专题05 介词--2019高考英语二轮考纲精准解析


【2019年高考考纲解读】
介词的考查形式多样，除了单纯考查介词外，还常考查介词与其他词的搭配。此外，在定语从句中，也常考查“介词＋关系代词”的用法。有些介词的考查频率较高，如with，beyond。连词考查较多的有：but和while，“祈使句＋and/or＋并列句”中的and和or；另外，for作为并列连词的用法也是一考点。
【重点难点】
一、介词with的用法主要有
1．表示“和……在一起”，“由……陪同”或“有……在场”
The students went to the farm with their teachers.
学生们与他们的老师一起去了农场。
2．表示“随着……”
With time passing, they have grown into big boys and big girls.
随着时间的流逝，他们已经长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。
3．with后面加复合宾语，说明附带情况
He likes to sleep with the windows open.
他喜欢开着窗户睡觉。
4．表示“具有；带有；包括……在内”
China is a country with a long history.
中国是个历史悠久的国家。
5．表示原因或理由
The little girl was trembling with fear.
这个小女孩吓得发抖。　　　
二、介词短语
1．动词＋介词
account for说明　agree on对……达成协议　begin with以……开始　come across碰见　go into调查　keep from阻止　look for寻找　stand for代表　agree with 同意(某人意见)　answer for对……负责　wait for等待　decide on对……作出决定　head for向……前进　live on靠……生活　look into调查　stick to坚持　agree to同意(某种安排等)　aim at针对　call for要求　get into进入　hear from接到……的信、电话　look after照顾　run into碰到　wait on招待
2．动词＋副词＋介词
add up to合计达……　come up with提出　get on with与……相处融洽　look down upon看不起　look up to敬仰(某人)　put up with忍受　come up against遭到反对　do away with废除　keep up with跟上　look forward to盼望　make up for弥补　stand out for坚决要求　come up to达到　get down to开始认真考虑　live up to不辜负(期望)　look out for当心　run out of用完　stick out for坚持要求
3．动词＋名词＋介词
catch sight of突然看见　make room for为……腾出地方　take pride in以……为荣　make friends with和……交朋友　pay attention to注意　show interest in对……感兴趣　make fun of取笑　take care of照顾　take part in参加　　　
【特别提醒】揭密常考的介词短语
1．含有at的短语,at a time一次　at least至少　at the same time同时at all costs不惜一切代价　at most至多　at times有时候　at first最初　at once立即　at will任意地　at last最后　at present目前　at work起作用
2．含有by的短语,by accident偶然　by day/night白天/夜间　by heart能背诵　by turns轮流　by birth出身　by no means绝不,by chance偶然　by mistake错误地　by the way顺便说一下　by chance偶然　by mistake错误地　by the way顺便说一下
3．含有in的短语,in a sense从某种意义上说　in case假使　in fact实际上,in one's opinion在某人看来　in other words换句话说　in short总之　in the long run从长远来看　in advance事先　in store必将发生　in general一般说来　in no time立刻　in public公开地　in vain徒劳　in time及时,in the meantime同时　in danger处于危险中　in turn轮流　in order井井有条　in return作为回报　in the end最后　in all总共
4．含有on的短语,on average平均　on foot步行　on sale在出售　on the way在途中　on business出差　on holiday在休假　on strike罢工　on time准时　on duty值日　on behalf of代表　on the contrary相反　on the spot当场　on fire着火　on purpose故意地　on the other hand另一方面
5．含有out of的短语,out of breath气喘吁吁　out of date过时　out of order发生故障　out of patience失去耐心　out of work失业,out of control失去控制　out of doors 在户外　out of question毫无疑问　out of reach拿不到　out of the question不可能　out of danger脱险　out of fashion不合时尚　out of luck倒霉　out of shape变形　out of touch失去联系
【题型示例】
题型一 　常用介词
例1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________work.

【答案】from
【变式探究】(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat ________their hands.
【解析】用手吃饭，应用介词with。
【答案】with
【变式探究】(2016·四川卷)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________more than two years.
【解析】考查短语for＋时间段，故应用介词for。
【答案】for
题型二　介词的固定搭配
例2．(2018·全国Ⅲ)I was searching ________ these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.
答案　for
解析　search for寻找，为固定搭配。
【变式探究】(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.
【解析】此处表示得到一个在工程学或者建筑学方面的学位。此处考查in的本意“在……方面”。考生可能会误用on和about，这两个介词本意为“关于……”。degree与介词in搭配，表示在某方面的学位。
【答案】in
【变式探究】(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ________our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
【解析】focuse on集中于，故填on。
【答案】on
【变式探究】(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; ________the same time，they warm up again for the night.
【解析】at the same time与此同时，故应用介词at。
【答案】At
【变式探究】(2015·陕西卷)The little pupil took his grandma ________the arm and walked her across the street.
【解析】take sb.by the arm，挽着某人的胳膊，应用介词by。
【答案】by
题型三、单句改错
例3．(2018·全国Ⅰ)At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years...
答案　去掉for
解析　every two years每隔两年，是固定搭配，前面不用介词。
【变式探究】(2018·全国Ⅱ)Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.
答案　for→with
解析　play games with sb.意为“和某人一起玩游戏”。
【变式探究】(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road. ______________

【答案】on→of
【变式探究】(2017·全国Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.I have grown not only physically，but also mentally in the past few years.
答案　去掉realize后的of
解析　realize是及物动词，后接宾语不需要介词，故去掉of。
【变式探究】(2016·新课标Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.
【解析】dream后加of　句意：我叔叔说他从没梦想过在短时间内变得富有。dream of doing sth.“梦想做某事”，为固定短语。
【变式探究】(2016·新课标Ⅲ)Now I am leaving home to college.
【解析】to→for　句意：现在，我要离开家去上大学。根据句意可知，此处指的是“离开家去上大学”，所以用for，表示目的。
【变式探究】(2016·四川)Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.
【解析】去掉on　句意：爸爸打扫了房子，然后去购物了。go shopping“去购物”，是固定短语。
【变式探究】(2015·新课标Ⅰ)Unfortunately，on the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted.
【解析】on→with　句意：不幸的是，随着工业化的发展，环境受到了污染。on表示“在……方面”，with表示“随着……”。根据句意可知，指两件事情伴随而行，应用with。
【变式探究】(2015·新课标Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy on a shop window.
【解析】on→in　句意：托尼看见了橱窗中摆设的玩具。玩具应该在橱窗里面而不是在橱窗的表面上，应用in。
【变式探究】(2015·陕西)My soccer coach retired in last week.
【解析】去掉in　句意：我的足球教练上个星期退休了。last week前面不加介词，去掉介词in。
【变式探究】(2015·四川)Please help with me and give me some advice.

8．(2014·新课标Ⅰ)Nearly five years ago，and with the help by our father，my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果)in our back garden.
【解析】by→of　句意：大约五年前，在父亲的帮助下，姐姐和我在后院种植了一些圣女果。with the help of“在……的帮助下”，为固定短语。
9．(2014·浙江)If we could show concern to others on need，the world would be a better place to live in.
【解析】on→in　句意：如果我们向那些需要帮助的人表示关心，这个世界就会变得更美好。in need“在困难中的”，为固定搭配。
10．(2014·广西)The more friends we have，the more we can learn for one another，and the more pleasure we can share together.
【解析】for→from　句意：我们的朋友越多，我们相互之间学到的东西就越多，我们一起分享的快乐也就越多。learn for“为……而学习”，learn from sb.“向某人学习”。根据句意可知，此处指向朋友学习，应用from。
题型四、单句填空
1．(2016·新课标Ⅰ，64)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，when I was the first...
【解析】to　句意：但是我与熊猫之间的联系要追溯到20世纪80年代中期我在一档电视节目的时候，那是我第一次……。go back to“追溯到”，是固定短语。
2．(2016·新课标Ⅱ，44)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
【解析】on　句意：我们大多数人在早晨时对任务的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。be focused on意为“集中于……”。
3．(2016·新课标Ⅲ，70)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India，for example，most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.
【解析】with　句意：筷子并非被亚洲的所有国家(的人民)使用。例如在印度，大部分的人习惯用手吃饭。with“用……”，符合句意。
4．(2016·四川，67)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.
【解析】for　句意：这位母亲持续照顾熊猫幼崽两年多。“for＋一段时间”作时间状语，表示“持续了一段时间”。
5．(2016·浙江，16)In this article，you need to back up general statements ________ specific examples.

6．(2016·天津，8)Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice ________ her opinion on the subject.
【解析】to　句意：在讨论刚开始时，玛丽一言不发，但最后她就这个主题发表了自己的观点。give voice to“表达，吐露，发泄”，符合句意。
7．(2016·天津，14)I hate it when she calls me at work—I'm always too busy to carry ________ a conversation with her.
【解析】on　句意：我不喜欢她在我工作时给我打电话——我总是太忙，不能和她进行会话。carry on“继续进行，从事”，符合句意。
8．(2015·新课标Ⅰ，66)Instead，I'd headed straight for Yangshuo.For those who fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away ________ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
【解析】by　句意：然而，我直接去了阳朔。对于那些飞往桂林的人来说，坐车只需要一个小时的路程……乘坐交通工具常用by加可数名词的单数形式，by car“开车”。
9．(2015·新课标Ⅱ，47)When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to__cool the house during the hot day: ________ the same time，they warm up again for the night.
【解析】at　句意：天亮，墙壁放热，变冷使房子热天凉爽；同时，夜晚变暖和。at the same time“与此同时”，为固定短语。
10．(2015·福建，22)A common memory they all have ________ their school days is the school uniform.
【解析】of　句意：他们对在校时期的共同记忆是校服。名词memory 常与介词of 连用，意为“对……的记忆”。