专题06 动词与动词短语--2019高考英语二轮考纲精准解析


【2019年高考考纲解读】
动词是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词类，它是构成句子的核心，是一个句子中不可缺少的成分。在考试大纲及考试说明中，动词占总词汇量的1/3以上，起着举足轻重的作用。
动词和动词短语在历年高考题中所占比例最大，着重考查在不同的语境中对动词及动词短语的应用，以测试学生对基础知识的掌握程度。
考纲要求考生在复习备考中主要掌握以下几个方面：①动词的词义；②动词搭配；③及物动词和不及物动词的特殊用法；④熟记高频动词构成的短语的用法(例如：break，bring，call，come，cut，give，go，get，hold，look，make，put，set，take，turn等)。
【重点、难点剖析】
一、高考常考的几组动词词义辨析
1．injure，hurt，wound，destroy
injure
一般指在意外事故中受伤
hurt
是表示“伤害”的一般用法，既可指对肉体的伤害，也可指对情感的伤害
wound
常指外伤，尤指在战争、战斗中造成的伤害
destroy
一般指彻底损坏，常译成“毁坏，损坏”
I didn't want to hurt his feelings.
我不想伤害他的感情。
He was wounded in the battle.
他在战斗中负过伤。
2．beat，hit，strike，defeat，win
beat
表示“(尤指用棍或其他硬物)接连地打，击”，还可表示“打败，胜过”
hit
表示对准目标打一下，强调击中
strike
表示突然性或一次性的击打
defeat
(＝beat)是指“击败，战胜”，宾语通常是人或集体
win
是“(在……中)获胜”或“赢”的意思，宾语通常为war，match，game，prize，medal，respect，battle等名词
Our team beat the American team by eight.
我们队以超过美国队八分的成绩战胜了。
She hit him out of anger.
她生气地打了他一下。
The tower was struck by lightning.
该塔被闪电击中了。
He defeated all the other participants and won the prize.
他击败了其他参赛者，获了奖。
3．adopt，attach，adapt，adjust
adopt
vt. 采取，采纳；收养，领养
attach
vt. 把……附(在……上)；重视
attach much importance to... 非常重视……
adapt
vt. 适应；adapt oneself to 适应于
adjust
vt. 适应，调整；adjust oneself to 适应于
This kind of desk can be adjusted to the height you need; besides, it is not expensive at all.
这个桌子可以根据你需要的高度而调整，而且一点也不贵。
Recently, to maintain national balance, the Chinese government has adopted a policy of encouraging college graduates to take positions in rural areas.
为了保持平衡，中国政府最近通过了一项鼓励大学毕业生去农村就业的政策。
Parents attach much importance to education. They will do their best to give their children that priceless gift.
父母亲都非常重视教育。他们会尽自己最大的努力给予孩子们无价的馈赠。
二、高考常考的动词短语辨析
1．break
break away from... 脱离……，奋力挣脱……
break down 出故障，累垮，分解
break in 打断，插话，强行进入
break into... 闯入……，破门而入
break out (战争、火灾等)突然发生，爆发
break through 突围，冲破，突破
break up 分解，分裂，拆散，碎开
If you go on working like that, you will break down sooner or later.
如果你继续像那样工作，迟早你会累垮的。
2．bring
bring about 引起，导致，使发生
bring in 引进(技术)，赚钱，带来(收入)
bring up 抚养，培养，哺育
bring down/up (the price) 使……降低，减少，降价/提价
[比较：(prices) go down/up (价格)下降/上涨]
bring out 拿出，出版，生产，揭露，阐明，使表现出
The government has taken measures to bring down the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable.
政府已经采取措施降低日用品价格以保持市场稳定。
3．call
call at (someplace) 访问(某地)，拜访(某地)
[比较：call on(sb.) 拜访(某人)，访问(某人)]
call back 回电话
call in 请来，召集
call off 取消
call on/upon 号召
call up 给……打电话，使人想起
call for 提倡，号召，要求，需要，去接某人
The scene of the children playing happily in the park called up memories of her childhood.
孩子们在公园高兴玩耍的场景勾起了她对童年的回忆。
4．come
come about 发生，产生
come across 偶然相遇
come on 过来，跟我来，加油，来吧，赶快
come out 露出，出来，出现，出版，发(芽)，(花)开
come up 被提出，上来，走近，上升，长出来
come up with... 提出，想出(主意)，找出(答案)，赶上
come into being 形成
come into use 投入使用
If you come across faults but you still want the bicycle, ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.
如果你发现你想要买的这辆自行车有瑕疵，但是你仍想买这辆，就让服务员降价。 络游戏上的时间弥补回来，男孩比之前学习更努力。
11．put
put away 将某物收拾起来，存钱，储存
put down 扑灭，镇压，记下
put forward 提出，建议
put off 延期，拖延
put on (戏)上演，穿上，戴上
put out 扑灭，熄灭，出版，生产
put up 挂起，张贴，搭起，建立
put up with 忍受，容忍
Why do we have to put up with Susan's selfish behavior? We have to teach her to care for others.
为什么我们要忍受苏珊的自私行为？我们得教她关心别人。
He decided that he would drive all the way home instead of putting up at a hotel for the night。
他决定当晚直接开车回家，而不住旅馆。
12．set
set about doing sth.＝set out to do sth. 着手/开始做某事
set aside 留出，搁/放在一边
set off 出发，启程，引起爆炸，激起，引起
set out (for...) 动身去(……)
set up 创立，设立，开办，竖起，支起
The couple set aside some money every month for their future use even though their income can only make ends meet.
这对夫妻每个月都存一些钱以备将来使用，尽管他们的收入只能使他们勉强维持生计。
13．take
take in 吸收，接纳，欺骗
take on 呈现，雇用
take over 继承，接管，接替
take up 从事，开始，专注于，占去(时间、空间、地位等)
take off (飞机)起飞，脱掉(衣帽/鞋)，成名，成功，事业转机，生意起色
Some insects take on the colour of their surroundings to protect themselves.
有些昆虫为了自我保护会随着周围环境改变自身颜色。
14．turn
turn down 拒绝；调低
turn in 上交
turn out 结果是，证明是
turn over 移交，交给
turn up 出现；调高
turn off 关掉
turn on 打开
turn away 走开
turn to 求助于；翻到
—You look upset. What's the matter?
—I had my proposal turned down again.
——你看上去很伤心，怎么了？
——我的建议再次被拒绝了。
三、动词的熟词生义
很多动词都有些平时考试中很少考到的用法，出题人往往在此处设陷阱。
1．address vt. 向……发表演说；直接向……说话(熟义：n.地址 v. 写地址)
It is said that our headmaster will address the meeting.
据说我们的校长将在会议上发表演说。
2．act vi. 起作用(熟义：行动)
It takes a couple of minutes for the drug to act.
药物需要几分钟起作用。
3．drive v. 迫使某人(做不好的事)(熟义；驾驶)
Hunger drove her to steal.
饥饿迫使她偷窃。
4．escape v. 被忘掉；被忽视(熟义：v. 逃跑；逃脱)
His name escapes me for the moment.
此刻我忘记了他的名字。
5．fail v. 不足，缺乏；忽略；衰退(熟义：失败，不及格)
Our water supply failed.
我们供水不足了。
He never fails to write to his mother every month.
他从来不忘记每月写信给他的母亲。
6．introduce v. 以……开始(熟义：介绍，引进)
He introduced his speech with a joke.
他的演讲以一个笑话开始。
7．knock vt. 批评，说……不好(熟义：敲，打)
The critics knocked his latest play.
评论家抨击了他最近的戏剧。
8．labour vi. 费力地行走，干苦活(熟义：劳动)
They laboured through the thick forest and up the steep hill.
他们艰难地穿行于茂密的森林，攀登于峻峭的山岭。
9．admit vt. 允许进入，容纳(熟义：承认)
The servant opened the door and admitted me into the house.
仆人打开门，并请我进去。
The theatre only admits 1,000 persons.
这个剧场只能容纳一千人。
10．back vt. 支持(熟义：n.背，后面)
Many of his friends backed his plan.
他的许多朋友支持他的计划。
11．count vi. 重要；vt. 认为 [熟义：数(数目)]
Every minute counts.
每分每秒都重要。
On the whole she counted herself a fortunate wife.
总的说来，她自认为还是一个幸运的妻子。
12．cover v. 走完(一段路)，够付(费用)，看完(多少页书)；涉及；报道(熟义：覆盖)
Here is ￡5; that should cover all your expenses.
这儿有5英镑，应该够你的费用。
13．develop vt. 染上，冲洗，开发(熟义：发展)
The year she was born her father developed a rare disease called lupus.
她出生的这一年，她的父亲得了一种称为狼疮的罕见疾病。
14．employ vt. 使用，采取(熟义：雇佣)
The country employed a new policy.
这个国家采取了一种新的政策。
15．freeze v. 不许动，停止走动(熟义：冻结，冻冰)
Freeze! Drop your arms!
不许动，放下武器！
16．figure v. 认为，想像(熟义：n.数字；雕塑，人物)
She figured that she would be next.
她认为她可能就是下一个。
17．fine v. & n. 罚款(熟义：adj. 好的，晴朗的)
He was fined $200.
他被罚了200美元。
18．head v. 动身去(熟义：头)
The ship was heading for Shanghai.
这艘船开往上海。
19．jump n. & vi. (大幅度)上涨(熟义：跳)
Last week the price of goods jumped.
上周物价急剧上涨。
20．lay vt. 向……提出；制定(熟义：放，摆设，生蛋)
The prisoner laid an escape plan.
那个囚犯制定了一个越狱计划。
The weather still remained cold in April.
四月的天气仍然很冷。
He stayed single all his life.他打了一辈子的光棍。
(3)变化系动词
become, turn, get, grow, go, fall, come, run等。
She grew rich within a short time.
她没多长时间就变得富有了。
He became famous as a writer.他成了著名作家。
His face went red with anger.他气得满脸通红。　　　
题型四、不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析
【例4】Many businesses started up by college students have________thanks to the comfortable climatefor business creation.
A.fallen off B. taken off C. turned off D. left off
【答案】B

【举一反三】 (2015·湖北，26)Don't worry.I'm sure your missing glasses will turn sooner or later.
解析　句意：别担心。我相信你丢失的眼镜迟早会找到的。考查动词短语。turn up出现；发生；开大；
发现。
答案　up
【变式探究】Mother always complains that children ________ their shoes very quickly.(find out, wash out, wear out, set out)
【答案】wear out　
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：妈妈总是抱怨孩子们很快就把鞋子穿烂了。find out意为“查明”；wash out意为“洗净”；wear out意为“用坏；穿破”；set out意为“动身；出发”。根据语境判断，wear out最为合适。
【变式探究】The present situation is very complex，so I think it will take me some time to ________ its reality.
A．make up B．figure out
C．look through D．put off
【答案】B

【变式探究】 You had better ________ some time every day for sports so that you can keep yourself energetic.
A．set aside B．take up C．put away D．give out
【答案】A
【解析】句意：你最好每天留出点时间来做运动，这样才能使自己精力充沛。set aside意为“留出；拨出”；take up意为“占用；占据”；put away意为“放弃；把……放好”；give out意为“发出；散发”。A项符合句意。
【变式探究】The whole team count Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.
解析　句意：整个团队依靠Cristians Donald，他很少让他们失望。考查动词短语。count on依靠，指望。
答案　on
【变式探究】here is no doubt that this candidate's advantage lies his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.
解析　句意：毫无疑问，这位候选人的优势在于他能用英语与外国人沟通的能力。考查动词短语。lie in在于……。
答案　in
题型五、完形填空
【2017·北京卷】完形填空（共 20 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 30 分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Hannah Taylor is a schoolgirl from Manitoba, Canada. One day, when she was five years old, she was walking with her mother in downtown Winnipeg. They saw a man 36 out of a garbage can. She asked her mother why he did that and her mother said that the man was homeless and hungry. Hannah was very 37 .She couldn't understand why some people had to live their lives without shelter or enough food. Hannah started to think about how she could 38 ,but,of course, there is not a lot one five-year-old can do to solve(解决)the problem of homelessness.
Later ,when Hannah attended school, she saw another homeless person. It was a woman, 39 an old shopping trolley（购物车）which was piled with 40 . It seemed that everything the woman owned was in them. This made Hannah very sad, and even more 41 to do something. She had been talking to her mother about the lives of homeless people 42 they first saw the homeless man. Her mother told her that if she did something to change the problem that made her sad, she wouldn’ t 43 as bad.
Hannah began to speak out about the homelessness in Manitoba and then in other provinces. She hoped to 44 her message of hope and awareness. She started the Ladybug Foudation ,an organization aiming at getting rid of homelessness. She began to 45 “Big Bosses” lunches, where she would try to persuade local business leaders to 46 to the cause. She also organized a fundraising(募捐)drive in “Ladybug Jars” to collect everyone`s spare change during “Make Change” month. More recently, the foundation began another 47 called National Red Scarf Day—a day when people donate $20 and wear red scarves in support of Canada`s 48 and homeless.
There is an emergency shelter in Winnipeg called “Hannah`s Place”, something that Hannah is very 49 of. Hannah`s Place is divided into several areas, providing shelter for people when it is so cold that 50 outdoors can mean death. In the more than five years since Hannah began her activities, she has received a lot of 51 .For example, she received the 2007 BRICK Award recognizing the 52 of young people to change the world. But 53 all this, Hannah still has the 54 life of a Winnipeg schoolgirl, except that she pays regular visits to homeless people.
Hannah is one of many examples of young people who are making a 55 in the world. You can,too!
36. A. jumping B. eating C. crying D. waving
37. A. annoyed B. nervous C. ashamed D. upset
38. A. behave B. manage C. help D. work
39. A. pushing B. carrying C. buying D. holding
40. A. goods B. bottles C. foods D. bags
41. A. excited B. determined C. energetic D. grateful
42. A. since B. unless C. although D. as
43. A. sound B. get C. feel D. look
44. A. exchange B. leave C. keep D. spread
45. A. sell B. deliver C. host D. pack
46. A. contribute B. lead C. apply D. agree
47. A. campaign B. trip C. procedure D. trial
48. A. elderly B. hungry C. lonely D. sick
49. A. aware B. afraid C. proud D. sure
50 A. going B. sleeping C. traveling D. playing
51. A. praises B. invitations C. replies D. appointments
52. A. needs B. interests C. dreams D. efforts
53. A. for B. through C. besides D. along
54. A. healthy B. public C. normal D. tough
55. A. choice B. profit C. judgement D. difference
【解析】
本文讲述Hannah Taylor通过自己的努力来建立公益组织筹集资金帮助那些无家可归忍饥挨饿的人。

38．考查动词。A. behave表现,行为举止B. manage 成功做C. help帮助D. work工作。Hannah开始思考她如何能帮到他们，根据句意选C。
39.考查动词。A. pushing 推B. carrying 拿C. buying买D. holding握。购物车肯定是推着的，根据逻辑常识可推出，故选A。
40.考查名词。A. goods 货物B. bottles瓶子C. foods 食物D. bags包。因为是流浪者，所以随身的东西肯定都是用包装好的，故车上堆满了包，里面装满了东西，选D。
41.考查形容词。A. excited 激动的B. determined下决心的，坚定的C. energetic精力充沛的D. grateful感激的。Hannah很难过，所以她更加下定决心一定要把这件事做好，故选B。
42.考查连词。A. since 自从B. unless 除非C. although尽管D. as因为。句意：自从他们第一次看到无家可归的人，Hannah就一直在跟她的妈妈说流浪者的生活，根据句意可知选A。
43.考查动词。A. sound 听B. get获得C. feel 感觉. Look看。她妈妈告诉她只要她付出努力去改变那些让她难过的事情，就不会和以前一样感觉那么糟糕了，此处指的是感觉上，故选C。
44.考查动词。A. exchange交换B. leave 离开C. keep 保持D. spread传播。她希望她那带着希望和意识的信息能够传播开来，根据句意可知选D。

46.考查动词。A. contribute 贡献，捐献B. lead领导C. apply 申请，应用D. agree同意。她试图劝说那些商业领导们能为她的慈善事业做出些奉献，根据句意可知选A。
47.考查名词。A. campaign 运动B. trip 旅行C. procedure 过程D. trial实验。基金会又举办了一项运动，来筹集资金，根据句意和逻辑推理可知选A。
48.考查形容词。A. elderly 年纪大的B. hungry 饥饿的C. lonely 孤独的D. sick生病的。此处是指为那些饥饿的人和无家可归的人，前文中第一次出现的就是从垃圾桶里找东西吃的人让Hannah很难过，所以她的帮助对象肯定包含饥饿的人，选B。
49.考查形容词。A. aware 意识的B. afraid 害怕的C. proud 骄傲的 D. sure肯定的。前面提到为那些无家可归的人见建了一个名为Hannah`s Place的地方，以她的名字命名的，所以 Hannah肯定非常骄傲，自豪，故选C。
50.考查动词。A. going 去B. sleeping 睡 C. traveling 旅行D. playing玩。当天冷到在室外睡觉就意味着死的时候，这个避难所就会给那些无家可归的人，根据句意可知选B。
51.考查名词。A. praises赞美B. invitations邀请C. replies回复D. appointments约会。她收到了很多的赞美。因为下文有这方面的举例，给她颁奖，故答案为A。
52.考查名词。A. needs 需要 B. interests 兴趣C. dreams梦想D. efforts努力。此处是指这个奖项是为了认可年轻人改变这个世界所作出的努力，根据句意可知选D。
53.考查介词。A. for 为了B. through 通过C. besides 此外D. along沿着。但是经过所有这些之后，Hannah依然过着Winnipeg学校一名女生的普通的生活，根据句意可知选B。
54．考查形容词。A. healthy健康的B. public 公共的C. normal 正常的，普通的D. tough艰难的。Hannah依然过着Winnipeg学校一名女生的普通的生活，根据句意可知答案为C。
55．考查名词。A. choice选择B. profit 利润C. judgement 判断D. difference不同。此处为固定短语：make a difference：起作用，有影响，选D。