专题四 任务型阅读
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告，以及书籍、报纸、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能根据文中提供的信息，用恰当的词语完成与短文相关的图表。
该题属综合能力考查题，强调主观表达能力、语言理解能力和逻辑推断能力。
从某种意义上来说，任务型阅读是客观题阅读到主观题的自然过渡，其能力要求在阅读理解以上、书面表达以下。此题型重点考查语言的综合运用能力，也可以理解为另一种方式的阅读，因此，考生必须具备一定的阅读和写作能力。
江苏高考任务型阅读近五年考情分布
年份
标题
词数
阅读文体
2018
How Arts Promote Our Economy
416
说明文
2017
Population Change
488
说明文
2016
An Extension of the Human Brain
430
说明文
2015
What News Stories Do You Read？
411
说明文
2014
What Is Peer Pressure
407
议论文
从上表可以看出，近五年江苏高考任务型阅读的文章体裁以说明文为主，偶有议论文出现，词数在400～500之间，一般都比较难。这类文章结构清晰，很容易把握文章脉络。在题材的选取上更加富有时代气息，更加贴近考生的实际生活。要想任务型阅读得高分，考生必须具备极强的信息转换和概括能力！在复习中，要注意以下几点：
1.注意对词义和词性转化的积累，提高对固定搭配的敏感度。
2.重视对句子、段落与文章之间的逻辑关系的剖析，多进行概括总结题的训练。
3.熟读课文和历年高考真题中的任务型阅读、完形填空和阅读理解经典篇目，培养对原汁原味文章深入理解的语感。
How Arts Promote Our Economy
When most people think of the arts, they imagine the end product, the beautiful painting，a wonderful piece of music，or an award-winning performance in the theater.But arts groups bring broader value to our communities.The economic impact of the arts is often overlooked and badly judged.
The arts create jobs that help develop the economy.Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts，managers，musicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art.These people earn a living wage for their professional knowledge and skills.
Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.“If you build it they will come” is a misleading belief.Painters，digital media experts, photographers, booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event.According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10，000 people as full-or part-time employees or independent contractors.
A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect (连锁反应)throughout a community.In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town.After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building, we began producing a full season of theater performances, jazz concerts, and year-round arts education programs in 2008.Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.
No doubt the theater has contributed to the area’s development and economic growth.Today, there are galleries, studios, restaurants and newly built work spaces where neighbors share experiences, where there is renewed life and energy.In this way, arts and culture also serve as a public good.
TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc.made use of Bloomberg’s investment of $35，000 to get nearly $400，000 in public and private sector support during the two-year period.Further, Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce $298 for every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities.In Philadelphia, a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 billion and support 44，000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers，and other kinds of art workers.
The arts are efficient economic drivers and when they are supported，the entire small-business community benefits.
It is wrong to assume arts groups cannot make a profit.But in order to stay in business, arts groups must produce returns.If you are a student studying the arts, chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B.But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.
Arts as an economic driver
Our communities (71)________ from arts in terms of economy.
(72)________ of arts’ promoting our economy
Arts activity demands a (n) (73)________ effort.
It involves creation，performance，and (74)________.
◆Artists make a living through their creative work.
◆Others get paid by marketing the event.
Arts have a gradually spreading (75)________.
They could help promote other industries whether they lie inside or outside arts.
◆Besides tickets, some jazz lovers will pay their (76)________ to and from the events.
◆Arts contribute to cultural development when people gather together to share their experience and renew their energy.
Investment in arts could produce potential (77)________ economic results.
◆TeCo used a $ 35，000 art investment to attract an overall support of $ 400，000.
◆In Dallas, one dollar invested in arts could harvest an extraordinary return of nearly $ 300.
◆In Philadelphia the arts have created about 35，000 job opportunities for workers (78)________ arts industry.
Art students making a good living
With these (79)________ in mind, art students need not worry about their career and have a(n) (80)________ plan.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了艺术是如何促进经济发展的。
71.benefit [信息转换题。根据第一段第二句“But arts groups bring broader value to our communities”可知，从经济方面来讲，我们的社区从艺术中得到了很多的好处。短语benefit from“从……中受益”，故填benefit。]
72.Ways [信息概括题。根据表格的提示和文章内容可知，此处讲述了艺术推进经济发展的几种途径，故填Ways。]
73.joint/collective [信息转换题。根据文章第二段中的“The arts create jobs...an appealing piece of art”可知，艺术活动需要艺术家、科技专家、经理、音乐家或作家的共同努力，故填joint/collective。]
74.promotion/marketing [信息查找题。根据文章第三段中的“Another group of folks is needed to help market the event”可知，还需要另一些人帮助推销，故填promotion/marketing。]
75.effect [信息查找题。根据第四段中提到的一系列数据可推知，艺术有逐渐扩大的影响，故填effect。]
76.fares [信息转换题。根据第四段最后一句“Nearly 40 percent of jazz...in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District”可知，除了票的费用之外，一些爵士乐爱好者还要支付往返活动场所的费用，故填fares。]
77.positive [信息概括题。第六段讲述的是艺术方面的投资能够产生潜在的积极的经济效益，故填positive。]
78.outside/beyond [信息查找题。根据第六段最后一句“...actually lie outside the arts industry...”中的outside的提示可知这里填outside/beyond。]
79.statistics/data/analyses [信息概括题。最后一段是总结，上面通过一系列数据来说明艺术能带来经济效益，故填statistics/data/analyses。]
80.alternative [信息转换题。根据文章最后一段中的“If you are a student studying the arts，chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B”可知，艺术生不需要担心他们的工作，他们有选择的机会，故填alternative。]
Population Change
Why is the world’s population growing？The answer is not what you might think.The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits，but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies.In 1900，people died at the average age of 30.By 2000 the average age was 65.But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century，declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.What does it imply？First，China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country.Second，if other factors such as technology remain constant，economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.Why is this occurring？Nobody is quite sure，but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.If current trends don’t bend，Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.
In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total，25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.As for the USA，it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030.Moreover，the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界人口变化的趋势及其原因，并分析了几个国家存在的人口问题。
71.lower [信息概括题。根据第一段最后一句中的“declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st”与第二段第一句“Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.”可知，21世纪的出生率要比以前低很多，故答案为lower。]
72.size/scale [信息概括题。根据第二段的“almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem...work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，规模”，符合文意。]
73.immediate [信息转换题。根据第二段最后一句中的“which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades”可知，在发展中国家，出生率下降的影响是灾难性的，但不会立即显现出来，而要等到几十年之后，故答案为immediate。]
74.economic [信息查找题。根据第三段最后一句“Second，if other factors such as technology...this could invite trouble.”以及第四段第一句“Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.”可以看出人口与经济的发展是密不可分的，人口出生率的下降也必将给经济的发展带来压力。]
75.old/older [信息转换题。根据第三段第一句中的“A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China”可知，中国的青壮年劳动力可能会大幅度减少，即劳动力老龄化，故答案为old/older。]
76.earlier [信息转换题。根据第四段中的“people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961”可知，俄罗斯人的寿命比1961年短了许多，即很多人早逝，故答案为earlier。]
77.living/life [信息概括题。根据第四段中对俄罗斯人的不良饮食习惯和酗酒的描述可以看出，他们的生活方式需要改变。way of living/life “生活方式”。]
78.equality [信息概括题。根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。equality “平等”，符合文意。]
79.immigration [信息查找题。根据最后一段第一句“One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration...by 20% from 2010-2030.”可知，通过移民这种方法美国在2010年至2030年中将使人口增加20%。]
80.compensate [信息概括题。根据最后一段的最后一句“As a result it’s likely to see a rise...growth over the longer term.”可知，移民可能会带来劳动力人口的增加和经济的迅速增长，从而弥补青壮年劳动力的缺乏。compensate “补偿，弥补”，符合文意。]
An Extension of the Human Brain
Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies(欠缺)，much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency.To be exact，other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions.When another person helps us in such ways，he or she is participating in what I’ve called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system.” Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face，and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.It’s already a big bank of many minds.Even in its current state，the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet，I don’t need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so.More generally，the Internet functions as if it were my memory.This fun_ction of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing; I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet.It’s become natural to check facts as I write，taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed，Wikipedia，or other websites.
Regarding judgment: The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.For example，when I’m writing a textbook，it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term，which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning.But more than that，I now regularly compare my views with those of many others.If I have a “new idea，” I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it，or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought.This certainly makes my own views clearer.Moreover，I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I’ve begun using a smartphone.I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact，watch a video，read weibo.Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).
But that’s the upside (好处).The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea.Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.
An Extension of the Human Brain
A prosthetic nature
●The (71)________ can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency.
●It (72)________ in our daily events extending our intelligence，comprehending our feelings，and expanding the range of social activities.
Wonderful aspects: memory and judgment
●On the Internet，we could quickly and easily locate the details，and check facts，without(73)________ them in mind.
●The Internet makes us smarter over (74)________ kinds of things.It provides a dozen definitions of a key term for us to find the (75)________ of the matter.
●The Internet enables us to exchange ideas with many others to (76)________ our claims，and to (77)________ our actions.
The (78)________ sides of smartphones
●Smartphones make it easier and more (79)________ to check reality，watch video clips，read weibo.
●Smartphones(80)________ the possibility for new and insightful minds，and steal away our dead time.
71.Internet [信息查找题。根据第一段第四句“Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.”可知因特网可以拓宽社会义肢系统的范围，也就是说网络可以弥补我们精神和情感上的缺陷。]
72.participates/joins [信息转换题。根据第一段最后两句“It’s already a big bank of many minds.Even in its current state，the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.”可知动词短语“participate/join in”符合句意。]
73.keeping [信息转换题。根据第二段第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet，I don’t need to keep all the details...”可知动词短语“keep...in mind记住”，在表格中放在介词without的后面，要使用动名词keeping的形式。]
74.all/different/various [信息转换题。根据第三段第一句“The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.”可知原文中“matters small and large”就是“all/different/various”的事情。]
75.heart/core [信息转换题。根据第三段第二句“...which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning”可知网络能让我们找到事物的核心并理解其真正含义。故短语“the core/heart of the matter”和原文中“dig into the core”语义一致。]
76.check [信息转换题。根据第三段第四句“If I have a ‘new idea’，I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it，or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought.”可知当我们有了新的观点以后，我们会上网检查核对别人是否已经有了同样的观点，并对自己的行动做出判断。表格中check与原文语义一致。]
77.judge [信息概括题。根据第三段最后一句“Moreover，I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.”可知在网络上阅读其他人的信息，让我判断我的行为是否合理，所以表格里使用动词judge。]
78.mixed/two [信息概括题。在文章最后两段中既提到了智能手机的优点也提到了其缺点。所以这是智能手机的正反两方面内容，所以使用形容词“mixed/two”。]
79.convenient [信息转换题。根据第四段后两句“I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact，watch a video，read weibo.Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).”可知我们可以使用智能手机随时查消息，看视频，读微博，使用起来非常方便。所以使用形容词“convenient”。]
80.reduce [信息转换题。根据文章最后一句可知，现在这样的机会很少了，故本题答案为reduce。]
第一讲 │ 信息查找题
这类题目要求考生能快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词来填空。解题时可采用下列步骤：
[典例] (2016·江苏高考)Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies(欠缺)，much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency.To be exact，other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions.When another person helps us in such ways，he or she is participating in what I’ve called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system.” Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face，and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.It’s already a big bank of many minds.Even in its current state，the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
●The (71)________ can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency.
分析 第一步：根据题干中的“can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies”可以确定命题区间为第一段。
第二步：根据第一段的内容，特别是“Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face，and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.”可以确定“互联网正在扩大我自己的社会修复系统的范围”，就像假肢能弥补身体的缺陷一样。
第三步：确定答案为Internet。
课件4张PPT。第一讲 │ 信息查找题这类题目要求考生能快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词来填空。解题时可采用下列步骤：[典例] (2016·江苏高考)Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies(欠缺)，much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency.To be exact，other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions.When another person helps us in such ways，he or she is participating in what I’ve called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system.” Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face，and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.It’s already a big bank of many minds.Even in its current state，the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.●The (71)________ can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency.分析 第一步：根据题干中的“can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies”可以确定命题区间为第一段。
第二步：根据第一段的内容，特别是“Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face，and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.”可以确定“互联网正在扩大我自己的社会修复系统的范围”，就像假肢能弥补身体的缺陷一样。
第三步：确定答案为Internet。第三讲 │ 信息概括题
这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上，根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。此类题目主要分为两种类型：
(1)总结性词汇。设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。
解题关键
(2)归纳词。有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域，然后对该区域进行认真地分析归纳。
解题关键
[注意] 信息概括题有时必须结合表格本身才能正确解答。
[典例1] (2017·江苏高考)Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
It would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)________of population.
分析 第一步：根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。
第二步：根据第二段内容，特别是“almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，规模”，符合文意。
第三步：确定答案为size/scale。
[典例2] (2017·江苏高考)In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total，25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
Leaving aside the birth rate issue，India’s economy may take off when the country achieves (78)________of educational opportunity.
分析：第一步：根据题干中的“India’s economy”以及“educational”，可以定位到文章第五段。
第二步：根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。
第三步：确定答案为equality。
[知识链接1] 信息概括常用词
1.原因与结果：reason (for)，result；cause (of)，consequence
2.异同点与优缺点：difference，similarity; advantage，disadvantage
3.功能：fun_ction
4.观点与态度：opinion，view (on/about)，viewpoint，idea; attitude (to/towards)
5.评论与评价：comment (on)，remark (on/upon)，assessment
6.方式与方法：means，way，method (of); solution，approach (to doing sth)；(take) measures (to do sth)
7.目的：purpose，aim，goal
8.积极与消极：positive，negative
9.建议：advice，suggestion，tip
10.概括与总结：summary，conclusion
11.特点：feature，characteristic
12.种类：kind，type，category，class
13.精神上与身体上：mentally，physically
14.影响：influence，impact，effect (on)
15.情形，状况：situation，condition
16.方面与项目条款：aspect，item
17.材料：materials
18.知识与消息：knowledge，information
19.日程计划：schedule，agenda
20.百分比：percentage
21.性别：sex
22.年龄：age
23.(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar
24.个人，个人的：individual
25.细节：description，detail
26.文化：culture
27.责任：(take) responsibility
28.贡献：(make) contributions (to)
29.重要：value，importance，significance
30.比较：contrast，comparison
31.时期：period，time
32.存在：existence，exist
33.人口：population
34.天气与气候：weather，climate
35.位置：location
36.主题：theme
37.背景：setting，background
38.情节：plot
39.高潮：climax
40.反对者与支持者：opponent，supporter
[知识链接2] 同义替换常考词汇
1
result from＝arise from由……导致
2
at random＝randomly随意地
3
in particular＝particularly尤其，特别
4
in peace＝peacefully平静地；安宁地
5
in advance＝ahead of time (schedule)预先
6
in part＝partly在一定程度上
7
in silence＝silently寂静地，沉默地
8
in harmony＝harmoniously和谐地
9
be accused of＝be charged with被指控
10
put forward＝come up with提出
11
on behalf of＝represent代表
12
show up＝turn up＝appear出现
13
including sth＝sth included包括某物
14
be exposed to＝exposure to暴露于，接触到
15
account for＝make up占据……比例
16
lack sth＝be short of sth＝be lacking in sth缺少某物
17
at hand＝handy在手边
18
escape from＝flee逃离
19
stand/bear/tolerate/put up with忍受
20
at the same time＝meanwhile同时
21
make fun of＝laugh at＝tease＝mock取笑
22
treat sb badly＝abuse sb虐待某人
23
take pride in＝be proud of对……感到自豪
24
be dressed in＝wear sth穿着……
25
burst into tears＝burst out crying突然大哭
26
look after＝take care of＝attend to照顾
27
compensate for＝make up for补偿
28
online＝on the Internet在网上
29
matter/count/be important重要
30
catch on＝popularize流行
31
take up＝occupy占据
32
believe in＝trust信任
33
take in sth＝absorb sth理解，吸收某物
34
starve to death＝die of hunger/starvation饿死
35
accompany sb＝keep sb company陪伴某人
36
turn to sb for help＝ask sb for help向某人求助
37
100 years＝1 century＝10 decades 100年
38
a fortnight＝two weeks两周
39
every year＝yearly＝annual每年的
40
36＝3 dozen 3打
41
face sth＝be faced with sth面对某事
42
facing sth＝faced with sth(状语)面临某事
43
support＝be in favor of＝favor＝subscribe to支持
44
be of use/value＝be useful/valuable对……有用
45
do with＝deal with＝cope with＝handle处理
46
be absorbed in＝be lost in＝be buried in专心于……
47
object to doing sth＝oppose doing sth＝be opposed to doing sth＝raise an objection to doing sth反对做某事
48
convince sb＝make sb convinced使某人信服
49
the remaining money＝the money left剩下的钱
50
now and then＝sometimes＝occasionally有时
51
make an apology to sb＝apologize to sb向某人道歉
52
a variety of＋n.＝varieties of＋n.＝various＋n.各种各样的……
53
make full use of＝make the most (best) of＝take advantage of利用
54
be related to＝be associated with＝be linked to＝be connected with跟……有关
55
put off doing＝delay doing＝postpone doing＝buy time to do推迟做
56
an approach to doing sth＝a way of doing sth＝a way to do sth＝how to do sth做某事的方法
57
replace B with A＝substitute A for B＝take the place of B with A用A替代B
58
resemble＝look like＝be similar to＝bear a resemblance to像，类似于
59
sb makes sense of sth＝sb understands sth某人明白某事
60
be accessible to＝have access to＝be available to可获得的
61
be drunk with＝be addicted to＝be hooked on沉迷于
62
manage to do sth＝succeed in doing sth(设法)做成某事
63
to be honest/frank/strict＝honestly/frankly/strictly speaking坦率地/直白地/严格地说
64
be tired/sick of＝be bored with＝be fed up with对……感到厌倦
65
have an edge/advantage over＝be superior to＝be better than胜过，比……强
66
be consistent with＝be in line with＝correspond with＝agree with与……相一致
67
take the place of A＝be in place of A＝replace A取代A
68
at your convenience＝when it is convenient for you当你方便时
69
on one’s own＝by onself＝alone独自地
70
be aware/conscious of＝realize＝recognize意识到
71
be responsible for＝take responsibility for＝answer for对……负责
72
in spite of/despite＋短语＝though/although/while/as＋句子 虽然(用as要倒装)
73
beyond belief＝incredible＝unbelievable难以置信的
74
out of the question＝impossible不可能的
out of question＝no problem没问题
75
be unaware of＝fail to notice＝overlook＝ignore＝neglect忽视
76
stress/underline/emphasize the importance of sth强调某事/物的重要性
77
sth benefits sb＝sth be beneficial to sb＝sth be of benefit to sb＝sb benefits from sth某人从某事中受益
78
make preparations for＝be in preparations for＝prepare for为……做准备
79
take an active part in sth＝take part in sth actively积极参加某事
have a positive influence on＝influence sth positively
对某物有积极影响
80
sth kills sb＝sth costs sb the life＝sth claims one’s life某物杀了某人
81
be tired out＝be worn out＝be exhausted＝be burnt out＝be weary累坏了
82
come into being/existence＝form/exist存在，形成
83
make one’s dream come true＝realize/achieve one’s dream实现某人的梦想
84
be over＝end＝put...to an end＝come to an end结束
85
don’t/never do＝avoid doing＝keep away from doing
避免做
86
be able to do sth＝be capable of doing sth能够做某事
87
use up＝run out of用光
run out＝give out＝be used up耗尽
88
cause sb to participate in sth＝involve sb in sth让某人参加某事
89
A be responsible for B＝A causes/results in/leads to B
A是B的起因
90
bring about/result in/lead to/contribute to/account for/cause/make for导致
A
(2018·苏北四市高三第一次调研)
Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque.If you bought something，you owned it.If you broke it，you fixed it.If you no longer wanted it，you sold it or threw it away.Some firms found ways of squeezing out more profit in the after-sale services，using authorized repair shops，and strategies such as selling cheap printers and expensive ink，which，however，did not challenge the nature of ownership.
In the digital age ownership has become more ambiguous.Since the arrival of smart phones，consumers are forced to accept that they do not control the software in their devices; they are only licensed to use it.But as more digital devices are springing up，who owns and who controls which objects is becoming a problem.Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights are under threat.
Needless to say，manufacturers seeking to restrict what owners do with increasingly complex technology have good reasons to protect their copyright，ensure that their machines do not malfunction (发生故障)，maintain environmental standards and prevent hacking.Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owners’ benefit.When Hurricane Irma hit Florida this month，Tesla，a start-up for electric vehicles，remotely upgraded the software controlling the batteries of some models to give owners more range to escape the storm.
The more digital strings(数字串) are attached to goods，the more the balance of control tilts(倾斜) towards producers and away from owners.Already this has given rise to controversy (争议) over owners’ property rights.Items from smart phones to washing machines have become increasingly hard to fix，meaning that they are thrown away instead of being repaired.Privacy is also at risk.Users were alarmed when it came out that iRobot，a robotic vacuum cleaner，not only cleans the floor but creates a digital map of the home’s interior that can then be sold to advertisers though the manufacturer says it has no intention of doing so.
Such issues should remind people how desperately they ought to protect their property rights.In America this idea has already taken root in the “right to repair” movement.In France appliance-makers must tell buyers how long a device is likely to last—a sign of how repairable it is.Regulators should encourage competition by，for instance，insisting that independent repair shops have the same access to product information，spare parts and repair tools as manufacturer-owned ones.
Ownership is not about to go away，but its meaning is changing.Devices，by and large，are sold on the basis that they empower (授权) people to do what they want.To the extent they are controlled by somebody else，that freedom is compromised.
答案 1.challenged [根据第一段最后一句中的challenge可知答案。]
2.clear/definite/certain [第二段首句中的ambiguous 意为模糊的，也就是不清楚、不明确的意思，此处填其反义词。]
3.threatened [第二段末句“Buyers should be aware that some of their basic property rights are under threat.”中的under threat 意为处于威胁之中，被威胁。改变形式即可。]
4.issues [在讨论所有权问题的争议。第五段有such issues 的出现。]
5.restrictions [第三段首句“Needless to say，manufacturers seeking to restrict...”的restrict改变形式即可。]
6.favour/interest [第三段中间“Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owner’s benefit.”中的for one’s benefit＝in one’s favor/interest。]
7.tends [第四段首句“...the more the balance of control tilts towards producers and away from owners.”中的tilt towards意为tend to倾向于，往往。]
8.light [第四段末句“Users were alarmed when it came out that...”中的come out＝come to light。]
9.taken [固定搭配take action。]
10.compromised/damaged [第六段末句“...that freedom is compromised”中的原词重现。]
B
(2018·通、扬、泰、淮高三三模)
We all need to feel understood，recognized and affirmed(证实)by our friends，family and romantic partners.We all need to find our tribe.
Research has shown that among the benefits that come with being in a relationship or group，feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning.When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter，you believe you matter，too.
Though we all share a need to belong，in the first decades of the 20th century，many influential psychologists and physicians did not acknowledge this fundamental aspect of human nature.The idea that children needed parental love and care to live a full and meaningful life was not only considered medically dangerous，but it was dismissed as immoral and disgusting.
As behavioural psychology came into fashion and academic psychologists turned their attention to child-raising，this view shifted and they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life.They discovered that people，whatever their age，needed more than food and shelter to live full and healthy lives.
But，sadly，many of us lack close ties.At a time when we are more connected digitally than ever before，rates of social isolation(孤立)are rising.The results of an Age UK poll published recently suggest that half a million people over the age of 60 usually spend each day alone，and it’s not unusual for another half a million people to go five or six days without seeing or speaking to someone.
All these figures reveal more than a rise in loneliness—they reveal a lack of meaning in people’s lives.In surveys，we list our close relationships as our most important sources of meaning.Research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful.
While close relationships are critical for living a meaningful life，they are not the only important social bonds we need to cultivate(培养).Psychologists have also discovered the value of small moments of intimacy(亲昵行为).“High-quality connections”，as one researcher calls them，are positive，short-term interactions between two people when a couple holds hands on a walk or when two strangers have an empathetic(移情作用的)conversation on a plane.High-quality connections have the potential to unlock meaning in our interactions with acquaintances，colleagues and strangers.
We can’t control whether someone will make a high-quality connection with us，but we can all choose to start one.We can say hello to a stranger on the street rather than look away.We can choose to value people rather than devalue them.We can invite people to belong.
Passage outline
Supporting details
The need to belong
◆Everyone hopes to develop a (1)________ of belonging in a group.
◆People’s self-respect is (2)________ by other people’s opinion.
The changing (3)________ to belonging
◆Many famous experts in the first decades of the 20th century (4)________ that people had the need to belong.
◆Experts later came to realize that people，regardless of their age，needed (5)________ to enjoy full and healthy lives.
Consequences of (6)________ close ties
◆Many people are cut off from the world and feel (7)________.
◆People who do not have enough close relationships find their life has less (8)________.
Another way to meet the need
◆High-quality connections make a (9)________ in helping satisfy our need to belong.
◆We should (10)________ to make a high-quality connection.
【语篇解读】 本文是说明文。每个人都想在团体中有归属感，为此我们应该主动建立高质量的社会纽带。
1.sense/feeling [根据第一段中的“We all need to find our tribe.”和第二段中的“...in a relationship or group，feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning”可知，每个人都想在团体中有归属感。a sense/feeling of belonging “归属感”。]
2.influenced/affected/shaped/determined/decided [根据第二段中的“When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter，you believe you matter，too.”可知，人的自尊受其他人观点的影响，所以空格处用influenced/affected/shaped/determined/decided。]
3.attitudes [根据第三段中的“The idea that children needed...as immoral and disgusting.”和第四段中的“...this view shifted”可知，该部分的主题是人们对归属感态度(attitudes)的改变。]
4.denied [根据第三段中的“Though we all share a need...aspect of human nature.”可知，20世纪初期的很多专家否认(denied)人们需要归属感。]
5.attachment/love/care [根据第四段中的“...they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life...to live full and healthy lives.”可知，专家后来意识到人们需要依恋或关爱(attachment/love/care)来享受充实、健康的生活。]
6.lacking [第五段中的“But，sadly，many of us lack close ties.”是第五、六段论述的要点。再结合右栏的内容可知，该部分谈及缺乏(lacking)亲密关系的后果。]
7.lonely/isolated/alone [根据第五段中的内容可知，很多人与世隔绝，感到孤独寂寞(lonely/isolated/alone)。]
8.meaning [根据第六段中的“we list our close relationships as...are less meaningful.”可知，缺乏亲密关系的人觉得生活的意义(meaning)更小。]
9.difference [根据第七段中的“‘High-quality connections，’as one researcher calls them...and strangers.”可知，高质量的社会纽带在帮助人们满足归属需求方面有重大意义。make a difference “有(重要)作用，有影响，有关系”。]
10.start/offer/try/attempt [根据最后一段中的“We can’t control...to start one”可知，人们应该主动开始/提出/尝试(start/offer/try/attempt)建立高质量的社会纽带。]
A
(2018·南京市高三三模)
What can we learn from Amish people?
Many people think of the Amish as living without.These devout communities，predominantly located in Pennsylvania，Ohio and Indiana，go without cars，TVs，computers，phones or even the electricity needed to run so much of 21st century gadgetry.But what researchers who have studied them have found is what the Amish have a surplus of: good health in late life.The average American life expectancy is currently just under 79 years.Back in 1，900，it was only 47，but for early-20th century Amish it was already greater than 70.Over the decades，most Americans have caught up in overall life expectancy，but the Amish still have a significant edge in late-life health，with lower rates of cancer，cardiovascular disease，diabetes and more.So how do they do it?
Start with lifestyle.Amish communities are agrarian，with no modern farm equipment，meaning all the work has to be done by hand.In 2004，the American College of Sports Medicine fitted Amish volunteers with pedometers to determine how much physical activity they performed.The results were dramatic.Amish men took 18，425 steps a day and women 14，196 steps，compared with non-Amish people who are encouraged by doctors to shoot for at least 10，000 steps—and typically fail.Including other forms of manual labor—lifting，chopping，sowing，planting—the Amish are six times as active as a random sample of people from 12 countries.
One result of this is that only 4% of Amish people are obese，compared with 36.5% of the overall US population.Amish children are about one-third as likely as non-Amish to be obese，according to a 2012 study in PLOS One.This means 50% lower rates of Type 2 diabetes.
The near absence of tobacco in the Amish community—some men do smoke cigars—results in a 63% lower rate of tobacco-related cancers，according to a 2004 study of Ohio’s Amish population.The Amish also had rates of all cancers that were 40% lower than the rest of the Ohio population.
Cardiovascular disease is one area in which the Amish don’t have an edge，with blood-pressure and heart-disease rates slightly higher than those of other populations.Some of this might be attributed to the Amish diet，which is heavy on pancakes，eggs and sausage for breakfast，and meat，potatoes，gravy and bread for dinner.Working the farm can burn off those calories，but all the fat and salt and carbs still have a bad effect.
The most powerful weapon in the Amish long-life arsenal，however，may be genes.The Amish population in the US is about 318，000，descended from just 200 families that immigrated in the 1，700s.They mostly marry within their own communities，which means the genes that existed when their ancestors got to America have remained.That can be a dangerous thing if bad genes are hidden in the mix but a good thing if the genes are sound.While no community is without genetic problems，the Amish seem to have gotten a lucky draw.
In a study released last November，researchers announced the discovery of a gene in an Amish community that seemed to be associated with an average life span 10% longer than that of people without the gene.
While much of the Amish advantage is unique to the Anish themselves，there is one long-life lesson on they can teach everyone else.Almost all elderly people in the Amish community are cared for at home，by relatives.This isn’t always realistic or possible in the non-Amish world，but when it is，it plays huger health dividends than medicine does.
What can we learn from Amish people？
Outline
Supporting details
Introduction to the Amish
The Amish (1)________ the average American by more than 20 years last century.
The Amish in general enjoy better health than most people when they are (2)________.
Factors in the Amish’s (3)________
Lifestyles
The Amish have to (4)________ by hand due to the lack of agricultural equipment.Thus，they are more (5)________ active，taking more steps than the non-Amish people.Various forms of manual labor (6)________ that they suffer less obesity.
(7)________ smoking contributes to lower rates of tobacco-related cancers among the Amish.
Genes
The Amish are able to (8)________ their genes pure by marrying within their communities.
Problems with the Amish’s lifestyles
The Amish’s diet，(9)________ more fat，salt and carbs than needed，brings about high blood pressure and heart-disease rates.
Lesson from the Amish
The power of family affection may go (10)________ that of medicine.
答案 1.survived/outlived [根据第一段可以判断出，Amish人的寿命比美国人要长，用survived/outlived。]
2.old/aging [根据第一段中的good health in late life可知，Amish人年老的时候健康状况比较好。]
3.favor/favour/interest(s) [对Amish有利的一些因素，应该是factors in one’s favor。]
4.farm/work/labor/labour [根据第二段all the work has to be done by hand可知。]
5.physically [根据第二段第三行much physical activity可知，应该是physically active。]
6.ensure/guarantee [这个单词是对第三段的总结概括，various forms of manual labor 确保他们肥胖率比较低。]
7.Little/Less [第四段第一句，the near absence of tobacco 与less和little 是属于否定层面的同义替换。]
8.keep [第六段整段的内容都在讲Amish只在内部通婚，所以用这种方式保持基因的纯正，keep sth pure。]
9.containing [根据第五段描述Amish的饮食可知，Amish的饮食包含的脂肪和盐比较多，用contain。]
10.above/beyond [家庭之间的友爱超过了药物的治疗作用，超过用go beyond above。]
B
(2018·高考押题卷)There’s this famous quote that can spark an interest to challenge yourself within you: “If something that you’re doing doesn’t challenge you，then it doesn’t change you.”
Of course，since every one of us has room for improvement，this can also mean if you don’t change yourself，then you can’t be responsible for changing your situation in life.You can never see any improvement in your life if you stick to your comfort zone.We all need a healthy dose of normal stress in our lives，after all.We can only see what we’re really capable of if we make the effort to go over our pre-conceived limits.Don’t limit the challenges you encounter in life—challenge the limits that your “lizard brain” crafted instead：
Figure out what you’re scared of and do it for one week consistently.
If you’re in sales，and you’re scared of talking to people personally or over the phone，then you have a problem.You can’t just relate with your clients online，can you? Now，instead of crippling in fear and automatically thinking you’ll fail，spend at least five minutes a day to pick up the phone and make a call to a prospect(前途).Yes，it’s scary.Yes，you may embarrass yourself.And yes，someone may hang up on you.But don’t stop on the first try just yet! You’ll get the hang of it eventually.After a while，you can look at fear in the eyes and say，“Go on，I’m not scared！”
Take a class for a hobby you’ve been wanting to pursue.
Make sure this hobby is not linked to your career; you have to relax and de-stress while performing this.Some examples might be cooking，sewing，painting and graphic designing online.
Aside from helping you challenge yourself now，taking a class for your hobby can also give you extra income if you learn how to monetize it.(You get plus points if you take the class with a loved one.This way，you combine bonding，boosting your income and challenging yourself.)
Attend one career-related seminar a month.
Don’t settle for your current job position.Aim high in your career.Of course，with that aim，include in your action，too.Book conferences that are relevant to the industry of your profession.There，absorb the lesson.Ask sensible questions.And don’t forget to connect with the attendees and the keynote speakers.Sometimes，“It’s not what you know，it’s who you know，” may be a reality.
Dedicate at least nine minutes a day for physical exercise.
You don’t need to go to the gym，you know.A simple 9-minute run around your neighborhood or an intense dance routine done in your living-room can do wonders for yourself.Aside from the obvious reason that exercise can help you maintain your regular weight or shed those unnecessary pounds，it can also aid in making you feel better about yourself by releasing endorphins(内咖肽).
Travel and allow yourself to be interested in new people.
We’re not talking about the expensive kind of travelling here.Something cost-effective like going to your local museum or visiting the resort in the next city can all count as travelling! Here，don’t just limit yourself to your fellow travelers—try to connect with the service staff，like the lifeguard，or the receptionist，or the tour guide.You never know what kind of people they’re going to be.Get out of your house or go online right now to book your class.
Start now and learn to challenge yourself from time to time.We all need a little push once in a while.
Topic: Challenge your limits
Brief introduction
A proper amount of normal stress is a (1)________ to improve our lives.
The realization of our pre-conceived limits can help us make out (2)________ our capability lies.
Ways to challenge limits
★Figure out what you’re scared of and do it for one week consistently.
Calling your clients may lead to (3)________ in the beginning but you will make it in the end.
★Take a class for a hobby you’ve been wanting to pursue.
A hobby you want to carry out is (4)________ to be unrelated to your occupation，which can be a good (5)________ of bonding，boosting your income and challenging yourself.
★Attend one career-related seminar a month.
●Aim high and take action to improve yourself and never be (6)________ with your present situation.
●(7)________ relationship also matters a lot to your career.
★Dedicate at least nine minutes a day for physical exercise.
A short but regular exercise does good both to your physical and (8)________ health.
★Travel and allow yourself to be interested in new people.
Visiting local museum or the resort nearby can also be an (9)________ way to enjoy travelling.
Conclusion
Sometimes，a little push can make a big (10)________ in our lives.
【语篇解读】 文章主要讲述了改变生活中的一些做法来挑战自己。
1.must/necessity/requirement [根据文中第二段中的“We all need a healthy dose of normal stress in our lives，after all.”可知答案。]
2.where [根据文中第二段中的“We can only see what we’re really capable of if we make the effort to go over our pre-conceived limits.”可知答案。]
3.embarrassment [根据文中第三段中的“Yes，you may embarrass yourself”可知答案。]
4.bound/supposed [依据文中第四段中的“Make sure this hobby is not linked to your career，you have to relax and de-stress while performing this”可知答案。]
5.combination [依据文中第五段中的“This way，you combine bonding，boosting your income and challenging yourself.”可知答案。]
6.content/satisfied/happy/pleased [依据文中第六段的“Don’t settle for your current job position.Aim high in your career.Of course，with that aim，include in your action，too.”可知答案。]
7.Interpersonal [依据文中第六段中的“Sometimes，‘It’s not what you know，it’s who you know.’may be a reality.”可知答案。]
8.mental [依据文中第七段中的“Aside from the obvious reason that...by releasing endorphins (内咖肽)”可知答案。]
9.economical [依据文中第八段中的“Something cost-effective like...as travelling”可知答案。]
10.difference [依据文章最后一段可知，时不时地推一把对我们挑战自己意义重大。]
A
How to Be Wiser?
Wisdom is something that’s hard to define and yet somehow we know it when we see it.The wise people can be thoughtful and self-reflective.They can recognize the limits of their own knowledge，consider alternative perspectives，and remember that the world is always changing.The wise people tolerate uncertainty and remain optimistic that even tricky problems do have solutions.They can judge what is true or right.
Wisdom isn’t an innate quality—we can be wise and unwise in different situations.Igor Grossman of the University of Waterloo in Canada found that some people appeared to be wise in one situation，but not in another.So why are there differences in different situations? People were wiser when they were with their friends.It made them more likely to have the bigger picture，to think of other perspectives and to recognize the limits of their own knowledge.When people were alone they seemed to get so involved in a situation that they didn’t even think about alternatives.This means wisdom might be more common than we think.
Some people still displayed more wisdom than others and some were more foolish，but not across every situation.This provides hope.If we can be wise sometimes，maybe we can learn to be wise more often.The question is how to do it.For Cornell University psychologist Robert Sternberg，wisdom is all about balance.Following Sternberg’s model，what you need to do is to remember to work out what all the different interests are in a given dilemma，both in the short and long term and to pay attention to the changing environment and how it might be shaped.Talking about yourself with another person can help.In a kind of school of wisdom，Grossman has experimented with different strategies in the lab.People were taught to take a different perspective by imagining they were taking a bird’s-eye-view of the situation.The idea is to try to distance yourself from the immediate experience.So when I have a dilemma，I should be asking what others would do?
So can you set out to be wise? Yes，but there are lots of factors to remember.You need to take into account that people will have different goals，priorities and responses to your own.If you can juggle all that，you probably are showing wisdom.But the complexity shouldn’t stop us from trying.As Grossman told me，“It’s not that you suddenly become the next Buddha，but you do become a little bit wiser.”
How to Be Wiser？
(1)________ of wise people
·They consider things carefully and have a reflection by themselves.
·They have a good (2)________ of their limits，alternative perspective，and the ever-changing world.
·They tolerate (3)________ things and believe they can solve the tricky problems.
·They can make a (4)________ about what is true or right.
Situational changes
·When staying with friends，people tend to be wiser and more (5)________.
·When (6)________，people get too involved in a situation to think of alternatives.
Suggestions from experts
·Be clear what the various (7)________ are and pay attention to the changing environment.
·Take a different perspective to (8)________ yourself from the present dilemma.
Reminders from the author
·You should (9)________ for the different goals，priorities and responses.
·(10)________ as it is，you should have faith in becoming a wiser.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。论述了如何成为一个智者。
1.Features/Characteristics/Qualities [根据右栏中的内容可知该空应该填智者的特点/品格。]
2.knowledge/understanding/recognition [根据第一段第三句“They can recognize the limits of...”可知。]
3.uncertain/ambiguous [根据第一段第四句“The wise people tolerate uncertainty...”可知。]
4.judgment/judgement [根据第一段最后一句“They can judge what is true or right.”可知。]
5.thoughtful [根据第二段第五句“It made them more likely to have the bigger picture，to think of other perspectives...”可知。]
6.alone [根据第二段倒数第二句“When people were alone they seemed to get so involved in a situation that they didn’t even think about alternatives.”可知。]
7.interests [根据第三段第六句“...to remember to work out what all the different interests are in a given dilemma...”可知。]
8.distance [根据第三段倒数第二句“The idea is to try to distance yourself from the immediate experience.”可知。]
9.allow [根据第四段第三句“You need to take into account that people will have different goals，priorities and responses to your own.”可知。]
10.Complex/Complicated [根据第四段倒数第二句“But the complexity shouldn’t stop us from trying.”可知。]
B
(2018·高考押题卷)
Let’s face it.We all fail.
As we go through life we have relationships that don’t work out，jobs that just aren’t right，exams that we flunk，initiatives that don’t succeed.The more new things we try，the more failures we are likely to have.In fact，the only way to avoid failure is to do nothing new.
The important thing is how we deal with failure.It can be part of a downward slide in which lack of confidence reinforces feelings of inadequacy and incompetence.But experiencing failure can be a learning experience and an opportunity for a fresh start.A good way to begin this process is by asking yourself some tough questions.
1.What can I learn from this?
Take responsibility for what went wrong.OK，so it was not all your fault—but some of it was.Successful people don’t make excuses or blame others.They take ownership of the issues.Be critical but constructive.Try to look at the experience objectively.Make a list of the key things that happened.Analyze the list step-by-step and look for the learning points.
2.What could I have done differently?
What other options did you have? What choices did you make? How could you have handled it differently? With the benefit of hindsight，what different steps would you have taken?
3.Do I need to acquire or improve some skills?
Did the problem reveal some lack of skill on your part? How could you learn or improve those skills? Perhaps there are books or courses or people you could turn to.Make a self-development plan to acquire the skills and experiences you need.
4.Who can I learn from?
Is there someone to whom you can turn to for advice? Did a boss，colleague or a friend see what happened? If they are constructive and supportive then ask them for some feedback and guidance.Most people do not ask for help because they believe it to be a sign of weakness rather than strength.It’s not.It shows that you are ready to learn and change.Any good friend will be happy to help.
5.What will I do next?
Now draw up an action plan.Will you try something similar or something different? Revisit your goals and objectives.This reversal has been a setback on your journey but think of it as a diversion rather than a halt.You can now reset your sights on your destination and plan a new course.
If you read the life stories of successful people—especially inventors，explorers，scientists or statesmen—you will find that their early careers are littered with failures.Walt Disney，Thomas Edison and Henry Ford are typical examples.Abraham Lincoln，suffered many defeats in his career in politics including losing the nomination for vice president in 1856 and his second run at being a U.S.Senator in 1858，two years later he was elected president.
The important point is to use your setbacks as learning experiences and make them stepping stones to future success.There are always positives you can take from every episode in your life.Asking yourself these five questions can help find them.
Face Failure Positively
Brief introduction
★We may meet with different (1)________ things in our daily lives；
★We are more (2)________ to have failures when we try more new things；
★We can regard failure as a (3)________ of a learning experience and a restarting opportunity.
Five tough questions
1.What can I learn from this？
★Being (4)________ for what went wrong:
To look at the experience objectively；
To make a list of the key things that happened；
To analyze the list step-by-step and look for the learning points.
2.What could I have done differently？
★Holding the (5)________ of hindsight，we could have coped with the problem differently.
3.Do I need to acquire or improve some skills？
★Turning to books or courses or people and (6)________ out a self-development plan.
4.Who can I learn from？
★Asking for help is not a sign of weakness，(7)________，it shows that we are brave enough to learn and change.
5.What will I do next？
★Resetting our new goals and (8)________ ourselves to new journey.
Conclusion
★Even the successful people couldn’t (9)________ failures in their early careers.
★Using setbacks as learning experiences and making them stepping stones (10)________ to future success.
【语篇解读】 文章主要讲述了生活中人人都有失败，不如坦然面对。
1.unsmooth/unhappy [依据文章第二段中的“As we go through life we have relationships that don’t work out，jobs that just aren’t right，exams that we flunk，initiatives that don’t succeed.”可知，生活中有诸多的“不顺利/不开心的事情”，故使用unsmooth/unhappy。]
2.likely [依据文章第二段中的“The more new things we try the more failures we are likely to have”可知答案。]
3.process/combination [依据文章第三段中的“But experiencing failure can be a learning experience and an opportunity for a fresh start”可知答案。]
4.responsible [依据文章中的“Take responsibility for what went wrong”可知答案。]
5.benefit [依据文章中的“With the benefit of hindsight，what different steps would you have taken？”可知答案。]
6.setting [依据文章中的“Make a self-development plan to acquire the skills and experiences you need.”可知此处需要使用短语“set out”表示“制定”之意。]
7.instead [根据文章中的“Most people do not ask for help because they believe it to be a sign of weakness rather than strength”可知答案。]
8.adjusting/adapting [依据文章中的“his reversal has been a setback on your journey but think of it as a diversion rather than a halt.You can now reset your sights on your destination and plan a new course.”可知答案。]
9.avoid [依据文章中的“if you read the life stories of successful people—especially inventors，explorers，scientists or statesmen—you will find that their early careers are littered with failures.”可知答案。]
10.leading/contributing [依据文中的“The important point is to use your setbacks as learning experiences and make them stepping stones to future success.”可知答案。]
(每组限时30分钟)
A
Caring about what other people think about what you do in a healthy way can help you to gain valuable feedback and keep you grounded.But caring too much about what people may say or think when you do something can keep you in the same old rut(刻板的常规)，unable to move forward and to live the life you truly want to live.So how can you overcome this common problem and find more inner freedom to do what you want?
1.People don’t think about you and what you do that much.
Holding yourself back in life because of what other people may think or say does come from a wrong belief that people care a great deal about what you are about to say or do.Perhaps you are afraid that people will laugh at or analyze what you said or did for the rest of the week or year.But a much more realistic scenario(情况) is that they have their hands full with worrying about their own lives.Yes，in your head you may be the most important person in the world.But don’t project that onto other people.
2.Take praise and criticism evenly.
My mindset for praise is that it’s cool and I appreciate it.It’s great to get praise，but I seldom get overly excited about it and jump up and down shouting enthusiastically.A great upside of this mindset is that when you receive the opposite—negative criticism—you can often observe it calmly without too many wild，negative emotions blocking the way.This allows you to appreciate that piece of criticism too.
3.Care more about what you think about yourself.
If you care too much about what people think of you then that craving (渴望) need can make you feel quite needy and you start to define yourself based on what they may think of you.So replace that somewhat desperate need with something healthier，something you have more power over，something that will give you more inner stability and lets your life not become a roller coaster (不断变化的情况)of thoughts and emotions controlled by other people’s opinions.
4.Not all things that they may say or think are really about you.
If someone is pretty much always negative about what other people do or he or she often makes personal attacks and lets the destructive words flow，and if such things are aimed at you，remember that they aren’t always about you.Such words or negative habits can be a way for that person to release anger，frustration or jealousy about something in his or her own life.
5.Listen to the supportive people.
I wouldn’t recommend stopping caring about what people may say altogether.Listening to what they have to say can provide you with useful advice and help you to gain confidence so that your life and relationships do not spin out of control or break down.But try to choose who you listen to.Listening to your relative or a friend that always sees the pessimistic side of things may not help you so much.
Never care too much about what others think of you
Introduction to the topic
Caring about what people think about you is (1)________ to you to some degree，but caring too much about that will (2)________ you from moving forward and living the life you truly want.
(3)________ on dealing with others’ comments properly
People don’t think about you and what you do that much.
·You may (4)________ believe that others care much about you.
·Actually，others are busy worrying about their own things，so don’t take it for granted that you are the most important person in others’ heads.
Take praise and criticism evenly.
·Praise deserves to be appreciated，but never get too excited about it.
·Negative (5)________ is of equal importance as praise.
Care more about what you think about yourself.
·Never make a (6)________ of yourself according to others’ opinions on you.
·It is wise to define yourself with something healthier，something that you can (7)________，something that will make you feel stable inside.
Not all things that they may say or think are really about you.
·Do not care about words from people who are not (8)________ with others all the time.
·Sometimes what they say is just a way of (9)________ their own feelings.
Listen to the supportive people.
You can benefit from what people think about you but it makes sense to listen to those who hold a(n) (10)________ attitude towards life.
【语篇解读】 本文为议论文。主要阐述的是不要太在意别人的看法。
1.beneficial [根据第一段中的“Caring about what other people think about what you do in a healthy way can help you to gain valuable feedback and keep you grounded”可知，正确地看待别人对你的看法能让你获得积极的反馈并让你保持平衡心态，即在某种程度上，在意别人的看法对你有益。beneficial “有益的”。]
2.prevent/stop/discourage/keep [根据第一段中的“But caring too much about...can keep you in the same old rut(刻板的常规)，unable to move forward and to live the life you truly want to live”可知，太在意别人的看法会阻止你前进和过自己真正想过的生活。prevent/stop/discourage/keep sb from doing sth “阻止某人做某事”。]
3.Advice/Tips/Suggestions [根据文章第二至六段的内容及表格右栏的内容可知，此处主要讲的是正确看待别人的看法的建议。故填Advice/Tips/Suggestions。]
4.wrongly [根据第二段中的“because of what other people may think or say does come from a wrong belief that people care a great deal about what you are about to say or do”可知，你或许会错误地认为别人很在意你做的或者你说的。]
5.criticism [根据第三段中的“A great upside of this mindset is...that piece of criticism too”可知，消极的批评和夸奖一样重要。]
6.definition [根据第四段中的“If you care too much about...you start to define yourself based on what they may think of you”可知，此处指不要根据别人的看法来界定你自己。definition “定义”。]
7.control [根据第四段中的“something you have more power over”可知，此处应填control，指你可以控制的一些东西。]
8.content/satisfied [根据倒数第二段中的“If someone is pretty much always negative about...always about you”可知，不要在意总是对别人不满的人所说的话。content/satisfied “满意的”。]
9.releasing [根据倒数第二段中的“Such words or negative habits can be a way for that person to release anger...”可知，总是对别人不满的人所说的话可能仅仅是他们发泄自己的情绪的方式。故填releasing。]
10.optimistic/positive [根据最后一段中的“Listening to your relative or...help you so much”可知，听总是看到事物消极的一面的亲戚或朋友所说的话或许对你帮助不大，即听那些对生活持积极、乐观态度的人的话才有意义。]
B
(2018·南京市、盐城市高三一模)
Until about 18 years ago，it was widely assumed that most of brain development occurs in the first few years of life.But recent research on the human brain has shown that many brain regions undergo prolonged development throughout adolescence and beyond in humans.This advancement in knowledge has increased old worries and given rise to new ones.It is hugely worrying that so many teenagers around the world don’t have access to education at a time when their brains are still developing and being shaped by the environment.We should also worry about our lack of understanding of how our rapidly changing world is shaping the developing teenage brain.
Decades of research on early neurodevelopment suggested that the environment influences brain development.During the first few months or years of life，an animal must be exposed to particular visual or auditory stimuli (听觉刺激) for the associated brain cells and connections to develop.In this way，neuronal circuitry (神经元回路) is shaped according to the environment during “sensitive periods ” of brain development.This research has focused mostly on early development of sensory brain regions.What about later development of higher-level brain regions，which are involved in decision-making，control and planning，as well as social understanding and self-awareness? We know these brain regions continue to develop throughout adolescence.However，we have very little knowledge about how environmental factors influence the developing teenage brain.This is something that should concern us.
There’s a lot of concern about the hours some teenagers spend online and playing video games.But maybe all this worry is misplaced.After all，throughout history humans have worried about the effects of new technologies on the minds of the next generation.When the printing press was invented，there was anxiety about reading corrupting young people’s minds，and the same worries were repeated for the invention of radio and television.Maybe we shouldn’t be worried at all.It’s possible that the developing brains of today’s teenagers are going to be the most adaptable，creative，multitasking brains that have ever existed.There is evidence—from adults—that playing video games improves a range of cognitive functions such as divided attention and working memory.Much less is known about how gaming，social networking and so on，influence the developing adolescent brain.We don’t know whether the effects of new technologies on the developing brain are positive，negative or neutral.We need to find out.
Adolescence is a period of life in which the brain is developing and shapable，and it represents a good opportunity for learning and social development.However，according to UNICEF，40% of the world’s teenagers do not have access to secondary school education.The percentage of teenage girls who have no access to education is much higher，and yet there is strong evidence that the education of girls in developing countries has multiple significant benefits for family health，population growth rates，child mortality rates，HIV rates as well as for women’s self-esteem and quality of life.Adolescence represents a time of brain development when teaching and training should be particularly beneficial.I worry about the lost opportunity of denying the world’s teenagers access to education.
Worrying about the teenage brain
Introduction
Different from the previous studies，a new one reveals that brain development will (1)________ even in the teenage years and beyond，which (2)________ some worries.
Various factors
(3)________
the teenage brain and new worries
·Particular visual or auditory stimuli are a must for animals to (4)________ neuronal circuitry at the early time of life.
·We should be (5)________ about what influence the environment has on the developing teenage brain.
·Humans always face new technologies with a sense of anxiety that young people’s minds are (6)________.
·We are supposed to find out what kind of role new technologies play in the (7)________ of the teenage brain.
·Education is of great (8)________ in adolescence when the brain is developing and being shaped.However，it isn’t (9)________ to two fifths of the world’s teenagers，girls in particular.
·We are expected to be (10)________ of the effects of education on the developing brains.
【语篇解读】 本文是说明文。介绍了一项新的发现：人的大脑在青春期及以后会继续发育、成长。
1.continue [根据第一段第二句“But recent research on the human brain has shown that many brain regions undergo prolonged development throughout adolescence and beyond in humans”可知，新的研究发现大脑的许多区域在青春期及以后会继续发育。故填continue。]
2.causes [根据第一段第三句“This advancement in knowledge has increased old worries and given rise to new ones”可知，知识的发展引起了人们的担心。关系代词which指代前面整句话的内容，表示单数概念，所以从句谓语动词用causes。]
3.affecting/influencing [根据文章第二至四段的内容及表格右栏中的内容可知，此处讲的是影响青少年大脑发育的各种因素和新的担心。此处用现在分词作定语修饰名词factors。]
4.shape [根据第二段第三句“In this way，neuronal circuitry(神经元回路) is shaped according to the environment during ‘sensitive periods’ of brain development”可知，特别的视觉或听觉刺激是动物在生命早期形成神经元回路的必须条件。故填shape。]
5.concerned/worried/anxious [根据第二段最后两句“However，we have very little knowledge about...should concern us”可知，我们应担心环境对青少年发育中的大脑有什么影响。be concerned/worried/anxious about意为“对……担心”。]
6.corrupted [根据第三段第四句“When the printing press was invented...of radio and television”可知，面对新技术，人们担心青少年的大脑被损坏。故填corrupted。]
7.development [根据第三段中的“We don’t know whether the effects of new technologies on the developing brain are positive，negative or neutral.We need to find out”可知，我们应该查明新技术对青少年大脑的发育起什么样的作用。故填development。]
8.importance/significance/benefit [根据第四段中的“Adolescence is a period of life...school education”可知，当大脑发育时，教育是相当重要的。介词of后接名词，故填importance/significance/benefit。]
9.accessible/available [根据第四段中的“However，according to UNICEF...to education is much higher”可知，五分之二的青少年尤其是女孩没有机会接受教育。此处用access的形容词accessible或available。]
10.aware/conscious [根据第四段最后两句“Adolescence represents a time of brain development...the world’s teenagers access to education”可知，我们应该意识到教育对发育中的大脑的影响。be aware/conscious of意为“意识到……”。]
C
Around the world，people are living longer than ever before，with a recent report from Public Health England revealing that the average 65-year-old man can expect to live another 19 years，while a 65-year-old woman has got a further 21 years to play with.
As the population is ageing，people are working into an older age than before.Indeed，in the latest Fortune Global 500 index，the average age for a CEO was shown to be 57，with some of them in their 70s and 80s.Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ，who turned 90，still plays an active role in the UK’s state affairs.Ronald Reagan was 69 when he was elected，and is the oldest US president on record.
Undoubtedly，with people getting older，decisions about topics like health and retirement can be more challenging.So what goes into making a decision? First，it involves selecting the choice that is most likely to meet our goals.We do this by considering the choices and comparing the advantages and disadvantages.Older adults may not have to think too hard if they have made a similar decision before.And although we all differ in our levels of experience，older adults will have more practice in decision-making than younger adults.
Another factor is the ability to control our emotions.Decision-makers，who are able to avoid considering things that have gone wrong in the past，will make better decisions.They will cancel plans that no longer seem appealing，or projects that are no longer profitable.In the face of trouble，older adults try to focus on the positive，while younger adults tend to think about the opposite.
Many of the decisions we have to make can be simplified.It can save a lot of effort to come up with a choice that meets the minimum requirements，rather than search for the choice that is the best on all criteria.This technique used by older adults is known as “satisficing”.And it can be particularly helpful when time is costly or limited，or when the options are so similar that it’s hard to identify the best one.
So it’s clear that when it comes to making good decisions，getting older isn’t so bad after all.While some cognitive (认知的) decline is a normal part of ageing，it doesn’t have an effect on decision-making.Besides，making good decisions also requires experience and emotional skills，which can improve with age.
This means that older people can make just as good decisions as their younger counterparts—so there may well be some truth in the saying “With age comes wisdom” after all.
How Ageing Affects the Way We Make Decisions
Introduction
*Nowadays，men are expected to live up to 84 years on (1)________，while women can live up to 86 years.
*People are working longer，and some CEOs and politicians (2)________ their high-powered careers late into life.
*It can be a (3)________ to make a decision about health and retirement for older people.
(4)________ between age and making decisions
*It’s less necessary for older people to consider the choices for long because they have more (5)________ and they know the advantages and disadvantages.
*Older people can make better decisions because they are less emotional and usually think (6)________ when faced with trouble.
*A decision (7)________ the basic requirements can save a lot of effort.
*Older people tend to make a simpler decision especially when time is costly or they have (8)________ identifying the best decision.
*Older people tend to make a better decision even though their cognitive ability (9)________.
Conclusion
People can make good decisions whether they are young or old and it’s true that with age people can become (10)________.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍年龄的增长对我们作决定的方式的影响。
1.average [从第一段的“the average 65-year-old man can expect to live another 19 years...”可知，空处填average。on average “平均来说，一般而言”。]
2.continue [从第二段的“Indeed，in the latest Fortune Global 500 index，the average age for a CEO was shown to be 57，with some of them in their 70s and 80s...”可知，空处填continue。]
3.challenge [根据第三段的“with people getting older，decisions about topics like health and retirement can be more challenging” 可知，随着人们年龄的增长，作出与健康和退休问题有关的决定可能会更有挑战性。故空处填名词challenge。]
4.Links/Relationships [根据右栏的内容可知，此处主要讲的是年龄和作决定之间的联系，故此处应填Links/Relationships。]
5.experience/practice [根据第三段的“And although we all differ in...than younger adults”可知，此处表示年长的人作决定时不必考虑太长时间是因为他们有更多的经验或实践并且知道其中的利弊。]
6.positively [从第四段的“In the face of trouble，older adults try to focus on the positive”可知，当面对困难时，年长一些的人试图关注积极的一面。故空处填positively。]
7.meeting [从第五段的“It can save a lot of effort to come up with a choice that meets the minimum requirements”可知，提出一个满足最低要求的选择会节省许多精力，故空处填meeting。]
8.difficulty/trouble [从第五段的“And it can be particularly helpful...to identify the best one”可知，当时间宝贵或有限时，或者当选择如此相似以至于很难辨别出最佳选择的时候，年长的人的这种方法就很有用。故空处填difficulty/trouble。have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth “做某事有困难”。]
9.declines [从第六段的“While some cognitive (认知的) decline is a normal part of ageing，it doesn’t have an effect on decision-making” 可知，虽然一些认知能力会随着年龄的增长而衰退，但这不会对作决定有影响。故空处填declines。]
10.wiser [从最后一段的“so there may well be some truth in the saying ‘With age comes wisdom’ after all”可知，随着年龄的增长，人们会变得更有智慧，故空处填wiser。]
A
Shoppers who have flooded into online stores for their holiday shopping are losing privacy with every mouse click，according to a new report.
The study by the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center scrutinized(仔细查看) privacy policies on 100 of the most popular onine shopping sites and compared those policies with a set of basic privacy principles that have come to be known as “fair information practices”.
The group found that none of the 100 sites met all of the basic criteria for privacy protection，which include giving notice of what information is collected and how it is used，offering consumers a choice over whether the information will be used in certain ways，allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected and adopting the kind of security measures that ensure that the information won’t fall into the wrong hand.
“This study shows that somebody else，other than Santa is reading your Christmas list，” said Jeff Chester，Executive Director of the Center for Digital Democracy，which also worked on the survey.
The online privacy of children is protected by Federal Trade Commission rules，but adults do not share the same degree of privacy protection.The government，like the online shopping industry，favors self-regulation over imposition (强加) of further government restrictions on electronic commerce.
Marc Rotenberg，Executive Director of the privacy group，said the study shows that self-regulation has failed.“We need legislation to enforce fair information practices，” he said.“Consumers are at greater risk than they were in 1997 ，” when the group released its first report.The survey also asked whether the 100 sites surveyed used “profile-based” advertising，and whether the sites included “cookies” technology，which gives websites basic information on visitors.Profiling is the practice of gathering information about consumers’ interests by tracking their movement online.The information is then used to create targeted advertising on websites.
All but 18 of the shopping sites did display a privacy policy，a major improvement over the early days of electronic commerce，when such policies were scarce.But that did not satisfy the privacy group：“Companies are posting privacy policies，but these policies are not the same thing as fair information practices，” Rotenberg said.
The sites also did not perform well by other measures; the group said it found that 35 of the sites feature profile-based advertising，and 87 percent use cookies.The group concluded that the policies that were posted “are typically confusing，incomplete，and inconsistent ”.The report，“Surfer Beware Ⅲ： Privacy Policies Without Privacy Protection”，is the third such survey by the group.It called for further development of technologies that help consumers protect their privacy and even anonymity (匿名) when exploring the Internet.
Basic (1)________ for privacy protection
·Keep consumers (2)________ what information is collected and how it is used.
·Consumers can decide on the use of information.
·Make data (3)________ to consumers.
·Take measures to make the information (4)________.
Findings of a study
·(5)________ attention is paid to the online privacy of adults than that of children.
·The government (6)________ the customers to regulate themselves in terms of electronic commerce instead of imposing further (7)________.
·Some sites surveyed used “profile-based ” advertising and “cookies” technology.
·While most of the shopping sites surveyed displayed a privacy policy，what they did was still far from (8)________.
·The policies posted didn’t live up to the basic criteria for privacy (9)________.
Conclusion of the study
It’s time to (10)________ technologies further to promote privacy protection.
【语篇解读】 本文是说明文。调查发现，网络上存在严重的个人信息泄露情况。
1.criteria/principles [根据表格右栏的内容可知，此处主要讲的是隐私保护的基本准则。第二段和第三段中分别提及的“principles”“criteria”是关键提示。]
2.informed [根据第三段中的“which include giving notice of what information is collected and how it is used”可知，要通知顾客所收集的(关于他们的)信息并告诉他们这些信息的使用方式。give notice of “通知”＝inform “通知，通告”。]
3.accessible [根据第三段中的“allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected”可知，要确保顾客可使用这些数据。]
4.safe/secure [根据第三段中的“and adopting the kind of security measures that ensure that the information won’t fall into the wrong hand”可知，要确保这些信息的安全。]
5.Less [根据第五段中的“The online privacy of children is...of privacy protection”可知，在网络上，成人隐私的保护程度不及儿童隐私的保护程度。故填Less。]
6.prefers [根据第五段中的“The government，like the online...on electronic commerce”可知，政府更偏向于顾客自我管理。]
7.restrictions [根据第五段中的“...further government restrictions...”可直接得知答案。]
8.satisfactory [根据倒数第二段中的“But that did not satisfy the privacy group”可知，购物网站的隐私保护政策并不是令人满意的。]
9.protection [根据最后两段的内容可知，网站上所张贴的隐私保护政策不符合隐私保护的基本准则。文中多次出现的“privacy protection”亦是提示。]
10.develop [根据最后一段中的“It called for further development of technologies...”可知，是时候推动技术的发展以促进隐私保护了。develop表示“发展，开发”。]
B
(2018·盐城市高三三模)We all know what makes for good character in soldiers.We’ve seen the movies about heroes who display courage，loyalty and coolness under fire.But what about somebody who sits in front of a keyboard all day? Is it possible to display and cultivate character if you are just an information age office clerk，alone with a memo or your computer? Of course it is.Even if you are alone in your office，you are thinking.Thinking well under an era of information may be a different sort of moral challenge than fighting well under a hail of bullets，but it’s a character challenge nonetheless.In their book，Intellectual Virtues，Robert C.Roberts of Baylor University and W.Jay Wood of Wheaton College list some of the intellectual virtues.We can all grade ourselves on how good we are at each of them.
First，there is courage.The obvious form of intellectual courage is the willingness to hold unpopular views.But the slighter form is knowing how much risk to take in jumping to conclusions.The impulsive thinker takes a few pieces of information and leaps to some faraway theory.The perfectionist，on the other hand，is unwilling to put anything out there except under ideal conditions for fear that he could be wrong.Intellectual courage is self-regulation，Roberts and Wood argue，knowing when to be daring and when to be cautious.The philosopher Thomas Kuhn pointed out that scientists often simply ignore facts that don’t fit with their existing paradigms (范式)，but an intellectually courageous person is willing to look at things that are surprisingly hard to look at.
Second，there is firmness.You don’t want to be a person who abandons his beliefs at the slightest sign of opposition.On the other hand，you don’t want to hold rigidly to a belief against all evidence.The median point between flaccidity(软弱)and rigidit课件25张PPT。第三讲 │ 信息概括题这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上，根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。此类题目主要分为两种类型：
(1)总结性词汇。设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。[典例1] (2017·江苏高考)Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
It would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)________of population.分析 第一步：根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。
第二步：根据第二段内容，特别是“almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，规模”，符合文意。
第三步：确定答案为size/scale。[典例2] (2017·江苏高考)In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total，25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
Leaving aside the birth rate issue，India’s economy may take off when the country achieves (78)________of educational opportunity.分析：第一步：根据题干中的“India’s economy”以及“educational”，可以定位到文章第五段。
第二步：根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。
第三步：确定答案为equality。[知识链接1] 信息概括常用词1.原因与结果：reason (for)，result；cause (of)，consequence
2.异同点与优缺点：difference，similarity; advantage，disadvantage
3.功能：fun_ction
4.观点与态度：opinion，view (on/about)，viewpoint，idea; attitude (to/towards)
5.评论与评价：comment (on)，remark (on/upon)，assessment
6.方式与方法：means，way，method (of); solution，approach (to doing sth)；(take) measures (to do sth)
7.目的：purpose，aim，goal8.积极与消极：positive，negative
9.建议：advice，suggestion，tip
10.概括与总结：summary，conclusion
11.特点：feature，characteristic
12.种类：kind，type，category，class
13.精神上与身体上：mentally，physically
14.影响：influence，impact，effect (on)
15.情形，状况：situation，condition
16.方面与项目条款：aspect，item
17.材料：materials18.知识与消息：knowledge，information
19.日程计划：schedule，agenda
20.百分比：percentage
21.性别：sex
22.年龄：age
23.(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar
24.个人，个人的：individual
25.细节：description，detail
26.文化：culture
27.责任：(take) responsibility28.贡献：(make) contributions (to)
29.重要：value，importance，significance
30.比较：contrast，comparison
31.时期：period，time
32.存在：existence，exist
33.人口：population
34.天气与气候：weather，climate
35.位置：location
36.主题：theme37.背景：setting，background
38.情节：plot
39.高潮：climax
40.反对者与支持者：opponent，supporter[知识链接2] 同义替换常考词汇第二讲 │ 信息转换题
这类题型无法从原文中找到原词或完全一样的原句，这需要我们对文章进行加工或变通。这些变通大多与语法知识有关，也有些与短语搭配和固定句型有关。
信息转换题也和直接信息题一样，首先要找到文中与表格中相对应的信息。解题时可采用以下三个步骤：
[典例] (2016·江苏高考)Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet，I don’t need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so.More generally，the Internet functions as if it were my memory.This fun_ction of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing; I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet.It’s become natural to check facts as I write，taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed，Wikipedia，or other websites.
●On the Internet，we could quickly and easily locate the details，and check facts，without(73)________ them in mind.
分析 第一步：题干中的“we could quickly and easily locate the details”与文章第二段中“I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so”意思相近，因此可以定位到这一段。
第二步：根据第二段中的第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet，I don’t need to keep all the details for future use”可以确定关键信息词是keep。
第三步：因为题干上要填写的单词前面是介词without，所以确定答案填keep的动名词形式，即：keeping。
[知识链接] 信息转换常用词句
1.belong to the club＝a member/one of the members of the club
2.object to＝be opposed to＝oppose
3.don’t respond to...＝make no response to...＝say nothing in response to...
4.accompany sb＝keep sb company
5.accuse...of...＝charge...with...
6.can’t help/choose but do...＝have no alternative/choice but to do...
7.apply to...＝make an application to...
8.an approach to doing＝a way to do/of doing
9.approve of＝subscribe to＝be in favor of＝support
10.be beneficial to＝be of benefit to＝benefit
11.be bored with＝be tired of＝be fed up with
12.do sth with caution＝do sth cautiously
13.It’s likely that...＝The chance is that.../Chances are that...＝There is a chance (are chances) that...
14.compared to/with...＝in comparison with...
15.congratulate sb on sth＝show/express congratulations to sb on sth
16.as a result＝in consequence
17.consist of＝be made up of＝be composed of
18.agree with＝correspond with/to＝be consistent with
19.face sth＝be faced with sth
20.be merciful to＝have mercy on＝show mercy to
21.a little＝slightly
22.thank sb＝be grateful to sb
23.draw near＝be around the corner
24.occur to sb＝strike sb
25.delay＝put off＝postpone
26.deliberately＝on purpose＝by design
27.look like sb＝resemble sb
28.make a summary of...＝summarize...
29.be superior to＝be better than
30.tend to do...＝have a tendency to do...
课件8张PPT。第二讲 │ 信息转换题这类题型无法从原文中找到原词或完全一样的原句，这需要我们对文章进行加工或变通。这些变通大多与语法知识有关，也有些与短语搭配和固定句型有关。
信息转换题也和直接信息题一样，首先要找到文中与表格中相对应的信息。解题时可采用以下三个步骤：[典例] (2016·江苏高考)Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet，I don’t need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so.More generally，the Internet functions as if it were my memory.This fun_ction of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing; I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet.It’s become natural to check facts as I write，taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed，Wikipedia，or other websites.●On the Internet，we could quickly and easily locate the details，and check facts，without(73)________ them in mind.分析 第一步：题干中的“we could quickly and easily locate the details”与文章第二段中“I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so”意思相近，因此可以定位到这一段。
第二步：根据第二段中的第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet，I don’t need to keep all the details for future use”可以确定关键信息词是keep。
第三步：因为题干上要填写的单词前面是介词without，所以确定答案填keep的动名词形式，即：keeping。[知识链接] 信息转换常用词句1.belong to the club＝a member/one of the members of the club
2.object to＝be opposed to＝oppose
3.don’t respond to...＝make no response to...＝say nothing in response to...
4.accompany sb＝keep sb company
5.accuse...of...＝charge...with...
6.can’t help/choose but do...＝have no alternative/choice but to do...
7.apply to...＝make an application to...
8.an approach to doing＝a way to do/of doing9.approve of＝subscribe to＝be in favor of＝support
10.be beneficial to＝be of benefit to＝benefit
11.be bored with＝be tired of＝be fed up with
12.do sth with caution＝do sth cautiously
13.It’s likely that...＝The chance is that.../Chances are that...＝There is a chance (are chances) that...
14.compared to/with...＝in comparison with...
15.congratulate sb on sth＝show/express congratulations to sb on sth
16.as a result＝in consequence
17.consist of＝be made up of＝be composed of18.agree with＝correspond with/to＝be consistent with
19.face sth＝be faced with sth
20.be merciful to＝have mercy on＝show mercy to
21.a little＝slightly
22.thank sb＝be grateful to sb
23.draw near＝be around the corner
24.occur to sb＝strike sb
25.delay＝put off＝postpone
26.deliberately＝on purpose＝by design
27.look like sb＝resemble sb28.make a summary of...＝summarize...
29.be superior to＝be better than
30.tend to do...＝have a tendency to do...课件32张PPT。江苏高考任务型阅读近五年考情分布从上表可以看出，近五年江苏高考任务型阅读的文章体裁以说明文为主，偶有议论文出现，词数在400～500之间，一般都比较难。这类文章结构清晰，很容易把握文章脉络。在题材的选取上更加富有时代气息，更加贴近考生的实际生活。要想任务型阅读得高分，考生必须具备极强的信息转换和概括能力！在复习中，要注意以下几点：
1.注意对词义和词性转化的积累，提高对固定搭配的敏感度。
2.重视对句子、段落与文章之间的逻辑关系的剖析，多进行概括总结题的训练。
3.熟读课文和历年高考真题中的任务型阅读、完形填空和阅读理解经典篇目，培养对原汁原味文章深入理解的语感。How Arts Promote Our Economy
When most people think of the arts, they imagine the end product, the beautiful painting，a wonderful piece of music，or an award-winning performance in the theater.But arts groups bring broader value to our communities.The economic impact of the arts is often overlooked and badly judged.
The arts create jobs that help develop the economy.Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts，managers，musicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art.These people earn a living wage for their professional knowledge and skills.Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.“If you build it they will come” is a misleading belief.Painters，digital media experts, photographers, booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event.According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10，000 people as full-or part-time employees or independent contractors.
A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect (连锁反应)throughout a community.In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town.After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building, we began producing a full season of theater performances, jazz concerts, and year-round arts education programs in 2008.Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.No doubt the theater has contributed to the area’s development and economic growth.Today, there are galleries, studios, restaurants and newly built work spaces where neighbors share experiences, where there is renewed life and energy.In this way, arts and culture also serve as a public good.
TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc.made use of Bloomberg’s investment of $35，000 to get nearly $400，000 in public and private sector support during the two-year period.Further, Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce $298 for every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities.In Philadelphia, a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 billion and support 44，000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers，and other kinds of art workers.The arts are efficient economic drivers and when they are supported，the entire small-business community benefits.
It is wrong to assume arts groups cannot make a profit.But in order to stay in business, arts groups must produce returns.If you are a student studying the arts, chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B.But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了艺术是如何促进经济发展的。
71.benefit [信息转换题。根据第一段第二句“But arts groups bring broader value to our communities”可知，从经济方面来讲，我们的社区从艺术中得到了很多的好处。短语benefit from“从……中受益”，故填benefit。]
72.Ways [信息概括题。根据表格的提示和文章内容可知，此处讲述了艺术推进经济发展的几种途径，故填Ways。]
73.joint/collective [信息转换题。根据文章第二段中的“The arts create jobs...an appealing piece of art”可知，艺术活动需要艺术家、科技专家、经理、音乐家或作家的共同努力，故填joint/collective。]74.promotion/marketing [信息查找题。根据文章第三段中的“Another group of folks is needed to help market the event”可知，还需要另一些人帮助推销，故填promotion/marketing。]
75.effect [信息查找题。根据第四段中提到的一系列数据可推知，艺术有逐渐扩大的影响，故填effect。]
76.fares [信息转换题。根据第四段最后一句“Nearly 40 percent of jazz...in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District”可知，除了票的费用之外，一些爵士乐爱好者还要支付往返活动场所的费用，故填fares。]
77.positive [信息概括题。第六段讲述的是艺术方面的投资能够产生潜在的积极的经济效益，故填positive。]78.outside/beyond [信息查找题。根据第六段最后一句“...actually lie outside the arts industry...”中的outside的提示可知这里填outside/beyond。]
79.statistics/data/analyses [信息概括题。最后一段是总结，上面通过一系列数据来说明艺术能带来经济效益，故填statistics/data/analyses。]
80.alternative [信息转换题。根据文章最后一段中的“If you are a student studying the arts，chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B”可知，艺术生不需要担心他们的工作，他们有选择的机会，故填alternative。]Population Change
Why is the world’s population growing？The answer is not what you might think.The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits，but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies.In 1900，people died at the average age of 30.By 2000 the average age was 65.But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century，declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.What does it imply？First，China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country.Second，if other factors such as technology remain constant，economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.Why is this occurring？Nobody is quite sure，but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.If current trends don’t bend，Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total，25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.As for the USA，it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030.Moreover，the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界人口变化的趋势及其原因，并分析了几个国家存在的人口问题。
71.lower [信息概括题。根据第一段最后一句中的“declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st”与第二段第一句“Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.”可知，21世纪的出生率要比以前低很多，故答案为lower。]
72.size/scale [信息概括题。根据第二段的“almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem...work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，规模”，符合文意。]73.immediate [信息转换题。根据第二段最后一句中的“which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades”可知，在发展中国家，出生率下降的影响是灾难性的，但不会立即显现出来，而要等到几十年之后，故答案为immediate。]
74.economic [信息查找题。根据第三段最后一句“Second，if other factors such as technology...this could invite trouble.”以及第四段第一句“Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.”可以看出人口与经济的发展是密不可分的，人口出生率的下降也必将给经济的发展带来压力。]
75.old/older [信息转换题。根据第三段第一句中的“A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China”可知，中国的青壮年劳动力可能会大幅度减少，即劳动力老龄化，故答案为old/older。]76.earlier [信息转换题。根据第四段中的“people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961”可知，俄罗斯人的寿命比1961年短了许多，即很多人早逝，故答案为earlier。]
77.living/life [信息概括题。根据第四段中对俄罗斯人的不良饮食习惯和酗酒的描述可以看出，他们的生活方式需要改变。way of living/life “生活方式”。]
78.equality [信息概括题。根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。equality “平等”，符合文意。]79.immigration [信息查找题。根据最后一段第一句“One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration...by 20% from 2010-2030.”可知，通过移民这种方法美国在2010年至2030年中将使人口增加20%。]
80.compensate [信息概括题。根据最后一段的最后一句“As a result it’s likely to see a rise...growth over the longer term.”可知，移民可能会带来劳动力人口的增加和经济的迅速增长，从而弥补青壮年劳动力的缺乏。compensate “补偿，弥补”，符合文意。]An Extension of the Human Brain
Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies(欠缺)，much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency.To be exact，other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions.When another person helps us in such ways，he or she is participating in what I’ve called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system.” Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face，and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.It’s already a big bank of many minds.Even in its current state，the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet，I don’t need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so.More generally，the Internet functions as if it were my memory.This fun_ction of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing; I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet.It’s become natural to check facts as I write，taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed，Wikipedia，or other websites.Regarding judgment: The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.For example，when I’m writing a textbook，it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term，which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning.But more than that，I now regularly compare my views with those of many others.If I have a “new idea，” I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it，or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought.This certainly makes my own views clearer.Moreover，I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I’ve begun using a smartphone.I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact，watch a video，read weibo.Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).
But that’s the upside (好处).The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea.Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.71.Internet [信息查找题。根据第一段第四句“Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.”可知因特网可以拓宽社会义肢系统的范围，也就是说网络可以弥补我们精神和情感上的缺陷。]
72.participates/joins [信息转换题。根据第一段最后两句“It’s already a big bank of many minds.Even in its current state，the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.”可知动词短语“participate/join in”符合句意。]
73.keeping [信息转换题。根据第二段第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet，I don’t need to keep all the details...”可知动词短语“keep...in mind记住”，在表格中放在介词without的后面，要使用动名词keeping的形式。]74.all/different/various [信息转换题。根据第三段第一句“The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.”可知原文中“matters small and large”就是“all/different/various”的事情。]
75.heart/core [信息转换题。根据第三段第二句“...which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning”可知网络能让我们找到事物的核心并理解其真正含义。故短语“the core/heart of the matter”和原文中“dig into the core”语义一致。]
76.check [信息转换题。根据第三段第四句“If I have a ‘new idea’，I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it，or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought.”可知当我们有了新的观点以后，我们会上网检查核对别人是否已经有了同样的观点，并对自己的行动做出判断。表格中check与原文语义一致。]77.judge [信息概括题。根据第三段最后一句“Moreover，I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.”可知在网络上阅读其他人的信息，让我判断我的行为是否合理，所以表格里使用动词judge。]
78.mixed/two [信息概括题。在文章最后两段中既提到了智能手机的优点也提到了其缺点。所以这是智能手机的正反两方面内容，所以使用形容词“mixed/two”。]79.convenient [信息转换题。根据第四段后两句“I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact，watch a video，read weibo.Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).”可知我们可以使用智能手机随时查消息，看视频，读微博，使用起来非常方便。所以使用形容词“convenient”。]
80.reduce [信息转换题。根据文章最后一句可知，现在这样的机会很少了，故本题答案为reduce。]
