rather not D. I don’t think so
19. _________ from the plane, the house looks like tiny toys.
A. Seeing B. Seen C. See D. Be seen
20. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _______.
A. must do B. might do C. would do D. not to
二、句型训练（Choose the best words to fill in the blanks）
1. How many copies do you want? -- _________, please. (I want three copies; Three copies)
2. __________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Songhua Bridge.（Were；Should）
3. ________ today, he would get there by Friday.（Were he to leave；Had he left）
4. Had they known what was coming next, they ________ second thoughts.（could have；might have had）
5. My mom suggests that he __________ out for a change this weekend.
( eat；eats)
6. It is necessary that he _________ to our meeting tomorrow. (should come；comes)
7. Had you listened to the doctor, you ________ now.（would be all right；are all right）
8. Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam _______ at the age of six months old. (be；were)
9. -- Have you ever been to the Great Wall? -- No, ________.
(I have never been to the Great Wall；never)
10. The doctor suggested that he _________ to lose weight. (has tried；try )
三、Translate the following into Chinese（英译汉）
1. China has been, and still is, the most populous country in the world.
2. Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry.
3. I have been to Beijing and seen the Great Wall.
4. They elected John monitor of the class.
5. People Rebuild Homes After Flood
6. They didn’t like it, yet said nothing.
7. The two boys are the same age.
8. She must have stayed here a long time.
9. He read the book I got yesterday.
10. Though young, he knows a lot.
四、Translate the following into English（汉译英）
1. 如果天下雨怎么办？
2. 他没有受伤，真奇怪！
3. 河很深，冰很薄。
4. 我们将尽力而为。
5. 我相信你们会成功的。
6. 请您原谅。
7. 有个人想要见你。
8. 你活该！
9. 请尽快来。
10. 我建议我们明天走。
第二十九讲 省略句
(解析版)
黑龙江哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
英语中省略现象较为普遍，对省略句的考查已经成为高考中的热点之一。省略是一种语言现象，是英语的一种习惯用法。省略句避免了对旧信息的重复，减轻了说话人语言表达的负担，也有助于听话者对信息的理解。省略又是一种衔接手段，能通过采用省略的手法承上启下，把上下文连接起来。能否正确理解省略句的语义，主要靠语境。英语句子乃至文章中常常会频繁地出现省略的现象，省略是英语中一个重要的结构方式，将有关省略句的语法项目进行清晰的梳理，对高考复习的成败有着至关重要的作用。省略句在近年的高考试题中出现的频率越来越高，涉及面也较广泛，是高考试卷中比较重要语法项目。教师在辅导学生进行省略句复习的时候，首先要注重对其语言知识进行梳理，夯实基础知识，掌握核心内容，避免偏题、难题和怪题；教师要注意把有关省略句的语法现象从横向与纵向进行融会贯通，通过对语言知识的梳理提高学生借助语法知识进行阅读与写作能力。因此，教师要逐条列出学生出容易出现错误的问题，通过典型例句的讲解和巩固训练提高学生的语言应用能力。
I. 省略句概述（Summary of Elliptical Sentences）
英语中为了避免重复，以便于使语言更加简练，在不影响句子结构、不会引起歧义或误解的前提下，常常会省去一个或者多个句子成分而保持句子原意不变，这种情况就被称作省略（Ellipsis）。省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略形式多样，从单词、短语到分句都可以省略，而且各有一定的衔接关系不容臆断。省略不但是一种“以无为有”的最简便的表达方法，而且也是一种简便至极、“虽无胜有”的修辞手段。句子成分的省略常常有：省略主语、主谓语或主谓的一部分；省略不定式符号to；省略不定式结构中的动词；省略状语从句中的部分词句；省略定语从句中的关系词；省略虚拟语气中的if与should；在not，so，neither，nor的使用中的替代性省略等等。省略的情况大致可分为两类：一类是功能词的省略；另一类是句子成分的省略。
These are John's books and those are Mary's (books).省略了books
这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。
Our teacher came in, book in hand.
= Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。
Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day.
迈克说他第二天要来学校看我，但是第二天他并没有来学校看我。
= Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't. 迈克说他第二天要来学校看我，但是他并没有来。(省掉最后九个词，句子简洁多了)
— What did he want yesterday 他昨天要了什么？
— An apple. 一个苹果。（全文应该是“He wanted an apple yesterday”，但显得生硬、别扭，很不自然）
II. 功能词的省略
功能词指的是没有完整意义，但有语法意义的词，如冠词、介词、助动词等。英语句子结构的简洁，首先表现在功能词的省略上。
1. 冠词的省略
A man and (a) woman are talking in the office.
办公室一男一女正在谈话。
He could not understand why there was no noise coming from the house, not even the sound of the radio or (the) television.
他不明白为什么从屋子里一点响声也没传出来，甚至连收音机和电视机的声音也没有。
2．代词的省略
I went to the market, (I) bought something useful, and (I) returned home within an hour.
我去了市场，买了点有用的东西，一小时之内就回来了。
(It) Doesn't matter.
这不碍事。
(You) Had a good time, didn't you.
玩得开心，是吧？
I like your two small bottles, but I don't like the smallest (one).
我喜欢你的两只小瓶子，但我不喜欢最小的那一只。
3．连词的省略
We are delighted (that) you can come.
你能来，我们很高兴。
It's a pity (that) he's leaving.
他要走，真遗憾。
4．关系词的省略
I'll give you all (that) I have.
我要把我所有的一切都给你。
It wasn't I (who) let him in. 不是我放他进来的。
It happened on the day (when) we first met.
这发生在我们初次见面的那一天。
5．助动词的省略
(Does) Anyone want a drink?
有谁要喝一杯吗？
Who (do) you think you are?
你以为你是谁？（在特殊疑问句中，当主语是第二人称时，助动词do可省略）
I (have) got to go now.
我得走了。
6．不定式符号的省略
I hope to finish my job and (to) go back home.
我希望做完事回家。（当几个不定式并列时，一般只需在第一个不定式前用to）
What we could do was (to) get away. （主语从句中含有do，那么作表语的动词不定式往往省略to）
We did not dare (to) speak. 我们不敢说话。（dare作行为动词用时，否定式可省略to）
There is nothing to do but (to) obey the orders. 除了服从命令之外，我们别无他法。（介词but前如有do，but后可省略to）
7．介词的省略
He went (in) that way.
他往那边去了。
I am in doubt (about) whether this is right or not.
我拿不定主意这对不对。
You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5.
你在4点到5点之间随时都可以来见我。
8．引导词there的省略
(There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot.
壶里应该有些咖啡的。
(There) Must be somebody waiting for you.
肯定有人在等你。
III. 句子成分的省略
为了避免重复，或者为了使某一内容显要注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变。
1．省略主语
Hope so.
= I hope so. 希望如此。
Take care!
= You take care. 当心！
Looks as if it will rain.
= It looks as if it will rain. 看起来像要下雨。
2．省略谓语
Anything the matter？
= Is anything the matter. 要紧吗？
Who next
= Who comes next? 该谁了？
Just a moment, please.
= Just wait a moment, please. 请等一会儿。
What we can't get seems better than what we have.
= What we can't get seems better than what we have got.
我们得不到的似乎要比我们已经得到的要好。
3．省略表语
--Are you ready?
--Yes, I am.
你准备好了吗？我准备好了。（am后面省略了表语ready）
He is a lover of sports as he was in his youth.
他还是像年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。（was后面省略了a lover of sports）
4．省略宾语
We have to analyze and solve problems.
我们必须分析问题解决问题。（analyze后省略了宾语problems）
I struck match after match, but could not light.
我划了一根又一根火柴，但一根也没划着。（light后省略了宾语a match）
5．省略定语
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved.
他花了一部分钱，其余的他都存了起来。（the rest后面省略了定语of the money）
6．省略状语
(Even) The wisest man cannot know everything.
即使最聪明的人也不能无所不知。
Mary spoke (rudely), and John answered rudely.
玛丽说得粗鲁，约翰答得也粗鲁。
IV. 并列句中的省略
在并列句中，如果前后分句有相同的部分，为避免重复，常常省略。通常被省略的可以是主语、谓语、谓语动词、宾语或其它成分，或句子成分的一部分。
1. 省略出现在后一分句。
John likes collecting stamps but (John) hates listening to music.
约翰喜欢集邮但不喜欢听音乐。（省略主语）
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞食下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。（省略谓语）
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to (see the film).
我请他去看电影，但他不想去。（省略作宾语的不定式）
2. 省略出现在前一分句。
We can (win tomorrow's match), and certainly will, win tomorrow's match.
我们能够，而且一定会在明天的比赛中获胜。（前一分句省略谓语+宾语）
I wished (to find him), yet feared to find him.
我又想找到他，又怕找到他。
3. 前后两个分句都出现省略。
They can (pay the full fee) and (they) should pay the full fee.
他们能够也应该支付全部费用。
I'll fly to (Guangzhou), but (I'll) drive back from Guangzhou.
我将飞往广州，但开车回来。
V. 复合句中的省略
在主从复合句中，省略的现象是很普遍的。
1．省略主句的句首部分。
(I'm) Sorry I couldn't go. 很抱歉，我不能去。
(Is there) Nothing more you want to say 你没什么要补充吗？
2．省略整个主句或主句的一部分（回答问题时常用）。
(It is a ) Pity he's failed. 很遗憾，他失败了。
If he says he'll come, he will (come).
如果他说来，他就一定会来。
— Where is it？
—(It is) Where you left it.
那东西在哪里？
就在你放的地方。
— How are you getting on with your English？
— (I'm) Not (getting on) so well as I expected.
你的英语学得怎么样？
没有我预计的那样好。
— Will you go abroad soon?
— (I'll) Not (go abroad) until I graduate from the college next summer.
你很快要出国吗？
要到明年夏天大学毕业后才走。
3．在某些状语从句中，如果谓语动词是be，主语又和主句的主语一致，或者主语是it，常常可以把从句中的主语和be省略掉。
1) 以when, while, once, until等连词引导的时间状语从句
When (you are) in Rome do as Rome does.
入国问禁，入乡随俗。
Whenever (it is) possible, you should speak English as much as you can.
在任何可能的时间，你应多讲英语。（省略的主语it并不和主句的主语一致）
2) 以as if, as though等连词引导的方式状语从句
She lay there, as if (she was) dead.
她躺在那儿，好像死了。（省略的主语和主句的主语一致）
He opened his lips as if (he were going) to say something.
他张开嘴唇，好像要说什么话似的。
3) 以if, unless等连词引导的条件状语从句
We shall start at eight, if (it is) convenient.
如果方便的话，我们八点钟出发。
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences, if (there are) any.
如果下面句子中有错，请加以改正。
English words are easily forgotten unless (they are) constantly repeated.
英语单词不经常重复是很容易忘记的。
4) even if, even though, though, although, whether等连词引导的让步状语从句。
Frost is possible, though (it is) not probable, even at the end of May.
甚至在五月底下霜也是可能的，虽然可能性不太大。
Whether (it is) difficult or not, we will try our best to complete the task.
不管任务是否艰巨，我们都要尽力去完成。
Whatever the cause (may be), the result is certain.
不论原因是什么，结果是确定的。
4．在比较从句中通常把和主句重复的部分省掉。
1) 省略谓语的全部
James enjoys the theatre more than Susan.
詹姆斯比苏姆更喜欢戏剧。（Susan后省略了enjoys the theatre）
Tom has as many books as Jack.
汤姆有跟杰克一样多的书。（Jack后省略了has many books）
2) 省略主语和谓语的一部分
Brown speaks French as fluently as English.
布朗说法语和英语一样流利。（as后省略了he speaks）
She was more angry than frightened.
与其说她害怕，倒不如说她生气。（than后省略了she was）
3) 省略表语部分
Mrs White is not so young as she looks.
怀特夫人没有看上去那样年轻。（looks后省略了young）
The situation is much more delicate than it seems.
情况要比表面上看起来微妙得多。（seems后省略了delicate）
4) 省略主语和谓语的大部分，保留状语
He is working harder than before.
他现在工作比过去努力多了。（than后省略了he worked hard）
There are as many students in our school as in their school.
我们学校的学生和他们学校的学生一样多。（as后省略了there are many students）
5) 省略主语
He drank a little more than was good for him.
他喝酒稍有一点过量。（than后省略了it）
6) 省略宾语
You spent more money than I had expected.
你花掉的钱比我预料的多。（expected后省略了that you should spend）
I was able to borrow as many books as (what) I asked for.
我想要的许多书如数借到。
7) 省略从句的全部
You are getting slimmer.
你越来越苗条了。（slimmer后省略了than you were before）
It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.
不仅仅只是瞎子才犯如此愚蠢的错误。有时候，眼睛看得见的人也做出同样的蠢事。（foolishly后省略了as blind men act）
5．主句和从句中可同时省略一些成分。
The sooner (this is done), the better (it will be).
越快越好。
(If you take) No pains, (you will make) no gains.
一分耕耘一分收获（不劳者不得食/不劳者无收获）。
VI.使用替代词的省略
我们在省略句子某些成分时，有时还必须加上适当的替代词，如do, so, one等，以保持句子意思的完整。
1．do：用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。
I know you better than he does.
我比他更了解你。（he does等于he knows you）
--- Have you finished your work
--- Yes, I did yesterday. （did替代finished my work）
2．so：在expect, think, imagine, hope, suppose, believe等词后面，代替单词、词组或句子。
She became a loyal friend to me and remains so.
她成了我的一个忠诚的朋友，而且一直如此。（so替代a loyal friend）
3．not：not代替否定的句子，用法和so相似。
--- Will it rain tomorrow?
--- I hope not.
明天会下雨吗？
我希望不会。（= I hope it won't rain tomorrow.）
--- Can you come next week?
--- I'm afraid not.
你下星期能来吗？
恐怕我不能来。(= I'm afraid that I can not come.)
4．the same：the same可代替词组或从句。
The mother swept the floor and her child did the same.
母亲扫地, 孩子也跟着干。（the same代替swept the floor）
Kate ordered two fried eggs. I ordered the same.
凯特点了两个煎鸡蛋，我也点了同样的菜。（the same代替two fried eggs）
These oranges are just as sour as the last ones we had. They taste the same.
这些桔子和我们上次吃的一样酸。他们味道一样。（the same代替as sour as the last ones we had）
5．one：one是不定代词，常用来代替可数名词。其复数形式是ones。
I haven't got any books. Can you lend me one?
我没有书，你能借我一本吗
The white dresses go with the hat better than the blue ones.
白色套装比蓝色套装更配这顶帽子。
VII. 省略在句子中的运用
在一个句子中，省略可分为依赖上下文省略和不依赖上下文省略两种。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到，但后者可能找不到。
1．简单句中的省略
1) 依赖上下文的省略，在对话中最为常用。
Like more beer?
= Would you like more beer. 再要点啤酒吗？
--Would you mind if I used your telephone？ 用一下你的电话，你介意吗？
--Not at all.
= I do not mind at all. 一点也不
--Will he pass this examination? 他这次考试会通过吗？
--Probably.
= He will probably pass the examination. 大概会的。
2) 不依赖于上下文的省略。
All aboard!
=All go aboard. 请上船。(省略谓语）
What exciting news!
= What exciting news it is! 多么令人激动的消息啊！ (省略主语+谓语)
Sounds like a good idea.
= It sounds like a good idea. 听上去是个好主意。 (省略主语)
Everybody appears well prepared.
=Everybody appears to be well prepared. 看起来大家都准备好了。(省略不定式）
1. 冠词的省略在英语新闻标题、告示中的应用
在英语新闻标题、告示中，经常省略冠词，只保留实词。
Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class
中国国家主席强调工人阶级作用 （新闻标题）
= The Chinese President Stresses the Role of the Working Class.
DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION
汽车在行驶时请勿和司机讲话。（告示）
= Do not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion.
2. 不定式符号的省略时需注意问题
当两个并列的不定式在意义上表示对比关系时，后面的不定式中的to一般不可以省略。
To be or not to be, that is the question.
活着还是死亡，这就是问题所在。（莎士比亚）
It was better to laugh than to cry.
笑比哭好。
3. 在含有介词的短语中，下列情况中的介词in常省略
be busy (in) doing sth. 忙于做某事
spend time (in) doing sth. 花时间做某事
waste energy (in) doing sth. 浪费精力做某事
have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
have a good time (in) doing sth. 某事做得非常愉快
have a hard time (in) doing sth. 某事做得很艰难
take turns (in) doing sth. 轮流做某事
It is no use (in) doing sth. 做某事没有用
It is no good (in) doing sth. 做某事无益
There is no hurry (in) doing sth. 不必着急做某事
There is no point (in) doing sth. 做某事无意义
There is no use (in) doing sth. 做某事没有用
4. 在祈使句中省略情况需注意
祈使句中一般省略主语，如果为了明确对方，可以加上主语。
You feed the bird today, will you?
今天你喂鸟，好吗？
Somebody answer the phone, please.
请来个人接一下电话。
5. 在并列句中的省略情况需注意
在并列句中，前后分句中的相同的部分常常省略。通常被省略的可以是主语、谓语、谓语动词、宾语或其它成分，或句子成分的一部分。为了避免重复，不定式可以省去与句子前面重复的动词原形，但必须保留不定式符号to。
—Will you join in the game? 你愿意参加这项活动吗？
—I'd be glad to (join in the game). 我很乐意参加。
I didn't want to go there, but I had to (go there).
我不想去那里，但没办法。
6. 在状语从句中的省略情况需注意
1）在由连词before和after引导的时间状语从句中，当省略了主语和be之后，连词before和after就自然转换成了介词，这时要注意其后面的动词要做相应的转换。
The old machine must be checked before it is used.
The old machine must be checked before used.（错误：因为before在此时已经由原来的连词转化为介词，动词的-ed形式不可做介词的宾语。）
The old machine must be checked before being used. （转换为before being used）
这台旧机器在使用前必须检查。
He told me the truth after he was asked three times.
He told me the truth after asked three times. （错误：因为after在此时已经由原来的连词转化为介词，动词的-ed形式不可做介词的宾语。）
He told me the truth after being asked three times. （转换为before being asked）
问了他三遍他才告诉我真相。
2）从句中主语和助动词be的省略情况
在某些状语从句中，如果be是助动词，后面跟着现在分词或过去分词，只要主语和从句中的主语相同，也可以把从句中的主语和助动词be省略掉。
He hurt his leg while (he was) riding a horse.
他在骑马时伤了腿。
When (you are) cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights.
骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
Once (it is) seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦看见，就永远不会忘记。
If (it is) burnt, rubber can give off a poisonous gas.
橡胶如果燃烧起来，会发出有毒气体。
7. 替代词省略情况需注意
在省略句子某些成分时，有时还必须加上适当的替代词，如do, so, one等，以保持句子意思的完整，常可使用do so, do that来代替动词加宾语。
--- Has she ever been to London 她曾到过伦敦吗
--- I don't think so. 我想她没去过。（= I don't think she has been to London.)
He said he would make the bed for me but he didn't do so.
他说他帮我整理床铺的，但是他没有这样做。（do so代替make the bed for me）
They played cards after supper and I watched them do that.
他们晚饭后打牌，我在一旁观看。（do that代替play cards）
8. 省略的部分不可以补上
在一个句子中，被省略的部分一般可以根据上下文在句子中补上，然而一旦再补上，反而显得累赘或不合乎习惯。因为补充后的句子不仅庸常，更重要的是被省略结构已经定型。
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.
一日之计在于晨。（在two后补上hours显得罗嗦。）
It is now ten to seven.
现在七点十分。（如说It is now ten minutes to seven o'clock. 显得累赘）
No parking.
= No parking is allowed here. 禁止停车。（告示用语，补上不合乎习惯。）
知识点一 状语从句的省略
例1：—Who should be responsible for the accident?
—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____.
A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told
【答案】A
【解析】句意：他们只是按照老板的吩咐做事。当状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，从句可省略主语与助动词，保留“连词+现在分词、过去分词、形容词”等形式。状语从句as they were told 省略为as told，因此最佳答案为as told，所以选择答案为A。
变式训练1：
1）—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes, _______, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible
【答案】D
【解析】句意：—你对即将到来的假期有什么特别的计划吗？—是的，如果可能的话，我要去城里的一些老人之家看看。状语从句If it is possible和if it is necessary通常省略为If possible和If necessary, 因此最佳答案为D，故选择D。
2）The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _________ regularly, can improve our health.
A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这项实验表明，适当的运动，如果有规律地进行，能够有助于我们的身体健康。句子的主语是the experiment，谓语动词是shows，that引导宾语从句。宾语从句的主干是proper amounts of exercise can improve our health, if regularly是插入的条件状语从句，从句的主语是proper amounts of exercise，此时应用it代替前面提到的主语，条件状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，并且含有is，故省略了it is，其完整形式是if it is carried out；故选择答案C。
知识点二 在表示坚持、命令、建议等后面宾语从句中的省略
例2：The detective insisted that he ________ a look.
A. has B. has had C. have D. have had
【答案】C
【解析】句意：警探坚持要查看。在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”等后面的宾语从句中，谓语由“should + 动词原形”构成，should可以省略。故选择答案C。
变式训练2：
1）He insisted that I _________ with them.
A. will go B. would go C. will be going D. go
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他坚持要我同他们一起去。在表示“坚持”、“命令”、“建议”等后面的宾语从句中，谓语由“should + 动词原形”构成。故选择答案D。
2）She suggested that I _________ responsible for the arrangements.
A. had been B. was C. (should) be D. were
【答案】C
【解析】句意：她建议我来负责进行安排。动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气。当谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”。谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明、认为”。该句子中的动作是表示建议，尚未成事实，用虚拟语气，should可以省略。故选择答案C。
知识点三 定语从句中的省略
例3：They talked about the things and people _________ they remembered.
A. who B. which C. (that) D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意：他们谈论他们所记得的事情和人。在定语从句中，当先行词在句中作宾语时，可省略关系代词。而且，该句子只能用that，不能用whom，因为先行词“things and people”表示人和物/事情的时候，引导词只能用that。故选择答案C。
变式训练3：
1）―Do you have anything to say for yourselves？
―Yes, there’s one point _________ we must insist on.
A. why B. where C. how D. /
【答案】D
【解析】句意：―你有什么要说的吗？―是的，有一点我们必须坚持。先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，关系代词that可省略。故选择答案D。
2）The doctor did everything _________ he could to save the patient.
A. why B. (that) C. where D. how
【答案】B
【解析】句意：云在聚集。everything是该句子中从句的先行词，在从句中作宾语。在定语从句中，当先行词在句中作宾语时，可省略关系代词。答案A、C、D是分别引导原因、地点、方式的引导词，不符合本句。故选择答案B。
知识点四 虚拟条件句中的省略
例4：_________ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
Had it not been for B. If it were not
C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果不是因为有云，你会很容易找到天空中的飞机。该句子是一个含有省略形式的虚拟语气的句子，是省略if的倒装句。当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。该句子是对现在事实相反的假设，所以排除答案A和D。答案D强调了找不到飞机的原因是因为天上有云；而答案的意思是如果天上不是云，显然表达不清。故选择答案D。
变式训练4：
1）__________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果明天下雨，我们就不得不推迟参观杨浦大桥。这个句子在没有省略前应该是if it should rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. 所表达的是明天很可能会下雨，我们只好推迟参观杨浦大桥这个活动。当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。故选择答案B。
2）__________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果他努力学习，他就会通过考试了。这个句子也是一个带有省略形式的虚拟条件句，没有省略之前应该是If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam. 当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。故选择答案B。
知识点五 动词不定式的省略
例5：You can go to the party with us if you _________.
A. want to B. want to do C. want it D.want to go
A. have not told B. didn’t told C. had not told D. would not told
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果你想和我们一起参加聚会，你就去吧。前句出现了动词短语：go to the party with us，因此在if引导的状语从句中该动词不定式短语被省略，只保留动词不定式的符号to，因此最佳答案为want to。故选择答案C。
变式训练5：
1）In the earthquake, parents were willing to do _________ they could, _________ their children.
A. whatever，save B. whatever；to save
C. what；saving D. what；to save
【答案】B
【解析】句意：在地震中，父母愿意尽他们所能去救他们的孩子。题干中第一空可填whatever，因could后省略了动词do，第二空为动词不定式作目的状语，应填to save，因此最佳答案为B，故选择答案B。
2）Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hope to________.
A. have B. / C. have got D. drive
【答案】B
【解析】句意：杰克没有通过驾驶员考试，但他仍然希望能通过。在上文中出现了谓语动词（本句：didn’t pass），当下文中含有谓语动词want，decide，like，love，hope，wish，mean，refuse，try等 +不定式作宾语结构，通常要省去动词不定式，只保留不定式符号to。故选择答案为B。
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1. Some of you may have finished Unit One. _________ you can go on to Unit Two.
A. If you may B. If you do C. If not D. If so
【答案】D
【解析】句意：你们有些人可能已经完成了第一单元。如果是这样的话，你就可以去做第二单元。If so=If you have done so，可以省略。故选择答案D。
2. Is this the reason _________ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work？
A. was B. had been C. were D. /
【答案】D
【解析】句意：这就是他在会上解释他工作粗心的原因吗？这是一个含有定语从句的句子，先行词 reason在从句中作宾语，所以可以省略关系代词。故选择答案D。
3. __________ hard, he would have passed the exam.
If he were to work B. Had he worked
C. Should he work D. Were he to work
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果他努力学习，他就会通过考试了。这个句子也是一个带有省略形式的虚拟条件句，没有省略之前应该是If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam. 当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。故选择答案B。
4. What surprised me was not what he said but the way ________ he said it.
A. what B. / C. where D. why
【答案】B
【解析】句意：使我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说的方式。the way后的句子是way的定语，引导词可省略，故答案为B。
5. _________ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.
Had it not been for B. If it were not
C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for
【答案】D
【解析】句意：如果不是因为有云，你会很容易找到天空中的飞机。该句子是一个含有省略形式的虚拟语气的句子，是省略if的倒装句。当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。该句子是对现在事实相反的假设，所以排除答案A和D。答案D强调了找不到飞机的原因是因为天上有云；而答案的意思是如果天上不是云，显然表达不清。故选择答案D。
6. It was suggested that he _________ the club activities.
A. would join B. has joined C. join D. had joined
【答案】C
【解析】句意：有人提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等的词后面的从句一般用虚拟语气，其形式为：(should) + 动词原形。suggested表示建议，should可省略，故选择答案C。
7. It is essential that you _________ the voters’ hearts.
A. would win B. has wined C. win D. will win
【答案】C
【解析】句意：赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等的词后面的从句一般用虚拟语气，其形式为：(should) + 动词原形。常这样用的形容词有appropriate适当的advisable适当的，合理的better较好的desirable理想的essential精华的 imperative迫切的important重要的insistent坚持的natural自然的necessary必要的preferable优越的，较好的strange奇怪的urgent紧迫的vital极其重要的；should可省略，故选择答案C。
8. He has made a lot of films, but _________ good ones.
A. any B. some C. few D. many
【答案】C
【解析】句意：他拍了很多电影，但很少有好电影。通过but可以推断出转折，前面 made a lot of，but后就是少，few表示很少，后面省略了but 后并列分句的主谓语he has made。故选择答案C。
9. --Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
--Just a minute. I’ll have Bob _________ you to your room.
A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing
【答案】A
【解析】句意：—对不起，先生，301房间在哪里？—等一下。我让鲍勃带你去你的房间。此处的have后省略了不定式的宾语不语中的to。故选择答案A。
_________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be
C. Will have been working D. Had worked
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果你被解雇，你的医疗保障和其他利益不会立即停掉。与将来事实相反，相当于if you should be fired，省略了if，并倒装（当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首）。故选择答案B。
11. The woman boss told the customer that it was none of her business and ordered that he _________ away at once.
A. went B. go C. goes D. going
【答案】B
【解析】句意：女老板告诉顾客这不关她的事，命令他马上离开。此处考查的是虚拟语气中省略should的情况。这里是order引起的宾语从句，且从句谓语动词用should + 动词原形的形式，should可以省略。故选择答案B。
12. It is desired that this rule _________ brought to the attention of the staff.
A. is B. has been C.be D. as
【答案】C
【解析】句意：希望这条规则引起工作人员的注意。在含有动词：命令(order, command)， 建议(suggest, propose)，要求(request, demand, require)，坚持(insist)希望(desire)等的名词性从句中，谓语动词通常用should+动词原形，而且should可被省掉。故选择答案C。
13. They suggested that he _________ on a summer camp.
A. was going B. went C. had gone D. (should) go
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他们建议他去夏令营。在含有动词：命令(order, command)， 建议(suggest, propose)，要求(request, demand, require)，坚持(insist)希望(desire)等的名词性从句中，谓语动词通常用should+动词原形，而且should可被省掉。。故选择答案D。
14. Metals expand when _________ heated and contract when _________cooled。
A. they were；/ B. /；/ C. they was；/ D. /；they have
【答案】B
【解析】句意：金属受热时膨胀，冷却时收缩。在表示时间、条件、地点、让步、方式或比较的状语从句中，如果包含动词be，从句中的主语与主句相同，或者从句的主语为it，就常常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(动词be)省略掉，只保留连词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词。故选择答案B。
15. While ________ eating breakfast, he heard the doorbell ring.
A. he is B. will be C. being D. /
【答案】D
【解析】句意：他吃早餐时，听到门铃响了。此处省略了he was，在表示时间、条件、地点、让步、方式或比较的状语从句中，如果包含动词be，从句中的主语与主句相同，或者从句的主语为it，就常常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(动词be)省略掉，只保留连词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词。故选择答案D。
16. --It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
-- _________ her this weekend？
A. Why not visit B. Why not to visit
C. Why not visiting D. Why don’t visit
【答案】A
【解析】句意：--我很久没见我妹妹了。--这个周末为什么不去看她。这里why not visit = why didn’t you visit，省略了主、谓语；通常省略的部分可以是主、谓语（或谓语的一部分）后，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。故选择答案A。
17. The report says the Internet is developing rapidly, and _________ the world’s information superhighway is already beginning to take shape.
A. why B. that C. when D. where
【答案】B
【解析】 句意：报告说，互联网发展迅速，世界信息高速公路已经开始形成。该题考查的是that引导的并列宾语从句；says后并列的两个以that引导的宾语从句，第一个引导词that可以省略，但第二个that不能省略。注意：宾语从句中的省略情况有两种。第一是为了避免重复，省略宾语从句；第二是在以that引导的宾语从句中，可省略引导词that。但在含有两个that引导的宾语从句中第一个that可省略，第二个that不能省略。故选择答案B。
18. --What’s the noise？It sounds as if it comes from upstairs.
--_________. It must be the window-cleaner working, next door.
A. I’m not sure B. I hope not C. I’d rather not D. I don’t think so
【答案】D
【解析】句意：--什么声音？听起来好像是从楼上传来的。--我想不是。一定是擦窗户的清洁工在隔壁工作呢。本题考查宾语从句的省略，答语省略了从句，用so代替，如果补全，应该是这样：I don’t think the noise comes from upstairs。故选择答案D。
19. _________ from the plane, the house looks like tiny toys.
A. Seeing B. Seen C. See D. Be seen
【答案】B
【解析】句意：从飞机上看，房子看起来像小玩具。在表示时间、条件、地点、让步、方式或比较的状语从句中，如果包含动词be，从句中的主语与主句相同，或者从句的主语为it，就常常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(动词be)省略掉，只保留连词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词。答案A错用，当其逻辑主语是发出动作的主动者时，用现在分词；此处的逻辑主语是被动的，所以用过去分词。Seen from the plane = When it is seen from the plane，故选择答案B。
20. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _______.
A. must do B. might do C. would do D. not to
【答案】D
【解析】句意：男孩想在街上骑自行车，但他妈妈告诉他不可以。在特定语境中为了避免重复，当不定式再次出现时，在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate后往往只保留to，而省略后面的动词。但不定式后有be，have时，也保留be和have。此处的not to = not to ride his bicycle in the street；故选择答案D。
二、句型训练（Choose the best words to fill in the blanks）
1. How many copies do you want? -- _________, please. (I want three copies; Three copies)
【答案】Three copies
【解析】 在情景会话中，答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语、谓语或宾语部分，而只保留对方希望了解的内容。（--你想要几份？--三份。）
2. __________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Songhua Bridge.（Were；Should）
【答案】 Should
【解析】句意：这个句子在没有省略前应该是if it should rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Songhua Bridge. 所表达的是明天很可能会下雨，我们只好推迟参观杨浦大桥这个活动。当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。（如果明天下雨，我们就不得不推迟参观松花江大桥。）
3. ________ today, he would get there by Friday.（Were he to leave；Had he left）
【答案】 Were he to leave
【解析】句意：从主句的谓语动词可以看出这是一个与现在事实相反的假设，说明他今天不太可能出发，是一个省略if的从句。当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。虚拟语气是were to do。（如果他今天出发，在星期五之前他就会到达那里。）
4. Had they known what was coming next, they ________ second thoughts.（could have；might have had）
【答案】 might have had
【解析】 这个句子的if从句用的是省略形式，没省略之前的句子是：If they had known what was coming next, ... if从句的谓语动词是过去完成时态，所以主句用might have done。（如果他们知道接下来会发生什么，他们也许会重新考虑。）
5. My mom suggests that he __________ out for a change this weekend.
( eat；eats)
【答案】 eat
【解析】 当主句的谓语动词是表示命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等的词（如：suggestion，necessary，request，order，recommend等），从句中的谓语动词要用（should）+ 动词原型，should可以省略。该句子省略了should，动词eat用动词原形。（我妈妈建议这个周末我们换换口味，到外面吃饭。）
6. It is necessary that he _________ to our meeting tomorrow. (should come；comes)
【答案】should come
【解析】 当主句的谓语动词是表示命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等的词（如：suggestion，necessary，request，order，recommend等），从句中的谓语动词要用（should）+ 动词原型，should可以省略。（他明天有必要来参加我们的会议。）
7. Had you listened to the doctor, you ________ now.（would be all right；are all right）
【答案】 would be all right
【解析】 Had引出的含有虚拟语气的倒装句，省略了if。从句表示的是与过去事实相反的情况，而主句强调的是现在的情况。（如果你听医生的话，你现在就会完全好了。）
8. Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam _______ at the age of six months old. (be；were)
【答案】 be
【解析】 当主句的谓语动词是表示命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等的词词（如：suggestion，necessary，request，order，recommend等），从句中的谓语动词要用（should）+ 动词原型，should可以省略。其基本结构是：主语 + 系动词+ that + 从句主语+ (should) + 动词原形。（眼科医生建议孩子在六个月大的时候做第一次眼科检查。）
9. -- Have you ever been to the Great Wall? -- No, ________.
(I have never been to the Great Wall；never)
【答案】 never
【解析】 在情景会话中，答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语、谓语或宾语部分，而只保留对方希望了解的内容，免得重复和庸长。（--你去过长城吗？--没有，从没有去过。）
10. The doctor suggested that he _________ to lose weight. (has tried；try )
【答案】 try
【解析】 Suggest，insist，order，require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接的名词性从句中，谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。（医生建议他设法减肥。）
三、Translate the following into Chinese（英译汉）
1. China has been, and still is, the most populous country in the world.
中国过去是，而且现在还是世界上人口最多的国家。（省略the most populous country in the world）
2. Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry.
让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。（wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes）
3. I have been to Beijing and seen the Great Wall.
我到过北京，见到了万里长城。（省略主语+助动词）
4. They elected John monitor of the class.
他们选约翰当班长。（省略定冠词）
5. People Rebuild Homes After Flood
洪水退后人民重建家园（新闻标题）
6. They didn’t like it, yet said nothing.
他们并不喜欢它，可是什么话也没说。（省略主语they）
7. The two boys are the same age.
这两个男孩年龄一样大。（省略介词of）
8. She must have stayed here a long time.
她在这里一定呆了很久了。（省略介词for）
9. He read the book I got yesterday.
他看过我昨天买的书了。（省略关系代词which）
10. Though young, he knows a lot.
他虽然年轻但懂得很多。（省略介词主语和系动词he is）
四、Translate the following into English（汉译英）
1. 如果天下雨怎么办？
What (will happen) if it's raining？
2. 他没有受伤，真奇怪！
He was not hurt. (How) Strange!
3. 河很深，冰很薄。
The river was deep and the ice (was) thin.
4. 我们将尽力而为。
We'll do the best we can (do).
5. 我相信你们会成功的。
I believe (that) you will succeed．
6. 请您原谅。
Beg your pardon. = I beg your pardon.
7. 有个人想要见你。
There is a man (who) wants to see you.
8. 你活该！
Serves you right. = It serves you right.
9. 请尽快来。
Please come as soon as (it is) possible.
10. 我建议我们明天走。
I suggest that we (should) go tomorrow.
