名词性从句是英语中比较复杂的结构，既涉及词汇的用法，也涉及句法结构，是整个高中阶段英语学习的重点和难点之一。
在学习名词性从句时，应注意从以下几个方面入手：
一、要熟悉句子的各种成分，尤其是主语、宾语、表语、同位语的特点。
二、要掌握引导名词性从句的连接代词、连接副词的分类及用法，以及that，if，whether的用法区别。
三、要注意名词性从句中的特殊情况，例如：that的省略，语序问题，时态问题，语气问题。
四、要注意疑问连接词what，when，where等引导名词性从句不表示疑问的情况。
五、要注意whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever等引导从句的用法。特别需要注意的是要掌握it替代从句的用法。
名词性从句是高考的热点，对于名词性从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：掌握主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句的基本用法，了解同位语从句的基本用法。要求考生在复习备考中应该掌握名词性从句的基本用法；一些易混引导词的辨析；句子的语序、否定前移；名词性从句和定语从句、状语从句的辨析等。
高考对名词性从句的考查仍将不会单纯考查其语法结构，而是将其融入一定的语境中来考查考生的实际综合运用能力，特别是将名词性从句与强调句、定语从句、状语从句等结合起来考查。
考点1 主语从句
引导主语从句的连接词主要有三类：连接词that，whether; 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever；连接副词when, where, why, how等。
1.连接词that，whether引导
①That the college will take in more new students this year is true.今年这所大学将招收更多新生是真的。
②Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance.他是否能按时完成任务非常重要。
特别提示
(1)if不能引导主语从句。
(2)形式主语it替代主语从句。常见的it替代主语从句的句式主要有以下几种：
A．It+系动词+形容词+that从句。如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure．很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
B．It+系动词+名词+that从句。如：
It is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace．我们的希望是双方能朝着和平的方向发展。
C. It + be + v.ed形式+that从句。如：
It is announced that the plan has been successfully carried out.据宣布计划已经顺利实施。
2.连接代词引导
①What we can’t get seems better than what we already have.我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西好。
②Who the letter was from is still unknown．这封信是谁寄出的还不清楚。
③Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize．你们当中第一个到达这里的人将获得奖项。
3.连接副词引导
①How acupuncture reduces and relieves pain is unclear．针灸是如何减轻和解除疼痛的还不清楚。
②Why dinosaurs suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery．恐龙为什么突然消失了还是个谜。
【典例】
Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps.
A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever
【答案】C
【解析】题目考查主语从句。helps是谓语，“________ you can do”是主语部分，即主语从句。在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，表示“任何事情”，因此用whatever引导，故选C。
考点2 宾语从句
引导宾语从句的连接词主要有三类：连接词that，whether, if等，连接代词what, whose, who, whatever, whichever, whoever等，连接副词when, where, why, how等。
1.连接词that, whether, if引导
①I think (that) you should turn to the teacher for help.我认为你应该向老师寻求帮助。
②I don’t know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
特别提示
1.whether/if都意为“是否”。一般情况下，它们可以互换，口语中常用if，但以下情况中，只能用whether。
(1)与or not紧接连用时。如：
Let me know whether or not you can come．请让我知道你是否能来。
(2)作介词的宾语从句时。如：
We are interested in whether you will attend the meeting．我们对你是否参加会议感兴趣。
2.连接代词和连接副词引导。连接代词有what，who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等，连接副词有when, where, why, how等。如：
①She asked me whose handwriting was the best in class.她问我班上谁的书法最好。
②I’ll just say whatever comes into my mind.我想到什么就说什么。
③Do you know when the ancient Olympic Games began?你知道古代的奥运会是什么时间开始的吗？
④I’ve been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting．我一直在考虑如何使我们的报纸更有趣。
3．宾语从句的语序在宾语从句中要用陈述句语序。如：
①He asked me when we could set out the next day．他问我第二天什么时候可以出发。
②Did you find out where she lost her car?你查出她在哪里丢的车了吗?
4．宾语从句的时态
(1)当主语的谓语动词是一般现在时，其宾语从句的时态是任何适当的时态。如：
①She says(that)she works from Monday to Friday.她说她周一至周五上班。（从句是一般现在时）
②She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。（从句是一般将来时）
③She says(that)she has never been to Mount Emei．她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。(从句是现在完成时)
(2)当主句的谓语动词是一般过去式时，其宾语从句的时态一般要用适当的过去时态。如：
①He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon．他说昨天下午没有课。(从句是一般过去时)
②He said that he was going to take care of the baby.他说他会去照看这个婴儿。（从句时过去将来时）
③He said that they were having a meeting at that time.他说他们那时正在开会。（从句是过去进行时）
（3）当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时，其时态仍旧用一般现在时。如：
①The teacher told us that nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it。老师告诉我们世上无难事，只怕有心人。
②He said that light travels much faster than sound．他说光比声音传播得快。
【典例】
We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of ____________ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
【答案】C
【解析】考查宾语从句。＂half of _________ it used to charge＂是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20。另外，of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语。所以，这里是宾语从句；宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句的宾语，故选C。
考点3 表语从句
常用连接词that, whether;连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever;连接副词when, where, how, why引导。
1.连接词引导
①The reason for his absence is that he hasn’t been informed.他缺席的原因就是他没接到通知。
②The question remains whether they will be able to help us．问题还是他们能否帮我们。
2．连接代词和连接副词引导
①The problem is who will take charge of this shop．问题是谁将接管这家店铺。
②That is when I realized the importance of journalism．那时我才意识到新闻工作的重要性。
特别提示
（1）as/as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在特定动词的后面，如：seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel等。如：
①It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.听上去好像有人在敲门。
②At that time, it seemed as though I couldn’t think of the right word.当时我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
（2）当主句的主语是reason时，表语从句一般由that引导，这种用法常见于句型The reason why…is that...如：The reason why he came late was that he got up late.他来得晚是因为起床晚了。
【典例】
The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust.
A. what B. that C. whether D. why
【答案】B
【解析】句意：雨季最令人愉悦的就是人们可以完完全全不再受到沙尘的困扰。is 后跟从句作表语，即表语从句。表语从句不缺少主语，谓语和宾语，因此用that, that只起引导作用，故选B。
考点4 同位语从句
同位语从句在句子中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词之后，说明该名词的具体内容。这些名词常见的有idea，fact，news，hope，belief，thought，doubt，promise，suggestion，order等。
1．通常用连词that引导同位语从句，that无词义，也不作句子成分，但不能省略。注意从句用陈述句语序。如：
①They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Shanghai again．他们表示希望我们再去访问上海。
②I have no idea that she quit her present job.我不知道她辞掉了现在的工作。
③Given me your promise that you will come to our party this evening.你答应我，今天晚上会来参加我们的聚会。
2.同位语从句还可以用whether, when, where, why, how等引导，如：
①The student ask me the question whether the book was worth reading.学生问了我这个问题：这本书是否值得一读。
②I have no idea why he was excited at that time．我不知道当时他激动的原因。
【典例】
The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。使用同位语从句说suggestion的内容，而且同位语从句成分和意思都是完整的。用that引导，that不作成分，只是起着连接作用。故选B。
一、语法填空
1.【2018.全国卷Ⅲ】I’m not sure 61 is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
2.【2018.浙江卷11月】It is possible 63 caffeine may cause birth defects in humans, too.
二、单项填空
3.【2018.江苏】21. By boat is the only way to get here, which is we arrived.
A. where B. when C. why D. how
4.【2018.天津】9.The gold medal will be awarded to ______ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever B. wherever C. whoever D. whatever
5.【2018.北京】11.Without his support, we wouldn’t be____ we are now.
A. how B. when C. where D. why
6.【2018.北京】15.This is ____ my father has taught me---to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
A. how B. which C. that D. what
7.【2017·北京】23. Every year, ______ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
8.【2017·北京】26. Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing ______she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when
9.【2017·江苏】26. We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
10.【2017·天津】4. She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
11.【2016·北京】24. Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps.
A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever
12.【2016·北京】29. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust.
A. what B. that C. whether D. why
13.【2016·江苏】21.It is often the case ______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
A. why B. what C.as D. that
14.【2016·天津】11. The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
单项选择
1. 【江苏省五校2019届高三12月联考】That preserved historic village connected to downtown by a highway is ________ many office workers spend their weekends.
A．what B．how C．where D．why
2．【南京市盐城市2019届高三年级第一次模拟】Never turn down a job because you think it’s too small. You don’t know _____ it can lead.
A．how B．where C．whether D．what
3．【2019年江苏省扬州市高三英语期末考试】I am impressed with China’s commitment to its climate goals, evidenced by the fact we are sure of ______ China has met its 2020 targets three years ahead of schedule.
A．that B．which C．what D．where
4．【天津市第一中学2019届高三上学期第三次月考】Save your apology for you really make everything a mess.
A．unless B．once C．when D．though
5．【黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学2019届高三上学期期末】It was the belief ________ he could find his “root” in Africa _________ made Alex Haley decide to go to Gambia.
A．that; where B．where; that C．that; that D．how; which
6．【江苏省五校2019届高三12月联考】That preserved historic village connected to downtown by a highway is ________ many office workers spend their weekends.
A．what B．how C．where D．why
7．【江苏省南京市六校联合体2019届高三上学期12月联考】I really don’t know _________ she gets by on such a modest salary.
A．what B．why C．how D．that
8．【江苏省新草桥中学2019届高三上学期12月月考】--How do you think I can make up with Tom?
--Put aside ___you disagree and try to find ____ you have in common.
A．what; what B．what; where C．where; what D．what; whether
9．【江苏省海安高级中学2019届高三12月月考】Confidence helps you to take a leap of faith when it comes to going after ____it is that you truly desire.
A．why B．what C．where D．how
10．【江苏省江都中学、华罗庚中学等13校2019届高三上学期12月联合调研】It is a different world but one ______ offers huge challenges to ambitious young people interested in ______ our universe works.
A．which; what B．which; why C．that; how D．that; that
11．【江苏省镇江市2019届高三上学期期中考试】Stephen Hawking's crowning achievement was his prediction in the 1970s ________ black holes can emit energy, despite the classical view that nothing can escape their gravity.
A．when B．what C．how D．that
12．【2019届江苏省扬州市高三英语期中考试】“When I take a step back and look at________ we are today, as compared to a year ago,” he says, “the numbers indicate that our economy is becoming better.”
A．when B．where C．why D．what
13．【2019届江苏省无锡市高三英语期中考试】Advertising often functions as an indicator for society considers to be socially acceptable and desirable at the time.
A．what B．whether C．how D．which
14．【江苏省徐州市2019届高三上学期期中考试】All the mistakes I ever made in my life were _______ I wanted to say “No” and said “Yes”.
A．how B．that C．whether D．when
15．【天津市七校（静海一中，杨村中学，宝坻一中，大港一中等)2019届高三上学期期中联考】
It is generally believed that communication skills are becoming ________ it takes to be a good doctor.
A．that B．what C．whether D．how
16．【天津市第一中学2019届高三上学期第二次月考】He wanted to know made her change her mind at the last minute.
A．what was it that B．that it was what C．what it was that D．that what it was
一、语法填空
【浙江杭州2019届上学期高三英语模拟卷八】Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in a tiny village of Perachora. One of Mary's prize ___36___ (possess) was a little white lamb which her husband had given her, She kept it___37___(tie) to a tree in a field. One evening, however, the lamb was missing. The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
When Dimitri came in from the fields, his wife told him___38___had happened. Dimitri at once set out to find the thief. After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, A1eko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb. Dimitri___39___(immediate) went to Aleko's house and angrily accused him___40___stealing the lamb. He told him he had better return it or he would call the police. Aleko___41___(deny) taking it and led Dimitri into his backyard. It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black. ___42___ (shame) of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to A1eko for having accused him. While they were talking it began___43___(rain) and Dimitri stayed in A1eko's house until the rain stopped.___44___he went outside half an hour later, he was___45___(astonish) to find that the little black lamb was almost white. Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
二、短文改错
【2019届山东省枣庄第八中学高三上学期一月月考】I am writing to tell you something about the transportation in China. Over the past few decades we had developed an amazing network of public transportation. Besides, we have been decided to make efforts to make them much better. I am sure a network will satisfy your needs for traveling everywhere more convenient. People usually choose the means of transportation based with some aspects, such as the costs and the time needing. For example, businessmen are more likely travel by plane or high-speed train to save time while office worker tend to take buses or drive to work themselves. I believe you will quickly figure out when to get around once you are in China.
答案与解析
一、语法填空
1.【答案】 which
【解题思路】考查宾语从句。设空处后出给了范围，在me和the female gorilla间进行选择，可译为“哪一个”，用which。
2.【答案】that
【解题思路】考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，该句是一个主从复合句，it为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语。
二、单项选择
3.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意:我们到达那儿的唯一方式是坐船。根据句子中的by boat可知从句需要方式状语来引导，故选择 D。
4.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查宾语从句引导词的辨析。根据句子成分划分可知“______ wins the first place in the bicycle race”为介词to后面的宾语从句，而在宾语从句中缺少指代人的主语成分，故选whoever。whomever不能作从句中的主语，wherever表示“无论哪里”，whatever只能指物，表示“无论什么”。
5.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意为“没有他的支持，我们就不会是我们现在的样子。”how表方式；when表时间；where表地点；why表原因。所以选C。
6.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意为“这就是我的父亲教给我的，面对问题总是要往最好的想。”be动词后面是表语从句，然后根据表语从句做题原则，从句缺少宾语，所以选连接代词what。
7.【答案】B
【解题思路】A. whatever 任何事；B. whoever 任何人；C. whomever 任何人；D. whichever无论哪个。句意：每年，任何一个做出最漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。空格所在部分是主语从句，缺少主语，用连接代词，根据意思可知是人获奖，故排除A和D，因为需要做主语，只能用主格代词who，故选B。
8.【答案】B
【解题思路】句意：Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上，不知道她将去往何方，根据语境可知此处表地点，故选B。
9.【答案】C
【解题思路】“half of _______ it used to charge”是$20的同位语，即原来的价格的一半是现在的$20。另外，of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语，所以，这里是宾语从句。宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句中的宾语。故选C。
10.【答案】C
【解题思路】句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认我还没有还。根据句意，故选C。
11.【答案】C
【解题思路】helps是谓语，“ you can do”是主语部分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，表示：“任何事情”，因此whatever引导，故选C。
12.【答案】B
【解题思路】句意：雨季最令人愉悦的就是人们可以完全不再受到沙尘的困扰。is后跟从句作表语，即表语从句，表语从句不缺少主语，谓语和宾语，因此用that，that只起引导作用，故选B。
13.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查主语从句。本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是连接词that引导的主语从句，连接词that在本句中不充当任何成分，只是一个引导词而已，不能省略。连接副词why要在句中做状语，连接代词what通常在句中做主语、宾语或表语等；as通常不引导名词性从句。句意：对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。故D正确。
14.【答案】B
【解题思路】句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。使用同位语从句说明suggestion的内容，而且同位语从句成分和意思都是完整的。用that引导，that不作成分，只是起着连接的作用，故选B。
单项选择
1.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意：那条由高速公路连接市中心的历史悠久的村庄是许多上班族周末的去处。结合句意可知此处是where引导的表语从句，故选C。
2.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查名词性从句。句意为：不要因为觉得工作太小就拒绝它，你不知道它能引向何方。know后面接了宾语从句，lead是不及物动词，后面不缺成分，故用副词引导从句，根据句意，选B。
3.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查同位语从句。句意：中国对气候目标的承诺令我印象深刻，事实证明了这一点，中国提前三年完成了2020年的目标。此处为同位语从句，从句成分完整，所以用that解释说明the fact的内容，只起连接作用，无实义，故A项正确。
4.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查宾语从句。A. unless除非；B. once一旦；C. when当……时候；D. though尽管。句意：把你的道歉留到当你真的把事情搞得一团糟的时候吧。此处是介词for后面when引导的宾语从句。故选C。
5.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查连词辨析。根据句子结构及成分可知，本句主干是强调句型：It is +被强调部分+that +其它部分；第一空处引导belief的同位语从句，从句成分齐全，应使用只起连接作用的代词that引导；第二空处则应是强调句中的that。句意：是Alex Haley能在非洲找到他的根的想法使他决定去赞比亚。故C选项正确。
6.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意：那条由高速公路连接市中心的历史悠久的村庄是许多上班族周末的去处。结合句意可知此处是where引导的表语从句，故选C。
7.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查宾语从句。句意：我真不知道她靠这么微薄的工资是怎么生活的。此处是how引导的宾语从句，故选C。
8.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查宾语从句。句意：——你认为我可以和汤姆合好吗？——把你们的分歧放置一边，尽量找到你们的共同之处。在第一个宾语从句中disagree 为不及物动词，用where 表抽象地点。在第二个宾语从句中，have 缺宾语，have…in common. 有共同之处，所以填what 做宾语同时做从句引导词，故选C。
9.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查宾语从句。句意：当涉及到追求你真正想要的事物的时候，信心能够让你充满自信。句中what引导宾语从句，并在句中做动词desire的宾语。ACD三项都是副词，不能做动词的宾语。故B项正确。
10.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查定语从句和宾语从句。句意：这是一个不同的世界，但对我们的宇宙如何运作感兴趣的有志青年来说，这是一个巨大的挑战，分析句子结构可知，第一空为定语从句，先行词为one，应该用that来引导并在从句中作主语，第二空为宾语从句，从句中缺少方式状语，应该用how表示“如何”，故C项正确。
11.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查同位语从句。句意：Stephen Hawking最大的成就是在20世纪70年代预测宇宙黑洞能够发出能量，而传统观点认为任何事物都无法逃避重力。句中that引导同位语从句解释名词prediction的内容，that在句中不充当任何成分，只是一个引导词。故D项正确。
12.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查名词性从句。本句中?where可以表示"地点"概念，还可以表示"场合"、"形势"、"情况"等概念。引导宾语从句where we are today，做动词短语look at的宾语。?句意：当我后退一步来看我们的今天的情况，这些数字表示我们的数据与一年前相比进步了。故B项正确。
13.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查介词的宾语从句。句意：广告常常作为一种标志，说明当时社会认为什么是可接受和可取的。此处for后面是一个介词的宾语从句，从句缺少引导词，从句的谓语动词considers缺少谓语，故答案为A。
14.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意：在我的人生中所犯的所以错误都是当我想要说“不”，却说了“是”。句中when引导表语从句，在句中充当时间状语。AC项与句意不符，that在名词性从句中不做成分，故D项正确。
15.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查名词性从句连接词。句意：人们普遍认为，沟通技巧正逐渐成为一名好医生的必备条件。在名词性从句中，that无意义且在从句中不作任何成分；what“什么；……的东西”，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语。whether“是否”，在从句中不作任何成分；how“怎样”，在从句中作方式状语。 “__it takes to be a good doctor”是表语从句，从句中缺少takes的宾语，故用what来引导。故选B。
16.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查宾语从句中的强调句。句意：他想知道是什么使她在最后一刻改变了主意。动词know后面是what引导的宾语从句，且作从句的主语，从句中是一个强调句型，强调宾语从句的主语what，故选C。
一、语法填空
【答案】
36. possessions 37. tied 38. what 39. immediately 40. of
41. denied 42. Ashamed 43. to rain 44. When 45. astonished
【解题思路】这是一篇故事类文章。文章主要讲了Dimitri的白色小羊羔丢了，Dimitri发现Aleko 突然获得一只新的小羊羔。Aleko辩解称自己的羊羔是黑色的。就在这时下雨了，Dimitri 待在Aleko的房子里避雨。雨停后，Dimitri惊奇地发现Aleko的小黑羊几乎变成了白色。
36.考查名词。句意：Mary最珍贵的财产之一就是丈夫送给她的一只白色小羔羊。one of后加可数名词复数，表示“……中之一”。故填possessions。
37.考查固定用法。句意：Mary把羔羊拴在地里的一棵树上。it与tie构成被动关系，keep sth. done 使……被做。故填tied。
38.考查宾语从句。___ had happened作told的宾语，设空处在宾语从句中作主语成分，指代内容。故填what。
39.考查副词。句意：Dimitri立刻去了Aleko的家。用副词形式修饰动词went to。故填immediately。
40.考查固定用法。accuse sb. of doing因为某事指控某人，句中缺少介词of。故填of。
41.考查谓语动词时态。故事发生在过去，用一般过去时。故填denied。
42.考查非谓语动词。句意：Dimitri为自己的鲁莽感到惭愧，向Aleko道了歉。be ashamed of意为“感到惭愧的”，此处为原因状语从句“because he was ashamed of”的省略形式。故填ashamed。
43.考查固定用法。句意：就在他俩说话的时候，天下起了雨。begin to do开始做某事。故填to rain。
44.考查时间状语从句。句意：当他从屋里出来时，他惊奇地发现小黑羔羊全身几乎都变成了白色。引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时”，用引导词when。故填When。
45.考查固定用法。be astonished to do惊讶地做某事，对某事感到惊讶。故填astonished。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1. had改为have
2.去掉been
3.them改为it
4.a改为the
5. convenient改为conveniently
6.with改为on
7.needing改为needed
8. likely后加to
9. worker改为workers
10. when改为how
【解题思路】文章讲述的是有关中国交通的一些情况。
1.考查时态。根据Over the past few decades“在最近的几十年里”，可知句子用现在完成时态，故把had改成have。
2.考查语态。句意：此外，我们已经决定努力把它做得更好。结合句意可知此处是主动语态，故把been去掉。
3.考查人称代词。句意：此外，我们已经决定努力把它做得更好。the transportation“运输”是不可数名词，所以用人称代词it替代，故把them改成it。
4.考查定冠词the。句意：我相信网络将会更方便地满足你到处旅行的需要。固定用法：the network“网络”，故把a改成the。
5.考查词性转化。句意：我相信网络将会更方便地满足你到处旅行的需要。此处是副词修饰动词，故把convenient改成conveniently。
6.考查固定搭配。句意：人们通常根据一些方面来选择交通工具，例如成本和所需的时间。固定词组：be based on“以……为基础”，故把with改成on。
7.考查过去分词作后置定语。句意：人们通常根据一些方面来选择交通工具，例如成本和所需的时间。此处time 和need之间是一种被动关系，这里是过去分词作后置定语，故把needing改成needed。
8.考查固定结构。be likely to do sth.“很可能做某事”，故在likely后加to。
9.考查名词复数。句意：例如，商人更倾向于坐飞机或高铁来节省时间，而上班族则倾向于坐公交车或自己开车去上班。结合句意可知此处应该用名词复数，故把worker改成workers。
10.考查宾语从句引导词。句意：我相信，一旦你来到中国，你很快就会知道如何四处走动。结合句意可知此处是how引导的宾语从句，故把when改成how。
名词性从句是英语中比较复杂的结构，既涉及词汇的用法，也涉及句法结构，是整个高中阶段英语学习的重点和难点之一。
在学习名词性从句时，应注意从以下几个方面入手：
一、要熟悉句子的各种成分，尤其是主语、宾语、表语、同位语的特点。
二、要掌握引导名词性从句的连接代词、连接副词的分类及用法，以及that，if，whether的用法区别。
三、要注意名词性从句中的特殊情况，例如：that的省略，语序问题，时态问题，语气问题。
四、要注意疑问连接词what，when，where等引导名词性从句不表示疑问的情况。
五、要注意whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever等引导从句的用法。特别需要注意的是要掌握it替代从句的用法。
名词性从句是高考的热点，对于名词性从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：掌握主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句的基本用法，了解同位语从句的基本用法。要求考生在复习备考中应该掌握名词性从句的基本用法；一些易混引导词的辨析；句子的语序、否定前移；名词性从句和定语从句、状语从句的辨析等。
高考对名词性从句的考查仍将不会单纯考查其语法结构，而是将其融入一定的语境中来考查考生的实际综合运用能力，特别是将名词性从句与强调句、定语从句、状语从句等结合起来考查。
考点1 主语从句
引导主语从句的连接词主要有三类：连接词that，whether; 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever；连接副词when, where, why, how等。
1.连接词that，whether引导
①That the college will take in more new students this year is true.今年这所大学将招收更多新生是真的。
②Whether he can finish his task on time is of great importance.他是否能按时完成任务非常重要。
特别提示
(1)if不能引导主语从句。
(2)形式主语it替代主语从句。常见的it替代主语从句的句式主要有以下几种：
A．It+系动词+形容词+that从句。如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure．很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
B．It+系动词+名词+that从句。如：
It is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace．我们的希望是双方能朝着和平的方向发展。
C. It + be + v.ed形式+that从句。如：
It is announced that the plan has been successfully carried out.据宣布计划已经顺利实施。
2.连接代词引导
①What we can’t get seems better than what we already have.我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西好。
②Who the letter was from is still unknown．这封信是谁寄出的还不清楚。
③Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize．你们当中第一个到达这里的人将获得奖项。
3.连接副词引导
①How acupuncture reduces and relieves pain is unclear．针灸是如何减轻和解除疼痛的还不清楚。
②Why dinosaurs suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery．恐龙为什么突然消失了还是个谜。
【典例】
Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps.
A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever
【答案】C
【解析】题目考查主语从句。helps是谓语，“________ you can do”是主语部分，即主语从句。在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，表示“任何事情”，因此用whatever引导，故选C。
考点2 宾语从句
引导宾语从句的连接词主要有三类：连接词that，whether, if等，连接代词what, whose, who, whatever, whichever, whoever等，连接副词when, where, why, how等。
1.连接词that, whether, if引导
①I think (that) you should turn to the teacher for help.我认为你应该向老师寻求帮助。
②I don’t know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
特别提示
1.whether/if都意为“是否”。一般情况下，它们可以互换，口语中常用if，但以下情况中，只能用whether。
(1)与or not紧接连用时。如：
Let me know whether or not you can come．请让我知道你是否能来。
(2)作介词的宾语从句时。如：
We are interested in whether you will attend the meeting．我们对你是否参加会议感兴趣。
2.连接代词和连接副词引导。连接代词有what，who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等，连接副词有when, where, why, how等。如：
①She asked me whose handwriting was the best in class.她问我班上谁的书法最好。
②I’ll just say whatever comes into my mind.我想到什么就说什么。
③Do you know when the ancient Olympic Games began?你知道古代的奥运会是什么时间开始的吗？
④I’ve been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting．我一直在考虑如何使我们的报纸更有趣。
3．宾语从句的语序在宾语从句中要用陈述句语序。如：
①He asked me when we could set out the next day．他问我第二天什么时候可以出发。
②Did you find out where she lost her car?你查出她在哪里丢的车了吗?
4．宾语从句的时态
(1)当主语的谓语动词是一般现在时，其宾语从句的时态是任何适当的时态。如：
①She says(that)she works from Monday to Friday.她说她周一至周五上班。（从句是一般现在时）
②She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。（从句是一般将来时）
③She says(that)she has never been to Mount Emei．她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。(从句是现在完成时)
(2)当主句的谓语动词是一般过去式时，其宾语从句的时态一般要用适当的过去时态。如：
①He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon．他说昨天下午没有课。(从句是一般过去时)
②He said that he was going to take care of the baby.他说他会去照看这个婴儿。（从句时过去将来时）
③He said that they were having a meeting at that time.他说他们那时正在开会。（从句是过去进行时）
（3）当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时，其时态仍旧用一般现在时。如：
①The teacher told us that nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it。老师告诉我们世上无难事，只怕有心人。
②He said that light travels much faster than sound．他说光比声音传播得快。
【典例】
We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of ____________ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
【答案】C
【解析】考查宾语从句。＂half of _________ it used to charge＂是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一半是现在的$20。另外，of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语。所以，这里是宾语从句；宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句的宾语，故选C。
考点3 表语从句
常用连接词that, whether;连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever;连接副词when, where, how, why引导。
1.连接词引导
①The reason for his absence is that he hasn’t been informed.他缺席的原因就是他没接到通知。
②The question remains whether they will be able to help us．问题还是他们能否帮我们。
2．连接代词和连接副词引导
①The problem is who will take charge of this shop．问题是谁将接管这家店铺。
②That is when I realized the importance of journalism．那时我才意识到新闻工作的重要性。
特别提示
（1）as/as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在特定动词的后面，如：seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel等。如：
①It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.听上去好像有人在敲门。
②At that time, it seemed as though I couldn’t think of the right word.当时我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
（2）当主句的主语是reason时，表语从句一般由that引导，这种用法常见于句型The reason why…is that...如：The reason why he came late was that he got up late.他来得晚是因为起床晚了。
【典例】
The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust.
A. what B. that C. whether D. why
【答案】B
【解析】句意：雨季最令人愉悦的就是人们可以完完全全不再受到沙尘的困扰。is 后跟从句作表语，即表语从句。表语从句不缺少主语，谓语和宾语，因此用that, that只起引导作用，故选B。
考点4 同位语从句
同位语从句在句子中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词之后，说明该名词的具体内容。这些名词常见的有idea，fact，news，hope，belief，thought，doubt，promise，suggestion，order等。
1．通常用连词that引导同位语从句，that无词义，也不作句子成分，但不能省略。注意从句用陈述句语序。如：
①They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Shanghai again．他们表示希望我们再去访问上海。
②I have no idea that she quit her present job.我不知道她辞掉了现在的工作。
③Given me your promise that you will come to our party this evening.你答应我，今天晚上会来参加我们的聚会。
2.同位语从句还可以用whether, when, where, why, how等引导，如：
①The student ask me the question whether the book was worth reading.学生问了我这个问题：这本书是否值得一读。
②I have no idea why he was excited at that time．我不知道当时他激动的原因。
【典例】
The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。使用同位语从句说suggestion的内容，而且同位语从句成分和意思都是完整的。用that引导，that不作成分，只是起着连接作用。故选B。
一、语法填空
1.【2018.全国卷Ⅲ】I’m not sure 61 is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
【答案】 which
【解题思路】考查宾语从句。设空处后出给了范围，在me和the female gorilla间进行选择，可译为“哪一个”，用which。
2.【2018.浙江卷11月】It is possible 63 caffeine may cause birth defects in humans, too.
【答案】that
【解题思路】考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，该句是一个主从复合句，it为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语。
二、单项填空
3.【2018.江苏】21. By boat is the only way to get here, which is we arrived.
A. where B. when C. why D. how
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意:我们到达那儿的唯一方式是坐船。根据句子中的by boat可知从句需要方式状语来引导，故选择 D。
4.【2018.天津】9.The gold medal will be awarded to ______ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever B. wherever C. whoever D. whatever
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查宾语从句引导词的辨析。根据句子成分划分可知“______ wins the first place in the bicycle race”为介词to后面的宾语从句，而在宾语从句中缺少指代人的主语成分，故选whoever。whomever不能作从句中的主语，wherever表示“无论哪里”，whatever只能指物，表示“无论什么”。
5.【2018.北京】11.Without his support, we wouldn’t be____ we are now.
A. how B. when C. where D. why
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意为“没有他的支持，我们就不会是我们现在的样子。”how表方式；when表时间；where表地点；why表原因。所以选C。
6.【2018.北京】15.This is ____ my father has taught me---to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
A. how B. which C. that D. what
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意为“这就是我的父亲教给我的，面对问题总是要往最好的想。”be动词后面是表语从句，然后根据表语从句做题原则，从句缺少宾语，所以选连接代词what。
7.【2017·北京】23. Every year, ______ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
【答案】B
【解题思路】A. whatever 任何事；B. whoever 任何人；C. whomever 任何人；D. whichever无论哪个。句意：每年，任何一个做出最漂亮的风筝的人将会在风筝节获奖。空格所在部分是主语从句，缺少主语，用连接代词，根据意思可知是人获奖，故排除A和D，因为需要做主语，只能用主格代词who，故选B。
8.【2017·北京】26. Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing ______she was heading.
A. why B. where C. how D. when
【答案】B
【解题思路】句意：Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上，不知道她将去往何方，根据语境可知此处表地点，故选B。
9.【2017·江苏】26. We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to charge.
A. that B. which C. what D. how
【答案】C
【解题思路】“half of _______ it used to charge”是$20的同位语，即原来的价格的一半是现在的$20。另外，of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语，所以，这里是宾语从句。宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句中的宾语。故选C。
10.【2017·天津】4. She asked me _______ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A. when B. where C. whether D. what
【答案】C
【解题思路】句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认我还没有还。根据句意，故选C。
11.【2016·北京】24. Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps.
A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever
【答案】C
【解题思路】helps是谓语，“ you can do”是主语部分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，表示：“任何事情”，因此whatever引导，故选C。
12.【2016·北京】29. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust.
A. what B. that C. whether D. why
【答案】B
【解题思路】句意：雨季最令人愉悦的就是人们可以完全不再受到沙尘的困扰。is后跟从句作表语，即表语从句，表语从句不缺少主语，谓语和宾语，因此用that，that只起引导作用，故选B。
13.【2016·江苏】21.It is often the case ______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
A. why B. what C.as D. that
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查主语从句。本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是连接词that引导的主语从句，连接词that在本句中不充当任何成分，只是一个引导词而已，不能省略。连接副词why要在句中做状语，连接代词what通常在句中做主语、宾语或表语等；as通常不引导名词性从句。句意：对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。故D正确。
14.【2016·天津】11. The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解题思路】句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。使用同位语从句说明suggestion的内容，而且同位语从句成分和意思都是完整的。用that引导，that不作成分，只是起着连接的作用，故选B。
1. 【江苏省五校2019届高三12月联考】That preserved historic village connected to downtown by a highway is ________ many office workers spend their weekends.
A．what B．how C．where D．why
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意：那条由高速公路连接市中心的历史悠久的村庄是许多上班族周末的去处。结合句意可知此处是where引导的表语从句，故选C。
2．【南京市盐城市2019届高三年级第一次模拟】Never turn down a job because you think it’s too small. You don’t know _____ it can lead.
A．how B．where C．whether D．what
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查名词性从句。句意为：不要因为觉得工作太小就拒绝它，你不知道它能引向何方。know后面接了宾语从句，lead是不及物动词，后面不缺成分，故用副词引导从句，根据句意，选B。
3．【2019年江苏省扬州市高三英语期末考试】I am impressed with China’s commitment to its climate goals, evidenced by the fact we are sure of ______ China has met its 2020 targets three years ahead of schedule.
A．that B．which C．what D．where
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查同位语从句。句意：中国对气候目标的承诺令我印象深刻，事实证明了这一点，中国提前三年完成了2020年的目标。此处为同位语从句，从句成分完整，所以用that解释说明the fact的内容，只起连接作用，无实义，故A项正确。
4．【天津市第一中学2019届高三上学期第三次月考】Save your apology for you really make everything a mess.
A．unless B．once C．when D．though
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查宾语从句。A. unless除非；B. once一旦；C. when当……时候；D. though尽管。句意：把你的道歉留到当你真的把事情搞得一团糟的时候吧。此处是介词for后面when引导的宾语从句。故选C。
5．【黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学2019届高三上学期期末】It was the belief ________ he could find his “root” in Africa _________ made Alex Haley decide to go to Gambia.
A．that; where B．where; that C．that; that D．how; which
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查连词辨析。根据句子结构及成分可知，本句主干是强调句型：It is +被强调部分+that +其它部分；第一空处引导belief的同位语从句，从句成分齐全，应使用只起连接作用的代词that引导；第二空处则应是强调句中的that。句意：是Alex Haley能在非洲找到他的根的想法使他决定去赞比亚。故C选项正确。
6．【江苏省五校2019届高三12月联考】That preserved historic village connected to downtown by a highway is ________ many office workers spend their weekends.
A．what B．how C．where D．why
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意：那条由高速公路连接市中心的历史悠久的村庄是许多上班族周末的去处。结合句意可知此处是where引导的表语从句，故选C。
7．【江苏省南京市六校联合体2019届高三上学期12月联考】I really don’t know _________ she gets by on such a modest salary.
A．what B．why C．how D．that
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查宾语从句。句意：我真不知道她靠这么微薄的工资是怎么生活的。此处是how引导的宾语从句，故选C。
8．【江苏省新草桥中学2019届高三上学期12月月考】--How do you think I can make up with Tom?
--Put aside ___you disagree and try to find ____ you have in common.
A．what; what B．what; where C．where; what D．what; whether
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查宾语从句。句意：——你认为我可以和汤姆合好吗？——把你们的分歧放置一边，尽量找到你们的共同之处。在第一个宾语从句中disagree 为不及物动词，用where 表抽象地点。在第二个宾语从句中，have 缺宾语，have…in common. 有共同之处，所以填what 做宾语同时做从句引导词，故选C。
9．【江苏省海安高级中学2019届高三12月月考】Confidence helps you to take a leap of faith when it comes to going after ____it is that you truly desire.
A．why B．what C．where D．how
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查宾语从句。句意：当涉及到追求你真正想要的事物的时候，信心能够让你充满自信。句中what引导宾语从句，并在句中做动词desire的宾语。ACD三项都是副词，不能做动词的宾语。故B项正确。
10．【江苏省江都中学、华罗庚中学等13校2019届高三上学期12月联合调研】It is a different world but one ______ offers huge challenges to ambitious young people interested in ______ our universe works.
A．which; what B．which; why C．that; how D．that; that
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查定语从句和宾语从句。句意：这是一个不同的世界，但对我们的宇宙如何运作感兴趣的有志青年来说，这是一个巨大的挑战，分析句子结构可知，第一空为定语从句，先行词为one，应该用that来引导并在从句中作主语，第二空为宾语从句，从句中缺少方式状语，应该用how表示“如何”，故C项正确。
11．【江苏省镇江市2019届高三上学期期中考试】Stephen Hawking's crowning achievement was his prediction in the 1970s ________ black holes can emit energy, despite the classical view that nothing can escape their gravity.
A．when B．what C．how D．that
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查同位语从句。句意：Stephen Hawking最大的成就是在20世纪70年代预测宇宙黑洞能够发出能量，而传统观点认为任何事物都无法逃避重力。句中that引导同位语从句解释名词prediction的内容，that在句中不充当任何成分，只是一个引导词。故D项正确。
12．【2019届江苏省扬州市高三英语期中考试】“When I take a step back and look at________ we are today, as compared to a year ago,” he says, “the numbers indicate that our economy is becoming better.”
A．when B．where C．why D．what
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查名词性从句。本句中?where可以表示"地点"概念，还可以表示"场合"、"形势"、"情况"等概念。引导宾语从句where we are today，做动词短语look at的宾语。?句意：当我后退一步来看我们的今天的情况，这些数字表示我们的数据与一年前相比进步了。故B项正确。
13．【2019届江苏省无锡市高三英语期中考试】Advertising often functions as an indicator for society considers to be socially acceptable and desirable at the time.
A．what B．whether C．how D．which
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查介词的宾语从句。句意：广告常常作为一种标志，说明当时社会认为什么是可接受和可取的。此处for后面是一个介词的宾语从句，从句缺少引导词，从句的谓语动词considers缺少谓语，故答案为A。
14．【江苏省徐州市2019届高三上学期期中考试】All the mistakes I ever made in my life were _______ I wanted to say “No” and said “Yes”.
A．how B．that C．whether D．when
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查表语从句。句意：在我的人生中所犯的所以错误都是当我想要说“不”，却说了“是”。句中when引导表语从句，在句中充当时间状语。AC项与句意不符，that在名词性从句中不做成分，故D项正确。
15．【天津市七校（静海一中，杨村中学，宝坻一中，大港一中等)2019届高三上学期期中联考】
It is generally believed that communication skills are becoming ________ it takes to be a good doctor.
A．that B．what C．whether D．how
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查名词性从句连接词。句意：人们普遍认为，沟通技巧正逐渐成为一名好医生的必备条件。在名词性从句中，that无意义且在从句中不作任何成分；what“什么；……的东西”，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语。whether“是否”，在从句中不作任何成分；how“怎样”，在从句中作方式状语。 “__it takes to be a good doctor”是表语从句，从句中缺少takes的宾语，故用what来引导。故选B。
16．【天津市第一中学2019届高三上学期第二次月考】He wanted to know made her change her mind at the last minute.
A．what was it that B．that it was what C．what it was that D．that what it was
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查宾语从句中的强调句。句意：他想知道是什么使她在最后一刻改变了主意。动词know后面是what引导的宾语从句，且作从句的主语，从句中是一个强调句型，强调宾语从句的主语what，故选C。
一、语法填空
【浙江杭州2019届上学期高三英语模拟卷八】Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in a tiny village of Perachora. One of Mary's prize ___36___ (possess) was a little white lamb which her husband had given her, She kept it___37___(tie) to a tree in a field. One evening, however, the lamb was missing. The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
When Dimitri came in from the fields, his wife told him___38___had happened. Dimitri at once set out to find the thief. After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, A1eko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb. Dimitri___39___(immediate) went to Aleko's house and angrily accused him___40___stealing the lamb. He told him he had better return it or he would call the police. Aleko___41___(deny) taking it and led Dimitri into his backyard. It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black. ___42___ (shame) of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to A1eko for having accused him. While they were talking it began___43___(rain) and Dimitri stayed in A1eko's house until the rain stopped.___44___he went outside half an hour later, he was___45___(astonish) to find that the little black lamb was almost white. Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
【答案】
36. possessions 37. tied 38. what 39. immediately 40. of
41. denied 42. Ashamed 43. to rain 44. When 45. astonished
【解题思路】这是一篇故事类文章。文章主要讲了Dimitri的白色小羊羔丢了，Dimitri发现Aleko 突然获得一只新的小羊羔。Aleko辩解称自己的羊羔是黑色的。就在这时下雨了，Dimitri 待在Aleko的房子里避雨。雨停后，Dimitri惊奇地发现Aleko的小黑羊几乎变成了白色。
36.考查名词。句意：Mary最珍贵的财产之一就是丈夫送给她的一只白色小羔羊。one of后加可数名词复数，表示“……中之一”。故填possessions。
37.考查固定用法。句意：Mary把羔羊拴在地里的一棵树上。it与tie构成被动关系，keep sth. done 使……被做。故填tied。
38.考查宾语从句。___ had happened作told的宾语，设空处在宾语从句中作主语成分，指代内容。故填what。
39.考查副词。句意：Dimitri立刻去了Aleko的家。用副词形式修饰动词went to。故填immediately。
40.考查固定用法。accuse sb. of doing因为某事指控某人，句中缺少介词of。故填of。
41.考查谓语动词时态。故事发生在过去，用一般过去时。故填denied。
42.考查非谓语动词。句意：Dimitri为自己的鲁莽感到惭愧，向Aleko道了歉。be ashamed of意为“感到惭愧的”，此处为原因状语从句“because he was ashamed of”的省略形式。故填ashamed。
43.考查固定用法。句意：就在他俩说话的时候，天下起了雨。begin to do开始做某事。故填to rain。
44.考查时间状语从句。句意：当他从屋里出来时，他惊奇地发现小黑羔羊全身几乎都变成了白色。引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时”，用引导词when。故填When。
45.考查固定用法。be astonished to do惊讶地做某事，对某事感到惊讶。故填astonished。
二、短文改错
【2019届山东省枣庄第八中学高三上学期一月月考】I am writing to tell you something about the transportation in China. Over the past few decades we had developed an amazing network of public transportation. Besides, we have been decided to make efforts to make them much better. I am sure a network will satisfy your needs for traveling everywhere more convenient. People usually choose the means of transportation based with some aspects, such as the costs and the time needing. For example, businessmen are more likely travel by plane or high-speed train to save time while office worker tend to take buses or drive to work themselves. I believe you will quickly figure out when to get around once you are in China.
【答案】
1. had改为have
2.去掉been
3.them改为it
4.a改为the
5. convenient改为conveniently
6.with改为on
7.needing改为needed
8. likely后加to
9. worker改为workers
10. when改为how
【解题思路】文章讲述的是有关中国交通的一些情况。
1.考查时态。根据Over the past few decades“在最近的几十年里”，可知句子用现在完成时态，故把had改成have。
2.考查语态。句意：此外，我们已经决定努力把它做得更好。结合句意可知此处是主动语态，故把been去掉。
3.考查人称代词。句意：此外，我们已经决定努力把它做得更好。the transportation“运输”是不可数名词，所以用人称代词it替代，故把them改成it。
4.考查定冠词the。句意：我相信网络将会更方便地满足你到处旅行的需要。固定用法：the network“网络”，故把a改成the。
5.考查词性转化。句意：我相信网络将会更方便地满足你到处旅行的需要。此处是副词修饰动词，故把convenient改成conveniently。
6.考查固定搭配。句意：人们通常根据一些方面来选择交通工具，例如成本和所需的时间。固定词组：be based on“以……为基础”，故把with改成on。
7.考查过去分词作后置定语。句意：人们通常根据一些方面来选择交通工具，例如成本和所需的时间。此处time 和need之间是一种被动关系，这里是过去分词作后置定语，故把needing改成needed。
8.考查固定结构。be likely to do sth.“很可能做某事”，故在likely后加to。
9.考查名词复数。句意：例如，商人更倾向于坐飞机或高铁来节省时间，而上班族则倾向于坐公交车或自己开车去上班。结合句意可知此处应该用名词复数，故把worker改成workers。
10.考查宾语从句引导词。句意：我相信，一旦你来到中国，你很快就会知道如何四处走动。结合句意可知此处是how引导的宾语从句，故把when改成how。
从句中的连词用法比较复杂。同一个连词可以表达不同的意思，同一个意思可以用不同的连词进行表达，因此在学习连词时应注意以下几点：熟练掌握每一个连词的不同意义和用法；掌握同一意义可以运用不同的连词；同一意义可以运用不同的句式表达等等。高考中对于连词的考查主要表现在对于并列连词和从属连词的用法和辨析方面。这是考试的重点和难点所在。
状语从句一般可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句。2019年高考仍然是主要考查在具体的语境中 连词的正确使用。
高考命题主要考查连词的判断选用，以及主句与从句谓语动词的时态运用；考查考生对不同类型从句的辨别能力，与其他从句、句型结合起来一起考查近年高考的发展趋向：从属连词在具体语境中的运用，及从属连词词义的延伸。设问角度越来越多样化。
考点1 状语从句的时态
高考主要考查时间、条件、让步状语从句用一般现在时表将来及一般过去时代替过去将来时的用法。如：
①He said he would go to Japan for holiday when he finished writing the book.他说他写完这本书后会去日本度假。
②Even if it snows tomorrow, the performance won’t be called off.即使明天下雪，演出也不会取消。
【典例】
It was nearly an hour the sleeping pill effect.
A. when; took B. before; took
C. since; takes D. before; would take
【答案】B
考查状语从句和时态。句意: 过了几乎一小时那片安眠药才起作用。此处before引导一个时间状语从句, 句型为: It was some time before. . . did. . . 表示“过了多久才……”。
考点2 状语从句的结构
高考主要考查结构较为复杂、特殊的状语从句，如no matter+疑问词；whatever，however，as引导的让步状语从句；“the+比较级…，the+比较级”中的比较状语从句等。如：
①The harder you work, the better your studies will be．你学习越努力，功课就越好。
②No matter what serious difficulties he met with，he could always overcome them．不管碰到多么可怕的困难，他总能克服。
【典例】
difficult and challenging the task may be, we must finish it on time, because there is a possibility we’ll be fired if we can’t fulfill the task on time.
A. Whatever; that B. However; that
C. Whatever; which D. However; as
【答案】B
【解析】考查状语从句和名词性从句。此处however引导让步状语从句, 构成句式“However+形容词/副词+正常语序+主句”; that引导一个同位语从句, 表示possibility的具体内容。
考点3 状语从句的省略
在时间、原因、条件、方式、让步等状语从句中，常常省略相同的主语或作主语的代词it以及be动词，保留现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式成分。如果从句中有“it is+形容词”，也可以省略it is。如：
①Once printed, this dictionary will be very popular.一旦出版，这本词典会非常畅销。（Once后省去了it is）
②Do not leave the building until instructed to do so.接到指示后才可离开这幢房子。（until后省去了you are）
【典例】
The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, accompanied by an adult.
A. once B. when C. if D. unless
【答案】D
【解析】考查省略的状语从句的连接词。句意应为“学校规章规定：除非有成年人陪同，否则孩子们在校间不能出学校。”表示“除非”用unless。该句式构成了“连词+过去分词”结构。故选D。
考点4 从属连词的选择和辨析
高考重点考查引导状语从句的从属连词，如引导时间状语从句的immediately, the moment, every time, once;引导条件状语从句的as long as；引导原因状语从句的now that, since；引导让步状语从句的even if, even though;引导目的状语从句的in case, in order that等。如：
①We hadn’t met for 20 years, but I recognized him the moment I saw him.我们已经有20年没有见面了，可是我一见到他就认出他来了。（时间状语从句）
②We should bring a knife in case that there are any dangerous animals there.我们应当带把刀，以防那儿有什么危险动物。（目的状语从句）
【典例】
We’d better stay here a little longer _________ he turns up unexpectedly.
A. although B. in case
C. since D. if only
【答案】B
【解析】考查状语从句。句意: 我们最好在这里多待一会儿, 免得他突然出现。此处in case引导一个目的状语从句。
考点5 where引导地点状语从句
要注意where引导的地点状语从句和where引导的定语从句、表语从句以及宾语从句的区别。如：
①The flower grows best where it often rains．这种花在经常下雨的地方长得最好。(地点状语从句)
②The flower grows best in the place where it often rains．这种花在经常下雨的地方长得最好。(定语从句)
【典例】
—Don’t look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages.
—Oh, yes. others are weak, he is strong.
A. If B. Where
C. When D. Though
【答案】选B
【解析】考查状语从句。句意: ——不要瞧不起鲍勃, 他有自己的优势。——哦, 是的, 别人的弱点正是他的强势所在。where引导地点状语从句。
一、单项选择
1.【2018?北京】_________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
A. Although B. While C. If D. Until
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查条件状语从句。句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物会消失。although虽然；while虽然，然而；if如果；until直到。根据句意可知此处表示假设，所以用if引导条件状语从句，故答案为C。
2.【2018?江苏】_______ you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
A.?Once?????????????????????????????? B.?Unless???????????????????????????????? C.?If?????????????????????????????????? D.?When
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查条件状语从句。句意：如果你睡眠不好，一两晚之后你将失去集中注意力、做出计划以及保持活力的能力。once一旦；unless如果不，除非；if如果；when当……时。根据前后句之间的逻辑关系，所以答案为B。
3.【2018?天津】Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend ___________they get sweet enough to be eaten.
A.?ever since??????????????????????? B.?as if??????????????????????????? C.?even though????????????????????? D.?so that
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查目的状语从句。句意：我们这个周末再去摘这些桃子，这样的话，它们吃起来就很甜了。A. ever since“自那时起”；B. as if“好像”；C. even though“尽管”；D. so that“以便”。从句为目的状语从句，故用so that引导。选D。
4.【南京市 2019 届高三年级学情调研考试】After 40 years of reform and opening-up, China still has a long way to go it becomes a “developed economy”.
A. until B. before
C. after D. unless
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查状语从句连词。句意：经过40年的改革开放，中国在成为“发达经济体”之前还有很长的路要走。A. until直到...为止；B. before在...之前；C. after在...之后；D. unless除非。故选B。
5.【2017·北京】If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people _______ you figure it out.
A. because B. though C. until D. since
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查状语从句连词。A. because因为；B. though尽管；C. until直到；D. since自从。如果你无法理解某个东西，你可能会去研究，学习和他人探讨直到你弄明白为止，根据句意可知选用until，故选C。
6.【2017·北京】______ birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.
A. Once B. If C. Although D. Because
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查状语从句连词。A. Once一旦；B. If如果；C. Although尽管；D. Because因为。句意：尽管鸟儿们用羽毛来飞翔，但是它们的一些羽毛还有其他用途。根据语境可知前后之间是让步关系，故选C。
7.【2017·北京】—Peter, please send us postcards ______ we’ll know where you have visited.
—No problem.
A. but B. or C. for D. so
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查连词。A. but但是；B. or或者；C. for因为；D. so因此。句意：Peter，请给我们寄明信片，因此我们就会知道你们去哪游览过，根据语境可知前后句之间是因果关系，故用so，选D。
8.【2017·江苏】 Located _______ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
A. why B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查状语从句。be located in+地点名词，位于/坐落某地，where引导的地点状语从句在此相当于in some place，故选D。句意：位于丝绸之路交汇处的江苏省将会对“一带一路”的建设作出更大的贡献。
9.【2016·北京】My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ________ he’s in his nineties.
A. as long as B. as if C. even though D. in case
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查状语从句。句意：即使是九十多岁了，我的爷爷仍然时不时地打打网球。A.as long as只要，引导条件句；B.as if似乎，引导方式状语从句或表语从句；C. even though即使，引导让步状语从句；D.in case以防，引导目的状语从句。这里是转折关系，故选C。
10.【2016·北京】I really enjoy listening to music ________ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
A. because B. before C. unless D. until
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查原因状语从句。句意：我非常喜欢听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想其它的事情。前后是因果关系，故选A。
11.【2016·江苏】______some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.
A. Because B. If C. Unless D. While
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查连词。Because因为；if如果；unless除非，如果…不…；while尽管，然而，当…时。句意：尽管一些人被成功的渴望驱使着，但是其他人却被失败的恐惧驱使着前进。根据句意可知上下文之间存在转折关系，所以使用“while尽管…”连接。故选D。
12.【2016·天津】______ the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for.
A. Unless B. Until C. As D. While
【答案】C
【解题思路】句意：随着人口平均年龄的增长，越来越多的老人要照顾。unless除非；until直到；as因为，正如，随着；while虽然，然而，当…时候。根据语境，故选C。
二、单句语法填空
1.【2016·全国卷】Over time ,_______the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
【答案】as/when
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句：随着人口的增长，人们开始把食物切成小块，这样可以煮的快一点。
2.【2016·淮安卷】One Friday, we were _______(pack) to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.
【答案】packing
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句，be doing…when… 意为“某件事情正在发生突然发生另一动作”。
3.【2015·潍坊一模】 _________the areas used for playing fields are often rough and rocky, millions of real balls go flat within 24 hours.
【答案】Because
【解题思路】考查原因状语从句的引导词。根据语境可知，“他们用于踢球的地方，常常是崎岖的，多石的”是“球变瘪”的原因，表直接原因要用because。
4.【2015·全国卷】He had no sooner finished his speech _______the students started cheering.
【答案】than
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句：no sooner…than…; hardly/scarcely…when…的搭配。
5.【2015·重庆卷】If you miss this chance, it may be years ________you get another one.
【答案】before
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句,此题是it will be/may be/was＋一段时间＋before..。句意为如果你错过这次机会，可能还要在等很多年。
6.【2015·陕西调研】My mom didn’t wait a moment, but came ________(immediate) she received my call.
【答案】immediately
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句：一……就……。句意为：妈妈未等片刻，而是一接到我的电话就来了。
7.【2015·天津卷】We need to get the root of the problem______ we can solve it.
【答案】before
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句：在我们解决问题前，要先找到问题的根源。
8.【2014·江西卷】It was the middle of the night ________ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
【答案】when
【解题思路】本句中的when引导的是一个时间状语从句。句意：夜半时分，我父亲把我叫醒来看足球赛。
9.【2014·四川卷】I’ll be out for some time, _______ anything important happens, call me up immediately.
【答案】in case/if
【解题思路】考查条件状语从句，句意：我要出去一会。万一有重要事情的话，立即给我打电话。
10.【2014·重庆卷】Half an hour later, Lucy still couldn’t get a taxi__________ the bus had dropped her.
【答案】where
【解题思路】考查地点状语从句。句意：半小时过后，露西在她下公共汽车的地方还没有搭上出租车。由句意可知地点状语从句中缺少地点副词，故where为答案。
一、单项选择
1.【江苏省南菁高级中学2017-2018学年第二学期期中考试】Important _______ having an ambition is, it must be channeled in the right direction. Otherwise, it would ruin ourselves and others.
A. though B. if
C. when D. while
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查状语从句。句意：尽管有雄心壮志是重要的，但是它必须被引导到正确的方向。否则，它会毁了我们自己和他人。A. though尽管；B. if如果；C. when 当...时候；D. while在...期间。此处though引导让步状语从句，相当于as（尽管），用部分倒装。故选A。
2.【2017届北京市海淀区高三5月期末练习（二模）】It’s always a good idea to have a second key somewhere??????you lose the first one.
A. in case B. now that
C. even though D. as long as
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查连词。in case万一；now that既然；even though即使；as long as只要。句意：在某处有两把钥匙总是一个好主意，以防你丢了第一把钥匙。故选A。
3.【2017届江苏省南京市高三第三次模拟】While working in Kunming, he checked the weather each morning for months ________he realized it would be the same every day.
A. when B. after C. before D. since
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查连词。句意：在昆明工作的时候，在他意识到每天天气都一样之前，连续几个月来他都在早上查天气。when当……时候；after在……之后；before用作连词时，意思是“在……之前”；since自从……。故选C。
4.【2017届江苏省南通、扬州、泰州、淮安四市高三下学期第三次模拟】You can use this room for your club activities tomorrow ______ you keep it tidy and clean.
A. for fear that B. in case
C. on condition that D. even if
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查状语从句。A. for fear that唯恐，以免；B. in case万一，假使；C. on condition that如果；D. even if即使，虽然。句意：如果你能保持这个房间干净整洁，明天你可以用它来开展俱乐部活动。此处表示条件，故选C。
5.【2017届天津市十二重点中学高三毕业班联考（二）】Kate was very sad over loss of the photos she had shot in China, ____this was a memory she especially treasured.
A. if B. when
C. as D. which
【答案】C
【解题思路】考察连词。句意：Kate对于她在中国拍摄的照片的遗失感到很沮丧，因为她特别珍惜那段记忆。as因为。故选C。
6.【北京市大兴区2017届高三一模】???? ??Dimash appeared on the stage of Singer 2017, his voice instantly won hearts of Chinese audience.
A. As long as B. As soon as C. Now that D. Ever since
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查连词辨析。句意：迪玛希一出现在2017歌手的舞台上，他的声音立刻就赢得了中国观众的心。as long as只要；as soon as?一……就……；now that既然；ever since从那时起到现在。B项符合语境。
7.【江苏省连云港市、徐州市、宿迁市2017届高三年级第三次模拟】“ ________??I went through ups and downs in life,” Gordon said, “I never found the importance of being self-disciplined as well as the significance of life.”
A. If B. Since
C. Until D. Unless
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查连词。A.如果；B.自从；C.直到；D除非。其中until+否定式，表示“直到……才……”。句意：“直到我经历了生活的起起伏伏，”Gordon说，“我才发现自律的重要性和生活的意义。”故选C。
8.【江苏省淮阴中学2017届高三下学期期初考】Everyone in the tourist industry has made the point that ______ government assistance is helpful, what they actually need most is for the visitors themselves to return.
A. as B. when
C. while D. since
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查引导让步状语从句的连词。句意：从事旅游业的每个人都表示，尽管政府的援助确实有帮助，但是他们真正需要的是让游客自己回来。这里需要选择的是一个引导让步状语从句的关系连词。选项A的as引导的让步状语从句需要倒装，这里没有倒装，故排除选项A；选项B的when表示“当……时候”和选项D“既然”，在意义上不符，故排除B、D选项；选项C的while引导让步状语从句时，相当于though和although，表示“尽管”，故选C。
9.【江苏省前黄高级中学2017届高三一模】“__________, we believe the overall policy stand is to support a two-way opening of the Chinese capital market and it will continue this year,” he added.
A. As some bottlenecks are difficult to be broken
B. As some bottlenecks are difficult to break
C. Difficult as some bottlenecks are to be broken
D. Difficult as some bottlenecks are to break
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查as引导的让步状语从句。as表“尽管”引导的让步状语从句要用部分倒装，形容词放在as前面。句意：“尽管一些瓶颈很难打破，但是我们认为整体的政策立场是支持中国资本市场的双向开放，并且今年将会持续”，他补充说。故选D。
10. 【江苏省苏锡常镇2017届高三英语教学情况调查（二）】The majority of new businesses fail because, ________ they have a product or service that fills a gap in the market, they usually lack the skills in sales, marketing, and administration.
A. now that B. even if
C. as long as D. as though
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查连词辨析。A. now that既然；B. even if即使；C. as long as只要；D. as though仿佛，好像。句意：大多数的新业务失败了，因为即使他们有产品或者服务填补了市场空白，但他们通常在销售、营销和管理等方面缺乏技巧。根据句意选B。
11.【2017届北京市东城区高三5月综合练习（二模）】We packed all the books in the wooden boxes_______ they wouldn’t get damaged.
A. as long as B. as if
C. in case D. so that
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查连词辨析。as long as只要；as if好像；in case以防，万一；so that以便。句意：我们把所有的书都打包放进木箱子里，以便他们不被损坏。故选D。
一、语法填空
【2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试考前适应性试题】There was a state ____1____ (call) Zhou in the Chinese history. One day, the king of Zhou asked his officials for advice on ___2____ (deal) with the prisoners of war. An official said, “If you love someone, you ____3____ (suppose) to love even the crows on the roof of his house. The prisoners of war are enemies fighting against us. In my opinion, we’d better ____4____ (kill) them all.”
But the king didn’t agree with him. “I think we should treat the prisoner of war ____5____ (different) by differing them into those who are guilty and those who are not. They guilty ones will be sentenced ____6____ death in order to avoid future disasters.”
Then another one said, “Your majesty, I think all the prisoners should be set free and sent back home to work in the fields and support themselves by their own labor. ___7____, you should keep strictly the rules for reward and ____8____ (punish). The people are sure to believe in you ____9____ you govern our country be morals and laws.”
The king thought the official’s proposal was quite reasonable so be accepted and followed it. As ___10____ result, the domestic situation soon settled down and gradually the country became stronger.
【答案】1. called 2. dealing 3. are supposed 4. kill 5. differently
6. to 7. Besides/ Moreover 8. punishment 9. if 10. a
【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文。中国古代的周朝皇帝向大臣们征求处理战犯的建议，他采纳了大臣的合理建议，国内局势很快安定下来，国家逐渐变得更加强大。
1. 考查过去分词。句意：在中国历史上有一个叫周的国家。此处是过去分词做后置定语，故答案为called。
2. 考查动名词。句意：一天，周王问他的官员如何处理战俘问题。介词on后面用动名词做宾语，故答案为dealing。
3. 考查固定结构。句意：如果你爱一个人，你就应该爱他的一切。be supposed to本应该做某事，结合句意，句子用一般现在时态，主语是you，故答案为are supposed。
4. 考查固定结构。had better do sth.最好做某事，故答案为kill。
5. 考查副词。句意：我认为我们应该以不同的方式对待战俘。副词修饰动词，故答案为differently。
6. 考查固定词组。句意：为了避免未来的灾难，他们将被判处死刑。be sentenced to 被判刑，故答案为to。
7. 考查副词。句意：我认为所有的囚犯都应该被释放，然后被遣送回家在地里干活，靠自己的劳动养活自己。另外，你应该严格遵守奖励和惩罚的规则。结合句意，前后是递进关系。故答案为Besides/ Moreover。
8. 考查名词。句意：另外，你应该严格遵守奖励和惩罚的规则。介词后面用名词、动名词、代词做宾语，故答案为punishment。
9. 考查条件状语从句。句意：如果你用道德和法律治理我们的国家，人民一定会相信你。句子是if引导的条件状语从句，故答案为if。
10. 考查固定短语。As a result结果，故答案为a。
二、短文改错
【2018·卷Ⅱ】When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night. After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes. I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high school. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
【答案】① Friday’s night的Friday’s改为Friday ② sort改为sorts ③ As the kid的the 改为a ④ watching改为watch ⑤ let 前的to去掉 ⑥ us改为me ⑦ unwilling前加was ⑧ for改为with ⑨ are改为were ⑩ where改为when
【解题思路】本文讲述作者小时候想看动画片，但是却被父母逼着做游戏，长大后才知道父母的良苦用心。
①考查名词所有格。在表达某一天的上午下午晚上时用普通格不用所有格，故答案为Friday’s 改为Friday。
②考查名词的数。sort种类，是可数名词，同kind。all sorts of各种各样的。故答案为sort改为sorts。
③考查冠词的用法。句意：作为一个小孩，我喜欢看动画片。此处表示泛指，as a kid，故答案为the改为a。
④考查动词不定式。句意：但是不管有多少次我请求看（动画片），我的父母都不让我看。ask to do sth.请求做某事。故答案为watching改为watch。
⑤考查过去将来时的结构。would是情态动词，后跟动词原形，故答案为去掉to。
⑥考查代词和句意。根据上下文可知是父母对“我”说，故答案为us改为me。
⑦考查动词的句法结构。此处unwilling是形容词，需要加上be动词才能构成谓语部分，根据上下文的时态可知此处是一般过去时，be动词用was，故答案为unwilling前加was。
⑧考查介词的用法。短语play sth. with sb.和某人玩……，故答案为for改为with。
⑨考查动词的时态。由本句中entered的时态可知用一般过去时，故答案为are改为were。
⑩考查状语从句连词辨析。句意：小时候父母教给我的结果在后来的生活中是非常有用的。where表示地点，而本句指作者“小时候”，故答案为where改为when。
从句中的连词用法比较复杂。同一个连词可以表达不同的意思，同一个意思可以用不同的连词进行表达，因此在学习连词时应注意以下几点：熟练掌握每一个连词的不同意义和用法；掌握同一意义可以运用不同的连词；同一意义可以运用不同的句式表达等等。高考中对于连词的考查主要表现在对于并列连词和从属连词的用法和辨析方面。这是考试的重点和难点所在。
状语从句一般可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句。2019年高考仍然是主要考查在具体的语境中 连词的正确使用。
高考命题主要考查连词的判断选用，以及主句与从句谓语动词的时态运用；考查考生对不同类型从句的辨别能力，与其他从句、句型结合起来一起考查近年高考的发展趋向：从属连词在具体语境中的运用，及从属连词词义的延伸。设问角度越来越多样化。
考点1 状语从句的时态
高考主要考查时间、条件、让步状语从句用一般现在时表将来及一般过去时代替过去将来时的用法。如：
①He said he would go to Japan for holiday when he finished writing the book.他说他写完这本书后会去日本度假。
②Even if it snows tomorrow, the performance won’t be called off.即使明天下雪，演出也不会取消。
【典例】
It was nearly an hour the sleeping pill effect.
A. when; took B. before; took
C. since; takes D. before; would take
【答案】B
考查状语从句和时态。句意: 过了几乎一小时那片安眠药才起作用。此处before引导一个时间状语从句, 句型为: It was some time before. . . did. . . 表示“过了多久才……”。
考点2 状语从句的结构
高考主要考查结构较为复杂、特殊的状语从句，如no matter+疑问词；whatever，however，as引导的让步状语从句；“the+比较级…，the+比较级”中的比较状语从句等。如：
①The harder you work, the better your studies will be．你学习越努力，功课就越好。
②No matter what serious difficulties he met with，he could always overcome them．不管碰到多么可怕的困难，他总能克服。
【典例】
difficult and challenging the task may be, we must finish it on time, because there is a possibility we’ll be fired if we can’t fulfill the task on time.
A. Whatever; that B. However; that
C. Whatever; which D. However; as
【答案】B
【解析】考查状语从句和名词性从句。此处however引导让步状语从句, 构成句式“However+形容词/副词+正常语序+主句”; that引导一个同位语从句, 表示possibility的具体内容。
考点3 状语从句的省略
在时间、原因、条件、方式、让步等状语从句中，常常省略相同的主语或作主语的代词it以及be动词，保留现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式成分。如果从句中有“it is+形容词”，也可以省略it is。如：
①Once printed, this dictionary will be very popular.一旦出版，这本词典会非常畅销。（Once后省去了it is）
②Do not leave the building until instructed to do so.接到指示后才可离开这幢房子。（until后省去了you are）
【典例】
The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, accompanied by an adult.
A. once B. when C. if D. unless
【答案】D
【解析】考查省略的状语从句的连接词。句意应为“学校规章规定：除非有成年人陪同，否则孩子们在校间不能出学校。”表示“除非”用unless。该句式构成了“连词+过去分词”结构。故选D。
考点4 从属连词的选择和辨析
高考重点考查引导状语从句的从属连词，如引导时间状语从句的immediately, the moment, every time, once;引导条件状语从句的as long as；引导原因状语从句的now that, since；引导让步状语从句的even if, even though;引导目的状语从句的in case, in order that等。如：
①We hadn’t met for 20 years, but I recognized him the moment I saw him.我们已经有20年没有见面了，可是我一见到他就认出他来了。（时间状语从句）
②We should bring a knife in case that there are any dangerous animals there.我们应当带把刀，以防那儿有什么危险动物。（目的状语从句）
【典例】
We’d better stay here a little longer _________ he turns up unexpectedly.
A. although B. in case
C. since D. if only
【答案】B
【解析】考查状语从句。句意: 我们最好在这里多待一会儿, 免得他突然出现。此处in case引导一个目的状语从句。
考点5 where引导地点状语从句
要注意where引导的地点状语从句和where引导的定语从句、表语从句以及宾语从句的区别。如：
①The flower grows best where it often rains．这种花在经常下雨的地方长得最好。(地点状语从句)
②The flower grows best in the place where it often rains．这种花在经常下雨的地方长得最好。(定语从句)
【典例】
—Don’t look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages.
—Oh, yes. others are weak, he is strong.
A. If B. Where
C. When D. Though
【答案】选B
【解析】考查状语从句。句意: ——不要瞧不起鲍勃, 他有自己的优势。——哦, 是的, 别人的弱点正是他的强势所在。where引导地点状语从句。
一、单项选择
1.【2018?北京】_________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
A. Although B. While C. If D. Until
2.【2018?江苏】_______ you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
A.?Once?????????????????????????????? B.?Unless???????????????????????????????? C.?If?????????????????????????????????? D.?When
3.【2018?天津】Let’s not pick these peaches until this weekend ___________they get sweet enough to be eaten.
A.?ever since??????????????????????? B.?as if??????????????????????????? C.?even though????????????????????? D.?so that
4.【南京市 2019 届高三年级学情调研考试】After 40 years of reform and opening-up, China still has a long way to go it becomes a “developed economy”.
A. until B. before
C. after D. unless
5.【2017·北京】If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people _______ you figure it out.
A. because B. though C. until D. since
6.【2017·北京】______ birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.
A. Once B. If C. Although D. Because
7.【2017·北京】—Peter, please send us postcards ______ we’ll know where you have visited.
—No problem.
A. but B. or C. for D. so
8.【2017·江苏】 Located _______ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
A. why B. when C. which D. where
9.【2016·北京】My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ________ he’s in his nineties.
A. as long as B. as if C. even though D. in case
10.【2016·北京】I really enjoy listening to music ________ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
A. because B. before C. unless D. until
11.【2016·江苏】______some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.
A. Because B. If C. Unless D. While
12.【2016·天津】______ the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for.
A. Unless B. Until C. As D. While
二、单句语法填空
1.【2016·全国卷】Over time ,_______the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
2.【2016·淮安卷】One Friday, we were _______(pack) to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.
3.【2015·潍坊一模】 _________the areas used for playing fields are often rough and rocky, millions of real balls go flat within 24 hours.
4.【2015·全国卷】He had no sooner finished his speech _______the students started cheering.
5.【2015·重庆卷】If you miss this chance, it may be years ________you get another one.
6.【2015·陕西调研】My mom didn’t wait a moment, but came ________(immediate) she received my call.
7.【2015·天津卷】We need to get the root of the problem______ we can solve it.
8.【2014·江西卷】It was the middle of the night ________ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
9.【2014·四川卷】I’ll be out for some time, _______ anything important happens, call me up immediately.
10.【2014·重庆卷】Half an hour later, Lucy still couldn’t get a taxi__________ the bus had dropped her.
一、单项选择
1.【江苏省南菁高级中学2017-2018学年第二学期期中考试】Important _______ having an ambition is, it must be channeled in the right direction. Otherwise, it would ruin ourselves and others.
A. though B. if
C. when D. while
2.【2017届北京市海淀区高三5月期末练习（二模）】It’s always a good idea to have a second key somewhere??????you lose the first one.
A. in case B. now that
C. even though D. as long as
3.【2017届江苏省南京市高三第三次模拟】While working in Kunming, he checked the weather each morning for months ________he realized it would be the same every day.
A. when B. after C. before D. since
4.【2017届江苏省南通、扬州、泰州、淮安四市高三下学期第三次模拟】You can use this room for your club activities tomorrow ______ you keep it tidy and clean.
A. for fear that B. in case
C. on condition that D. even if
5.【2017届天津市十二重点中学高三毕业班联考（二）】Kate was very sad over loss of the photos she had shot in China, ____this was a memory she especially treasured.
A. if B. when
C. as D. which
6.【北京市大兴区2017届高三一模】???? ??Dimash appeared on the stage of Singer 2017, his voice instantly won hearts of Chinese audience.
A. As long as B. As soon as C. Now that D. Ever since
7.【江苏省连云港市、徐州市、宿迁市2017届高三年级第三次模拟】“ ________??I went through ups and downs in life,” Gordon said, “I never found the importance of being self-disciplined as well as the significance of life.”
A. If B. Since
C. Until D. Unless
8.【江苏省淮阴中学2017届高三下学期期初考】Everyone in the tourist industry has made the point that ______ government assistance is helpful, what they actually need most is for the visitors themselves to return.
A. as B. when
C. while D. since
9.【江苏省前黄高级中学2017届高三一模】“__________, we believe the overall policy stand is to support a two-way opening of the Chinese capital market and it will continue this year,” he added.
A. As some bottlenecks are difficult to be broken
B. As some bottlenecks are difficult to break
C. Difficult as some bottlenecks are to be broken
D. Difficult as some bottlenecks are to break
10. 【江苏省苏锡常镇2017届高三英语教学情况调查（二）】The majority of new businesses fail because, ________ they have a product or service that fills a gap in the market, they usually lack the skills in sales, marketing, and administration.
A. now that B. even if
C. as long as D. as though
11.【2017届北京市东城区高三5月综合练习（二模）】We packed all the books in the wooden boxes_______ they wouldn’t get damaged.
A. as long as B. as if
C. in case D. so that
一、语法填空
【2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试考前适应性试题】There was a state ____1____ (call) Zhou in the Chinese history. One day, the king of Zhou asked his officials for advice on ___2____ (deal) with the prisoners of war. An official said, “If you love someone, you ____3____ (suppose) to love even the crows on the roof of his house. The prisoners of war are enemies fighting against us. In my opinion, we’d better ____4____ (kill) them all.”
But the king didn’t agree with him. “I think we should treat the prisoner of war ____5____ (different) by differing them into those who are guilty and those who are not. They guilty ones will be sentenced ____6____ death in order to avoid future disasters.”
Then another one said, “Your majesty, I think all the prisoners should be set free and sent back home to work in the fields and support themselves by their own labor. ___7____, you should keep strictly the rules for reward and ____8____ (punish). The people are sure to believe in you ____9____ you govern our country be morals and laws.”
The king thought the official’s proposal was quite reasonable so be accepted and followed it. As ___10____ result, the domestic situation soon settled down and gradually the country became stronger.
二、短文改错
【2018·卷Ⅱ】When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night. After supper, we would play card
games of all sort in the sitting room. As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to
watching them, my parents would not to let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.
Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes. I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high
school. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
答案与解析
单项选择
1.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查条件状语从句。句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物会消失。although虽然；while虽然，然而；if如果；until直到。根据句意可知此处表示假设，所以用if引导条件状语从句，故答案为C。
2.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查条件状语从句。句意：如果你睡眠不好，一两晚之后你将失去集中注意力、做出计划以及保持活力的能力。once一旦；unless如果不，除非；if如果；when当……时。根据前后句之间的逻辑关系，所以答案为B。
3.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查目的状语从句。句意：我们这个周末再去摘这些桃子，这样的话，它们吃起来就很甜了。A. ever since“自那时起”；B. as if“好像”；C. even though“尽管”；D. so that“以便”。从句为目的状语从句，故用so that引导。选D。
4.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查状语从句连词。句意：经过40年的改革开放，中国在成为“发达经济体”之前还有很长的路要走。A. until直到...为止；B. before在...之前；C. after在...之后；D. unless除非。故选B。
5.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查状语从句连词。A. because因为；B. though尽管；C. until直到；D. since自从。如果你无法理解某个东西，你可能会去研究，学习和他人探讨直到你弄明白为止，根据句意可知选用until，故选C。
6.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查状语从句连词。A. Once一旦；B. If如果；C. Although尽管；D. Because因为。句意：尽管鸟儿们用羽毛来飞翔，但是它们的一些羽毛还有其他用途。根据语境可知前后之间是让步关系，故选C。
7.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查连词。A. but但是；B. or或者；C. for因为；D. so因此。句意：Peter，请给我们寄明信片，因此我们就会知道你们去哪游览过，根据语境可知前后句之间是因果关系，故用so，选D。
8.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查状语从句。be located in+地点名词，位于/坐落某地，where引导的地点状语从句在此相当于in some place，故选D。句意：位于丝绸之路交汇处的江苏省将会对“一带一路”的建设作出更大的贡献。
9.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查状语从句。句意：即使是九十多岁了，我的爷爷仍然时不时地打打网球。A.as long as只要，引导条件句；B.as if似乎，引导方式状语从句或表语从句；C. even though即使，引导让步状语从句；D.in case以防，引导目的状语从句。这里是转折关系，故选C。
10.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查原因状语从句。句意：我非常喜欢听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想其它的事情。前后是因果关系，故选A。
11.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查连词。Because因为；if如果；unless除非，如果…不…；while尽管，然而，当…时。句意：尽管一些人被成功的渴望驱使着，但是其他人却被失败的恐惧驱使着前进。根据句意可知上下文之间存在转折关系，所以使用“while尽管…”连接。故选D。
12.【答案】C
【解题思路】句意：随着人口平均年龄的增长，越来越多的老人要照顾。unless除非；until直到；as因为，正如，随着；while虽然，然而，当…时候。根据语境，故选C。
二、单句语法填空
1.【答案】as/when
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句：随着人口的增长，人们开始把食物切成小块，这样可以煮的快一点。
2.【答案】packing
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句，be doing…when… 意为“某件事情正在发生突然发生另一动作”。
3.【答案】Because
【解题思路】考查原因状语从句的引导词。根据语境可知，“他们用于踢球的地方，常常是崎岖的，多石的”是“球变瘪”的原因，表直接原因要用because。
4.【答案】than
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句：no sooner…than…; hardly/scarcely…when…的搭配。
5.【答案】before
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句,此题是it will be/may be/was＋一段时间＋before..。句意为如果你错过这次机会，可能还要在等很多年。
6.【答案】immediately
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句：一……就……。句意为：妈妈未等片刻，而是一接到我的电话就来了。
7.【答案】before
【解题思路】考查时间状语从句：在我们解决问题前，要先找到问题的根源。
8.【答案】when
【解题思路】本句中的when引导的是一个时间状语从句。句意：夜半时分，我父亲把我叫醒来看足球赛。
9.【答案】in case/if
【解题思路】考查条件状语从句，句意：我要出去一会。万一有重要事情的话，立即给我打电话。
10.【答案】where
【解题思路】考查地点状语从句。句意：半小时过后，露西在她下公共汽车的地方还没有搭上出租车。由句意可知地点状语从句中缺少地点副词，故where为答案。
一、单项选择
1.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查状语从句。句意：尽管有雄心壮志是重要的，但是它必须被引导到正确的方向。否则，它会毁了我们自己和他人。A. though尽管；B. if如果；C. when 当...时候；D. while在...期间。此处though引导让步状语从句，相当于as（尽管），用部分倒装。故选A。
2.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查连词。in case万一；now that既然；even though即使；as long as只要。句意：在某处有两把钥匙总是一个好主意，以防你丢了第一把钥匙。故选A。
3.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查连词。句意：在昆明工作的时候，在他意识到每天天气都一样之前，连续几个月来他都在早上查天气。when当……时候；after在……之后；before用作连词时，意思是“在……之前”；since自从……。故选C。
4.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查状语从句。A. for fear that唯恐，以免；B. in case万一，假使；C. on condition that如果；D. even if即使，虽然。句意：如果你能保持这个房间干净整洁，明天你可以用它来开展俱乐部活动。此处表示条件，故选C。
5.【答案】C
【解题思路】考察连词。句意：Kate对于她在中国拍摄的照片的遗失感到很沮丧，因为她特别珍惜那段记忆。as因为。故选C。
6.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查连词辨析。句意：迪玛希一出现在2017歌手的舞台上，他的声音立刻就赢得了中国观众的心。as long as只要；as soon as?一……就……；now that既然；ever since从那时起到现在。B项符合语境。
7.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查连词。A.如果；B.自从；C.直到；D除非。其中until+否定式，表示“直到……才……”。句意：“直到我经历了生活的起起伏伏，”Gordon说，“我才发现自律的重要性和生活的意义。”故选C。
8.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查引导让步状语从句的连词。句意：从事旅游业的每个人都表示，尽管政府的援助确实有帮助，但是他们真正需要的是让游客自己回来。这里需要选择的是一个引导让步状语从句的关系连词。选项A的as引导的让步状语从句需要倒装，这里没有倒装，故排除选项A；选项B的when表示“当……时候”和选项D“既然”，在意义上不符，故排除B、D选项；选项C的while引导让步状语从句时，相当于though和although，表示“尽管”，故选C。
9.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查as引导的让步状语从句。as表“尽管”引导的让步状语从句要用部分倒装，形容词放在as前面。句意：“尽管一些瓶颈很难打破，但是我们认为整体的政策立场是支持中国资本市场的双向开放，并且今年将会持续”，他补充说。故选D。
10.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查连词辨析。A. now that既然；B. even if即使；C. as long as只要；D. as though仿佛，好像。句意：大多数的新业务失败了，因为即使他们有产品或者服务填补了市场空白，但他们通常在销售、营销和管理等方面缺乏技巧。根据句意选B。
11.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查连词辨析。as long as只要；as if好像；in case以防，万一；so that以便。句意：我们把所有的书都打包放进木箱子里，以便他们不被损坏。故选D。
一、语法填空
【答案】1. called 2. dealing 3. are supposed 4. kill 5. differently
6. to 7. Besides/ Moreover 8. punishment 9. if 10. a
【解题思路】
1. 考查过去分词。句意：在中国历史上有一个叫周的国家。此处是过去分词做后置定语，故答案为called。
2. 考查动名词。句意：一天，周王问他的官员如何处理战俘问题。介词on后面用动名词做宾语，故答案为dealing。
3. 考查固定结构。句意：如果你爱一个人，你就应该爱他的一切。be supposed to本应该做某事，结合句意，句子用一般现在时态，主语是you，故答案为are supposed。
4. 考查固定结构。had better do sth.最好做某事，故答案为kill。
5. 考查副词。句意：我认为我们应该以不同的方式对待战俘。副词修饰动词，故答案为differently。
6. 考查固定词组。句意：为了避免未来的灾难，他们将被判处死刑。be sentenced to 被判刑，故答案为to。
7. 考查副词。句意：我认为所有的囚犯都应该被释放，然后被遣送回家在地里干活，靠自己的劳动养活自己。另外，你应该严格遵守奖励和惩罚的规则。结合句意，前后是递进关系。故答案为Besides/ Moreover。
8. 考查名词。句意：另外，你应该严格遵守奖励和惩罚的规则。介词后面用名词、动名词、代词做宾语，故答案为punishment。
9. 考查条件状语从句。句意：如果你用道德和法律治理我们的国家，人民一定会相信你。句子是if引导的条件状语从句，故答案为if。
10. 考查固定短语。As a result结果，故答案为a。
二、短文改错
【答案】① Friday’s night的Friday’s改为Friday ② sort改为sorts ③ As the kid的the 改为a ④ watching改为watch ⑤ let 前的to去掉 ⑥ us改为me ⑦ unwilling前加was ⑧ for改为with ⑨ are改为were ⑩ where改为when
【解题思路】
①考查名词所有格。在表达某一天的上午下午晚上时用普通格不用所有格，故答案为Friday’s 改为Friday。
②考查名词的数。sort种类，是可数名词，同kind。all sorts of各种各样的。故答案为sort改为sorts。
③考查冠词的用法。句意：作为一个小孩，我喜欢看动画片。此处表示泛指，as a kid，故答案为the改为a。
④考查动词不定式。句意：但是不管有多少次我请求看（动画片），我的父母都不让我看。ask to do sth.请求做某事。故答案为watching改为watch。
⑤考查过去将来时的结构。would是情态动词，后跟动词原形，故答案为去掉to。
⑥考查代词和句意。根据上下文可知是父母对“我”说，故答案为us改为me。
⑦考查动词的句法结构。此处unwilling是形容词，需要加上be动词才能构成谓语部分，根据上下文的时态可知此处是一般过去时，be动词用was，故答案为unwilling前加was。
⑧考查介词的用法。短语play sth. with sb.和某人玩……，故答案为for改为with。
⑨考查动词的时态。由本句中entered的时态可知用一般过去时，故答案为are改为were。
⑩考查状语从句连词辨析。句意：小时候父母教给我的结果在后来的生活中是非常有用的。where表示地点，而本句指作者“小时候”，故答案为where改为when。
特殊句型是英语学习中必须掌握的难点知识，熟练地掌握和使用对提高应试能力有很大的帮助。通过近几年试题的分析与研究，主要从以下几个方面进行考查：倒装句、强调句和省略句。在学习时，首先应弄清楚如何正确地使用，其次要在具体的语境中灵活使用。
近三年的高考题更加注重考查知识之间的交叉现象，如在考查强调句的同时考查定语从句，把省略、强调句与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合在一起，考查考生综合把握语言知识的能力。
考点1 强调句----强调句结构及其中的who和that
强调句的基本构成为：It is/was+被强调部分+who/that+其他成分。无论强调那个部分，其后面的连接词只能用who或者that。被强调的部分指人时，可用who或that；被强调的部分不指人时，切不可因为强调的是时间、地点、原因或者方式状语而用when, where, why或how,此时必须用that。如：
It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again．
正是在战争结束后爱因斯坦才得以重新回到研究工作中去。
②It was in front of the bank that the old lady was robbed．那位老太太是在银行的前面被抢劫的。
③It is when he got back that he knew what had happened．他回来后才知道所发生的情况。
④It was the goat’s eyes that he had seen in the darkness．他在黑暗中看到的就是这只山羊的眼睛。
特别提示：
强调句中的主谓一致性：当强调主语时，其后的谓语动词应与主语一致，即人称和数要一致。如：
① It is my mother who cooks every day．每天煮饭的是我妈妈。
② It is he who is wrong．是他错了。
【典例】
It was after he got what he had desired _____he realize it was not so important.
that B. when C. since D. as
【答案】A
【解析】考查强调句型。句意：直到他得到了他想要的东西，他才意识到它并没有那么重要。此处为强调句型，其基本结构为：it+ is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分，本题强调after he got what he had desired，故A正确。
考点2 强调句----强调状语部分
强调句所强调的状语部分可以是介词短语、副词或状语从句。如：
1.强调介词短语
It is not without an effort that we can expect to succeed. 不经努力，我们不能指望成功。
2.强调状语从句
①It was before he went to London that he had learned English for three years．他在去伦敦之前已经学了三年英语。(强调时间)
②It was where you have questions that you’d better make a mark．最好在你有疑问的地方做个记号。(强调地点)
③It was because she was ill that she didn’t come to the party．她没来参加聚会是因为她病了。(强调原因)
④It is as the Party tells us that we must do．我们必须做的就是听从党的安排。(强调方式)
⑤It is as long as you promise to be back before 8：00 that you can go out．只要你保证八点以前回来你就可以出去。(强调条件)
3.强调not until结构
It was not until his mother told him everything that Jack understood why she was angry with him.
直到母亲把一切都告诉他，Jack才明白母亲为什么生他的气。
特别提示：
not until 引导的复合句放于句首时，主句须用倒装语序。但如果放于被强调的位置，则that后的主谓不倒装。如：
It wasn’t until I got off the bus that I realized it．直到下车我才意识到这一点。(强调句)
② Not until I got off the bus did I realize it．直到下车我才意识到这一点。(倒装句)
【典例】
It ____not until she came back ____ Jane realized that she had lost her ID card.
A. is, that B. was, who C. was, that D. is, who
【答案】C
【解析】考查强调句型及时态。句意：直到到了家，简才发现她的身份证丢了。在高中英语中not和until只能在两种情况下紧挨着出现：1.强调句型It is/was not until...that...; 2.倒装句型Not until...。在其他情况下一律用not...until...,分析句子结构可知，此处为强调句，又因句子使用了一般过去时和过去完成时可知，此处应使用was。故C选项正确。
考点3 强调句-----强调句的疑问句
1．一般疑问句。结构为：Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子其他成分?如：
Was it during the Anti-Japanese War that he died? 他是在抗日战争期间去世的吗?
2．特殊疑问句。结构为：特殊疑问词(what/Who/when/Why/Where/How)+is/was it+ that/who+句子其他成分?
如：
Why is it that smoking is not allowed here? 为什么这儿不允许吸烟? ‘
考点4 强调句-----强调句与主语从句、定语从句和状语从句的辨析
1. 掌握强调句与“It is/was…that+从句.”式主语从句的使用区别。主句从句中it is/was后通常用名词或形容词作表语，而强调句中it is/was后被强调的成分是主语、宾语或状语。如：
It is a wonder that the wounded soldier is still alive. 那个受伤的士兵还活着，真是个奇迹。（主语从句）
② It is a wonder that we visited yesterday. 我们昨天参观的是一个奇迹。（强调句）
2．定语从句的引导词(即关系代词和关系副词)在从句的使用过程中较为丰富，如who，that，which，whose，when，where，why等，与充当先行词的名词或代词存在修饰与被修饰的关系；而强调句中的引导词只有who和that，强调人时，用who或that，强调其他时，只用that，且与被强调的部分不存在修饰与被修饰的关系。如：
①It was 2009 when she graduated from the senior high school．
那是2009年，她高中毕业的时候。(定语从句)
②It was in 2009 that she graduated from the senior high school. 她高中毕业是在2009年。（强调句）
3. 容易与强调句混淆的时间状语从句主要有：
(1) It is/was+时间+since从句。有两种含义：如果since从句中的谓语动词是非延续性的。则译为“自从……有多长时间了”；如果是延续性的，则译为“不做某事已有多长时间了”。如：
①It is three years since he joined the army．自他参军以来已有三年了。
②It is many years since he smoked．他没有吸烟已有好多年了。
(2) It is/will(not)be+时间段+before从句。表示“要过多久(不久)才……”，before从句后的谓语动词多用一般现在时。如：
It won’t be long before you reach your goal．你离成功不远了。
(3) It was+时间段+before从句。表示 “过了多久才……”。before从句后的谓语动词多用一般过去时。如：
It was four hours before he finished the work. 过了四小时他才完成工作。
【典例】
It was after having her first child at a time____ my mother was working as a lawyer ____she decided to run for governor of the state
A. that; that B. which; that
C. that; who D. when; that
【答案】D
【解析】考查强调句型和定语从句。句意：在我母亲做律师的时生了第一个孩子后，她决定竞选州长。第一空“when”引导定语从句，先行词是“ a time”，从句中缺少时间状语，故用关系副词“when”；第二空“that”构成了强调句式的基本结构It is/was+强调部分+that从句。
4. 谓语动词的强调
强调句“It is/was…that…”一般不强调谓语动词，如果要强调谓语，用助动词do，does或did。如：The family did manage to send him to a technical schoo1．家里的确设法让他上技术学校。
考点5 倒装句------全部倒装
把谓语全部提到主语前面，叫全部倒装或完全倒装。主要有：
以here, there, out, in, up, down, away等副词开头，谓语动词多为be, come, go等，则需用全部倒装。如：There flows a river at the foot of the mountain. 山脚下有一条河。
2. 以then, now, thus开头，谓语动词多为come, follow, begin, end, be, 主语又是名词/名词词组，则用全部倒装（若主语是代词，则不能倒装）。如：Now comes your turn! 该你了
3．当地点类介词短语位于句首且后有不及物动词be，come，sit，live，stand，lie，exist等时，常用全部倒装。如：On the ground lay an old man，who was dying．地上躺着一位老人，奄奄一息。
4．such作表语，置于句首，表示“这样的人/事物；上述的人/事物”。be动词须与后面的主语保持一致。如：Such is their decision．他们的决定就是这样。
【典例】
______, without waiting for any reply.
A. Away did he go B. Away went he C. Away he went D. Did he go away
【答案】C
【解析】考查倒装。句意：没有等待任何回复，他走开了。方位副词位于句首时，应使用完全倒装结构，但是当主语是代词时，不需要倒装，要使用陈述语序。故C选项正确。
考点6 强调句------部分倒装
只把助动词/系动词/情态动词提到主语前面，叫部分倒装。主要有：
在疑问句中须部分倒装。但在疑问句中作主语的特殊疑问句里，不用倒装。如：
Does he speak Chinese? 他说中国话吗？
Who is in this room? 谁在这个房间里？
用于以so, nor, neither开头的句子，表示重复前句的部分内容，须部分倒装，且此句的谓语动词应与前句的谓语在时态/形式上一致，但“so+主语+do”结构则表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定，它的主语与上文的主语相同，so相当于indeed，certainly。如：
①Mary has learned by heart 200 words，and So have I．玛丽已经记住了200个单词，我也是这样。
②—The girls study hard．这些女孩学习刻苦。
—so they do．她们的确如此。
3． 在以never，seldom，not only，rarely，scarcely，in no way等否定或半否定词开头的句子用部分倒装。如：Little do I dream of seeing such wonderful scenery．我想象不到会看到这样美妙的景色。
Only置于句首修饰状语（副词、介词短语）或状语从句等时用部分倒装。
如：Only after the anaesthetist gave the patient an anaesthetic could the operation be conducted. 只有在麻醉师给病人实施麻醉以后，手术才能进行。
在so…that, such…that句型中，当so, such引导的结构置于句首时须用部分倒装。
如：So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. 他说话声音那样大，隔壁屋里的人都能听见。
6．在hardly…when，no sooner…than，not until句型中，主句须部分倒装。
如：Hardly had he arrived when it began to snow．他一到，天就下起雪来了。
7．as引导的让步状语从句结构为：形容词/名词/动词+as+主语+谓语。如：
Tired as he was, he stayed up late. 他虽然疲倦，可仍然很晚才睡。
Explain as I might, I could not make myself understood. 尽管我已经解释了，但我还是不被理解。
③ Child as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个孩子，可他知道很多。（注意开头的名词前无冠词）
8．在省略了if的虚拟条件句中，were，had或should置于句首。
如：Were I in your position，I would not go．我要是在你的位置上，我是不会去的。
9．however，no matter how引导的让步状语从句，把however/no matter how + 形容词/副词 置于句首。
如：However hard he worked，he couldn’t solve the problem．不管多努力，他就是解决不了那个问题。
【典例】
1. At no time _____in the exam. It was unfair to punish them.
A．they actually cheated B．do they actually cheat
C．did they actually cheat D．they had actually cheat
【答案】 C
【解析】考查部分倒装。句意：他们在考试中绝对没有作弊。惩罚他们是不公平的。此处否定词组At no time位于句子开头，句子用部分倒装，结合句意可知句子是一般过去时态，故答案为C。
【典例】
2. Only when the teacher walked into the classroom _____that she had left the speech note at home.
A．she realized B．has she realized
C．she has realized D．did she realized
【答案】D
【解析】考查部分倒装结构。句意：只有当老师进入教室的时候她才意识到她把演讲笔记忘在家里了。此处only+状语位于句子开头，句子用部分倒装；when引导的时间状语从句的时态是一般过去时态，所以这里主句也用一般过去时态，因为这两个动作几乎是同时发生的。故答案选D。
【典例】
3. Not until I began to work ____how much time I had wasted.
A. I realized B. I did realize C. did I realize D. I realize
【答案】C
【解析】考查倒装句。句意：直到我开始工作，我才意识到我浪费了多少时间。Not until引导状语从句位于句首时，主句要部分倒装，故选C。
考点7 省略句------省略句的几个考查要点
英语中，有时为了避免重复，往往省去一个词或一些成分，这种语法现象称为省略。主要考查点有：
1．简单句的省略
祈使句省略主语you；某些句子结构省略谓语；部分问句同时省略主谓语；疑问句的答语省略；感叹句的省略；年龄和钟点的省略等。如：
(You) Don’t touch this button. 请（你）不要碰这个按钮。
(Is there) Anybody you want to see? 你想见什么人吗？
Why (do) not (you do that)? （你）为什么不（做）呢？
—Are these people your friends? 这些人是你的朋友吗？
—Yes, they are (my friends). 是的，他们是（我的朋友）。
2．比较结构的省略。
在”the+比较级，the+比较级”结构中，可以省略be；由than和as引导的比较句式中的省略。如：
①The sooner(you do it)，the better(it will be)．(你做得)越快，(结果就会)越好。
②The longer the wire(is)，the greater the resistance(is)．导线越长，电阻就越大。
3．主从复合句中的省略
(1) 宾语从句中，连词that常省略，但当多个宾语从句并列时，只能省略第一个。如：
I know (that) she is a teacher and that she is an excellent writer. 我知道她是一个老师，也是一个优秀的作家。
(2) 在有些表示条件、时间、地点、方式或让步等的状语从句中，如果谓语含有be动词，主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者主语是it， 常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分（特别是be动词）省略。如：
①If so (If it is so)，you must go back and bring it here．如果是这样的话，你必须回去把它拿来。
②Look out for cars when(you are)crossing the street．过街时当心车辆。
(3) 定语从句的省略。作宾语的关系代词的省略或省略到用分词作定语。如：
The car(which/that)his father gave him as a birthday present was stolen．
他父亲当作生日礼物送给他的那辆汽车被盗了。
(4)在含有were，had，should的虚拟条件句中if的省略。在这种情况下若if省略，常将were，had，should等提到句首，主谓部分倒装。如：
Were I a bird，I could fly．如果我是一只鸟，我就能飞。
4．not，so，neither，nor的替代性省略。动词believe，do，expect，fear，guess，hope，say，suppose，think等和I’m afraid后面可用替代词so或not来避免重复前面提到的内容。表示肯定意义时，以上动词都可与so搭配；但表示否定意义时，hope与guess只用I hope not和I guess not的形式，而think，believe，suppose等词可有两种形式，即：I think not和I don’t think so。如：
—Do they mind you smoking there? 你在那儿抽烟，他们介意吗?
—I don’t think so/I think not．我想不会。
【典例】
1. When entering the office, _______.
A. Winifred was found sitting at a desk B. Winifred was found sat at a desk
C. we found Winifred seated at a desk D. we found Winifred seating at a desk
【答案】 C
【解析】考查状语从句的省略和动词的用法。句意：当我们走进办公室时，我们发现Winifred坐在一张桌子旁。主从句主语一致，状语从句主语省略，seated表示“坐”的状态，所以不能用seating，故选C。
【典例】
2. — What should I do with this passage?
— ____the main idea of each paragraph.
A. Finding out B Find out C. Found out D. To find out
【答案】B
【解析】考查省略的用法。句意：我应该如何处理这篇文章？找出每段大意。若补全完整，该句应为：You should find out the main idea of each paragraph.在对话中，当双方均明白的不会产生歧义的部分常被省略。故B选项正确。
单项选择
1.【江苏省南京市和盐城市2019届高三第一次模拟考试英语试卷】He saw still full of optimism for the future despite many problems, and never once ____him get worried or upset.
A. I saw B. I would see C. did I see D. would I see
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查倒装。句意：尽管有许多问题，但他对未来仍然充满乐观，我从未见过他感到忧虑或者不安。“and”连接两个并列句，后面一个句子是以否定词“never”开头，故用倒装结构，助动词置于主语前，且从前面的句子时态来看，确定是用一般过去时，故选C。
2.【江西省南昌市第二中学2018-2019学年高三上学期第一次月考英语试题】It was when we were returning home _____I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
A. that B. which C. how D. where
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查强调句型。句意：就在我回家的时候，我才意识到帮助处于困境中的人是一种多么美好的感觉。强调句型的基本结构是：It is/was+被强调成分+that/who+其他成分；本句强调的是时间状语从句when we were returning home。所以A选项正确。
3.【北京市中央民族大学附属中学2019届高三10月月考英语试题】Not only he retired from teaching two years ago_____ having a holiday abroad.
A. he had considered B. had he considered
C. did he consider D. he considered
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查部分倒装。句意：直到两年前从教育工作中退休，他才考虑去国外度假。Not until结构位于句首时，主句使用部分倒装语序，排除A、D选项，根据“two years ago”判断句子用一般过去时，答案选C。
4.【黑龙江省牡丹市第一高级中学2019届高三上学期期末考试英语试题】It was the belief _____he could find his “root” in Africa _____made Alex Haley decide to go to Gambia.
A. that; where B. where; that C. that; that D. how; which
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查同位语从句和强调句型。根据句子结构及成分可知，本句主干是强调句型：It is +被强调部分+that+其它部分；第一空处引导belief的同位语从句，从句成分齐全，应使用只起连接作用的代词that引导；第二空处则应是强调句中的that。句意：是Alex Haley能在非洲找到他的根的想法使他决定去赞比亚。故C选项正确。
5.【2018年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试英语（北京卷）】In any unsafe situation, simply _____the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
A. press B. to press
C. pressing D. pressed
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查祈使句。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，仅仅摁下这个按钮，一个训练有素的特工就会使你得到你需要的帮助。and是连词，连接并列结构，and后面是一个句子，那么，前面也应是句子，选项中只有动词原形可以构成祈使句，其余的都是非谓语动词，无法构成句子。故A选项正确。
6.【黑龙江省哈尔滨市第六中学2018-2019学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题】Only when you have obtained enough evidence _____to a sound conclusion.
A. can you come B. you can come
C. can come you D. come can you
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查倒装句。句意：只有当你获得了足够的数据，你才能得出一个合理的结论。“only+状语/状语从句”位于句首时，主句用部分倒装，即将情态动词、系动词或助动词提到主语前面，其结构为only+状语/状语从句+情态动词/系动词或助动词+主语+其他，此句话中含有情态动词“can”，将“can”提到主语“you”之前，故答案选A。
7.【黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学2018-2019学年高一10月摸底考试】Hardly ____he got out of the court _____the reporters raised a lot of questions to him.
A. had...when B. had...than C. did...when D. has...that
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查部分倒装。句意：他刚走出法庭，记者向他提了很多文意。本句为Hardly...when结构，“一......就”，hardly所在的句子用过去完成时，when所在的从句用一般过去时，另外，hardly位于句首时，句子使用部分倒装，综述选A。
8.【江苏省启东中学2018-2019学年高一上学期第二次月考英语试题】It was in that house ____he used to live ____the secret meeting was held.
A. where; where B. that; that C. what; where D. where; that
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查定语从句和强调句型。句意：秘密会议是在他曾经住过的那所房子里举行的。分析句子结构可知，第一空为定语从句，先行词为house，从句中不缺主宾表，缺少地点状语，所以用where，去掉it is 和第二空，结构依然完整，所以第二空为强调句型，强调会议举行的地点，其基本结构为it is+被强调部分+that+其余部分，所以用that，故D项正确。
9.【江苏省苏州市第五中学2019届高三10月月考英语试题】Several melon stalls were below the window and above them ______with a big clock on top of it.
A. was the telecom tower B. were the telecom tower
C. the telecom tower was D. the telecom tower were
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查主谓一致和倒装句。above them是表示方位的介词短语，置于句首时，构成完全倒装，主语the telecom tower是单数，故选A项。句意：窗口下方有几个西瓜摊点，在它们的上方是一座顶部有大钟的电讯塔。
一、语法填空
【广州市2018届高三名校联考】Throughout history, people have thought of the ocean as a diverse and limitless source of food. Yet today there is clear evidence that the oceans have a limit. Most of the big fish in our oceans are now __61 (go). One major cause is overfishing. People are taking so many fish from the sea that many species cannot replace 62 (they).
For centuries, local fishermen caught only enough fish for their own and their community’s needs. However, from the early 20th century, people around the world became interested 63 consuming protein-rich foods. People began ___64 (catch) large quantities of fish for profit and selling them to worldwide markets. In a very short period of time, commercial fishing 65 (great) reduced the number of large predatory fish, such as cod and tuna.
Today, there are still plenty of fish in the sea, 66 they’re mostly just the little ones. Small fish, 67__ include sardines and anchovies, have more than doubled in number-largely because there are not enough big fish ___68_ _ (eat) them.
Such large fish 69 (be) necessary, because they hunt and kill the sick and weak smaller fish. Without this weeding out, or survival of the fittest, ecosystems become less stable. As a result, fish are less able to survive 70 __ (difficult) such as pollution, environmental change, or changes in the food supply.
【答案】
61. gone 62. themselves 63. in 64. catching 65. greatly
66. but 67. which 68. to eat 69. are 70. difficulties
【解题思路】
61. 考点：非谓语动词
解析：本题已经有了系动词are，所以后面要填非谓语动词作表语。go作表语可以用going和gone，其中gone符合题意，“消失的”。
62. 考点：代词
解析：本题从句主语many species的宾语是they，主语发出的动作是自己本身，需要用反身代词。注意不要漏写复数。
63. 考点：介词
解析：固定搭配be interested in，对某物／某人感兴趣。
64. 考点：非谓语动词
解析：本题begin后面缺少宾语，因此使用非谓语作宾语。begin to do和doing均存在，但是后面有and selling, 所以应该用catching和selling并列。
65. 考点：副词
解析：本空修饰后面的动词reduce，所以应该使用副词，即greatly。
66. 考点：连词
解析：两个句子之间应该放连词连接句子。此外，两个句子之间的意思发生了转折，因此使用but。
67. 考点：连词
解析：从句缺少主语，因此排除是并列句和状语从句。此外，从句在名词后，且fish不是抽象名词，因此排除同位语从句，只会是定语从句。空格指代fish且有逗号，所以使用which。
68. 考点：非谓语。
解析：没有足够的大鱼去吃他们，enough to do sth.。
69. 考点：谓语动词
解析：句子没有谓语动词，因此be的填写要遵循谓语动词的填写方法。因为be是系动词且fish为集合名词，所以用are。
70. 考点：名词
解析：difficult作为形容词，可以变副词。但是因为第65题已经考了副词，所以它只能变比较级最高级或名词，因为后面有such as，所以difficult要变名词。而且困难不止一种，所以用difficulties。
二、短文改错
【惠州市2019届高三二调】My pen-pal from the USA come to visit me last week. It was first time that he had
been to China and he enjoyed his stay there. I took him to a tea house near my house, there we had a good taste of
Chinese tea and learned something about tea culture. Amazing at the tea pots and cups of different shapes, he took some
photo of them. Then a young lady came to serve for us. She showed us how to make tea but encouraged us to give it a
try. Following his instructions, we found that make good tea was much more than pouring hot water into the tea leaves.
We felt happily that we had a good time there.
【答案】
1. come改为came
2. 在was与first之间加the
3. 第三句中的 there 改为where
4. Amazing改为Amazed
5. photo改为photos
6. 去掉for
7. but改为and
8. his改为her
9. make 改为making
10. happily 改为happy
【解题思路】
1. 考查动词时态。根据后面的时间状语“last week”，判断此处需用一般过去时，故将come改为came。
2. 考查冠词。序数词前需用定冠词，故在“was”与“first”之间加the。
3. 考查定语从句。逗号之间无连词，判断此处为非限制性定语从句，且先行词为地点状语“my house”，故将there 改为where。
4. 考查形容词。V-ed形容词一般表示某人感到……，而V-ing形容词一般表示令人……，故将Amazing改为Amazed。
5. 考查名词。前有“some”，表一些，修饰可数名词复数，故将photo改为photos。
6. 考查介词。“serve”是及物动词，直接接宾语，故去掉for。
7. 考查连词。前后无转折关系，故将but改为and。
8. 考查代词。此处指代“a young lady”，故将his 改为her。
9. 考查非谓语动词。此处为动名词短语作主语，故将make改为making。
10. 考查形容词。前有系动词，因此此处接形容词作表语，故将happily 改为happy。
一、语法填空
【赣州市十四县（市）2019届高三上学期期中联考】On May 18th, it was announced that China had achieved success in drilling fire ice, a frozen 61. (mix) of water and natural gas, from the South China Sea. 62.______ (official) known as methane hydrates(甲烷水合物), fire ice produces a high amount of energy when 63. (burn) and its chemical reaction produces nothing but dioxide and water.
Fire ice, both clean and energy-intensive, 64. (consider) the fuel of the future. Many countries, including the United States and Japan, have long been conducting research on fire ice, but extracting（提取）it from the bottom of the sea has been a common problem 65. (trouble) all of them. But, the Chinese team succeeded in drilling fire ice for nearly eight successive days, 66. is a big breakthrough.
However, it is too early 67. (say) a new energy source has been found. The world’s total fire ice reserve is about 21,000 trillion cubic meters, which, if extracted, could meet the world’s energy need 68. 1,000 years. But the successful test drilling of fire ice does not mean it can be extracted for 69. (industry) use. China has to solve many problems before it can use fire ice as a source of energy.
It’s thought that only by 2025 at 70. earliest might people be able to look at realistic commercial options.
【答案】
61. mixture/mix 62. Officially 63. burnt/burned 64. is considered 65. troubling
66. which 67. to say 68. for 69. industrial 70. the
【解题思路】本文为新闻报道，文章介绍我国在南海北部神狐海域进行的可燃冰试采获得成功。
61. 考查名词。此处放在“frozen”这个形容词后面，应该用名词，所以是“mixture”表混合物，也可用“mix”表混合。
62. 考查副词。此处修饰动词“known”，要用副词officially。
63. 考查非谓语动词。此处为“when”引导的省略句，省略了主语和be动词，主语为“fire ice”与“burn”之间是被动关系，所以用burned或burnt。
64. 考查被动语态。根据语境可知可燃冰被认为是未来的一种燃料，所以用被动语态，再根据主谓一致和前后关系，所以用is considered。
65. 考查非谓语动词。根据句意，从海底提取可燃冰一直以来是困扰大家的问题，问题与困扰之间是主动关系，所以用troubling。
66. 考查定语从句。根据句意，连续八天提取可燃冰成功，这是一个很大的突破，此处为非限制性定语从句，所以用which。
67. 考查非谓语动词。此处为固定短语 too…to …太……而不能，所以用to say。
68. 考查介词。此处表示可以持续使用1000年的时间，所以用for。
69. 考查形容词。此处修饰名词“use”使用，所以用形容词industrial。
70. 考查冠词。句意为人们认为，最早要到2025年，人们才能看到现实的商业价值。最早用at the earliest。
二、短文改错
【广东省2019届高三六校联考】When I was young, I was terribly poor in the Chinese. Be afraid of expressing
myself was one of the reasons that I rarely did well in school. Once I failed in a mid-term exam. When I got the papers,
I realized things could have been better if I listened to the teacher much more attentive. So I turned to my teacher for
helps and he told me, “Where there is a will, there is a way. If we are devoted to learning Chinese, you’ll make it.” I
couldn’t agree much. From then on, I began to work harder. Out of my expect, I made great progress soon. Today,
Chinese is where my strength lies. And I’m grateful for my Chinese teacher.
【答案】When I was young, I was terribly poor in the Chinese. Be afraid of expressing myself was one of the reasons
Being
that I rarely did well in school. Once I failed in a mid-term exam. When I got the papers, I realized things could have
why
been better if I ∧ listened to the teacher much more attentive. So I turned to my teacher for helps and he told me,
had attentively help
“Where there is a will, there is a way. If we are devoted to learning Chinese, you’ll make it.” I couldn’t agree much.
you (或者把后半句的you改成we) more
From then on, I began to work harder. Out of my expect, I made great progress soon. Today, Chinese is where my
expectation(s)
strength lies. And I’m grateful for my Chinese teacher.
to
【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文，作者年轻时中文差，在老师的帮助下，经过努力，最终中文变成了自己的优势。
1.考查冠词。当我年轻的时候，我的中文非常差，此处的Chinese指“汉语”，故去掉前面的the。
2.考查非谓语动词。句意：害怕表达自己是我在学校很少取得好成绩的原因之一。此句动名词短语作主语，故Be 改成Being。
3.考查原因状语从句。句意同上一题。故将that改为why。
4.考查虚拟语气。我意识到如果我听了老师更细心的话，事情会变得更好，此处是if引导的虚拟语气，与过去的事实相反，所以if条件句用过去完成时态，故listened前加had。
5.考查副词。副词修饰动词，故attentive改成attentively。
6.考查固定搭配。turn to sb. for help 固定短语，“转过身来向某人求助”故helps改成help。
7.考查副词。我完全同意。否定词和比较级连用表示最高级的意思，故much改成more。
8.考查名词。形容词性物主代词修饰名词 故把expect改成expectation(s)。
9.考查表语从句。中文是我的优势所在。which（哪一个），表示一种选择，做主语或宾语；where（在哪里），作地点状语。故which改成where。
10.考查介词。be grateful to sb. 固定短语，“对某人感激”故for改成to。
特殊句型是英语学习中必须掌握的难点知识，熟练地掌握和使用对提高应试能力有很大的帮助。通过近几年试题的分析与研究，主要从以下几个方面进行考查：倒装句、强调句和省略句。在学习时，首先应弄清楚如何正确地使用，其次要在具体的语境中灵活使用。
近三年的高考题更加注重考查知识之间的交叉现象，如在考查强调句的同时考查定语从句，把省略、强调句与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合在一起，考查考生综合把握语言知识的能力。
考点1 强调句----强调句结构及其中的who和that
强调句的基本构成为：It is/was+被强调部分+who/that+其他成分。无论强调那个部分，其后面的连接词只能用who或者that。被强调的部分指人时，可用who或that；被强调的部分不指人时，切不可因为强调的是时间、地点、原因或者方式状语而用when, where, why或how,此时必须用that。如：
It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again．
正是在战争结束后爱因斯坦才得以重新回到研究工作中去。
②It was in front of the bank that the old lady was robbed．那位老太太是在银行的前面被抢劫的。
③It is when he got back that he knew what had happened．他回来后才知道所发生的情况。
④It was the goat’s eyes that he had seen in the darkness．他在黑暗中看到的就是这只山羊的眼睛。
特别提示：
强调句中的主谓一致性：当强调主语时，其后的谓语动词应与主语一致，即人称和数要一致。如：
① It is my mother who cooks every day．每天煮饭的是我妈妈。
② It is he who is wrong．是他错了。
【典例】
It was after he got what he had desired _____he realize it was not so important.
that B. when C. since D. as
【答案】A
【解析】考查强调句型。句意：直到他得到了他想要的东西，他才意识到它并没有那么重要。此处为强调句型，其基本结构为：it+ is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分，本题强调after he got what he had desired，故A正确。
考点2 强调句----强调状语部分
强调句所强调的状语部分可以是介词短语、副词或状语从句。如：
1.强调介词短语
It is not without an effort that we can expect to succeed. 不经努力，我们不能指望成功。
2.强调状语从句
①It was before he went to London that he had learned English for three years．他在去伦敦之前已经学了三年英语。(强调时间)
②It was where you have questions that you’d better make a mark．最好在你有疑问的地方做个记号。(强调地点)
③It was because she was ill that she didn’t come to the party．她没来参加聚会是因为她病了。(强调原因)
④It is as the Party tells us that we must do．我们必须做的就是听从党的安排。(强调方式)
⑤It is as long as you promise to be back before 8：00 that you can go out．只要你保证八点以前回来你就可以出去。(强调条件)
3.强调not until结构
It was not until his mother told him everything that Jack understood why she was angry with him.
直到母亲把一切都告诉他，Jack才明白母亲为什么生他的气。
特别提示：
not until 引导的复合句放于句首时，主句须用倒装语序。但如果放于被强调的位置，则that后的主谓不倒装。如：
It wasn’t until I got off the bus that I realized it．直到下车我才意识到这一点。(强调句)
② Not until I got off the bus did I realize it．直到下车我才意识到这一点。(倒装句)
【典例】
It ____not until she came back ____ Jane realized that she had lost her ID card.
A. is, that B. was, who C. was, that D. is, who
【答案】C
【解析】考查强调句型及时态。句意：直到到了家，简才发现她的身份证丢了。在高中英语中not和until只能在两种情况下紧挨着出现：1.强调句型It is/was not until...that...; 2.倒装句型Not until...。在其他情况下一律用not...until...,分析句子结构可知，此处为强调句，又因句子使用了一般过去时和过去完成时可知，此处应使用was。故C选项正确。
考点3 强调句-----强调句的疑问句
1．一般疑问句。结构为：Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子其他成分?如：
Was it during the Anti-Japanese War that he died? 他是在抗日战争期间去世的吗?
2．特殊疑问句。结构为：特殊疑问词(what/Who/when/Why/Where/How)+is/was it+ that/who+句子其他成分?
如：
Why is it that smoking is not allowed here? 为什么这儿不允许吸烟? ‘
考点4 强调句-----强调句与主语从句、定语从句和状语从句的辨析
1. 掌握强调句与“It is/was…that+从句.”式主语从句的使用区别。主句从句中it is/was后通常用名词或形容词作表语，而强调句中it is/was后被强调的成分是主语、宾语或状语。如：
It is a wonder that the wounded soldier is still alive. 那个受伤的士兵还活着，真是个奇迹。（主语从句）
② It is a wonder that we visited yesterday. 我们昨天参观的是一个奇迹。（强调句）
2．定语从句的引导词(即关系代词和关系副词)在从句的使用过程中较为丰富，如who，that，which，whose，when，where，why等，与充当先行词的名词或代词存在修饰与被修饰的关系；而强调句中的引导词只有who和that，强调人时，用who或that，强调其他时，只用that，且与被强调的部分不存在修饰与被修饰的关系。如：
①It was 2009 when she graduated from the senior high school．
那是2009年，她高中毕业的时候。(定语从句)
②It was in 2009 that she graduated from the senior high school. 她高中毕业是在2009年。（强调句）
3. 容易与强调句混淆的时间状语从句主要有：
(1) It is/was+时间+since从句。有两种含义：如果since从句中的谓语动词是非延续性的。则译为“自从……有多长时间了”；如果是延续性的，则译为“不做某事已有多长时间了”。如：
①It is three years since he joined the army．自他参军以来已有三年了。
②It is many years since he smoked．他没有吸烟已有好多年了。
(2) It is/will(not)be+时间段+before从句。表示“要过多久(不久)才……”，before从句后的谓语动词多用一般现在时。如：
It won’t be long before you reach your goal．你离成功不远了。
(3) It was+时间段+before从句。表示 “过了多久才……”。before从句后的谓语动词多用一般过去时。如：
It was four hours before he finished the work. 过了四小时他才完成工作。
【典例】
It was after having her first child at a time____ my mother was working as a lawyer ____she decided to run for governor of the state
A. that; that B. which; that
C. that; who D. when; that
【答案】D
【解析】考查强调句型和定语从句。句意：在我母亲做律师的时生了第一个孩子后，她决定竞选州长。第一空“when”引导定语从句，先行词是“ a time”，从句中缺少时间状语，故用关系副词“when”；第二空“that”构成了强调句式的基本结构It is/was+强调部分+that从句。
4. 谓语动词的强调
强调句“It is/was…that…”一般不强调谓语动词，如果要强调谓语，用助动词do，does或did。如：The family did manage to send him to a technical schoo1．家里的确设法让他上技术学校。
考点5 倒装句------全部倒装
把谓语全部提到主语前面，叫全部倒装或完全倒装。主要有：
以here, there, out, in, up, down, away等副词开头，谓语动词多为be, come, go等，则需用全部倒装。如：There flows a river at the foot of the mountain. 山脚下有一条河。
2. 以then, now, thus开头，谓语动词多为come, follow, begin, end, be, 主语又是名词/名词词组，则用全部倒装（若主语是代词，则不能倒装）。如：Now comes your turn! 该你了
3．当地点类介词短语位于句首且后有不及物动词be，come，sit，live，stand，lie，exist等时，常用全部倒装。如：On the ground lay an old man，who was dying．地上躺着一位老人，奄奄一息。
4．such作表语，置于句首，表示“这样的人/事物；上述的人/事物”。be动词须与后面的主语保持一致。如：Such is their decision．他们的决定就是这样。
【典例】
______, without waiting for any reply.
A. Away did he go B. Away went he C. Away he went D. Did he go away
【答案】C
【解析】考查倒装。句意：没有等待任何回复，他走开了。方位副词位于句首时，应使用完全倒装结构，但是当主语是代词时，不需要倒装，要使用陈述语序。故C选项正确。
考点6 强调句------部分倒装
只把助动词/系动词/情态动词提到主语前面，叫部分倒装。主要有：
在疑问句中须部分倒装。但在疑问句中作主语的特殊疑问句里，不用倒装。如：
Does he speak Chinese? 他说中国话吗？
Who is in this room? 谁在这个房间里？
用于以so, nor, neither开头的句子，表示重复前句的部分内容，须部分倒装，且此句的谓语动词应与前句的谓语在时态/形式上一致，但“so+主语+do”结构则表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定，它的主语与上文的主语相同，so相当于indeed，certainly。如：
①Mary has learned by heart 200 words，and So have I．玛丽已经记住了200个单词，我也是这样。
②—The girls study hard．这些女孩学习刻苦。
—so they do．她们的确如此。
3． 在以never，seldom，not only，rarely，scarcely，in no way等否定或半否定词开头的句子用部分倒装。如：Little do I dream of seeing such wonderful scenery．我想象不到会看到这样美妙的景色。
Only置于句首修饰状语（副词、介词短语）或状语从句等时用部分倒装。
如：Only after the anaesthetist gave the patient an anaesthetic could the operation be conducted. 只有在麻醉师给病人实施麻醉以后，手术才能进行。
在so…that, such…that句型中，当so, such引导的结构置于句首时须用部分倒装。
如：So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. 他说话声音那样大，隔壁屋里的人都能听见。
6．在hardly…when，no sooner…than，not until句型中，主句须部分倒装。
如：Hardly had he arrived when it began to snow．他一到，天就下起雪来了。
7．as引导的让步状语从句结构为：形容词/名词/动词+as+主语+谓语。如：
Tired as he was, he stayed up late. 他虽然疲倦，可仍然很晚才睡。
Explain as I might, I could not make myself understood. 尽管我已经解释了，但我还是不被理解。
③ Child as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个孩子，可他知道很多。（注意开头的名词前无冠词）
8．在省略了if的虚拟条件句中，were，had或should置于句首。
如：Were I in your position，I would not go．我要是在你的位置上，我是不会去的。
9．however，no matter how引导的让步状语从句，把however/no matter how + 形容词/副词 置于句首。
如：However hard he worked，he couldn’t solve the problem．不管多努力，他就是解决不了那个问题。
【典例】
1. At no time _____in the exam. It was unfair to punish them.
A．they actually cheated B．do they actually cheat
C．did they actually cheat D．they had actually cheat
【答案】 C
【解析】考查部分倒装。句意：他们在考试中绝对没有作弊。惩罚他们是不公平的。此处否定词组At no time位于句子开头，句子用部分倒装，结合句意可知句子是一般过去时态，故答案为C。
【典例】
2. Only when the teacher walked into the classroom _____that she had left the speech note at home.
A．she realized B．has she realized
C．she has realized D．did she realized
【答案】D
【解析】考查部分倒装结构。句意：只有当老师进入教室的时候她才意识到她把演讲笔记忘在家里了。此处only+状语位于句子开头，句子用部分倒装；when引导的时间状语从句的时态是一般过去时态，所以这里主句也用一般过去时态，因为这两个动作几乎是同时发生的。故答案选D。
【典例】
3. Not until I began to work ____how much time I had wasted.
A. I realized B. I did realize C. did I realize D. I realize
【答案】C
【解析】考查倒装句。句意：直到我开始工作，我才意识到我浪费了多少时间。Not until引导状语从句位于句首时，主句要部分倒装，故选C。
考点7 省略句------省略句的几个考查要点
英语中，有时为了避免重复，往往省去一个词或一些成分，这种语法现象称为省略。主要考查点有：
1．简单句的省略
祈使句省略主语you；某些句子结构省略谓语；部分问句同时省略主谓语；疑问句的答语省略；感叹句的省略；年龄和钟点的省略等。如：
(You) Don’t touch this button. 请（你）不要碰这个按钮。
(Is there) Anybody you want to see? 你想见什么人吗？
Why (do) not (you do that)? （你）为什么不（做）呢？
—Are these people your friends? 这些人是你的朋友吗？
—Yes, they are (my friends). 是的，他们是（我的朋友）。
2．比较结构的省略。
在”the+比较级，the+比较级”结构中，可以省略be；由than和as引导的比较句式中的省略。如：
①The sooner(you do it)，the better(it will be)．(你做得)越快，(结果就会)越好。
②The longer the wire(is)，the greater the resistance(is)．导线越长，电阻就越大。
3．主从复合句中的省略
(1) 宾语从句中，连词that常省略，但当多个宾语从句并列时，只能省略第一个。如：
I know (that) she is a teacher and that she is an excellent writer. 我知道她是一个老师，也是一个优秀的作家。
(2) 在有些表示条件、时间、地点、方式或让步等的状语从句中，如果谓语含有be动词，主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者主语是it， 常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分（特别是be动词）省略。如：
①If so (If it is so)，you must go back and bring it here．如果是这样的话，你必须回去把它拿来。
②Look out for cars when(you are)crossing the street．过街时当心车辆。
(3) 定语从句的省略。作宾语的关系代词的省略或省略到用分词作定语。如：
The car(which/that)his father gave him as a birthday present was stolen．
他父亲当作生日礼物送给他的那辆汽车被盗了。
(4)在含有were，had，should的虚拟条件句中if的省略。在这种情况下若if省略，常将were，had，should等提到句首，主谓部分倒装。如：
Were I a bird，I could fly．如果我是一只鸟，我就能飞。
4．not，so，neither，nor的替代性省略。动词believe，do，expect，fear，guess，hope，say，suppose，think等和I’m afraid后面可用替代词so或not来避免重复前面提到的内容。表示肯定意义时，以上动词都可与so搭配；但表示否定意义时，hope与guess只用I hope not和I guess not的形式，而think，believe，suppose等词可有两种形式，即：I think not和I don’t think so。如：
—Do they mind you smoking there? 你在那儿抽烟，他们介意吗?
—I don’t think so/I think not．我想不会。
【典例】
1. When entering the office, _______.
A. Winifred was found sitting at a desk B. Winifred was found sat at a desk
C. we found Winifred seated at a desk D. we found Winifred seating at a desk
【答案】 C
【解析】考查状语从句的省略和动词的用法。句意：当我们走进办公室时，我们发现Winifred坐在一张桌子旁。主从句主语一致，状语从句主语省略，seated表示“坐”的状态，所以不能用seating，故选C。
【典例】
2. — What should I do with this passage?
— ____the main idea of each paragraph.
A. Finding out B Find out C. Found out D. To find out
【答案】B
【解析】考查省略的用法。句意：我应该如何处理这篇文章？找出每段大意。若补全完整，该句应为：You should find out the main idea of each paragraph.在对话中，当双方均明白的不会产生歧义的部分常被省略。故B选项正确。
单项选择
1.【江苏省南京市和盐城市2019届高三第一次模拟考试英语试卷】He saw still full of optimism for the future despite many problems, and never once ____him get worried or upset.
A. I saw B. I would see C. did I see D. would I see
2.【江西省南昌市第二中学2018-2019学年高三上学期第一次月考英语试题】It was when we were returning home _____I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
A. that B. which C. how D. where
3.【北京市中央民族大学附属中学2019届高三10月月考英语试题】Not only he retired from teaching two years ago_____ having a holiday abroad.
A. he had considered B. had he considered
C. did he consider D. he considered
4.【黑龙江省牡丹市第一高级中学2019届高三上学期期末考试英语试题】It was the belief _____he could find his “root” in Africa _____made Alex Haley decide to go to Gambia.
A. that; where B. where; that C. that; that D. how; which
5.【2018年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试英语（北京卷）】In any unsafe situation, simply _____the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
A. press B. to press
C. pressing D. pressed
6.【黑龙江省哈尔滨市第六中学2018-2019学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题】Only when you have obtained enough evidence _____to a sound conclusion.
A. can you come B. you can come
C. can come you D. come can you
7.【黑龙江省牡丹江市第一高级中学2018-2019学年高一10月摸底考试】Hardly ____he got out of the court _____the reporters raised a lot of questions to him.
A. had...when B. had...than C. did...when D. has...that
8.【江苏省启东中学2018-2019学年高一上学期第二次月考英语试题】It was in that house ____he used to live ____the secret meeting was held.
A. where; where B. that; that C. what; where D. where; that
9.【江苏省苏州市第五中学2019届高三10月月考英语试题】Several melon stalls were below the window and above them ______with a big clock on top of it.
A. was the telecom tower B. were the telecom tower
C. the telecom tower was D. the telecom tower were
一、语法填空
【广州市2018届高三名校联考】Throughout history, people have thought of the ocean as a diverse and limitless source of food. Yet today there is clear evidence that the oceans have a limit. Most of the big fish in our oceans are now __61 (go). One major cause is overfishing. People are taking so many fish from the sea that many species cannot replace 62 (they).
For centuries, local fishermen caught only enough fish for their own and their community’s needs. However, from the early 20th century, people around the world became interested 63 consuming protein-rich foods. People began ___64 (catch) large quantities of fish for profit and selling them to worldwide markets. In a very short period of time, commercial fishing 65 (great) reduced the number of large predatory fish, such as cod and tuna.
Today, there are still plenty of fish in the sea, 66 they’re mostly just the little ones. Small fish, 67__ include sardines and anchovies, have more than doubled in number-largely because there are not enough big fish ___68_ _ (eat) them.
Such large fish 69 (be) necessary, because they hunt and kill the sick and weak smaller fish. Without this weeding out, or survival of the fittest, ecosystems become less stable. As a result, fish are less able to survive 70 __ (difficult) such as pollution, environmental change, or changes in the food supply.
二、短文改错
【惠州市2019届高三二调】My pen-pal from the USA come to visit me last week. It was first time that he had
been to China and he enjoyed his stay there. I took him to a tea house near my house, there we had a good taste of
Chinese tea and learned something about tea culture. Amazing at the tea pots and cups of different shapes, he took some
photo of them. Then a young lady came to serve for us. She showed us how to make tea but encouraged us to give it a
try. Following his instructions, we found that make good tea was much more than pouring hot water into the tea leaves.
We felt happily that we had a good time there.
一、语法填空
【赣州市十四县（市）2019届高三上学期期中联考】On May 18th, it was announced that China had achieved success in drilling fire ice, a frozen 61. (mix) of water and natural gas, from the South China Sea. 62.______ (official) known as methane hydrates(甲烷水合物), fire ice produces a high amount of energy when 63. (burn) and its chemical reaction produces nothing but dioxide and water.
Fire ice, both clean and energy-intensive, 64. (consider) the fuel of the future. Many countries, including the United States and Japan, have long been conducting research on fire ice, but extracting（提取）it from the bottom of the sea has been a common problem 65. (trouble) all of them. But, the Chinese team succeeded in drilling fire ice for nearly eight successive days, 66. is a big breakthrough.
However, it is too early 67. (say) a new energy source has been found. The world’s total fire ice reserve is about 21,000 trillion cubic meters, which, if extracted, could meet the world’s energy need 68. 1,000 years. But the successful test drilling of fire ice does not mean it can be extracted for 69. (industry) use. China has to solve many problems before it can use fire ice as a source of energy.
It’s thought that only by 2025 at 70. earliest might people be able to look at realistic commercial options.
二、短文改错
【广东省2019届高三六校联考】When I was young, I was terribly poor in the Chinese. Be afraid of expressing
myself was one of the reasons that I rarely did well in school. Once I failed in a mid-term exam. When I got the papers,
I realized things could have been better if I listened to the teacher much more attentive. So I turned to my teacher for
helps and he told me, “Where there is a will, there is a way. If we are devoted to learning Chinese, you’ll make it.” I
couldn’t agree much. From then on, I began to work harder. Out of my expect, I made great progress soon. Today,
Chinese is where my strength lies. And I’m grateful for my Chinese teacher.
答案与解析
单项选择
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查倒装。句意：尽管有许多问题，但他对未来仍然充满乐观，我从未见过他感到忧虑或者不安。“and”连接两个并列句，后面一个句子是以否定词“never”开头，故用倒装结构，助动词置于主语前，且从前面的句子时态来看，确定是用一般过去时，故选C。
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查强调句型。句意：就在我回家的时候，我才意识到帮助处于困境中的人是一种多么美好的感觉。强调句型的基本结构是：It is/was+被强调成分+that/who+其他成分；本句强调的是时间状语从句when we were returning home。所以A选项正确。
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查部分倒装。句意：直到两年前从教育工作中退休，他才考虑去国外度假。Not until结构位于句首时，主句使用部分倒装语序，排除A、D选项，根据“two years ago”判断句子用一般过去时，答案选C。
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查同位语从句和强调句型。根据句子结构及成分可知，本句主干是强调句型：It is +被强调部分+that+其它部分；第一空处引导belief的同位语从句，从句成分齐全，应使用只起连接作用的代词that引导；第二空处则应是强调句中的that。句意：是Alex Haley能在非洲找到他的根的想法使他决定去赞比亚。故C选项正确。
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查祈使句。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，仅仅摁下这个按钮，一个训练有素的特工就会使你得到你需要的帮助。and是连词，连接并列结构，and后面是一个句子，那么，前面也应是句子，选项中只有动词原形可以构成祈使句，其余的都是非谓语动词，无法构成句子。故A选项正确。
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查倒装句。句意：只有当你获得了足够的数据，你才能得出一个合理的结论。“only+状语/状语从句”位于句首时，主句用部分倒装，即将情态动词、系动词或助动词提到主语前面，其结构为only+状语/状语从句+情态动词/系动词或助动词+主语+其他，此句话中含有情态动词“can”，将“can”提到主语“you”之前，故答案选A。
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查部分倒装。句意：他刚走出法庭，记者向他提了很多文意。本句为Hardly...when结构，“一......就”，hardly所在的句子用过去完成时，when所在的从句用一般过去时，另外，hardly位于句首时，句子使用部分倒装，综述选A。
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查定语从句和强调句型。句意：秘密会议是在他曾经住过的那所房子里举行的。分析句子结构可知，第一空为定语从句，先行词为house，从句中不缺主宾表，缺少地点状语，所以用where，去掉it is 和第二空，结构依然完整，所以第二空为强调句型，强调会议举行的地点，其基本结构为it is+被强调部分+that+其余部分，所以用that，故D项正确。
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查主谓一致和倒装句。above them是表示方位的介词短语，置于句首时，构成完全倒装，主语the telecom tower是单数，故选A项。句意：窗口下方有几个西瓜摊点，在它们的上方是一座顶部有大钟的电讯塔。
一、语法填空
【答案】
61. gone 62. themselves 63. in 64. catching 65. greatly
66. but 67. which 68. to eat 69. are 70. difficulties
【解题思路】
61. 考点：非谓语动词
解析：本题已经有了系动词are，所以后面要填非谓语动词作表语。go作表语可以用going和gone，其中gone符合题意，“消失的”。
62. 考点：代词
解析：本题从句主语many species的宾语是they，主语发出的动作是自己本身，需要用反身代词。注意不要漏写复数。
63. 考点：介词
解析：固定搭配be interested in，对某物／某人感兴趣。
64. 考点：非谓语动词
解析：本题begin后面缺少宾语，因此使用非谓语作宾语。begin to do和doing均存在，但是后面有and selling, 所以应该用catching和selling并列。
65. 考点：副词
解析：本空修饰后面的动词reduce，所以应该使用副词，即greatly。
66. 考点：连词
解析：两个句子之间应该放连词连接句子。此外，两个句子之间的意思发生了转折，因此使用but。
67. 考点：连词
解析：从句缺少主语，因此排除是并列句和状语从句。此外，从句在名词后，且fish不是抽象名词，因此排除同位语从句，只会是定语从句。空格指代fish且有逗号，所以使用which。
68. 考点：非谓语。
解析：没有足够的大鱼去吃他们，enough to do sth.。
69. 考点：谓语动词
解析：句子没有谓语动词，因此be的填写要遵循谓语动词的填写方法。因为be是系动词且fish为集合名词，所以用are。
70. 考点：名词
解析：difficult作为形容词，可以变副词。但是因为第65题已经考了副词，所以它只能变比较级最高级或名词，因为后面有such as，所以difficult要变名词。而且困难不止一种，所以用difficulties。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1. come改为came
2. 在was与first之间加the
3. 第三句中的 there 改为where
4. Amazing改为Amazed
5. photo改为photos
6. 去掉for
7. but改为and
8. his改为her
9. make 改为making
10. happily 改为happy
【解题思路】
1. 考查动词时态。根据后面的时间状语“last week”，判断此处需用一般过去时，故将come改为came。
2. 考查冠词。序数词前需用定冠词，故在“was”与“first”之间加the。
3. 考查定语从句。逗号之间无连词，判断此处为非限制性定语从句，且先行词为地点状语“my house”，故将there 改为where。
4. 考查形容词。V-ed形容词一般表示某人感到……，而V-ing形容词一般表示令人……，故将Amazing改为Amazed。
5. 考查名词。前有“some”，表一些，修饰可数名词复数，故将photo改为photos。
6. 考查介词。“serve”是及物动词，直接接宾语，故去掉for。
7. 考查连词。前后无转折关系，故将but改为and。
8. 考查代词。此处指代“a young lady”，故将his 改为her。
9. 考查非谓语动词。此处为动名词短语作主语，故将make改为making。
10. 考查形容词。前有系动词，因此此处接形容词作表语，故将happily 改为happy。
一、语法填空
【答案】
61. mixture/mix 62. Officially 63. burnt/burned 64. is considered 65. troubling
66. which 67. to say 68. for 69. industrial 70. the
【解题思路】本文为新闻报道，文章介绍我国在南海北部神狐海域进行的可燃冰试采获得成功。
61. 考查名词。此处放在“frozen”这个形容词后面，应该用名词，所以是“mixture”表混合物，也可用“mix”表混合。
62. 考查副词。此处修饰动词“known”，要用副词officially。
63. 考查非谓语动词。此处为“when”引导的省略句，省略了主语和be动词，主语为“fire ice”与“burn”之间是被动关系，所以用burned或burnt。
64. 考查被动语态。根据语境可知可燃冰被认为是未来的一种燃料，所以用被动语态，再根据主谓一致和前后关系，所以用is considered。
65. 考查非谓语动词。根据句意，从海底提取可燃冰一直以来是困扰大家的问题，问题与困扰之间是主动关系，所以用troubling。
66. 考查定语从句。根据句意，连续八天提取可燃冰成功，这是一个很大的突破，此处为非限制性定语从句，所以用which。
67. 考查非谓语动词。此处为固定短语 too…to …太……而不能，所以用to say。
68. 考查介词。此处表示可以持续使用1000年的时间，所以用for。
69. 考查形容词。此处修饰名词“use”使用，所以用形容词industrial。
70. 考查冠词。句意为人们认为，最早要到2025年，人们才能看到现实的商业价值。最早用at the earliest。
二、短文改错
【答案】When I was young, I was terribly poor in the Chinese. Be afraid of expressing myself was one of the reasons
Being
that I rarely did well in school. Once I failed in a mid-term exam. When I got the papers, I realized things could have
why
been better if I ∧ listened to the teacher much more attentive. So I turned to my teacher for helps and he told me,
had attentively help
“Where there is a will, there is a way. If we are devoted to learning Chinese, you’ll make it.” I couldn’t agree much.
you (或者把后半句的you改成we) more
From then on, I began to work harder. Out of my expect, I made great progress soon. Today, Chinese is where my
expectation(s)
strength lies. And I’m grateful for my Chinese teacher.
to
【解题思路】
1.考查冠词。当我年轻的时候，我的中文非常差，此处的Chinese指“汉语”，故去掉前面的the。
2.考查非谓语动词。句意：害怕表达自己是我在学校很少取得好成绩的原因之一。此句动名词短语作主语，故Be 改成Being。
3.考查原因状语从句。句意同上一题。故将that改为why。
4.考查虚拟语气。我意识到如果我听了老师更细心的话，事情会变得更好，此处是if引导的虚拟语气，与过去的事实相反，所以if条件句用过去完成时态，故listened前加had。
5.考查副词。副词修饰动词，故attentive改成attentively。
6.考查固定搭配。turn to sb. for help 固定短语，“转过身来向某人求助”故helps改成help。
7.考查副词。我完全同意。否定词和比较级连用表示最高级的意思，故much改成more。
8.考查名词。形容词性物主代词修饰名词 故把expect改成expectation(s)。
9.考查表语从句。中文是我的优势所在。which（哪一个），表示一种选择，做主语或宾语；where（在哪里），作地点状语。故which改成where。
10.考查介词。be grateful to sb. 固定短语，“对某人感激”故for改成to。
纵观近几年的高考完形填空的考查走势，全国各省市套卷中的完形填空仍然以记叙文和夹叙夹议文为主。因此，记叙文和夹叙夹议文类的完形填空将继续成为2019高考命题的热点。传播正能量和具有积极意义的故事类记叙文和叙议结合文是命题的主流。让考生在考试中感悟人生哲理是命题的方向。
近几年高考完形填空题的一个显著特点是突出语篇。吃透短文的大意是选择正确答题的基础。从每个小题的设计来看，只需读懂设空所在句，便可找到答案的题目在考试中所占的比例很小，需要通过上下文来考虑的题目每年要占70%以上，其中需要从全文角度考虑的占1/3以上，这些都体现了“突出语篇”的命题思路。
考点1 词汇复现
1．词汇复现包括：原词、同(近)义词、反义词、同源词、概括词复现等。
2．词汇复现主要是考查考生的整体篇章意识和上下文推断能力。考生只需要在上下文中直接寻找与备选答案相关的词汇，不需要做出推理判断就可以轻松解决问题。这类设题形式分为前文提示和后文暗示两种。
【典例】“What's it like to have a gap between your teeth？” a girl asked me one day. Nobody had ever__36__before. My hand unconsciously rose to cover my mouth.
36. A. faced B. guessed C. asked D. imagined
【解析】文章第一句中“a girl asked me one day”有提示。
【答案】C
考点2 前后照应
完形填空所选的文章都是具有逻辑关系、意义相连的语篇，前后照应题目的设计主要是考查考生的综合分析能力。有时提供的几个选择项孤立地从一个句子看或是从一个段落看似乎都可以，但需要从整篇文章上下文结合起来看，才能选出正确答案。
【典例】
Around twenty years ago I was living in York. __21__ I had a lot of experience and a Master's degree, I could not find __22__ work.
I was __23__ a school bus to make ends meet and __24__ with a friend of mine, for I had lost my flat. I had __25__ five interviews (面试) with a company and one day between bus runs they called to say I did not __26__ the job. “Why has my life become so __27__？” I thought painfully.
As I pulled the bus over to __28__ a little girl. she handed me an earring __29__I should keep it __30__ somebody claimed (认领) it. The earring was painted black and said “BE HAPPY”.
...
My __39__ there went very well, and before long I got a well-paid job.
22．A. successful B. extra C. satisfying D. convenient
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。从文章的最后的“a well-paid job”可以推断出，我当时找不到令人满意的工作，故选C。
【答案】C
23．A. driving B．repairing C．taking D．designing
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据As I pulled the bus over to __28__ a little girl.（当我把公交车停在一边让一个小姑娘下车时），可以知道我是汽车驾驶员，故选A。
【答案】A
前后照应题目的解题技巧：
1.关键要弄清上下文之间的联系。在做出选择时，一定要前后照应，时刻不离开上下文。而且随着对短文的理解的逐步深入，对已做出的选择进行必要的修正。
2.务必要进行复核。确定答案之后带入原文检查，看意义和逻辑关系是否符合，如不符合重新确定答案。
考点3 固定搭配
词的固定搭配，特别是动词的搭配是完形填空测试的重点，这是由动词在句子中的重要性决定的。动词在搭配关系上与名词、介词、副词紧密相连，测试的范围较广。除此之外，还考查形容词与介词、介词与名词的固定搭配。
【典例】
The concept of solitude (独处) in the digital world is almost non-existent. In the world of digital technology, e-mail, social networking and online video games, information is meant to be __36__.Solitude can be hard to discover __37__ it has been given up. In this respect, new technologies have __38__ our culture.
The desire to be connected has brought solitude to a (n) __39__ as we've known it.
39．A. edge B．stage C．end D. balance
【解析】bring sth. to an end为固定短语，意思为“使……结束”。
【答案】C
固定搭配题目的解题技巧：
1．不能利用语法知识进行判断，只有熟悉其意义和用法，才能迅速准确地做出判断。做题时首先要通过上下文理解该句的意义，之后从搭配角度推选答案。
2．完形填空考查的搭配主要是由动词＋介词、动词＋副词、形容词＋介词、介词＋名词等构成，这需要考生在平时的练习中注意词组、短语的整体记忆，掌握它们的搭配规律。
3．有些短语含有多种意义，做题时要根据语境判断使用哪个含义。
考点4 词义辨析
在完形填空题各空格所提供的四个选项中，往往存在大量同义词、近义词、反义词、同类词等(也有一部分没有任何关系的词汇掺在其中)，考查具体语境下它们的意义差别。此类题目所占比例最大，难度也较大。
【典例】
Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks__36__ than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more __37__ than we realize. In fact, non-verbal communication (非言语交际) takes up about 50% of what we really__38__.
36．A. straighter B. louder C. harder D. further
【解析】此处It speaks louder than words是由一个谚语Actions speak louder than words(行动胜过语言)变来的。表示“肢体语言胜过文字”。straighter更直接地；harder更努力地；further更远地，更进一步地，均不合句意。
【答案】B
37．A. sounds B. invitations C. feelings D. messages
【解析】send out messages意为“发出信息”。sound声音；invitation邀请；feeling感情，均不合语境。
【答案】D
38．A. hope B. receive C. discover D. mean
【解析】此处指非语言交际约占我们要表达的意思的50%。What we really mean表示“我们真正表达的意思”。mean“意思是”,符合语境。
【答案】D
词义辨析题目的解题技巧：
1．必须将词语辨析与上下文情节推理和逻辑推理结合起来，从词汇意义入手，抓住情节线索解决问题。做题时严格区分、细心比较，看其搭配、习惯用法，尤其看其内涵和外延，即词义的差异，才能找出一个合乎情理的答案。
2．在日常练习时，可以将完形填空题选项中涉及的词汇整理在一个表格中，添加详细的辨析，并且反复复习。
考点5 背景常识
高考英语完形填空的材料都选自原汁原味的英美文章，反映英语国家的历史文化、风土人情、民俗、节日、生活习惯等方面的信息。同时，也有可能涉及人物的社会关系、职位、安全、学习及生活方面的常识。要求考生平时要多了解英语国家的历史文化和风俗习惯等方面的知识，从而培养跨文化交际能力。
【典例】
He __44__ himself, perhaps, as inviting his students to start an exciting __45__ into an unknown world invisible(无形的) to the __46__， which can be discovered only through scientific __47__.
46．A. professor B．eye C．knowledge D．light
【解析】根据常识，“无形的，看不见的”是相对眼睛来说的。
【答案】B
背景常识题目的解题技巧：
解答此类题时，考生的英语语言知识和有关常识都发挥着重要的作用。当对语言的把握不是很准确时，要转换思维角度，可充分利用社会知识和科普常识来帮助判断，先找出并理解文章主题和主线，并根据主题猜测细节，注意从重复出现的词语中寻找、体会文章表达的氛围，最终确定最佳选项。
完型填空
（2018·北京卷）
The Homeless Hero
For many, finding an unattended wallet filled with ￡400 in cash would be a source（来源）of temptation（诱惑）. But the ___16___ would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money. All of this makes the actions of the homeless Tom Smith ____17____ more remarkable.
After spotting a ___18___ on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the ____19____ to return.
After hours in the cold and wet, he ____20____ inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact（联系）the driver, only to ____21____ it contained ￡400 in notes, with another ￡50 in spare change beside it.
He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after ____22____ a note behind to let the owner know it was safe. When the car’s owner John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence returned to the car—which was itself worth ￡35, 000—in Glasgow city centre, they were ____23____ to find two policemen standing next to it. The policemen told them what Mr. Smith did and that the wallet was ____24____.
The pair were later able to thank Mr. Smith for his ____25____.
Mr. Anderson said：＂I couldn’t believe that the guy never took a penny. To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight ____26____ he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in. This guy has nothing and ____27____ he didn’t take the wallet for himself；he thought about others ____28____. It’s unbelievable. It just proves there are ___29___ guys out there.＂
Mr. Smith’s act ____30____ much of the public’s attention. He also won praise from social media users after Mr. Anderson ____31____ about the act of kindness on Facebook.
Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to ____32____ money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area, which by yesterday had received ￡8,000. ＂I think the faith that everyone has shown ____33____ him has touched him. People have been approaching him in the street; he’s had job ____34____ and all sorts,＂ Mr. Anderson commented.
For Mr. Smith, this is a possible life-changing ____35____. The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves another.
16. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort
17. A. still B. even C. ever D. once
18. A. wallet B. bag C. box D. parcel
19. A. partner B. colleague C. owner D. policeman
20. A. turned B. hid C. stepped D. reached
21. A. discover B. collect C. check D. believe
22. A. taking B. leaving C. reading D. writing
23. A. satisfied B. excited C. amused D. shocked
24. A. safe B. missing C. found D. seen
25. A. service B. support C. kindness D. encouragement
26. A. when B. if C. where D. because
27. A. rather B. yet C. already D. just
28. A. too B. though C. again D. instead
29. A. honest B. polite C. rich D. generous
30. A. gave B. paid C. cast D. drew
31. A. learned B. posted C. cared D. heard
32. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. earn
33. A. of B. at C. for D. in
34. A. details B. changes C. offers D. applications
35. A. lesson B. adventure C. chance D. challenge
完型填空
（湖南省湘潭市2018届高三下学期第三次模拟考试）
I am a volunteer in the Friendly Visiting Program. I visit a(n)21．who does not seem 22． because her son and grandchildren live upstairs with her.23．, she has a special disease and 24．this condition she cannot 25．the house alone. For whatever reasons, her family is too nervous or 26． to take her out of the house with her oxygen tank. I will admit at first I was 27． too! But she is a fiercely independent lady and can 28．it with ease.
Since her loneliness comes from staying 29．so long, we meet about every other week. We go to IHOP and I get to 30． her amazing stories such as when she first moved to Boston from Ireland,31．she first met her husband and about her large family. She often 32．at the end of our meetings, saying I had no 33．to cut in. I am a chatty person but with her all I want to do is 34．. Often, her family members have heard these 35．and may take them for granted, but for me they are 36． and interesting. We often stay at IHOP for 2 hours 37． the free flowing coffee.
It is nice to know that when I drop her back off at home she is not 38． lonely. But I also see the real 39． our meetings make. There have been times when, because of her 40．issues, we have not seen one another for a month or two and we miss each other terribly. I feel very lucky to have a friend like her.
21．A．teacher B．gentleman C．doctor D．elder
22．A．friendly B．happy C．lonely D．kind
23．A．Therefore B．However C．Otherwise D．Instead
24．A．due to B．instead of C．beyond D．out of
25．A．occupy B．repair C．leave D．decorate
26．A．eager B．glad C．shocked D．inconvenient
27．A．painful B．nervous C．carefully D．voluntary
28．A．finish B．handle C．face D．cure
29．A．indoors B．silent C．upstairs D．healthy
30．A．tell B．write C．hear D．record
31．A．why B．that C．which D．how
32．A．apologizes B．complains C．cries D．responds
33．A．place B．desire C．chance D．doubt
34．A．laugh B．listen C．sit D．speak
35．A．stories B．songs C．suggestions D．poems
36．A．familiar B．new C．similar D．necessary
37．A．giving away B．looking forward to C．focusing on D．taking advantage of
38．A．completely B．possibly C．regularly D．truly
39．A．trouble B．progress C．difference D．adjustment
40．A．marriage B．family C．address D．health
完型填空
（河北省精英中学2019届高三上学期第二次调研考试）Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist? A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 41． of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not 42． on obvious facts, and therefore 43．to accept authority as the only reason for truth. He always checks ideas 44．and makes experiments to prove them.
The rise of 45．science may perhaps be considered to 46． as far back as the 47．of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived 48． the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the middle ages to suggest that we must learn science 49． observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself 50． many important truths.
Galileo (1564-1642), however, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, 51． began to show how many important 52．could be discovered by observation by degrees. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more 53． towards the earth than small ones, 54． Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the 55． of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 56． stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo’s 57． of going direct to nature, and proving our 58． and theories by experiment, that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.
What 59． those people good scientists? From the example of Galileo, we know it clearly that successful scientists are those whose observations have 60． better results.
41．A．use B．time C．speed D．trust
42．A．relied B．based C．insisted D．centered
43．A．refuses B．desires C．intends D．regrets
44．A．casually B．carefully C．quickly D．secretly
45．A．natural B．physical C．ancient D．modern
46．A．date B．keep C．look D．come
47．A．study B．time C．year D．birth
48．A．both B．each C．between D．among
49．A．in B．with C．on D．by
50．A．brought B．discovered C．took D．gave
51．A．who B．when C．that D．where
52．A．truths B．problems C．people D．subjects
53．A．slowly B．rapidly C．lightly D．heavily
54．A．although B．because C．when D．if
55．A．place B．foot C．top D．ceiling
56．A．big B．small C．equal D．unequal
57．A．spirit B．skill C．theory D．discovery
58．A．plans B．opinions C．world D．ability
59．A．makes B．prevents C．considers D．promises
60．A．foreseen B．rejected C．produced D．challenged
答案与解析
【答案】
16. C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D 21. A 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. C
26. A 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. D 31. B 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. C
【解题思路】这是一篇夹叙夹议类文章。文章讲述了流浪汉Tom发现一辆车窗开着的汽车前座上有一个钱包。Tom冒雨等了数个小时，在查找不到车主身份的情况下将钱包交到了警察局。钱包的主人Mr. Anderson在得知一切后，将Tom的善举发布到了Facebook上。Tom的行为引发了人们的好评和帮助。这件事印证了一句俗语：善有善报。
16. 考查名词词义辨析。A. hope希望；B. aim目标；C. urge强烈的欲望，冲动；D. effort努力。上一句提到，对很多人来说，一个装有￡400无人看管的钱包是一种诱惑（它诱惑着人们将其据为己有）。结合该句中的比较级greater可知，对于一个无家可归的人来说，这样的一个钱包是一个更大的诱惑，将其据为己有的欲望会更大。该空对应上一句中的“a source（来源）of temptation（诱惑）”，C选项正确。
17. 考查副词词义辨析。A. still仍然；B. even更加，愈发，甚至；C. ever曾经；D. once曾经，一度。所有这一切使得流浪汉Tom Smith的行为更加的不同寻常。even在该句中修饰比较级more remarkable。B选项正确。
18. 考查名词词义辨析。A. wallet钱包；B. bag包；C. box盒子，箱子；D. parcel包裹，包袱。由第三段中的After hours in the cold and wet, he 20 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID可知，Tom Smith发现一辆汽车的前排座上有一个钱包。当时这辆车停在那儿，窗户摇了下来。A选项正确。
19. 考查名词词义辨析。A. partner同伴，伙伴；B. colleague同事；C. owner主人；D. policeman警察。Tom冒雨等待车主回来。C选项正确。
20. 考查动词词义辨析。A. turned转动；B. hid藏，隐藏；C. stepped迈步，举步；D. reached伸手去拿，到达。由后面的pulled the wallet out可知，在雨里等了数个小时后，Tom将手伸进车窗，将钱包拿了出来。D选项正确。
21. 考查动词词义辨析。A. discover发现；B. collect搜集；C. check核对，检查；D. believe相信。Tom将钱包拿出来企图找到一些身份证明，这样他就能联系司机了，结果他却发现钱包里装着￡400的纸币和￡50的零钱。A选项正确。
22. 考查动词词义辨析。A. taking带走；B. leaving留下，落下，离开；C. reading读；D. writing写。他拿着钱包去了附近的警察局，在车上留下了一张便条，其目的是让车主知道他的钱包是安全的。B选项正确。
23. 考查形容词词义辨析。A. satisfied满意的；B. excited兴奋的；C. amused被逗乐的；D. shocked震惊的。当车主返回时，发现自己的车边有警察，应该感到很惊讶。故D选项正确。
24. 考查形容词/动词词义辨析。A. safe安全的；B. missing不见的，丢失的；C. found发现，找到；D. seen看见。由该段开头可知，Tom将钱包带去了警察局，因此该处警察告诉John他的钱包是安全的。A选项正确。
25. 考查名词词义辨析。A. service服务；B. support支持；C. kindness善意，善良；D. encouragement鼓励。Tom将钱包交给警察，没有据为己有，这是一种善举。故C选项正确。
26. 考查状语从句引导词。A. when在……情况下，既然；B. if如果；C. where表地点；D. because因为。在Tom本来可以偷了钱去支付一个可以睡觉的地方的情况下，他仍然选择了露宿街头（没有偷钱）。所以Mr. Anderson对Tom的行为感到很惊讶。A选项正确。
27. 考查副词词义辨析。A. rather相当；B. yet但是；C. already已经；D. just仅仅。Tom什么都没有，但是他没有拿走钱包。前后两句话之间是转折关系，故B选项正确。
28. 考查副词词义辨析。A. too也；B. though但是；C. again再，又；D. instead代替。Tom没有拿走钱包，他考虑的是别人，没有考虑自己。D选项正确。
29. 考查形容词词义辨析。A. honest诚实的；B. polite礼貌的；C. rich富有的；D. generous慷慨的。Tom没有拿走钱包，而是把它交到了警察局，这是一种诚实的行为。A选项正确。
30. 考查动词词义辨析。A. gave给；B. paid支付；C. cast投掷，投射；D. drew吸引。Tom的行为吸引了公众的关注。D选项正确。
31. 考查动词词义辨析。A. learned学习，学会；B. posted发布，张贴；C. cared关心，在意；D. heard听到。由后面的Facebook(一个社交网站)可知，在Mr. Anderson将Tom的善举发布到Facebook上之后，Tom赢得了社交媒体使用者的赞扬。B选项正确。
32. 考查动词词义辨析。A. borrow借；B. raise筹集；C. save挽救，节省；D. earn挣（钱）。Mr. Anderson在网上发起一个运动来为Tom和其他无家可归的人筹钱。B选项正确。
33. 考查介词。大家向Tom表示出的信任触动了Tom。faith意为“信任，相信”，常和介词in搭配，意为“对……的信任，相信……”，故D选项正确。
34. 考查名词词义辨析。A. details细节；B. changes改变；C. offers提供（物），给予（物），提议；D. applications应用，申请。该句应指Tom得到了人们的帮助，人们为他提供工作和其他的东西。C选项正确。
35. 考查名词词义辨析。A. lesson课；B. adventure冒险；C. chance机会；D. challenge挑战。这件事对于流浪汉Tom来说是一个可以改变终生的机会。C选项正确。
【答案】
21-25 DCBAC 26-30 DBBAC 31-35 DACBA 36-40 BDACD
【解题思路】
考查故事类文章。作者作为一名志愿者来照顾一位有特殊病的老人。和老人在一起，听老人讲有关她的有趣的故事，不仅让老人不寂寞，也让作者感觉非常高兴和幸运。
21．D考查名词辨析。根据下文中的“because her son and grandchildren…”可知是一位上了年纪的人（elder），故选D。
22．C考查形容词。根据下一句“because her son and grandchildren live upstairs with her”，可知她的儿子及孙子和她一起住在楼上。和儿孙在一起，她不孤单（lonely），因此选C。
23．B考查副词辨析。Therefore因此；However但是，然而；Otherwise否则；Instead相反。分析上下文的内容，可知老人与儿孙住在一起却有一种特殊的病。前后两句是转折关系，故选B。
24．A考查介词（短语）辨析。due to由于，因为；instead of而不是……；beyond超过，越过；out of离开，出于，在……范围外。因为这种（有病）情况。她无法独自离开房间。分析句意可知是因为病才不能出去，故是因果关系，选A。
25．C考查动词辨析及语境。occupy占领，使用，住在； repair修理；leave离开；decorate装饰。根据“_26___ to take her out of the house with her oxygen tank.”可知老人出门要带着氧气。可知她自己不能独自离开（ leave）房子。故选C项。
26．D考查形容词辨析。eager渴望，热切的；glad高兴；shocked惊愕的，受震惊的；inconvenient不方便的。根据“to take her out of the house with her oxygen tank.”可知带老人出去不方便（inconvenient），故选D项。
27．B考查形容词辨析。painful痛苦的；nervous 紧张的，担心的；carefully小心的；voluntary志愿的，自愿的。根据文章可知，我是一个志愿者，对于老人的这种情况，我开始是很担心的。因为前面“For whatever reasons, her family is too nervous or inconvenient to take her out of the house with her oxygen tank”老人的家人带她出去都紧张，自然我也是。故选B项。
28．B考查动词辨析。finish完成；handle处理； face面对；cure治愈。根据前一句“But she is a fiercely independent lady”可知她是一个非常独立的女士，所以可以轻松应付处理（handle）。
29．A考查形容词辨析。indoors 室内的，在户内；silent沉默的；upstairs在楼上，楼上的；healthy健康的。因为她的寂寞来自于呆在室内太久，所以我们每隔一周见面一次。根据前面的文章内容可知，老人不方便出门。故是在室内呆久了。故选A。
30．C考查动词辨析。根据下一句“30． her amazing stories s such as when she first moved to Boston from Ireland”可知，老人讲她的故事，我是听（hear）故事的。故选C项。
31．D考查连词辨析和语境。比如当她第一次从爱尔兰搬到波士顿时，她是如何第一次见到她的丈夫的。根据常识应该是讲述两人是如何相遇相识的，故选D项。
32．A考查动词辨析。根据语可知，老人总是向作者讲述自己的故事，因此老人认为让作者没有机会插嘴而向作者道歉（apologize）。其余三项complain抱怨；cry哭泣；respond反应。不符合题意，故选A。
33．C考查名词辨析。根据后面的内容可知，作者虽然是个喜欢聊天的人，但却喜欢听老人讲。可推断出，作者只是听，不说话，所以老人因为作者没机会说话而道歉。故选C。
34．B考查动词辨析。根据转折连词but可知，前后意思相反的。前一句作者说自己是一个喜欢聊天的人，but后面的与之相反的就是不说话，即只是听（listen）故事，故选B。
35．A考查名词辨析。根据上文“get to 30． her amazing stories,”可知老人的家人经常听到是故事（story），故选A。
36．B考查形容词辨析。familiar熟悉的；new 新的；similar相似的；necessary必要的。根据常识，作者是一个志愿者，对于作者来说所听到的故事自然都是新的（new）和有趣的。故B项正确。
37．D考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们经常在IHOP待2小时喝着免费咖啡。而其余三项（give away泄露，赠送，分发；look forward to期望，盼望；focus on集中）根据语境可知，指喝着咖啡，即利用（take advantage of）免费的咖啡。故选D项。
38．A考查副词辨析。completely完全地，彻底地；possibly可能；regularly有规律地，按时，定期地；truly真正，精确地。句意：很高兴知道当我把她从楼上带下来的时候，她完全不孤独。根据语境可知，作者与老人在一起，一直倾听着她讲故事，所以老人完全（completely）不孤单了，故选Ａ。
39．C考查名词辨析。make troubles制造麻烦；make progress取得进步；make a difference有关系，有影响，有重要性”；make an adjustment做出调整。句意：但是我看到了我们见面的真正意义。make a difference，为固定搭配，意为“有关系，有影响，有重要性”。分析选项可知C项符合语境。
40．D考查名词辨析。marriage婚姻；family家庭；address 地址；health健康。句意：有一些时候，由于她的健康问题，我们一个月或两个月没有见过面，我们非常想念对方。有她这样的朋友，我感到非常幸运。根据前面内容可知，老人的身体不好，可推断出因为身体健康（health）问题，可能会一、两个月不见面。分析选项可知D项正确。
【答案】
41-45 ABABD 46-50 ABCDB 51-55 AABBC 56-60 DABAC
【解题思路】
本文为议论文。作者通过实例来说明自己的观点：一个科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目地相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。
41．考查固定搭配。 use用处；time 时间；speed速度；trust相信。根据语境可知，此处是指“一个成功的科学家通常是一个好的观察者。他充分利用他所观察到的事实”。本处考查固定短语“make full use of ”，意为“充分利用”。故选A。
42．考查动词辨析。relied信任，依赖；based以……为基础/根据；insisted坚持；centered集中，以….为中心。根据“He makes full use of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not 42． on obvious facts”可知， “作为一个科学家，要充分利用事实，自然不能接受不以明显事实为根据的想法”。因此本句考查的固定搭配”be based on…”意为“以….…为基础/根据”。因此选B项。
43．考查动词辨析。refuses拒绝；desires渴望；intends意图，打算；regrets遗憾，后悔。根据空格前后的“He doesn’t accept ideas…and therefore 43． to accept”可知，“他不接受不基于显而易见的事实的观点，因此拒绝接受权威作为真理的唯一理由”。此处指的“拒绝”，因此选A。
44．考查副词辨析。casually偶然地，漫不经心地；carefully仔细地，认真地；quickly快速地；secretly秘密地，偷偷地。结合空格前后的“He always checks ideas… makes experiments to prove them.”可知，此处是指他仔细地核查那些观点。故选B。
45．考查形容词辨析。natural天然的，自然的；physical物质的；ancient古代的，过时的；modern现代的。根据第三段的最后一句“that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.”可知，此处表示的是modern science。故选D项。
46．考查固定搭配。date从某时起计算日期；keep保持；look看；come来。根据下文的 “the years 1214 and 1292”，可知，现代科学的兴起可追溯到很早的时候，date back…为固定搭配，意为“追溯到……”，故选A。
47．考查名词辨析。study研究，学习；time时间，时代；year年；birth出生。根据空格后面的“the years 1214 and 1292”。可知，此处表示现代科学的兴起也许可以追溯到罗杰·培根时代，因此本题选B。
48．考查语境。both和，两者都；each每个；between 在……之间； among在……中,在…….之列。本句是指罗杰·培根，生活在1214年至1292年之间。因此处应用between…and…，意为“在……和….…之间”。故选C项。
49．考查介词辨析。in 在……里面；with和，跟；on在……上面；by通过，由。根据后面的“observing and experimenting on the things around us”可知，此处是指通过（by）观察和检验我们周围的事物，故选D项。
50．考查动词辨析。brought带来；discovered发现；took带走；gave给。结合下文“many important truths.”可知。本句是指“他自己发现(discovered)了许多重要的真理”，可知选B项。
51．考查定语从句。根据上文“…he greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, 51．began to show how many important”可知，本句是定语从句，其中的the greatest of several great men 是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作began 的主语，定语从句中指代前面的先行词“he”，指人要用关系词who。本句意为“伽利略（1564-1642）是意大利、法国、德国和英国几位伟人中最伟大的科学家，他通过逐步的观察，展示出许多重要的……。”因此选A。
52．考查名词辨析。 truths事实； problems问题； people人们；subjects主题。由空格后的“could be discovered by observation by degrees”和第51小题所在的句子可知，“很多真理可以通过观察得到发现”。因此本空选A。
53．考查副词辨析。slowly 缓慢地；rapidly 快速地；lightly轻轻地；heavily沉重地。根据空格前后的“large bodies fell more”和“towards the earth than small ones,”可知，在Galileo之前，学者们认为重的物体比轻的物体自由落体的速度更快，因此选B。
54．考查连词辨析。although然而；because 因为；when当……时候； if如果。根据 “Aristotle said so”可知，这里表明因为（because）亚里士多德是这么说的。故选B。
55．考查名词辨析。place地方；foot脚，底部；top顶部；ceiling天花板。根据空格后面的“of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 56． stones”可知，伽利略去了比萨斜塔的顶部，扔下了两块石头。由此可知C项符合题意，故选C。
56．考查形容词辨析。big大的；small小的；equal相等的；unequal不相等的。根据第53小题的“large bodies fell more 53． towards the earth than small ones,”可知，此处表示扔下了两个不同重量的石头，故选D。
57．考查名词辨析。spirit精神；skill技巧，技能；theory理论；discovery发现。这是伽利略探索自然的精神（spirit），故选A。
58．考查名词辨析。 plans计划；opinions观点；world世界；ability能力。此处与后面的“and theories by experiment”中的theories（理论）相呼应。此处是指通过实验证明我们的观点（opinions）和理论，故选B。
59．考查动词辨析。makes制造，使成为；prevents 阻止；considers认为，思考；promises许诺，答应。由下文的“…are those whose observations have 60． better results.”可知，此处是说“是什么使这些人成为优秀的科学家？”, make意为“使成为…..”， 因此选A。
60．考查动词辨析。foreseen预知；rejected拒绝，排斥；produced生产，产生；challenged挑战。根据语境可知此处是指“我们清楚地知道，成功的科学家是那些其观察会得出更好结果的科学家。故选C。
纵观近几年的高考完形填空的考查走势，全国各省市套卷中的完形填空仍然以记叙文和夹叙夹议文为主。因此，记叙文和夹叙夹议文类的完形填空将继续成为2019高考命题的热点。传播正能量和具有积极意义的故事类记叙文和叙议结合文是命题的主流。让考生在考试中感悟人生哲理是命题的方向。
近几年高考完形填空题的一个显著特点是突出语篇。吃透短文的大意是选择正确答题的基础。从每个小题的设计来看，只需读懂设空所在句，便可找到答案的题目在考试中所占的比例很小，需要通过上下文来考虑的题目每年要占70%以上，其中需要从全文角度考虑的占1/3以上，这些都体现了“突出语篇”的命题思路。
考点1 词汇复现
1．词汇复现包括：原词、同(近)义词、反义词、同源词、概括词复现等。
2．词汇复现主要是考查考生的整体篇章意识和上下文推断能力。考生只需要在上下文中直接寻找与备选答案相关的词汇，不需要做出推理判断就可以轻松解决问题。这类设题形式分为前文提示和后文暗示两种。
【典例】“What's it like to have a gap between your teeth？” a girl asked me one day. Nobody had ever__36__before. My hand unconsciously rose to cover my mouth.
36. A. faced B. guessed C. asked D. imagined
【解析】文章第一句中“a girl asked me one day”有提示。
【答案】C
考点2 前后照应
完形填空所选的文章都是具有逻辑关系、意义相连的语篇，前后照应题目的设计主要是考查考生的综合分析能力。有时提供的几个选择项孤立地从一个句子看或是从一个段落看似乎都可以，但需要从整篇文章上下文结合起来看，才能选出正确答案。
【典例】
Around twenty years ago I was living in York. __21__ I had a lot of experience and a Master's degree, I could not find __22__ work.
I was __23__ a school bus to make ends meet and __24__ with a friend of mine, for I had lost my flat. I had __25__ five interviews (面试) with a company and one day between bus runs they called to say I did not __26__ the job. “Why has my life become so __27__？” I thought painfully.
As I pulled the bus over to __28__ a little girl. she handed me an earring __29__I should keep it __30__ somebody claimed (认领) it. The earring was painted black and said “BE HAPPY”.
...
My __39__ there went very well, and before long I got a well-paid job.
22．A. successful B. extra C. satisfying D. convenient
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。从文章的最后的“a well-paid job”可以推断出，我当时找不到令人满意的工作，故选C。
【答案】C
23．A. driving B．repairing C．taking D．designing
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据As I pulled the bus over to __28__ a little girl.（当我把公交车停在一边让一个小姑娘下车时），可以知道我是汽车驾驶员，故选A。
【答案】A
前后照应题目的解题技巧：
1.关键要弄清上下文之间的联系。在做出选择时，一定要前后照应，时刻不离开上下文。而且随着对短文的理解的逐步深入，对已做出的选择进行必要的修正。
2.务必要进行复核。确定答案之后带入原文检查，看意义和逻辑关系是否符合，如不符合重新确定答案。
考点3 固定搭配
词的固定搭配，特别是动词的搭配是完形填空测试的重点，这是由动词在句子中的重要性决定的。动词在搭配关系上与名词、介词、副词紧密相连，测试的范围较广。除此之外，还考查形容词与介词、介词与名词的固定搭配。
【典例】
The concept of solitude (独处) in the digital world is almost non-existent. In the world of digital technology, e-mail, social networking and online video games, information is meant to be __36__.Solitude can be hard to discover __37__ it has been given up. In this respect, new technologies have __38__ our culture.
The desire to be connected has brought solitude to a (n) __39__ as we've known it.
39．A. edge B．stage C．end D. balance
【解析】bring sth. to an end为固定短语，意思为“使……结束”。
【答案】C
固定搭配题目的解题技巧：
1．不能利用语法知识进行判断，只有熟悉其意义和用法，才能迅速准确地做出判断。做题时首先要通过上下文理解该句的意义，之后从搭配角度推选答案。
2．完形填空考查的搭配主要是由动词＋介词、动词＋副词、形容词＋介词、介词＋名词等构成，这需要考生在平时的练习中注意词组、短语的整体记忆，掌握它们的搭配规律。
3．有些短语含有多种意义，做题时要根据语境判断使用哪个含义。
考点4 词义辨析
在完形填空题各空格所提供的四个选项中，往往存在大量同义词、近义词、反义词、同类词等(也有一部分没有任何关系的词汇掺在其中)，考查具体语境下它们的意义差别。此类题目所占比例最大，难度也较大。
【典例】
Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks__36__ than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more __37__ than we realize. In fact, non-verbal communication (非言语交际) takes up about 50% of what we really__38__.
36．A. straighter B. louder C. harder D. further
【解析】此处It speaks louder than words是由一个谚语Actions speak louder than words(行动胜过语言)变来的。表示“肢体语言胜过文字”。straighter更直接地；harder更努力地；further更远地，更进一步地，均不合句意。
【答案】B
37．A. sounds B. invitations C. feelings D. messages
【解析】send out messages意为“发出信息”。sound声音；invitation邀请；feeling感情，均不合语境。
【答案】D
38．A. hope B. receive C. discover D. mean
【解析】此处指非语言交际约占我们要表达的意思的50%。What we really mean表示“我们真正表达的意思”。mean“意思是”,符合语境。
【答案】D
词义辨析题目的解题技巧：
1．必须将词语辨析与上下文情节推理和逻辑推理结合起来，从词汇意义入手，抓住情节线索解决问题。做题时严格区分、细心比较，看其搭配、习惯用法，尤其看其内涵和外延，即词义的差异，才能找出一个合乎情理的答案。
2．在日常练习时，可以将完形填空题选项中涉及的词汇整理在一个表格中，添加详细的辨析，并且反复复习。
考点5 背景常识
高考英语完形填空的材料都选自原汁原味的英美文章，反映英语国家的历史文化、风土人情、民俗、节日、生活习惯等方面的信息。同时，也有可能涉及人物的社会关系、职位、安全、学习及生活方面的常识。要求考生平时要多了解英语国家的历史文化和风俗习惯等方面的知识，从而培养跨文化交际能力。
【典例】
He __44__ himself, perhaps, as inviting his students to start an exciting __45__ into an unknown world invisible(无形的) to the __46__， which can be discovered only through scientific __47__.
46．A. professor B．eye C．knowledge D．light
【解析】根据常识，“无形的，看不见的”是相对眼睛来说的。
【答案】B
背景常识题目的解题技巧：
解答此类题时，考生的英语语言知识和有关常识都发挥着重要的作用。当对语言的把握不是很准确时，要转换思维角度，可充分利用社会知识和科普常识来帮助判断，先找出并理解文章主题和主线，并根据主题猜测细节，注意从重复出现的词语中寻找、体会文章表达的氛围，最终确定最佳选项。
完型填空
（2018·北京卷）
The Homeless Hero
For many, finding an unattended wallet filled with ￡400 in cash would be a source（来源）of temptation（诱惑）. But the ___16___ would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money. All of this makes the actions of the homeless Tom Smith ____17____ more remarkable.
After spotting a ___18___ on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down, he stood guard in the rain for about two hours waiting for the ____19____ to return.
After hours in the cold and wet, he ____20____ inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact（联系）the driver, only to ____21____ it contained ￡400 in notes, with another ￡50 in spare change beside it.
He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after ____22____ a note behind to let the owner know it was safe. When the car’s owner John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence returned to the car—which was itself worth ￡35, 000—in Glasgow city centre, they were ____23____ to find two policemen standing next to it. The policemen told them what Mr. Smith did and that the wallet was ____24____.
The pair were later able to thank Mr. Smith for his ____25____.
Mr. Anderson said：＂I couldn’t believe that the guy never took a penny. To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight ____26____ he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in. This guy has nothing and ____27____ he didn’t take the wallet for himself；he thought about others ____28____. It’s unbelievable. It just proves there are ___29___ guys out there.＂
Mr. Smith’s act ____30____ much of the public’s attention. He also won praise from social media users after Mr. Anderson ____31____ about the act of kindness on Facebook.
Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to ____32____ money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area, which by yesterday had received ￡8,000. ＂I think the faith that everyone has shown ____33____ him has touched him. People have been approaching him in the street; he’s had job ____34____ and all sorts,＂ Mr. Anderson commented.
For Mr. Smith, this is a possible life-changing ____35____. The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves another.
16. A. hope B. aim C. urge D. effort
17. A. still B. even C. ever D. once
18. A. wallet B. bag C. box D. parcel
19. A. partner B. colleague C. owner D. policeman
20. A. turned B. hid C. stepped D. reached
21. A. discover B. collect C. check D. believe
22. A. taking B. leaving C. reading D. writing
23. A. satisfied B. excited C. amused D. shocked
24. A. safe B. missing C. found D. seen
25. A. service B. support C. kindness D. encouragement
26. A. when B. if C. where D. because
27. A. rather B. yet C. already D. just
28. A. too B. though C. again D. instead
29. A. honest B. polite C. rich D. generous
30. A. gave B. paid C. cast D. drew
31. A. learned B. posted C. cared D. heard
32. A. borrow B. raise C. save D. earn
33. A. of B. at C. for D. in
34. A. details B. changes C. offers D. applications
35. A. lesson B. adventure C. chance D. challenge
【答案】
16. C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D 21. A 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. C
26. A 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. D 31. B 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. C
【解题思路】这是一篇夹叙夹议类文章。文章讲述了流浪汉Tom发现一辆车窗开着的汽车前座上有一个钱包。Tom冒雨等了数个小时，在查找不到车主身份的情况下将钱包交到了警察局。钱包的主人Mr. Anderson在得知一切后，将Tom的善举发布到了Facebook上。Tom的行为引发了人们的好评和帮助。这件事印证了一句俗语：善有善报。
16. 考查名词词义辨析。A. hope希望；B. aim目标；C. urge强烈的欲望，冲动；D. effort努力。上一句提到，对很多人来说，一个装有￡400无人看管的钱包是一种诱惑（它诱惑着人们将其据为己有）。结合该句中的比较级greater可知，对于一个无家可归的人来说，这样的一个钱包是一个更大的诱惑，将其据为己有的欲望会更大。该空对应上一句中的“a source（来源）of temptation（诱惑）”，C选项正确。
17. 考查副词词义辨析。A. still仍然；B. even更加，愈发，甚至；C. ever曾经；D. once曾经，一度。所有这一切使得流浪汉Tom Smith的行为更加的不同寻常。even在该句中修饰比较级more remarkable。B选项正确。
18. 考查名词词义辨析。A. wallet钱包；B. bag包；C. box盒子，箱子；D. parcel包裹，包袱。由第三段中的After hours in the cold and wet, he 20 inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID可知，Tom Smith发现一辆汽车的前排座上有一个钱包。当时这辆车停在那儿，窗户摇了下来。A选项正确。
19. 考查名词词义辨析。A. partner同伴，伙伴；B. colleague同事；C. owner主人；D. policeman警察。Tom冒雨等待车主回来。C选项正确。
20. 考查动词词义辨析。A. turned转动；B. hid藏，隐藏；C. stepped迈步，举步；D. reached伸手去拿，到达。由后面的pulled the wallet out可知，在雨里等了数个小时后，Tom将手伸进车窗，将钱包拿了出来。D选项正确。
21. 考查动词词义辨析。A. discover发现；B. collect搜集；C. check核对，检查；D. believe相信。Tom将钱包拿出来企图找到一些身份证明，这样他就能联系司机了，结果他却发现钱包里装着￡400的纸币和￡50的零钱。A选项正确。
22. 考查动词词义辨析。A. taking带走；B. leaving留下，落下，离开；C. reading读；D. writing写。他拿着钱包去了附近的警察局，在车上留下了一张便条，其目的是让车主知道他的钱包是安全的。B选项正确。
23. 考查形容词词义辨析。A. satisfied满意的；B. excited兴奋的；C. amused被逗乐的；D. shocked震惊的。当车主返回时，发现自己的车边有警察，应该感到很惊讶。故D选项正确。
24. 考查形容词/动词词义辨析。A. safe安全的；B. missing不见的，丢失的；C. found发现，找到；D. seen看见。由该段开头可知，Tom将钱包带去了警察局，因此该处警察告诉John他的钱包是安全的。A选项正确。
25. 考查名词词义辨析。A. service服务；B. support支持；C. kindness善意，善良；D. encouragement鼓励。Tom将钱包交给警察，没有据为己有，这是一种善举。故C选项正确。
26. 考查状语从句引导词。A. when在……情况下，既然；B. if如果；C. where表地点；D. because因为。在Tom本来可以偷了钱去支付一个可以睡觉的地方的情况下，他仍然选择了露宿街头（没有偷钱）。所以Mr. Anderson对Tom的行为感到很惊讶。A选项正确。
27. 考查副词词义辨析。A. rather相当；B. yet但是；C. already已经；D. just仅仅。Tom什么都没有，但是他没有拿走钱包。前后两句话之间是转折关系，故B选项正确。
28. 考查副词词义辨析。A. too也；B. though但是；C. again再，又；D. instead代替。Tom没有拿走钱包，他考虑的是别人，没有考虑自己。D选项正确。
29. 考查形容词词义辨析。A. honest诚实的；B. polite礼貌的；C. rich富有的；D. generous慷慨的。Tom没有拿走钱包，而是把它交到了警察局，这是一种诚实的行为。A选项正确。
30. 考查动词词义辨析。A. gave给；B. paid支付；C. cast投掷，投射；D. drew吸引。Tom的行为吸引了公众的关注。D选项正确。
31. 考查动词词义辨析。A. learned学习，学会；B. posted发布，张贴；C. cared关心，在意；D. heard听到。由后面的Facebook(一个社交网站)可知，在Mr. Anderson将Tom的善举发布到Facebook上之后，Tom赢得了社交媒体使用者的赞扬。B选项正确。
32. 考查动词词义辨析。A. borrow借；B. raise筹集；C. save挽救，节省；D. earn挣（钱）。Mr. Anderson在网上发起一个运动来为Tom和其他无家可归的人筹钱。B选项正确。
33. 考查介词。大家向Tom表示出的信任触动了Tom。faith意为“信任，相信”，常和介词in搭配，意为“对……的信任，相信……”，故D选项正确。
34. 考查名词词义辨析。A. details细节；B. changes改变；C. offers提供（物），给予（物），提议；D. applications应用，申请。该句应指Tom得到了人们的帮助，人们为他提供工作和其他的东西。C选项正确。
35. 考查名词词义辨析。A. lesson课；B. adventure冒险；C. chance机会；D. challenge挑战。这件事对于流浪汉Tom来说是一个可以改变终生的机会。C选项正确。
完型填空
（湖南省湘潭市2018届高三下学期第三次模拟考试）
I am a volunteer in the Friendly Visiting Program. I visit a(n)21．who does not seem 22． because her son and grandchildren live upstairs with her.23．, she has a special disease and 24．this condition she cannot 25．the house alone. For whatever reasons, her family is too nervous or 26． to take her out of the house with her oxygen tank. I will admit at first I was 27． too! But she is a fiercely independent lady and can 28．it with ease.
Since her loneliness comes from staying 29．so long, we meet about every other week. We go to IHOP and I get to 30． her amazing stories such as when she first moved to Boston from Ireland,31．she first met her husband and about her large family. She often 32．at the end of our meetings, saying I had no 33．to cut in. I am a chatty person but with her all I want to do is 34．. Often, her family members have heard these 35．and may take them for granted, but for me they are 36． and interesting. We often stay at IHOP for 2 hours 37． the free flowing coffee.
It is nice to know that when I drop her back off at home she is not 38． lonely. But I also see the real 39． our meetings make. There have been times when, because of her 40．issues, we have not seen one another for a month or two and we miss each other terribly. I feel very lucky to have a friend like her.
21．A．teacher B．gentleman C．doctor D．elder
22．A．friendly B．happy C．lonely D．kind
23．A．Therefore B．However C．Otherwise D．Instead
24．A．due to B．instead of C．beyond D．out of
25．A．occupy B．repair C．leave D．decorate
26．A．eager B．glad C．shocked D．inconvenient
27．A．painful B．nervous C．carefully D．voluntary
28．A．finish B．handle C．face D．cure
29．A．indoors B．silent C．upstairs D．healthy
30．A．tell B．write C．hear D．record
31．A．why B．that C．which D．how
32．A．apologizes B．complains C．cries D．responds
33．A．place B．desire C．chance D．doubt
34．A．laugh B．listen C．sit D．speak
35．A．stories B．songs C．suggestions D．poems
36．A．familiar B．new C．similar D．necessary
37．A．giving away B．looking forward to C．focusing on D．taking advantage of
38．A．completely B．possibly C．regularly D．truly
39．A．trouble B．progress C．difference D．adjustment
40．A．marriage B．family C．address D．health
【答案】
21-25 DCBAC 26-30 DBBAC 31-35 DACBA 36-40 BDACD
【解题思路】
考查故事类文章。作者作为一名志愿者来照顾一位有特殊病的老人。和老人在一起，听老人讲有关她的有趣的故事，不仅让老人不寂寞，也让作者感觉非常高兴和幸运。
21．D考查名词辨析。根据下文中的“because her son and grandchildren…”可知是一位上了年纪的人（elder），故选D。
22．C考查形容词。根据下一句“because her son and grandchildren live upstairs with her”，可知她的儿子及孙子和她一起住在楼上。和儿孙在一起，她不孤单（lonely），因此选C。
23．B考查副词辨析。Therefore因此；However但是，然而；Otherwise否则；Instead相反。分析上下文的内容，可知老人与儿孙住在一起却有一种特殊的病。前后两句是转折关系，故选B。
24．A考查介词（短语）辨析。due to由于，因为；instead of而不是……；beyond超过，越过；out of离开，出于，在……范围外。因为这种（有病）情况。她无法独自离开房间。分析句意可知是因为病才不能出去，故是因果关系，选A。
25．C考查动词辨析及语境。occupy占领，使用，住在； repair修理；leave离开；decorate装饰。根据“_26___ to take her out of the house with her oxygen tank.”可知老人出门要带着氧气。可知她自己不能独自离开（ leave）房子。故选C项。
26．D考查形容词辨析。eager渴望，热切的；glad高兴；shocked惊愕的，受震惊的；inconvenient不方便的。根据“to take her out of the house with her oxygen tank.”可知带老人出去不方便（inconvenient），故选D项。
27．B考查形容词辨析。painful痛苦的；nervous 紧张的，担心的；carefully小心的；voluntary志愿的，自愿的。根据文章可知，我是一个志愿者，对于老人的这种情况，我开始是很担心的。因为前面“For whatever reasons, her family is too nervous or inconvenient to take her out of the house with her oxygen tank”老人的家人带她出去都紧张，自然我也是。故选B项。
28．B考查动词辨析。finish完成；handle处理； face面对；cure治愈。根据前一句“But she is a fiercely independent lady”可知她是一个非常独立的女士，所以可以轻松应付处理（handle）。
29．A考查形容词辨析。indoors 室内的，在户内；silent沉默的；upstairs在楼上，楼上的；healthy健康的。因为她的寂寞来自于呆在室内太久，所以我们每隔一周见面一次。根据前面的文章内容可知，老人不方便出门。故是在室内呆久了。故选A。
30．C考查动词辨析。根据下一句“30． her amazing stories s such as when she first moved to Boston from Ireland”可知，老人讲她的故事，我是听（hear）故事的。故选C项。
31．D考查连词辨析和语境。比如当她第一次从爱尔兰搬到波士顿时，她是如何第一次见到她的丈夫的。根据常识应该是讲述两人是如何相遇相识的，故选D项。
32．A考查动词辨析。根据语可知，老人总是向作者讲述自己的故事，因此老人认为让作者没有机会插嘴而向作者道歉（apologize）。其余三项complain抱怨；cry哭泣；respond反应。不符合题意，故选A。
33．C考查名词辨析。根据后面的内容可知，作者虽然是个喜欢聊天的人，但却喜欢听老人讲。可推断出，作者只是听，不说话，所以老人因为作者没机会说话而道歉。故选C。
34．B考查动词辨析。根据转折连词but可知，前后意思相反的。前一句作者说自己是一个喜欢聊天的人，but后面的与之相反的就是不说话，即只是听（listen）故事，故选B。
35．A考查名词辨析。根据上文“get to 30． her amazing stories,”可知老人的家人经常听到是故事（story），故选A。
36．B考查形容词辨析。familiar熟悉的；new 新的；similar相似的；necessary必要的。根据常识，作者是一个志愿者，对于作者来说所听到的故事自然都是新的（new）和有趣的。故B项正确。
37．D考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们经常在IHOP待2小时喝着免费咖啡。而其余三项（give away泄露，赠送，分发；look forward to期望，盼望；focus on集中）根据语境可知，指喝着咖啡，即利用（take advantage of）免费的咖啡。故选D项。
38．A考查副词辨析。completely完全地，彻底地；possibly可能；regularly有规律地，按时，定期地；truly真正，精确地。句意：很高兴知道当我把她从楼上带下来的时候，她完全不孤独。根据语境可知，作者与老人在一起，一直倾听着她讲故事，所以老人完全（completely）不孤单了，故选Ａ。
39．C考查名词辨析。make troubles制造麻烦；make progress取得进步；make a difference有关系，有影响，有重要性”；make an adjustment做出调整。句意：但是我看到了我们见面的真正意义。make a difference，为固定搭配，意为“有关系，有影响，有重要性”。分析选项可知C项符合语境。
40．D考查名词辨析。marriage婚姻；family家庭；address 地址；health健康。句意：有一些时候，由于她的健康问题，我们一个月或两个月没有见过面，我们非常想念对方。有她这样的朋友，我感到非常幸运。根据前面内容可知，老人的身体不好，可推断出因为身体健康（health）问题，可能会一、两个月不见面。分析选项可知D项正确。
完型填空
（河北省精英中学2019届高三上学期第二次调研考试）Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist? A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 41． of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not 42． on obvious facts, and therefore 43．to accept authority as the only reason for truth. He always checks ideas 44．and makes experiments to prove them.
The rise of 45．science may perhaps be considered to 46． as far back as the 47．of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived 48． the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the middle ages to suggest that we must learn science 49． observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself 50． many important truths.
Galileo (1564-1642), however, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, 51． began to show how many important 52．could be discovered by observation by degrees. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more 53． towards the earth than small ones, 54． Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the 55． of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 56． stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo’s 57． of going direct to nature, and proving our 58． and theories by experiment, that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.
What 59． those people good scientists? From the example of Galileo, we know it clearly that successful scientists are those whose observations have 60． better results.
41．A．use B．time C．speed D．trust
42．A．relied B．based C．insisted D．centered
43．A．refuses B．desires C．intends D．regrets
44．A．casually B．carefully C．quickly D．secretly
45．A．natural B．physical C．ancient D．modern
46．A．date B．keep C．look D．come
47．A．study B．time C．year D．birth
48．A．both B．each C．between D．among
49．A．in B．with C．on D．by
50．A．brought B．discovered C．took D．gave
51．A．who B．when C．that D．where
52．A．truths B．problems C．people D．subjects
53．A．slowly B．rapidly C．lightly D．heavily
54．A．although B．because C．when D．if
55．A．place B．foot C．top D．ceiling
56．A．big B．small C．equal D．unequal
57．A．spirit B．skill C．theory D．discovery
58．A．plans B．opinions C．world D．ability
59．A．makes B．prevents C．considers D．promises
60．A．foreseen B．rejected C．produced D．challenged
【答案】
41-45 ABABD 46-50 ABCDB 51-55 AABBC 56-60 DABAC
【解题思路】
本文为议论文。作者通过实例来说明自己的观点：一个科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目地相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。
41．考查固定搭配。 use用处；time 时间；speed速度；trust相信。根据语境可知，此处是指“一个成功的科学家通常是一个好的观察者。他充分利用他所观察到的事实”。本处考查固定短语“make full use of ”，意为“充分利用”。故选A。
42．考查动词辨析。relied信任，依赖；based以……为基础/根据；insisted坚持；centered集中，以….为中心。根据“He makes full use of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not 42． on obvious facts”可知， “作为一个科学家，要充分利用事实，自然不能接受不以明显事实为根据的想法”。因此本句考查的固定搭配”be based on…”意为“以….…为基础/根据”。因此选B项。
43．考查动词辨析。refuses拒绝；desires渴望；intends意图，打算；regrets遗憾，后悔。根据空格前后的“He doesn’t accept ideas…and therefore 43． to accept”可知，“他不接受不基于显而易见的事实的观点，因此拒绝接受权威作为真理的唯一理由”。此处指的“拒绝”，因此选A。
44．考查副词辨析。casually偶然地，漫不经心地；carefully仔细地，认真地；quickly快速地；secretly秘密地，偷偷地。结合空格前后的“He always checks ideas… makes experiments to prove them.”可知，此处是指他仔细地核查那些观点。故选B。
45．考查形容词辨析。natural天然的，自然的；physical物质的；ancient古代的，过时的；modern现代的。根据第三段的最后一句“that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.”可知，此处表示的是modern science。故选D项。
46．考查固定搭配。date从某时起计算日期；keep保持；look看；come来。根据下文的 “the years 1214 and 1292”，可知，现代科学的兴起可追溯到很早的时候，date back…为固定搭配，意为“追溯到……”，故选A。
47．考查名词辨析。study研究，学习；time时间，时代；year年；birth出生。根据空格后面的“the years 1214 and 1292”。可知，此处表示现代科学的兴起也许可以追溯到罗杰·培根时代，因此本题选B。
48．考查语境。both和，两者都；each每个；between 在……之间； among在……中,在…….之列。本句是指罗杰·培根，生活在1214年至1292年之间。因此处应用between…and…，意为“在……和….…之间”。故选C项。
49．考查介词辨析。in 在……里面；with和，跟；on在……上面；by通过，由。根据后面的“observing and experimenting on the things around us”可知，此处是指通过（by）观察和检验我们周围的事物，故选D项。
50．考查动词辨析。brought带来；discovered发现；took带走；gave给。结合下文“many important truths.”可知。本句是指“他自己发现(discovered)了许多重要的真理”，可知选B项。
51．考查定语从句。根据上文“…he greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, 51．began to show how many important”可知，本句是定语从句，其中的the greatest of several great men 是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作began 的主语，定语从句中指代前面的先行词“he”，指人要用关系词who。本句意为“伽利略（1564-1642）是意大利、法国、德国和英国几位伟人中最伟大的科学家，他通过逐步的观察，展示出许多重要的……。”因此选A。
52．考查名词辨析。 truths事实； problems问题； people人们；subjects主题。由空格后的“could be discovered by observation by degrees”和第51小题所在的句子可知，“很多真理可以通过观察得到发现”。因此本空选A。
53．考查副词辨析。slowly 缓慢地；rapidly 快速地；lightly轻轻地；heavily沉重地。根据空格前后的“large bodies fell more”和“towards the earth than small ones,”可知，在Galileo之前，学者们认为重的物体比轻的物体自由落体的速度更快，因此选B。
54．考查连词辨析。although然而；because 因为；when当……时候； if如果。根据 “Aristotle said so”可知，这里表明因为（because）亚里士多德是这么说的。故选B。
55．考查名词辨析。place地方；foot脚，底部；top顶部；ceiling天花板。根据空格后面的“of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 56． stones”可知，伽利略去了比萨斜塔的顶部，扔下了两块石头。由此可知C项符合题意，故选C。
56．考查形容词辨析。big大的；small小的；equal相等的；unequal不相等的。根据第53小题的“large bodies fell more 53． towards the earth than small ones,”可知，此处表示扔下了两个不同重量的石头，故选D。
57．考查名词辨析。spirit精神；skill技巧，技能；theory理论；discovery发现。这是伽利略探索自然的精神（spirit），故选A。
58．考查名词辨析。 plans计划；opinions观点；world世界；ability能力。此处与后面的“and theories by experiment”中的theories（理论）相呼应。此处是指通过实验证明我们的观点（opinions）和理论，故选B。
59．考查动词辨析。makes制造，使成为；prevents 阻止；considers认为，思考；promises许诺，答应。由下文的“…are those whose observations have 60． better results.”可知，此处是说“是什么使这些人成为优秀的科学家？”, make意为“使成为…..”， 因此选A。
60．考查动词辨析。foreseen预知；rejected拒绝，排斥；produced生产，产生；challenged挑战。根据语境可知此处是指“我们清楚地知道，成功的科学家是那些其观察会得出更好结果的科学家。故选C。
预测一 高考阅读理解所选材料通常都是国外网站上的地道的英语文章，然后经过命题专家整合、改编而成。文章主要介绍国内外的文化风俗、历史名胜、人文地理、著名人物等。
预测二 文章的篇幅较短，词数多为280～330，兼顾多种体裁，通常有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，要求考生充分利用所给信息，回答文章提出的问题。通常文章难度不大，关键是考查考生高效处理信息的能力，还要求考生对文章有更深层次的理解。但是题目并不容易，很容易出错。全国卷的命题逐渐向地方自主命题卷，尤其是新课标地区的试卷看齐，不断增加词汇量和文章长度，向新课标过渡。
预测三 题目设置灵活多样，通常以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，兼顾猜测词义、句意题及目的意图题和主旨大意题。这种命题特点要求考生更好地了解文章中的有用信息，提高阅读速度。
高中英语教学大纲明确规定“侧重提高阅读能力”，这为我们的备考指明了方向。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能，它不仅考查对语篇的整体把握能力，而且考查快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力。不仅要准确理解文章表层的意思，还要通过表层去推理、判断。除此之外，还涉及非语言因素，如：对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等。
考点1 主旨大意题
1.主旨大意题常分为两类：(1)选出文章最佳标题；(2)概括文章或段落大意。
2.主旨大意题主要考查对文章进行概括或总结的能力，它要求在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心思想，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、论点及作者的情感倾向。研读近几年高考阅读理解，可以发现对主旨大意类的考查占有相当重要的地位。
【答题技巧】
主旨大意题的三种思路：
①寻找主题句，确定文章大意。在许多情况下，尤其是在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。
主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾(或在开头结尾同时出现首尾呼应的主题句)，因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨概括类试题多采用浏览法，即浏览文章的首段和尾段的首句或尾句或每段的首句或尾句，重点搜索主题信息。
②抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找各段落中心句的基础上。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，不能仅依据只言片语或某一段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔的“重心”，考虑文章的材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么，分析故事情节围绕什么发展，最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。
③抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心。不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句隐含在段落中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，继而概括出段落的主题，推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。
考点2 细节理解题
1.此类题型一般分两种情况；直接事实题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常见的类型有对号入座题、是非判断题、语意转换题、表格理解题等)以及间接事实题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换)。
2.细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。有些问题，考生可以直接从文中找到明确的答案，但有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理，如计算、排序、判断、比较等。
【答题技巧】
做事实细节题最基本也最常用的方法是题干定位法。一般在原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定答案。此类题通常用一些疑问词来提问，或是判断正误。
细节理解题的三个步骤：
①浏览全文，了解信息。快速通读全文，大致了解不同信息间的差异，为解决问题做好信息储备。
②抓关键词，快速寻读。根据题目要求，从题干中抓住关键性词语，以此为线索，通过略读和寻读的方法快速而准确地在文章中寻找与此问题相关的信息，找到后仔细阅读，反复品味，认真比较选项和文中细节，在准确理解该细节的前提下，排除干扰项，从而确定答案。
③回读信息，验证答案。确定答案后，必须回读原文，再一次根据原文中的信息对选项进行验证。
总之，对于细节理解题，我们要恰当地运用略读、查读等技巧，在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。
考点3 词义猜测题
1．词义猜测题的常见形式：
(1)直接对某个陌生的词汇进行理解；
(2)对文中的某个代词确认指代的对象；
(3)对多义词或短语进行文中含义的精确定义；
(4)对英语中特有的表达、格言、谚语等进行直接的或解释性的描述。
2．词义猜测题是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解和处理生词的能力，它包括对词、词组和句意的理解。词义猜测不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面。
【答题技巧】
词义猜测题的三大突破
1．根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语(同位语前常有or，similarly，that is to say，in rather words，namely，or rather，say等)或同位语从句来定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号中的内容加以解释，理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。
2．根据对比、比较关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事物或两种现象的对比性描述，我们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有：unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast等。表示对比关系的句子结构有：while引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词语主要有：similarly，like，just as，also，as well as等。
3．通过构词法猜测词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分，词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。
注意：
①不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；
②不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。
考点4 推理判断题
1．推理判断题的考查形式通常为：
推断隐含含义；推断作者的观点和态度；推断写作目的和意图；推断文章的出处；推断文章中人物的性格态度等。
2．推理判断题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断的能力。
【答题技巧】
推理判断题的五大技巧：
1．抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住某一段话中的关键信息，如关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断。做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文（段）的基础上，整合与题目相关的信息，综合推理判断，确定最佳结论。
3．利用语境的褒贬性进行推断。几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，它反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好这一点，就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。
4．根据文章的结论推断作者的态度。作者的思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词。
5．根据上下文的逻辑得出结论。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
考点5 篇章结构题
解答此类题目首先要了解文章结构，从段落组织方式上看，有三种形式：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)。要想准确深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握文章的脉搏，特别是把握段与段之间的逻辑关系，然后分析作者采用了什么论证手段证明主题，从而正确解答试题。近几年还有些试题考查全文或某一段落是以什么样的形式展开论述的，一般来说有的按事情发展的顺序，有的按时间的先后顺序，有的按人物的活动内容，还有的按地点或空间的位置变换，阅读时要特别注意。
A
【2018·浙江卷A篇】In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字) rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady”. Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.
In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim— were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.
How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a singular writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
21. Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century?
A. They were difficult to understand.
B. They were popular among the rich.
C. They were seen as nearly worthless.
D. They were written mostly by women.
22. Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________.
A. his reputation in France
B. his interest in modern art
C. his success in publication
D. his importance in literature
23. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To remember a great writer.
B. To introduce an English novel.
C. To encourage studies on culture.
D. To promote values of the Victorian age.
B
【2018·全国III A篇】Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens
Visitor Information
How to Get to Holker
By Car：Follow brown signs an A590 from JB6, M6. Approximate travel times: Windermere-20 minutes, Kendal-25 minutes, Lancaster-45 minutes, Manchester-1 hour 30 minutes.
By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster Preston for connections to major cities & airports.
Opening Times
Sunday-Friday (closed on Saturday) 11:00 a.m.-4:00p.m., 30th March-2nd November.
Admission Charges
Hall & Gardens Gardens
Adults: ￡12.00 ￡8.00
Groups ￡9 ￡5.5
Producers: Market 13th April
Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.
Holker Garden Festival 30th May
The event celebrate its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in gardening.
National Garden Day 28th August
Holker once again opens is gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.
Winter Market 8th November
This is an event for all the family. Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.
21. How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?
A. 20minutes. B. 25 minutes. C. 45 minutes. D. 90 minutes.
22. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit to Hall & Cardens?
A. ￡l2.00. B. ￡9.00. C. ￡8.0 D. ￡5.50
23. Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show?
A. Producers’ Market. B. Holker Garden Festival.
C. National Garden Day. D. Winter Market.
C
【2018·全国I C篇】Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many Languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people, while hot wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 Languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150). Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
28. What can we infer about languages in hunter gatherer times?
A. They developed very fast. B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patters. D. They were closely connected
29. Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2？
A. Complex. B. Advanced. C. Powerful. D. Modem.
30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A. About 6,800. B. About 3,400. C. About 2,400. D. About 1-200
31. What is the main idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
A
【2018·天津卷C篇】There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same”, freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.
46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?
A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effort in cooking.
C. It improves the cooking conditions.
D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.
47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?
A. It solves food shortages easily.
B. It quickens the transportation of food.
C. It needs no space for the storage of food.
D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.
A. is more available to consumers
B. can meet individual nutritional needs
C. is more tasty than food in supermarkets
D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
49. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?
A. The printing process is complicated.
B. 3D food printers are too expensive.
C. Food materials have to be dry.
D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
50. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
B
【2017·北京卷A篇】It was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy softball team were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighth-grader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didn’t know each other well—Taylor had just moved to town a month or so before.
Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground. “Paris’s eyes rolled back,” Taylor says. “She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency.”
It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were in shock. Then the softball coach shouted out,“Does anyone know CPR？”CPR is a life-saving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick person’s chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen, the brain is damaged quickly.
Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didn’t think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death,” says Taylor.
Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Paris’s heartbeat returned.
“I know I was really lucky，”Paris says now.“Most people don’t survive this. My team saved my life.”Experts say Paris is right: for a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.
Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a nurse. “I feel more confident in my actions now,” Taylor says. “I know I can act under pressure in a scary situation.”
56．What happened to Paris on a March day?
A．She caught a bad cold.
B．She had a sudden heart problem.
C．She was knocked down by a ball.
D．She shivered terribly during practice.
57．Why does Paris say she was lucky?
A．She made a worthy friend.
B．She recovered from shock.
C．She received immediate CPR.
D．She came back on the softball team.
58．Which of the following words can best describe Taylor?
A．Enthusiastic and kind.
B．Courageous and calm.
C．Cooperative and generous.
D．Ambitious and professional.
A
【河南省中原名校2018届高三第三次质量考评D篇】Career criminals begin their antisocial behavior during their toddler (学步的儿童) years and may go on with a life of crime if their behavior isn’t challenged, scientists have discovered. While most children grow out of their bad behavior by adulthood, a study found those who had “callous unemotional (冷漠无情的) characteristics” could grow up to have problems with the law later in life. Behavior characteristics such as a lack of sympathy and lying in childhood could have an impact years on.
Luke Hyde, assistant professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, said, “These are signs for parents and doctors to watch out for, as they may signal more than just the terrible twos.” He said, “Parents both take care of their child and provide their child’s genes so it’s been difficult to know if we’re seeing that parenting causes callous unemotional behaviors, or if it is just a sign of the genes being passed to the child.”
The research also discovered that strict parenting is linked to the development of antisocial behavior. Scientists looked at 561 families in an adoption study that examined biological mothers’ antisocial behavior. The scientists found children of antisocial mothers were also more likely to exhibit the same behavior characteristics, despite having limited or no touch with them as they were adopted as babies.
“The really exciting take-home message from this study is that small, day-to-day positive interactions (互动) that parents have with their young children can make a huge difference in children’s development,’’ said Leslie Leve, a professor at the University of Oregon who co-led the data collection.
“Even when children have inherited (遗传) a very challenging set of behaviors, hearing ‘good job’ or receiving encouragement can help protect them from developing serious problems coming from their inherited difficulties,” he added. The study, worked on by scientists from the University of Michigan, Penn State University and the University of Oregon has been published in the American Journal of Psychiatry. Researchers will follow the group of children through early adolescence to determine if these behaviors still continue to exist from the toddler years.
12. What’s the main idea of the passage?
A. Kids’ social behaviors are related to crime.
B. Criminals begin their crimes during adolescence.
C. Antisocial behaviors of kids could be on their way to a life of crime.
D. Warmhearted kids are more likely to be criminals in the future.
13. What conclusion might the scientists draw from the study?
A. Antisocial behaviors might be inherited.
B. The genes decide kids’ antisocial behaviors.
C. Antisocial behaviors have nothing to do with crimes.
D. Adopted babies surely have antisocial behaviors when they grow up.
14. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Parenting is the main reason that causes kids’ antisocial behaviors.
B. What causes career criminals to begin their crimes is their parents’ characteristics.
C. Leslie Leve has a doubtful attitude to adoptive mothers’ active interactions with kids.
D. Inherited antisocial behaviors of kids can be lightened by positive parenting.
15. Why will researchers track kids’ process of growing?
A. To make sure if kids’ behaviors will last.
B. To make sure if praise will change kids.
C. To determine if kids’ behaviors will be inherited.
D. To determine if parents’ comfort will protect kids.
B
【2019届四川省棠湖中学高三期末考试】You must have heard of Mr. No Ears. This earless, one-eyed cat from Albufeira, Portugal, is a Facebook phenomenon and has his own book: Saudades Mr. No Ears. But for those of you who don’t know him, here is his story.
Often referred to as the “Lion King of Albufeira”, this adorable cat was the head of a cat colony in the region. Viewed from a distance, he appeared to be a king, sitting on a wall. On most days, this was usually where you would find Mr. No Ears, with the members of his colony scattered around on the walkway. At other times, he was jumping cliffs and running on the beach. No one knew on which day he was born, so his caretakers decided to celebrate his birthday on World Animal Day on October 4th.
Although there were no ears, his hearing functioned well. One of his eyes was open and purulent (有脓的), with no sign of an eyeball…...Despite all of his problems, he was a strong-minded and happy cat. Some hotel owners found him annoying, ordering his caretakers to send him away so he wouldn’t “upset tourists.” But there were just as many people who loved him to pieces, and once he got his own Facebook page, the entire world was at his paws.
On the evening of 11th September 2015, Mr. No Ears was taken away against his will. Less than an hour later a request was made via a Facebook page asking for money, making false claims that he was “in pain” and “had bone cancer.” It was said that in an attempt to prove cancer which he did not have, Mr. No Ears suffered a heart attack. He then suffered organ damage, including his kidneys and liver. The taking-away of this much-loved cat from his home and family and the circumstances of his death were very emotive subjects, causing shockwaves throughout the animal-loving world.
Thanks to Mr. No Ears, the Albufeirafs Peneco beach Colony became a household name and a “must see” on cat lovers, holiday choices. You will recognize Mr. No Ears’ favorite seat under a palm tree because Mr. No Ears’ love-lock is attached to it.
12. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Mr. No Ears was born on October 4th. B. Mr. No Ears could hear well without ears.
C. All the hotel owners liked Mr. No Ears. D. Mr. No Ears always stayed alone.
13. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. The cat could get to know the world via Facebook page.
B. People around the world loved the cat.
C. The cat is the Lion King of Albufeira.
D. The cat’s caretakers made money on the Internet.
14. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A. The unexpected response from animal lovers.
B. The disappearance and return of Mr. No Ears.
C. The disease that took Mr. No Ears’ life.
D. The foggy death of Mr. No Ears.
15. What can we infer from this passage?
A. Albufeira owes its fame to Mr. No Ears.
B. Mr. No Ears became famous after his death.
C. People began to protect cats because of Mr. No Ears.
D. In memory of Mr. No Ears, people named a tree after him.
答案与解析
A
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. A
【解题思路】
21.细节理解题。根据第一段对当时情况的描写“...nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字) rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady”. Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.”印刷技术落后，人们识字率低，作品上没有作者名字，小说被认为是愚蠢的、道德败坏的，毫无价值可言。故选C。
22. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged.”和列举的Charles Dickens小说的影响可知，把他和Mona Lisa相比是为了说明Charles Dickens在英国小说方面的重要性和Mona Lisa在绘画方面的重要性是一样的，故选D。
23. 写作意图题。根据文中对Charles Dickens及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后“But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one.”可知本文是写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故选A。
B
【答案】21. D 22. B 23. D
【解题思路】
21. 细节理解题。根据第一段How to Get to Holker中By car里Approximate travel times后面内容可知，从Manchester到Holker要用1 hour and 30 minutes，即90分钟，故选D。
22. 细节理解题。根据Admission Charges可知，团体中的一员去Hall & Gardens 需要支付9英镑。
23. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段Winter Market中最后一句Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.可知，如果想去看现场表演需要去Winter Market。故选D。
C
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. B 31. C
【解题思路】
28. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.”，可知，在狩猎采集时代，语言种类丰富多样。故选B。
29. 猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的“dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant languages意为：强有力的语言。故选C。
30. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.和The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上大约有6800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6000人的占一半即3400。故选B。
31. 主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句“Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.”可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近几个时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
A
【答案】46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A
【解题思路】
推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).”可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。
48. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.”食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物，从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。
49. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.”可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易变质。故选C。
50. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。
B
【答案】56.B 57.C 58.B
【解题思路】
56．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure.”可知，Paris突然心力衰竭，所以答案为B。
57．推理判断题。根据第六段可知队友的协助使Paris得到了及时的救助，所以 Paris说自己很幸运。故答案为 C。
58．推理判断题。根据第五段中“But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR.”可知Taylor非常的勇敢，以及第六段首句“Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down.”可知，Taylor是一个勇敢、冷静的女孩，所以答案为B。
A
【答案】12. C 13. A 14. D 15. A
【解题思路】
12. 主旨大意题。由文章主题句“Career criminals begin their antisocial behavior during their toddler (学步的儿童) years and may go on with a life of crime if their behavior isn’t challenged, scientists have discovered.”可知这篇文章主要讲了儿童时期的反社会行为有可能成长为今后的犯罪，故选C。
13. 推理判断题。“The scientists found children of antisocial mothers were also more likely to exhibit the same behavior characteristics, despite having limited or no touch with them as they were adopted as babies.”可知科学家从这个研究中可以得出这样的结论，反社会的行为有可能会遗传。故选A。
14. 推理判断题。由“Even when children have inherited (遗传) a very challenging set of behaviors, hearing ‘good job’ or receiving encouragement can help protect them from developing serious problems coming from their inherited difficulties” 可推断出孩子们遗传的反社会行为可以通过积极的教育减轻，故选D。
15. 细节理解题。根据“Researchers will follow the group of children through early adolescence to determine if these behaviors still continue to exist from the toddler years.”可知研究人员追踪孩子们的成长过程，是为了证实孩子们的行为是否会持续，故选A。
B
【答案】13. B 14. D 15. A
【解题思路】
12.推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Although there were no ears, his hearing functioned well.”可知，Mr. No Ears没有耳朵但听力很好。故选B。
13.词义猜测题。根据第三段最后一句“But there were just as many people who loved him to pieces, and once he got his own Facebook page, the entire world was at his paws.”但是也有很多人爱他，一旦他有了自己的Facebook主页，整个世界都在他的掌控之中。由此推知划线词的意思是“全世界的人都喜欢这只猫。”故选B。
14.段落大意题。根据第四段中“It was said that in an attempt to prove cancer which he did not have, Mr. No Ears suffered a heart attack. He then suffered organ damage, including his kidneys and liver.”可知本段讲述的是Mr. No Ears的不清楚的死。故选D。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Thanks to Mr. No Ears, the Albufeirafs Peneco beach Colony became a household name and a “must see” on cat lovers, holiday choices.”可知，Albufeira的名气要归功于Mr. No Ears。故选A。
预测一 高考阅读理解所选材料通常都是国外网站上的地道的英语文章，然后经过命题专家整合、改编而成。文章主要介绍国内外的文化风俗、历史名胜、人文地理、著名人物等。
预测二 文章的篇幅较短，词数多为280～330，兼顾多种体裁，通常有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，要求考生充分利用所给信息，回答文章提出的问题。通常文章难度不大，关键是考查考生高效处理信息的能力，还要求考生对文章有更深层次的理解。但是题目并不容易，很容易出错。全国卷的命题逐渐向地方自主命题卷，尤其是新课标地区的试卷看齐，不断增加词汇量和文章长度，向新课标过渡。
预测三 题目设置灵活多样，通常以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，兼顾猜测词义、句意题及目的意图题和主旨大意题。这种命题特点要求考生更好地了解文章中的有用信息，提高阅读速度。
高中英语教学大纲明确规定“侧重提高阅读能力”，这为我们的备考指明了方向。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能，它不仅考查对语篇的整体把握能力，而且考查快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力。不仅要准确理解文章表层的意思，还要通过表层去推理、判断。除此之外，还涉及非语言因素，如：对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等。
考点1 主旨大意题
1.主旨大意题常分为两类：(1)选出文章最佳标题；(2)概括文章或段落大意。
2.主旨大意题主要考查对文章进行概括或总结的能力，它要求在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心思想，体会作者的写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、论点及作者的情感倾向。研读近几年高考阅读理解，可以发现对主旨大意类的考查占有相当重要的地位。
【答题技巧】
主旨大意题的三种思路：
①寻找主题句，确定文章大意。在许多情况下，尤其是在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。
主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾(或在开头结尾同时出现首尾呼应的主题句)，因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨概括类试题多采用浏览法，即浏览文章的首段和尾段的首句或尾句或每段的首句或尾句，重点搜索主题信息。
②抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找各段落中心句的基础上。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，不能仅依据只言片语或某一段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔的“重心”，考虑文章的材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么，分析故事情节围绕什么发展，最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。
③抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心。不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句隐含在段落中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，继而概括出段落的主题，推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。
考点2 细节理解题
1.此类题型一般分两种情况；直接事实题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常见的类型有对号入座题、是非判断题、语意转换题、表格理解题等)以及间接事实题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换)。
2.细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。有些问题，考生可以直接从文中找到明确的答案，但有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理，如计算、排序、判断、比较等。
【答题技巧】
做事实细节题最基本也最常用的方法是题干定位法。一般在原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定答案。此类题通常用一些疑问词来提问，或是判断正误。
细节理解题的三个步骤：
①浏览全文，了解信息。快速通读全文，大致了解不同信息间的差异，为解决问题做好信息储备。
②抓关键词，快速寻读。根据题目要求，从题干中抓住关键性词语，以此为线索，通过略读和寻读的方法快速而准确地在文章中寻找与此问题相关的信息，找到后仔细阅读，反复品味，认真比较选项和文中细节，在准确理解该细节的前提下，排除干扰项，从而确定答案。
③回读信息，验证答案。确定答案后，必须回读原文，再一次根据原文中的信息对选项进行验证。
总之，对于细节理解题，我们要恰当地运用略读、查读等技巧，在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。
考点3 词义猜测题
1．词义猜测题的常见形式：
(1)直接对某个陌生的词汇进行理解；
(2)对文中的某个代词确认指代的对象；
(3)对多义词或短语进行文中含义的精确定义；
(4)对英语中特有的表达、格言、谚语等进行直接的或解释性的描述。
2．词义猜测题是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解和处理生词的能力，它包括对词、词组和句意的理解。词义猜测不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面。
【答题技巧】
词义猜测题的三大突破
1．根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语(同位语前常有or，similarly，that is to say，in rather words，namely，or rather，say等)或同位语从句来定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号中的内容加以解释，理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。
2．根据对比、比较关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事物或两种现象的对比性描述，我们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有：unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast等。表示对比关系的句子结构有：while引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词语主要有：similarly，like，just as，also，as well as等。
3．通过构词法猜测词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分，词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。
注意：
①不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；
②不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。
考点4 推理判断题
1．推理判断题的考查形式通常为：
推断隐含含义；推断作者的观点和态度；推断写作目的和意图；推断文章的出处；推断文章中人物的性格态度等。
2．推理判断题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断的能力。
【答题技巧】
推理判断题的五大技巧：
1．抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住某一段话中的关键信息，如关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断。做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文（段）的基础上，整合与题目相关的信息，综合推理判断，确定最佳结论。
3．利用语境的褒贬性进行推断。几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，它反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好这一点，就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。
4．根据文章的结论推断作者的态度。作者的思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词。
5．根据上下文的逻辑得出结论。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
考点5 篇章结构题
解答此类题目首先要了解文章结构，从段落组织方式上看，有三种形式：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)。要想准确深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握文章的脉搏，特别是把握段与段之间的逻辑关系，然后分析作者采用了什么论证手段证明主题，从而正确解答试题。近几年还有些试题考查全文或某一段落是以什么样的形式展开论述的，一般来说有的按事情发展的顺序，有的按时间的先后顺序，有的按人物的活动内容，还有的按地点或空间的位置变换，阅读时要特别注意。
A
【2018·浙江卷A篇】In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字) rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady”. Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.
In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim— were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.
How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a singular writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
21. Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century?
A. They were difficult to understand.
B. They were popular among the rich.
C. They were seen as nearly worthless.
D. They were written mostly by women.
22. Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________.
A. his reputation in France
B. his interest in modern art
C. his success in publication
D. his importance in literature
23. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To remember a great writer.
B. To introduce an English novel.
C. To encourage studies on culture.
D. To promote values of the Victorian age.
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. A
【解题思路】本文写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，介绍了Charles Dickens在英国小说方面的重要贡献和深远影响。
21.细节理解题。根据第一段对当时情况的描写“...nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字) rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady”. Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.”印刷技术落后，人们识字率低，作品上没有作者名字，小说被认为是愚蠢的、道德败坏的，毫无价值可言。故选C。
22. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged.”和列举的Charles Dickens小说的影响可知，把他和Mona Lisa相比是为了说明Charles Dickens在英国小说方面的重要性和Mona Lisa在绘画方面的重要性是一样的，故选D。
23. 写作意图题。根据文中对Charles Dickens及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后“But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one.”可知本文是写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故选A。
B
【2018·全国III A篇】Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens
Visitor Information
How to Get to Holker
By Car：Follow brown signs an A590 from JB6, M6. Approximate travel times: Windermere-20 minutes, Kendal-25 minutes, Lancaster-45 minutes, Manchester-1 hour 30 minutes.
By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster Preston for connections to major cities & airports.
Opening Times
Sunday-Friday (closed on Saturday) 11:00 a.m.-4:00p.m., 30th March-2nd November.
Admission Charges
Hall & Gardens Gardens
Adults: ￡12.00 ￡8.00
Groups ￡9 ￡5.5
Producers: Market 13th April
Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.
Holker Garden Festival 30th May
The event celebrate its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in gardening.
National Garden Day 28th August
Holker once again opens is gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.
Winter Market 8th November
This is an event for all the family. Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.
21. How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?
A. 20minutes. B. 25 minutes. C. 45 minutes. D. 90 minutes.
22. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit to Hall & Cardens?
A. ￡l2.00. B. ￡9.00. C. ￡8.0 D. ￡5.50
23. Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show?
A. Producers’ Market. B. Holker Garden Festival.
C. National Garden Day. D. Winter Market.
【答案】21. D 22. B 23. D
【解题思路】文章为旅游指南。文章主要介绍了去Holker Hall& Garden 旅游的相关信息，如：出行方式，开放时间，旅行费用以及主要活动等。
21. 细节理解题。根据第一段How to Get to Holker中By car里Approximate travel times后面内容可知，从Manchester到Holker要用1 hour and 30 minutes，即90分钟，故选D。
22. 细节理解题。根据Admission Charges可知，团体中的一员去Hall & Gardens 需要支付9英镑。
23. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段Winter Market中最后一句Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.可知，如果想去看现场表演需要去Winter Market。故选D。
C
【2018·全国I C篇】Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many Languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people, while hot wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 Languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150). Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
28. What can we infer about languages in hunter gatherer times?
A. They developed very fast. B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patters. D. They were closely connected
29. Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2？
A. Complex. B. Advanced. C. Powerful. D. Modem.
30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A. About 6,800. B. About 3,400. C. About 2,400. D. About 1-200
31. What is the main idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. B 31. C
【解题思路】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
28. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.”，可知，在狩猎采集时代，语言种类丰富多样。故选B。
29. 猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的“dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant languages意为：强有力的语言。故选C。
30. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.和The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上大约有6800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6000人的占一半即3400。故选B。
31. 主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句“Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.”可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近几个时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
A
【2018·天津卷C篇】There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same”, freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.
46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?
A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effort in cooking.
C. It improves the cooking conditions.
D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.
47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?
A. It solves food shortages easily.
B. It quickens the transportation of food.
C. It needs no space for the storage of food.
D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.
A. is more available to consumers
B. can meet individual nutritional needs
C. is more tasty than food in supermarkets
D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
49. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?
A. The printing process is complicated.
B. 3D food printers are too expensive.
C. Food materials have to be dry.
D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
50. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
【答案】46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A
【解题思路】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).”可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。
48. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.”食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物，从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。
49. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.”可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易变质。故选C。
50. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。
B
【2017·北京卷A篇】It was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy softball team were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighth-grader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didn’t know each other well—Taylor had just moved to town a month or so before.
Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground. “Paris’s eyes rolled back,” Taylor says. “She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency.”
It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were in shock. Then the softball coach shouted out,“Does anyone know CPR？”CPR is a life-saving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick person’s chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen, the brain is damaged quickly.
Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didn’t think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death,” says Taylor.
Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Paris’s heartbeat returned.
“I know I was really lucky，”Paris says now.“Most people don’t survive this. My team saved my life.”Experts say Paris is right: for a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.
Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a nurse. “I feel more confident in my actions now,” Taylor says. “I know I can act under pressure in a scary situation.”
56．What happened to Paris on a March day?
A．She caught a bad cold.
B．She had a sudden heart problem.
C．She was knocked down by a ball.
D．She shivered terribly during practice.
57．Why does Paris say she was lucky?
A．She made a worthy friend.
B．She recovered from shock.
C．She received immediate CPR.
D．She came back on the softball team.
58．Which of the following words can best describe Taylor?
A．Enthusiastic and kind.
B．Courageous and calm.
C．Cooperative and generous.
D．Ambitious and professional.
【答案】56.B 57.C 58.B
【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了垒球女孩 Paris 在打球的过程中突然心力衰竭， 队友 Taylor对其进行了紧急心肺复苏，Paris因此恢复了心跳的故事。文章旨在说明病人心力衰竭时， 其他人保持冷静并对其进行紧急心肺复苏的重要性。
56．细节理解题。根据第三段中“It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure.”可知，Paris突然心力衰竭，所以答案为B。
57．推理判断题。根据第六段可知队友的协助使Paris得到了及时的救助，所以 Paris说自己很幸运。故答案为 C。
58．推理判断题。根据第五段中“But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR.”可知Taylor非常的勇敢，以及第六段首句“Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down.”可知，Taylor是一个勇敢、冷静的女孩，所以答案为B。
A
【河南省中原名校2018届高三第三次质量考评D篇】Career criminals begin their antisocial behavior during their toddler (学步的儿童) years and may go on with a life of crime if their behavior isn’t challenged, scientists have discovered. While most children grow out of their bad behavior by adulthood, a study found those who had “callous unemotional (冷漠无情的) characteristics” could grow up to have problems with the law later in life. Behavior characteristics such as a lack of sympathy and lying in childhood could have an impact years on.
Luke Hyde, assistant professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, said, “These are signs for parents and doctors to watch out for, as they may signal more than just the terrible twos.” He said, “Parents both take care of their child and provide their child’s genes so it’s been difficult to know if we’re seeing that parenting causes callous unemotional behaviors, or if it is just a sign of the genes being passed to the child.”
The research also discovered that strict parenting is linked to the development of antisocial behavior. Scientists looked at 561 families in an adoption study that examined biological mothers’ antisocial behavior. The scientists found children of antisocial mothers were also more likely to exhibit the same behavior characteristics, despite having limited or no touch with them as they were adopted as babies.
“The really exciting take-home message from this study is that small, day-to-day positive interactions (互动) that parents have with their young children can make a huge difference in children’s development,’’ said Leslie Leve, a professor at the University of Oregon who co-led the data collection.
“Even when children have inherited (遗传) a very challenging set of behaviors, hearing ‘good job’ or receiving encouragement can help protect them from developing serious problems coming from their inherited difficulties,” he added. The study, worked on by scientists from the University of Michigan, Penn State University and the University of Oregon has been published in the American Journal of Psychiatry. Researchers will follow the group of children through early adolescence to determine if these behaviors still continue to exist from the toddler years.
12. What’s the main idea of the passage?
A. Kids’ social behaviors are related to crime.
B. Criminals begin their crimes during adolescence.
C. Antisocial behaviors of kids could be on their way to a life of crime.
D. Warmhearted kids are more likely to be criminals in the future.
13. What conclusion might the scientists draw from the study?
A. Antisocial behaviors might be inherited.
B. The genes decide kids’ antisocial behaviors.
C. Antisocial behaviors have nothing to do with crimes.
D. Adopted babies surely have antisocial behaviors when they grow up.
14. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Parenting is the main reason that causes kids’ antisocial behaviors.
B. What causes career criminals to begin their crimes is their parents’ characteristics.
C. Leslie Leve has a doubtful attitude to adoptive mothers’ active interactions with kids.
D. Inherited antisocial behaviors of kids can be lightened by positive parenting.
15. Why will researchers track kids’ process of growing?
A. To make sure if kids’ behaviors will last.
B. To make sure if praise will change kids.
C. To determine if kids’ behaviors will be inherited.
D. To determine if parents’ comfort will protect kids.
【答案】12. C 13. A 14. D 15. A
【解题思路】这篇文章主要讲了儿童时期的反社会行为有可能成长为今后的犯罪，研究表明反社会的行为有可能会遗传，但是通过积极的教育可以减轻。
12. 主旨大意题。由文章主题句“Career criminals begin their antisocial behavior during their toddler (学步的儿童) years and may go on with a life of crime if their behavior isn’t challenged, scientists have discovered.”可知这篇文章主要讲了儿童时期的反社会行为有可能成长为今后的犯罪，故选C。
13. 推理判断题。“The scientists found children of antisocial mothers were also more likely to exhibit the same behavior characteristics, despite having limited or no touch with them as they were adopted as babies.”可知科学家从这个研究中可以得出这样的结论，反社会的行为有可能会遗传。故选A。
14. 推理判断题。由“Even when children have inherited (遗传) a very challenging set of behaviors, hearing ‘good job’ or receiving encouragement can help protect them from developing serious problems coming from their inherited difficulties” 可推断出孩子们遗传的反社会行为可以通过积极的教育减轻，故选D。
15. 细节理解题。根据“Researchers will follow the group of children through early adolescence to determine if these behaviors still continue to exist from the toddler years.”可知研究人员追踪孩子们的成长过程，是为了证实孩子们的行为是否会持续，故选A。
B
【2019届四川省棠湖中学高三期末考试】You must have heard of Mr. No Ears. This earless, one-eyed cat from Albufeira, Portugal, is a Facebook phenomenon and has his own book: Saudades Mr. No Ears. But for those of you who don’t know him, here is his story.
Often referred to as the “Lion King of Albufeira”, this adorable cat was the head of a cat colony in the region. Viewed from a distance, he appeared to be a king, sitting on a wall. On most days, this was usually where you would find Mr. No Ears, with the members of his colony scattered around on the walkway. At other times, he was jumping cliffs and running on the beach. No one knew on which day he was born, so his caretakers decided to celebrate his birthday on World Animal Day on October 4th.
Although there were no ears, his hearing functioned well. One of his eyes was open and purulent (有脓的), with no sign of an eyeball…...Despite all of his problems, he was a strong-minded and happy cat. Some hotel owners found him annoying, ordering his caretakers to send him away so he wouldn’t “upset tourists.” But there were just as many people who loved him to pieces, and once he got his own Facebook page, the entire world was at his paws.
On the evening of 11th September 2015, Mr. No Ears was taken away against his will. Less than an hour later a request was made via a Facebook page asking for money, making false claims that he was “in pain” and “had bone cancer.” It was said that in an attempt to prove cancer which he did not have, Mr. No Ears suffered a heart attack. He then suffered organ damage, including his kidneys and liver. The taking-away of this much-loved cat from his home and family and the circumstances of his death were very emotive subjects, causing shockwaves throughout the animal-loving world.
Thanks to Mr. No Ears, the Albufeirafs Peneco beach Colony became a household name and a “must see” on cat lovers, holiday choices. You will recognize Mr. No Ears’ favorite seat under a palm tree because Mr. No Ears’ love-lock is attached to it.
12. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Mr. No Ears was born on October 4th. B. Mr. No Ears could hear well without ears.
C. All the hotel owners liked Mr. No Ears. D. Mr. No Ears always stayed alone.
13. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. The cat could get to know the world via Facebook page.
B. People around the world loved the cat.
C. The cat is the Lion King of Albufeira.
D. The cat’s caretakers made money on the Internet.
14. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A. The unexpected response from animal lovers.
B. The disappearance and return of Mr. No Ears.
C. The disease that took Mr. No Ears’ life.
D. The foggy death of Mr. No Ears.
15. What can we infer from this passage?
A. Albufeira owes its fame to Mr. No Ears.
B. Mr. No Ears became famous after his death.
C. People began to protect cats because of Mr. No Ears.
D. In memory of Mr. No Ears, people named a tree after him.
【答案】12. B 13. B 14. D 15. A
【解题思路】本文是一篇新闻报道。一只来自葡萄牙Albufeira的无耳独眼猫Mr. No Ears在Facebook上走红，并有自己的书“Saudades Mr. No Ears”。文章为那些不认识他的人，讲述了关于他的故事。Mr. No Ears没有耳朵但听力很好。Albufeira的名气要归功于Mr. No Ears。
12.推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Although there were no ears, his hearing functioned well.”可知，Mr. No Ears没有耳朵但听力很好。故选B。
13.词义猜测题。根据第三段最后一句“But there were just as many people who loved him to pieces, and once he got his own Facebook page, the entire world was at his paws.”但是也有很多人爱他，一旦他有了自己的Facebook主页，整个世界都在他的掌控之中。由此推知划线词的意思是“全世界的人都喜欢这只猫。”故选B。
14.段落大意题。根据第四段中“It was said that in an attempt to prove cancer which he did not have, Mr. No Ears suffered a heart attack. He then suffered organ damage, including his kidneys and liver.”可知本段讲述的是Mr. No Ears的不清楚的死。故选D。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Thanks to Mr. No Ears, the Albufeirafs Peneco beach Colony became a household name and a “must see” on cat lovers, holiday choices.”可知，Albufeira的名气要归功于Mr. No Ears。故选A。
预测一 话题与考生的生活实际、社会热点内容密切相关。书面表达提供的写作情景比较真实，写作的话题与考生的校园生活、成长经历、社会热点及科技动态等内容密切相关，关注考生的情感、态度和价值观，能够充分考查考生的独立思考能力和创新精神。
预测二 书面表达的词数仍将保持100词左右。虽然部分地区的高考试卷要求考生写一篇120词左右的英语作文，考生要在文章的结构、段落的衔接和过渡等方面花费更多的心思和笔墨。
预测三 写作的开放度可能加大。高考英语书面表达写作要求也呈现了开放的趋势，这使考生的写作内容受到的限制减少，并为考生提供了一个更加自由和开放的写作空间。
高考英语书面表达命题目的就是要测试学生运用所学的英语知识和掌握的技能来表达思想和进行交流的能力。可以说这种题型最能检验出学生综合运用英语语言能力的高低。
考点1、提纲作文
命题特点
1．命题常以短文提示、要点提示和表格提示三种形式呈现。
2．写作内容被以提纲的形式分割成独立的信息块，所给的提纲既体现了文章的层次，又规定了各段的大体内容，为考生提供了写作思路。
3．考查形式以电子邮件、报道、通知、日记等为主，内容贴近学生的生活实际。
写作策略
一、写作步骤和技巧
1．写好提纲式作文的关键是认真审题和分析所给的提纲，认清题目和提纲之间的关系，然后确定文章的主题、内容以及文体。
2．每一个提纲可以作为文章的一个段落层次，段落的展开围绕提纲的中心和内容，不能偏离，也不能任意增减。
3．提纲只是对文章的提示和概括，不是主题句。还需要根据提纲的性质，写出完整的、体现提纲主旨的句子，使之成为主题句，然后围绕主题句进行扩展。
4．收集材料支持主题句。材料可以是事实、例证、亲身经历、名人名言、谚语警句等。应当注意的是，所选材料要与文章的主题相符，即要“扣题”，也要具有典型性，能充分说明问题。在有多个例证的段落中，还要注意各个例证之间的连贯性。
【典例】
假设你是新华中学的学生李华，不久前在学校举办的英语竞赛中获得一等奖。校报请你写一篇稿件刊登在英文版面上，介绍你课外学习英语的经验。请根据以下提示用英语写一篇短文：
1．参加英语角的益处；
2．坚持写英语日记的作用；
3．英文阅读网站(Enjoy Reading)对你的帮助。
注意：
1．词数：120～150；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
审题和构思：
1．本文是一篇提纲式作文。写好此文，需注意以下几点：一是时态把握要准确。文章基本时态为一般现在时，同时兼顾其他的时态。二是要点要齐全，且详略得当。题目已对要点做出了明确的规定，这些要点不能有遗漏。三是切忌照译，要适当地增加细节，恰当地使用连接词、过渡词，使行文连贯流畅。
2．通过审题，归纳出本文内容要点如下：(1)参加英语角的益处：结识朋友，提高英语口语；(2)坚持写英语日记的作用：有助于英语的学习；(3)英文阅读网站的帮助：读到经典文章，学到学习技巧。以上三点是基本要点，缺一不可，除此之外，在文章开头应点明主题，结尾做出总结，开头和结尾应略写。
3．围绕要点联想所需词汇：
①参加英语角：take part in English corner
②结识许多朋友：meet many friends
③提高我的英语口语：my oral English improved
④写英语日记：keep English diaries
⑤做……是有用的/帮助的：It is useful/helpful to do sth.
⑥经典的：classic
⑦对……起重要作用：play an important part in...
⑧得到回报：pay off
4．连词成句：
(1)为了学好英语，除了英语课之外，我还参加英语角和其他课外英语活动，这对我很有益。
①In order to learn English well, apart from English class，I took an active part in English corner and other after-school English activities, which benefit me a lot.
②To learn English well, I took part in English corner and other after-school English activities besides English class, benefiting me a lot.
(2)在英语角上，我遇到许多朋友，他们与我兴趣相同。
①In the English corner, I meet many friends，who share the same interest with me.
②Attending the English corner, I meet many friends sharing the same interest with me.
(3)我觉得记英语日记很有用。
①I find it useful to keep English diaries.
②I find (that) it is useful for me to keep English diaries.
(4)谚语说得好，“熟能生巧”。
①There is a famous saying, which says “Practice makes perfect”．
②As a famous saying goes, practice makes perfect.
【参考范文】
As a high school student, I consider English as a very important subject. In order to learn it well, apart from English class, I took an active part in English corner and other after-class English activities, which benefit me a lot.
In the English corner, I meet many friends, who share the same interest with me. Besides, sometimes, some foreigners are glad to join us. By talking with them, my oral English improved a lot. I also find it useful to keep English diaries. I keep on doing it these years and it is helpful to my English. As a saying goes, practice makes perfect. Only by practice will we make more progress. Finally, some good English reading websites contribute a lot to my improvement. Through these websites, I can read some classic English passages, poems and stories. What’s more, I can learn some learning skills, which play an important part in my study process.
All in all, every road leads to Rome, but I believe hard work pays off.
考点2、图画作文
命题特点
1．形象，直观，内容具体，素材接近生活。
图画类的写作提供的情景有单幅图画、双幅图画或连环图画，大多配有简洁的文字以说明图画或图片的主题及试题的写作要求。情景一般都是中学生所熟悉的场景，画面生动形象，具有趣味性，体现高考写作“生活化”的特点，为学生提供了充分发挥自由想象的空间，突出了对创新意识和发散思维能力的考查。
2．文体形式多样。
图画式写作的体裁比较广泛，可以是记叙文，将图画中所表达的信息完整地记录下来；也可以是说明文，根据图画从时间、过程、步骤等方面对之加以解释、说明；还可以是议论文，针对图画中所表现出来的一般现象，加以议论，得出结论，提出解决问题的办法。
写作策略
一、写作步骤和技巧
1．针对此类题型，应首先仔细阅读图画以及文字说明，确定文章体裁。此类文章一般都会给出关键词、文章的开头或规定场景，写作时要注意画面体现的主题以及各画面之间的联系。体裁一般以记叙文或说明文为主。
2．确定人称。若以日记、回忆录等形式来写，一般采用第一人称；若以讲故事的形式来写，一般采用第三人称。
3．确定时态。根据图画内容及所采用的文章体裁，确定文章要使用的时态。介绍人物或叙述某事件的发展过程，通常用一般过去时；揭示或反映某个社会现象则用一般现在时。
4．发挥联想要合理、适度。这类文章一般要求进行适度合理的联想和发挥，以便使上下文能更好地连贯起来，要注意每幅图画之间过渡性词语的选择。
5．虚实结合，详略得当。对于图画中的内容，要注意详略得当。如图画中所出现的时间、数字或言论要一词不漏地写清楚，而有些过程或原因则可适当简略。
【典例】
假设你是红星中学高三(1)班的学生李华，校报英文版正在开展“续写雷锋日记”活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，将你所做的一件好事以日记形式记述下来，向校报投稿。
注意：
1．日记的开头已为你写好；
2．词数不少于60。
Saturday，June 2 Fine
This morning，_________________________________________________
审题和构思
1．首先要认真审题，确定人称和时态。本题通过四幅图介绍李华在路上做的好事，文章要求用日记的形式叙述，因此应写成以过去时态为主的记叙文。
2．挖掘材料，整理需要表达的内容，列出要点和提纲。通过认真观察每幅图画，结合图中所给的文字信息(如数字、问号、天安门的图示等)，我们可以知道四幅图主要是讲述了李华偶遇路人并向路人提供帮助的事情，是生活中熟悉的话题。写作时，应把时间、地点、人物、事件过程写得具体而详实，最后应对此事发表一些感悟。可以归纳出以下四个要点：
①发现两名游客(see two travelers)；
②询问情况(ask what happened)；
③告诉路线(tell how)；
④挥手告别(wave goodbye to)。
3．围绕要点联想所需词汇：
①看上去困惑：look puzzled
②迷路：be/get lost
③过去询问他们：go up to them and ask
④天坛：the Temple of Heaven
⑤领某人去……：lead sb. to...
⑥乘坐20路公交车：take Bus No. 20
⑦彼此挥手告别：wave goodbye to each other
4．连点成句：
(1)今天上午，我正走在街上，看到两名游客在看地图，看起来很迷惑。
①This morning, when I was walking on the street, I saw that two travelers were reading a map, looking puzzled.
②This morning, I was walking on the street when I saw two travelers reading a map, looking puzzled.
③This morning, I was walking on the street when I saw two travelers reading a map, who looked puzzled.
(2)我过去询问他们是否需要帮忙。
I went up to them and asked if/whether they need help.
(3)我带他们到附近的公交车站，建议他们乘坐20路公交车，这路公交车可以把他们直接带去那里。
I led them to the nearby bus stop and advised them to take Bus No. 20, which could take them there directly.
(4)我们彼此挥手告别。
We waved goodbye to each other.
【参考范文】
Saturday, June 2 Fine
This morning, when I was walking on the street, I saw that two travelers were reading a map, looking puzzled. It seemed that they were lost. I went up to them and asked how I could help. They told me they were looking for the Temple of Heaven. I led them to the nearby bus stop and advised them to take Bus No. 20, which could take them there directly. They appreciated my help greatly. Before long, the bus came. We waved goodbye to each other. Seeing them on the bus, I felt a kind of satisfaction.
考点3、图表作文
命题特点
1．体裁多以议论文或说明文为主。
2．根据图表的呈现方式不同，可分为表格式和图形式。
(1)表格式作文就是将统计数据或被说明的事物直接以统计表的形式呈现出来，这类题目往往要求介绍某种情况或陈述某种观点与看法。
(2)图形式作文包括：表示数据变化的曲线图；表示数据大小或数量之间差异的柱状图、饼状图；表示整体结构差异的扇形图等。
写作策略
一、写作技巧
1．认真阅读图表提供的信息以及每一栏上面的小标题，弄清设计者想通过图表所反映的信息、问题或现象。对于曲线图，要认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并注意交会点在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位；对于流程图，要按照流程顺序进行适当的逻辑推理；对于柱状图和饼状图，要通过宽度相等的柱形的高度比较和各部分所占的比例来判断事物的动态发展趋势，关注坐标线的刻度、单位以及图表旁边的提示说明；对于平面图，要仔细观察，理解图表的真正含义，按一定的逻辑顺序，有层次地进行表述。
2．在掌握了全部信息的基础上，着手分析这些信息或数据，通过分析对比，找出不同点和相似点。
二、写作步骤
1．开门见山，点明主题。
开门见山地点明本图表所反映的主题，即conclusion。可以点明图表所反映的主题或问卷、民意调查的结果，也可以点明要展开阐述的话题。
2．呈现数据，分析原因。
呈现调查所得数据、结果，阐明必要的理由或原因；分析数据间的主要差异及趋势，然后描写(在描写数据间变化及总趋势特征时，可采用分类式或对比式以支持主题，并阐述必要的理由)。要特别注意层次性，切忌反复使用同一句型或反复出现图表中的数据，否则文章会显得毫无生气。要注意改换叙述的方式，使用不同的词语及句式。
3．归纳总结或发表评论。
如果这篇文章讲的是一个令人担忧的问题，那么最后一段写解决办法的可能性最大。如果这篇文章讲的是一个好的变化，那么最后一段很可能是两种情况——可能写负面的影响或存在的问题，也可能写未来的趋势或发展方向。此外，写作时还要注意：(1)图表和数据内容不必全部描述；善于抓住总的规律、趋势，归纳增减率；过去特定的时间用过去时，经常出现的情况或自己的评述用一般现在时；(2)切忌写成“填表题”“一对一直译”“句式单一”，遗漏“间接要点”，应巧妙组合信息。
【典例】
仔细观察下图，根据要求，以“Health Changes in Developing Countries”为题，写一篇100词左右的短文。
1．以下图为依据描述发展中国家的预期寿命(life expectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infant mortality rate)的变化情况；
2．说明引起变化的各种原因，如生活条件的改善、医学的进步、环境保护的认识等。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
审题和构思
1．文章可采用三段式结构。第一段描述图表，揭示图表的显性特征；第二段罗列产生该变化的内在原因，该段可以采用总分结构。注意所罗列原因之间的过渡，要使用一些衔接词和过渡语，使行文连贯、过渡自然。在表达要点时，可以采用一主题句加一扩展句的形式；第三段对全文作简短的总结，可用in short引出简要结论。
2．本文文体是说明文，时态用一般现在时和一般过去时。
3．围绕要点进行词汇联想：
①如表格所述：As is described in the chart
②发生变化：changes have taken place
③婴儿出生率从……下降到……：the infant mortality rate dropped from...to...
④生活条件：living conditions
⑤医疗保健：medical care
⑥意识到：be aware of
⑦环境保护：environmental protection
4．连点成句：
①用as引导定语从句描述图表：As is described in the chart, in developing countries great changes have taken place in life expectancy and infant mortality rate between 1960 and 2011.
②用while引导让步状语从句突出预期寿命从1960年到2011年的变化：The life expectancy in 1960 was about 40 years, while it increased to about 60 years in 2011.
③用than引导比较状语从句突出医疗条件的变化：Second, thanks to the development in science and medicine, people are receiving better medical care than they used to.
【参考范文】
Health Changes in Developing Countries
As is described in the chart, in developing countries great changes have taken place in life expectancy and infant mortality rate between 1960 and 2011. The life expectancy in 1960 was about 40 years, while it increased to about 60 years in 2011. At the same time, the infant mortality rate dropped from 200 per 1,000 births in 1960 to 100 per 1,000 births in 2011.
There are many reasons for the changes, I think. First, people’s living conditions have improved, so it is natural that they live longer than before. Second, thanks to the development in science and medicine, people are receiving better medical care than they used to. Third, developing countries are now better aware of environmental protection and they take more measures to solve the problem, which also does good to us.
In short, people’s health condition in developing countries is becoming better and better.
考点4：(半)开放作文
命题特点
1．文体特点：
(半)开放作文一般只给出主题、两三点提示、一段素材或漫画，然后由考生在此基础上充分发挥想象力，自由发挥，自由创作。
2．常见的(半)开放式作文命题形式：
①话题式：
即围绕题目中所给的特定的话题说明、叙述、举例，最后谈谈自己的感想或发表自己的看法。
②漫画式：
即要求考生根据一定提示(一般是一段约20词的英文提示或一幅漫画)，写一篇短文。要求考生充分发挥想象力和创造力，自由拓展主题，组织篇章结构，这样既能体现出学生活跃的思维，又能表现出他们的逻辑思维能力和灵活运用英语的能力，从而把对考生写作能力的考查上升到一个新的高度。
3．(半)开放作文常考文体：
①记叙文：
一般给出一段材料，然后要求考生根据所给材料的内容，运用逻辑推理的方法，给故事添加开头、发展过程及结尾。
②议论文：
要求考生根据所提供的信息材料(一般为漫画)，在描述漫画信息之余，发挥自己的想象，展开简单的议论，并略谈自己的观点和看法。
【典例】
请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。
You are discussing the following picture with your English friend Jim. Now you are telling him how you understand the picture and what makes you think so.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
I think the long pencil, looking proud and delighted, is laughing at the short pencil by saying “You’re nearing the end!” The short pencil, on the other hand, remains calm. The long pencil’s words let him fall into deep thoughts. He clearly remembers he has been used in writing and drawing. It’s true that he’s approaching the end but he has been living a memorable life and there has rarely been a dull moment.
In reality, we should learn from the short pencil: not to mind what others say so long as we are confident in what we have done.
【2018·全国I】假定你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Terry将去中国朋友家做客，发邮件向你询问有关习俗。请你回复邮件。内容包括：
(1)到达时间；
(2)合适的礼物。
【2018·全国III】假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Peter 来信询问你校学生体育运动情况。请给他回信，内容包括：
1. 学校的体育场馆；
2. 主要的运动项目；
3. 你喜欢的项目。
注意：1. 词数100左右：
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【2018·北京】假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。他向你咨询相关信息。请给他回邮件，内容包括：
(1) 表示欢迎；
(2) 推荐他上哪所大学；
(3) 建议他做哪些准备工作。
注意：(1). 词数不少于50；
(2). 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【2018·天津卷】 假设你是晨光中学的机器人兴趣小组组长李津，你的美国朋友Chris就读于天津某国际学校，他在机器人技能竞赛中获奖。你打算邀请他加入你的团队，参加即将于7月底在天津举行的世界青少学机器人技能竞赛。请根据以下提示代表兴趣小组给他写一封电子邮件。
（1）比赛的时间、地点；
（2）邀请他的原因；
（3）训练计划将发送其邮箱，请他提出建议。
注意：（1）词数不少于100；
（2）可适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯；
（3）开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：
世界青少年机器人技能竞赛 the World Adolescent Robotics Competition
Dear Chris,
I have good news to tell you. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Jin
【2018·江苏】
请阅读下面文字,并按照要求用英语写一篇150 词左右的文章。
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个词概括上述利用排名（ratings）进行消费的现象；
2. 谈谈你如何看待消费排名，然后用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。
【写作要求】
1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3. 不必写标题。
【评分标准】
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
（浙江省宁波市北仑中学2018-2019学年高二上学期期初返校考试英语试题）
假定你是光明中学学生李明。你在China Daily上读到一则招聘中学生兼职记者的广告，你有意应聘这份工作。请写一封申请信，信的内容包括:
1.表述申请意愿；
2.自我介绍以及申请理由。
注意1.词数80左右，开头和结尾已为你写好，不计人总词数;
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Sir/Madam
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Thank you for reading my letter and I'm looking forward to your reply.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
（2018-2019学年内蒙古杭锦后旗奋斗中学高二上学期第一次月考英语试题）
假定你是李华，你的外国笔友Sally想利用假期参加一些夏令营活动，写信征求你的意见。请结合自身经历，给她回一封邮件，告诉她参加夏令营的好处。
注意：1. 词数100左右 (开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数)；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Sally,
I'm writing to tell you about my ideas about taking part in various camp activities.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
答案与解析
【答案】Dear Terry,
How are you doing? Learning that you are about to pay a visit to a Chinese friend and confused about the Chinese customs, I am writing to inform you of some relevant details.
Firstly, I would like to suggest that you arrive 5 to 10 minutes earlier, which is common in Chinese traditional culture. Secondly, if I were you, I would bring some gifts with me, such as souvenirs from my own country. Besides, table manners are also what you should pay attention to. For example, you are not supposed to stick your chopsticks into your food. Instead, laying them on your dish is a smart choice.
Hopefully, these suggestions will be helpful for you.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
【解题思路】本文是一篇书信类应用文写作。餐桌礼仪也是考生比较熟悉的话题。成文时注意以下几点：一、内容要点要齐全1.到达时间；2.合适的礼物；3.餐桌礼仪。二、时态：主要用一般现在时和将来时；三、人称：二三人称。四、注意使用恰当的高级词汇、短语或句型，以提高作文的水平；五、适当使用一些连接词和插入语，使文章表达自然、流畅。
【答案】
Dear Peter,
I am exceedingly delighted to hear from you. You asked me in your last letter about the physical exercise in our school and the following information may give you a rough sketch.
To begin with, a fabulous new stadium has been built up, which has become the new landmark in our school. Moreover, with the stadium set up, a wide range of sports events are able to be held, of which ping-pong, football as well as running competitions enjoy great popularity. As for me, I’m intoxicated with basketball since it has been giving me strength to confront the challenges in my life.
All in all, I sincerely invite you to come to our school and see for yourself.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解题思路】
本题作文为提纲式作文，形式依然是书信，即给英国朋友Peter介绍学校体育运动情况，属于学校生活话题。这一话题贴合学生生活的实际，学生并不陌生，有话可说。
首先可以介绍学校的体育场馆，场馆的位置，大小，开放时间等等。然后简要介绍学校主要开设的体育项目有哪些，可挑选一到两个做详细介绍，如学生的活动时间，活动形式，以及此类活动的好处等。再次简要分析自己喜欢的体育项目是什么，并简单分析喜欢的原因，自己从中得到的益处等。文章可主要采用一般现在时态，第一人称的方式来写。
【答案】Dear Jim,
I’m so glad to hear your future education plan in Beijing in your last letter. First I would like to express my warmest welcome to you and I am sure you will have the most unforgettable experience during your college in Beijing.
Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture, I suggest you apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China. Its Chinese Literature major is perfect for you where you can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture. As for preparation, some reading in advance is needed like The Story of the Stone while some online courses of spoken Chinese can be helpful for you to adapt into the Chinese language environment.
I sincerely hope your dream will come true and it’s my pleasure to show you around in Beijing when that day comes. If you have further questions, please feel free to let me know.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解题思路】本文为提纲式作文，文章要求写推荐信，为英国朋友介绍北京的大学。首先可以介绍一下写作背景（Jim对中国文化感兴趣，要来中国学习），表达欢迎。然后推荐一所大学，并简要介绍推荐的原因（如大学的特色，可以学到什么等）。再次简单介绍应该做哪方面的准备，如可以提前学习汉语，读点有关中国传统文化的书，了解中国的习俗，让自己更好地适应中国的生活。文章可采用一般现在时，人称可以使用第二人称。亮点说明：文章中巧妙使用非谓语Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture,使句子结构紧凑。使用定语从句Its Chinese Literature major is perfect for you where you can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture.使句子表达更完美；巧妙使用连接词while引出来中国前的准备，使句子结构对称。
【答案】
Dear Chris,
I have good news to tell you. The World Adolescent Robotics Competition will be held in Tianjin at the end of July. Hearing that you once took part in a Robotics Skills Competition and won an award, I, on behalf of the Robotics Hobby Group, intend to invite you to join our team in the coming competition. I am sure that your involvement will not only help us in winning the award but also enhance the friendship between our two schools.
With this email I also send you our training plan, about which I wish to get your advice because you are more experienced than us. We sincerely hope that we can participate in the competition as team partners.
I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Jin
【解题思路】
本篇书面要求写一封邀请信。写作的时候要注意以下几点：一、动笔前一定要认真分析要点，理解要点所表达的含义，不能遗漏要点，跑题偏题。内容要点包括：1.代表兴趣小组发出邀请；2.介绍比赛的时间、地点等安排；3.说明邀请他的原因，包括Chris曾在机器人技能竞赛中获奖；4.告诉他训练计划将发送其邮箱，请他提出建议。二、写作时注意准确运用时态，对于本文来说，以一般将来时为主，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【答案】
As a major channel of consumption information, the rating is an efficient source of information for shopping in our own consumption. Interestingly, the same rating may have different influences on different consumers.
I tend to consult consumption ratings whatever I purchase. Firstly, the higher rating means the higher quality of the product, or better service. Based on the ratings, I bought my beloved backpack, saw interesting films and tasted delicious foods. Secondly, ratings can save time to make decisions in shopping. For example, there are huge amounts of reference books which I am often confused to choose from. In that case, it is both convenient and economical to buy books according to the ratings.
There is no doubt that it is unwise to depend completely on the ratings in consumption. The advantages and disadvantages of ratings are often closely related. It is necessary to hold an objective attitude towards ratings.
【解题思路】
今年作文仍然是读写作文，即先用30词概括阅读材料，然后针对材料中的话题写一篇议论文谈看法。首先要认真阅读两段有关消费排名现象及观点的纯文字材料，然后进行比较和分析，表明态度，做出价值判断。
文章首段要简要介绍两段材料，第一段材料为一对母子买旅行箱看了网上的评论，结果买回来的旅行箱质量很好。第二段材料为一家人去餐馆吃饭，看了on-line rating，选择去了其中一家，但饭菜很不好吃，从而凸显出online rating的不靠谱。
然后写你对online rating的看法，表明观点，注意用2-3个论据来支撑自己的看法。
首先在概括要点时，要抓住要点，语言精炼。本文所给材料是描述某种现象，那么就必须用概括的文字来说明某种现象。
第二步是提出自己的观点并加以论证。首先提出自己的观点，之后用论据来证明自己的观点，结尾要总结要点，与自己的观点句相呼应，使读者对主题有深刻的印象。
【答案】
Dear Sir/ Madam,
I'm a student from Guangming Middle School. I've read your advertisement in your newspaper for a part-time reporter and I am writing to apply for it.
I think I am fit for your job. First of all, I am outgoing and superior in communicating with people. Besides, I can speak fluent English thanks to my volunteering experiences in an international organization. Most importantly, I have a nose for news, which might help me to get a scoop if I am offered the job.
Thank you for reading my letter and I'm looking forward to your reply.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
【解题思路】
本文书面表达属于应用文，要求写一封书信。
第1步：根据提示可知，本篇是一封书信：假定你是光明中学学生李明。你在China Daily上读到一则招聘中学生兼职记者的广告，你有意应聘这份工作。请写一封申请信，信的内容包括:1.表述申请意愿2.自我介绍以及申请理由。
第2步：根据写作要求确定关键词，如：Guangming Middle School（光明中学）；a part-time reporter（一个业余记者）；volunteering experiences in an international organization（在一个国际组织里的志愿者经历）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态语态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
本文是一封书信，内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。另外全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。同时文中使用高级句子。I think I am fit for your job.宾语从句用在句中；I have a nose for news, which might help me to get a scoop if I am offered the job.句中which引导的非限制性定语从句和if引导的条件状语从句完美结合；另外，First of all, Besides, Most importantly,等的运用为文章增色添彩。
【答案】
Dear Sally
I'm writing to tell you about my ideas about taking part in various camp activities.
In my opinion, it is beneficial for us. Take me as an example. I took part in an International English Summer Camp last year. For one thing, I made a lot of friends from different parts of the world, through whom I learned more about different cultures. For another thing, the activities including English corner, English drama plays and the like also changed me a lot. There is no doubt that all these activities can not only help us learn more skills but improve our English.
So, why not join them? Wish you a nice holiday.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解题思路】
本文书面表达属于应用文，要求写一封电子邮件。
第1步：根据提示可知，本篇是一篇电子邮件：假定你是李华，你的外国笔友Sally想利用假期参加一些夏令营活动，写信征求你的意见。请结合自身经历，给她回一封邮件，告诉她参加夏令营的好处。
第2步：根据写作要求确定关键词，如：taking part in various camp activities.（参加各种各样的露营活动）；beneficial for us（对我们是好的）；International English Summer Camp（国际英语夏令营）；including English corner（包括英语角）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态语态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
本文是一篇电子邮件，内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。另外全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。同时文中使用高级句子。I made a lot of friends from different parts of the world, through whom I learned more about different cultures.句中使用介词加whom引导的定语从句；There is no doubt that all these activities can not only help us learn more skills but improve our English.句中that引导同位语从句；另外，In my opinion, For one thing, For another thing, So, why not join them?等的运用为文章增色添彩。
预测一 话题与考生的生活实际、社会热点内容密切相关。书面表达提供的写作情景比较真实，写作的话题与考生的校园生活、成长经历、社会热点及科技动态等内容密切相关，关注考生的情感、态度和价值观，能够充分考查考生的独立思考能力和创新精神。
预测二 书面表达的词数仍将保持100词左右。虽然部分地区的高考试卷要求考生写一篇120词左右的英语作文，考生要在文章的结构、段落的衔接和过渡等方面花费更多的心思和笔墨。
预测三 写作的开放度可能加大。高考英语书面表达写作要求也呈现了开放的趋势，这使考生的写作内容受到的限制减少，并为考生提供了一个更加自由和开放的写作空间。
高考英语书面表达命题目的就是要测试学生运用所学的英语知识和掌握的技能来表达思想和进行交流的能力。可以说这种题型最能检验出学生综合运用英语语言能力的高低。
考点1、提纲作文
命题特点
1．命题常以短文提示、要点提示和表格提示三种形式呈现。
2．写作内容被以提纲的形式分割成独立的信息块，所给的提纲既体现了文章的层次，又规定了各段的大体内容，为考生提供了写作思路。
3．考查形式以电子邮件、报道、通知、日记等为主，内容贴近学生的生活实际。
写作策略
一、写作步骤和技巧
1．写好提纲式作文的关键是认真审题和分析所给的提纲，认清题目和提纲之间的关系，然后确定文章的主题、内容以及文体。
2．每一个提纲可以作为文章的一个段落层次，段落的展开围绕提纲的中心和内容，不能偏离，也不能任意增减。
3．提纲只是对文章的提示和概括，不是主题句。还需要根据提纲的性质，写出完整的、体现提纲主旨的句子，使之成为主题句，然后围绕主题句进行扩展。
4．收集材料支持主题句。材料可以是事实、例证、亲身经历、名人名言、谚语警句等。应当注意的是，所选材料要与文章的主题相符，即要“扣题”，也要具有典型性，能充分说明问题。在有多个例证的段落中，还要注意各个例证之间的连贯性。
【典例】
假设你是新华中学的学生李华，不久前在学校举办的英语竞赛中获得一等奖。校报请你写一篇稿件刊登在英文版面上，介绍你课外学习英语的经验。请根据以下提示用英语写一篇短文：
1．参加英语角的益处；
2．坚持写英语日记的作用；
3．英文阅读网站(Enjoy Reading)对你的帮助。
注意：
1．词数：120～150；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
审题和构思：
1．本文是一篇提纲式作文。写好此文，需注意以下几点：一是时态把握要准确。文章基本时态为一般现在时，同时兼顾其他的时态。二是要点要齐全，且详略得当。题目已对要点做出了明确的规定，这些要点不能有遗漏。三是切忌照译，要适当地增加细节，恰当地使用连接词、过渡词，使行文连贯流畅。
2．通过审题，归纳出本文内容要点如下：(1)参加英语角的益处：结识朋友，提高英语口语；(2)坚持写英语日记的作用：有助于英语的学习；(3)英文阅读网站的帮助：读到经典文章，学到学习技巧。以上三点是基本要点，缺一不可，除此之外，在文章开头应点明主题，结尾做出总结，开头和结尾应略写。
3．围绕要点联想所需词汇：
①参加英语角：take part in English corner
②结识许多朋友：meet many friends
③提高我的英语口语：my oral English improved
④写英语日记：keep English diaries
⑤做……是有用的/帮助的：It is useful/helpful to do sth.
⑥经典的：classic
⑦对……起重要作用：play an important part in...
⑧得到回报：pay off
4．连词成句：
(1)为了学好英语，除了英语课之外，我还参加英语角和其他课外英语活动，这对我很有益。
①In order to learn English well, apart from English class，I took an active part in English corner and other after-school English activities, which benefit me a lot.
②To learn English well, I took part in English corner and other after-school English activities besides English class, benefiting me a lot.
(2)在英语角上，我遇到许多朋友，他们与我兴趣相同。
①In the English corner, I meet many friends，who share the same interest with me.
②Attending the English corner, I meet many friends sharing the same interest with me.
(3)我觉得记英语日记很有用。
①I find it useful to keep English diaries.
②I find (that) it is useful for me to keep English diaries.
(4)谚语说得好，“熟能生巧”。
①There is a famous saying, which says “Practice makes perfect”．
②As a famous saying goes, practice makes perfect.
【参考范文】
As a high school student, I consider English as a very important subject. In order to learn it well, apart from English class, I took an active part in English corner and other after-class English activities, which benefit me a lot.
In the English corner, I meet many friends, who share the same interest with me. Besides, sometimes, some foreigners are glad to join us. By talking with them, my oral English improved a lot. I also find it useful to keep English diaries. I keep on doing it these years and it is helpful to my English. As a saying goes, practice makes perfect. Only by practice will we make more progress. Finally, some good English reading websites contribute a lot to my improvement. Through these websites, I can read some classic English passages, poems and stories. What’s more, I can learn some learning skills, which play an important part in my study process.
All in all, every road leads to Rome, but I believe hard work pays off.
考点2、图画作文
命题特点
1．形象，直观，内容具体，素材接近生活。
图画类的写作提供的情景有单幅图画、双幅图画或连环图画，大多配有简洁的文字以说明图画或图片的主题及试题的写作要求。情景一般都是中学生所熟悉的场景，画面生动形象，具有趣味性，体现高考写作“生活化”的特点，为学生提供了充分发挥自由想象的空间，突出了对创新意识和发散思维能力的考查。
2．文体形式多样。
图画式写作的体裁比较广泛，可以是记叙文，将图画中所表达的信息完整地记录下来；也可以是说明文，根据图画从时间、过程、步骤等方面对之加以解释、说明；还可以是议论文，针对图画中所表现出来的一般现象，加以议论，得出结论，提出解决问题的办法。
写作策略
一、写作步骤和技巧
1．针对此类题型，应首先仔细阅读图画以及文字说明，确定文章体裁。此类文章一般都会给出关键词、文章的开头或规定场景，写作时要注意画面体现的主题以及各画面之间的联系。体裁一般以记叙文或说明文为主。
2．确定人称。若以日记、回忆录等形式来写，一般采用第一人称；若以讲故事的形式来写，一般采用第三人称。
3．确定时态。根据图画内容及所采用的文章体裁，确定文章要使用的时态。介绍人物或叙述某事件的发展过程，通常用一般过去时；揭示或反映某个社会现象则用一般现在时。
4．发挥联想要合理、适度。这类文章一般要求进行适度合理的联想和发挥，以便使上下文能更好地连贯起来，要注意每幅图画之间过渡性词语的选择。
5．虚实结合，详略得当。对于图画中的内容，要注意详略得当。如图画中所出现的时间、数字或言论要一词不漏地写清楚，而有些过程或原因则可适当简略。
【典例】
假设你是红星中学高三(1)班的学生李华，校报英文版正在开展“续写雷锋日记”活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，将你所做的一件好事以日记形式记述下来，向校报投稿。
注意：
1．日记的开头已为你写好；
2．词数不少于60。
Saturday，June 2 Fine
This morning，_________________________________________________
审题和构思
1．首先要认真审题，确定人称和时态。本题通过四幅图介绍李华在路上做的好事，文章要求用日记的形式叙述，因此应写成以过去时态为主的记叙文。
2．挖掘材料，整理需要表达的内容，列出要点和提纲。通过认真观察每幅图画，结合图中所给的文字信息(如数字、问号、天安门的图示等)，我们可以知道四幅图主要是讲述了李华偶遇路人并向路人提供帮助的事情，是生活中熟悉的话题。写作时，应把时间、地点、人物、事件过程写得具体而详实，最后应对此事发表一些感悟。可以归纳出以下四个要点：
①发现两名游客(see two travelers)；
②询问情况(ask what happened)；
③告诉路线(tell how)；
④挥手告别(wave goodbye to)。
3．围绕要点联想所需词汇：
①看上去困惑：look puzzled
②迷路：be/get lost
③过去询问他们：go up to them and ask
④天坛：the Temple of Heaven
⑤领某人去……：lead sb. to...
⑥乘坐20路公交车：take Bus No. 20
⑦彼此挥手告别：wave goodbye to each other
4．连点成句：
(1)今天上午，我正走在街上，看到两名游客在看地图，看起来很迷惑。
①This morning, when I was walking on the street, I saw that two travelers were reading a map, looking puzzled.
②This morning, I was walking on the street when I saw two travelers reading a map, looking puzzled.
③This morning, I was walking on the street when I saw two travelers reading a map, who looked puzzled.
(2)我过去询问他们是否需要帮忙。
I went up to them and asked if/whether they need help.
(3)我带他们到附近的公交车站，建议他们乘坐20路公交车，这路公交车可以把他们直接带去那里。
I led them to the nearby bus stop and advised them to take Bus No. 20, which could take them there directly.
(4)我们彼此挥手告别。
We waved goodbye to each other.
【参考范文】
Saturday, June 2 Fine
This morning, when I was walking on the street, I saw that two travelers were reading a map, looking puzzled. It seemed that they were lost. I went up to them and asked how I could help. They told me they were looking for the Temple of Heaven. I led them to the nearby bus stop and advised them to take Bus No. 20, which could take them there directly. They appreciated my help greatly. Before long, the bus came. We waved goodbye to each other. Seeing them on the bus, I felt a kind of satisfaction.
考点3、图表作文
命题特点
1．体裁多以议论文或说明文为主。
2．根据图表的呈现方式不同，可分为表格式和图形式。
(1)表格式作文就是将统计数据或被说明的事物直接以统计表的形式呈现出来，这类题目往往要求介绍某种情况或陈述某种观点与看法。
(2)图形式作文包括：表示数据变化的曲线图；表示数据大小或数量之间差异的柱状图、饼状图；表示整体结构差异的扇形图等。
写作策略
一、写作技巧
1．认真阅读图表提供的信息以及每一栏上面的小标题，弄清设计者想通过图表所反映的信息、问题或现象。对于曲线图，要认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并注意交会点在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位；对于流程图，要按照流程顺序进行适当的逻辑推理；对于柱状图和饼状图，要通过宽度相等的柱形的高度比较和各部分所占的比例来判断事物的动态发展趋势，关注坐标线的刻度、单位以及图表旁边的提示说明；对于平面图，要仔细观察，理解图表的真正含义，按一定的逻辑顺序，有层次地进行表述。
2．在掌握了全部信息的基础上，着手分析这些信息或数据，通过分析对比，找出不同点和相似点。
二、写作步骤
1．开门见山，点明主题。
开门见山地点明本图表所反映的主题，即conclusion。可以点明图表所反映的主题或问卷、民意调查的结果，也可以点明要展开阐述的话题。
2．呈现数据，分析原因。
呈现调查所得数据、结果，阐明必要的理由或原因；分析数据间的主要差异及趋势，然后描写(在描写数据间变化及总趋势特征时，可采用分类式或对比式以支持主题，并阐述必要的理由)。要特别注意层次性，切忌反复使用同一句型或反复出现图表中的数据，否则文章会显得毫无生气。要注意改换叙述的方式，使用不同的词语及句式。
3．归纳总结或发表评论。
如果这篇文章讲的是一个令人担忧的问题，那么最后一段写解决办法的可能性最大。如果这篇文章讲的是一个好的变化，那么最后一段很可能是两种情况——可能写负面的影响或存在的问题，也可能写未来的趋势或发展方向。此外，写作时还要注意：(1)图表和数据内容不必全部描述；善于抓住总的规律、趋势，归纳增减率；过去特定的时间用过去时，经常出现的情况或自己的评述用一般现在时；(2)切忌写成“填表题”“一对一直译”“句式单一”，遗漏“间接要点”，应巧妙组合信息。
【典例】
仔细观察下图，根据要求，以“Health Changes in Developing Countries”为题，写一篇100词左右的短文。
1．以下图为依据描述发展中国家的预期寿命(life expectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infant mortality rate)的变化情况；
2．说明引起变化的各种原因，如生活条件的改善、医学的进步、环境保护的认识等。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
审题和构思
1．文章可采用三段式结构。第一段描述图表，揭示图表的显性特征；第二段罗列产生该变化的内在原因，该段可以采用总分结构。注意所罗列原因之间的过渡，要使用一些衔接词和过渡语，使行文连贯、过渡自然。在表达要点时，可以采用一主题句加一扩展句的形式；第三段对全文作简短的总结，可用in short引出简要结论。
2．本文文体是说明文，时态用一般现在时和一般过去时。
3．围绕要点进行词汇联想：
①如表格所述：As is described in the chart
②发生变化：changes have taken place
③婴儿出生率从……下降到……：the infant mortality rate dropped from...to...
④生活条件：living conditions
⑤医疗保健：medical care
⑥意识到：be aware of
⑦环境保护：environmental protection
4．连点成句：
①用as引导定语从句描述图表：As is described in the chart, in developing countries great changes have taken place in life expectancy and infant mortality rate between 1960 and 2011.
②用while引导让步状语从句突出预期寿命从1960年到2011年的变化：The life expectancy in 1960 was about 40 years, while it increased to about 60 years in 2011.
③用than引导比较状语从句突出医疗条件的变化：Second, thanks to the development in science and medicine, people are receiving better medical care than they used to.
【参考范文】
Health Changes in Developing Countries
As is described in the chart, in developing countries great changes have taken place in life expectancy and infant mortality rate between 1960 and 2011. The life expectancy in 1960 was about 40 years, while it increased to about 60 years in 2011. At the same time, the infant mortality rate dropped from 200 per 1,000 births in 1960 to 100 per 1,000 births in 2011.
There are many reasons for the changes, I think. First, people’s living conditions have improved, so it is natural that they live longer than before. Second, thanks to the development in science and medicine, people are receiving better medical care than they used to. Third, developing countries are now better aware of environmental protection and they take more measures to solve the problem, which also does good to us.
In short, people’s health condition in developing countries is becoming better and better.
考点4：(半)开放作文
命题特点
1．文体特点：
(半)开放作文一般只给出主题、两三点提示、一段素材或漫画，然后由考生在此基础上充分发挥想象力，自由发挥，自由创作。
2．常见的(半)开放式作文命题形式：
①话题式：
即围绕题目中所给的特定的话题说明、叙述、举例，最后谈谈自己的感想或发表自己的看法。
②漫画式：
即要求考生根据一定提示(一般是一段约20词的英文提示或一幅漫画)，写一篇短文。要求考生充分发挥想象力和创造力，自由拓展主题，组织篇章结构，这样既能体现出学生活跃的思维，又能表现出他们的逻辑思维能力和灵活运用英语的能力，从而把对考生写作能力的考查上升到一个新的高度。
3．(半)开放作文常考文体：
①记叙文：
一般给出一段材料，然后要求考生根据所给材料的内容，运用逻辑推理的方法，给故事添加开头、发展过程及结尾。
②议论文：
要求考生根据所提供的信息材料(一般为漫画)，在描述漫画信息之余，发挥自己的想象，展开简单的议论，并略谈自己的观点和看法。
【典例】
请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。
You are discussing the following picture with your English friend Jim. Now you are telling him how you understand the picture and what makes you think so.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
I think the long pencil, looking proud and delighted, is laughing at the short pencil by saying “You’re nearing the end!” The short pencil, on the other hand, remains calm. The long pencil’s words let him fall into deep thoughts. He clearly remembers he has been used in writing and drawing. It’s true that he’s approaching the end but he has been living a memorable life and there has rarely been a dull moment.
In reality, we should learn from the short pencil: not to mind what others say so long as we are confident in what we have done.
【2018·全国I】假定你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Terry将去中国朋友家做客，发邮件向你询问有关习俗。请你回复邮件。内容包括：
(1)到达时间；
(2)合适的礼物。
【答案】Dear Terry,
How are you doing? Learning that you are about to pay a visit to a Chinese friend and confused about the Chinese customs, I am writing to inform you of some relevant details.
Firstly, I would like to suggest that you arrive 5 to 10 minutes earlier, which is common in Chinese traditional culture. Secondly, if I were you, I would bring some gifts with me, such as souvenirs from my own country. Besides, table manners are also what you should pay attention to. For example, you are not supposed to stick your chopsticks into your food. Instead, laying them on your dish is a smart choice.
Hopefully, these suggestions will be helpful for you.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
【解题思路】本文是一篇书信类应用文写作。餐桌礼仪也是考生比较熟悉的话题。成文时注意以下几点：一、内容要点要齐全1.到达时间；2.合适的礼物；3.餐桌礼仪。二、时态：主要用一般现在时和将来时；三、人称：二三人称。四、注意使用恰当的高级词汇、短语或句型，以提高作文的水平；五、适当使用一些连接词和插入语，使文章表达自然、流畅。
【2018·全国III】假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Peter 来信询问你校学生体育运动情况。请给他回信，内容包括：
1. 学校的体育场馆；
2. 主要的运动项目；
3. 你喜欢的项目。
注意：1. 词数100左右：
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【答案】
Dear Peter,
I am exceedingly delighted to hear from you. You asked me in your last letter about the physical exercise in our school and the following information may give you a rough sketch.
To begin with, a fabulous new stadium has been built up, which has become the new landmark in our school. Moreover, with the stadium set up, a wide range of sports events are able to be held, of which ping-pong, football as well as running competitions enjoy great popularity. As for me, I’m intoxicated with basketball since it has been giving me strength to confront the challenges in my life.
All in all, I sincerely invite you to come to our school and see for yourself.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解题思路】
本题作文为提纲式作文，形式依然是书信，即给英国朋友Peter介绍学校体育运动情况，属于学校生活话题。这一话题贴合学生生活的实际，学生并不陌生，有话可说。
首先可以介绍学校的体育场馆，场馆的位置，大小，开放时间等等。然后简要介绍学校主要开设的体育项目有哪些，可挑选一到两个做详细介绍，如学生的活动时间，活动形式，以及此类活动的好处等。再次简要分析自己喜欢的体育项目是什么，并简单分析喜欢的原因，自己从中得到的益处等。文章可主要采用一般现在时态，第一人称的方式来写。
【2018·北京】假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。他向你咨询相关信息。请给他回邮件，内容包括：
(1) 表示欢迎；
(2) 推荐他上哪所大学；
(3) 建议他做哪些准备工作。
注意：(1). 词数不少于50；
(2). 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
I’m so glad to hear your future education plan in Beijing in your last letter. First I would like to express my warmest welcome to you and I am sure you will have the most unforgettable experience during your college in Beijing.
Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture, I suggest you apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China. Its Chinese Literature major is perfect for you where you can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture. As for preparation, some reading in advance is needed like The Story of the Stone while some online courses of spoken Chinese can be helpful for you to adapt into the Chinese language environment.
I sincerely hope your dream will come true and it’s my pleasure to show you around in Beijing when that day comes. If you have further questions, please feel free to let me know.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解题思路】本文为提纲式作文，文章要求写推荐信，为英国朋友介绍北京的大学。首先可以介绍一下写作背景（Jim对中国文化感兴趣，要来中国学习），表达欢迎。然后推荐一所大学，并简要介绍推荐的原因（如大学的特色，可以学到什么等）。再次简单介绍应该做哪方面的准备，如可以提前学习汉语，读点有关中国传统文化的书，了解中国的习俗，让自己更好地适应中国的生活。文章可采用一般现在时，人称可以使用第二人称。亮点说明：文章中巧妙使用非谓语Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture,使句子结构紧凑。使用定语从句Its Chinese Literature major is perfect for you where you can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture.使句子表达更完美；巧妙使用连接词while引出来中国前的准备，使句子结构对称。
【2018·天津卷】 假设你是晨光中学的机器人兴趣小组组长李津，你的美国朋友Chris就读于天津某国际学校，他在机器人技能竞赛中获奖。你打算邀请他加入你的团队，参加即将于7月底在天津举行的世界青少学机器人技能竞赛。请根据以下提示代表兴趣小组给他写一封电子邮件。
（1）比赛的时间、地点；
（2）邀请他的原因；
（3）训练计划将发送其邮箱，请他提出建议。
注意：（1）词数不少于100；
（2）可适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯；
（3）开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：
世界青少年机器人技能竞赛 the World Adolescent Robotics Competition
Dear Chris,
I have good news to tell you. ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Jin
【答案】
Dear Chris,
I have good news to tell you. The World Adolescent Robotics Competition will be held in Tianjin at the end of July. Hearing that you once took part in a Robotics Skills Competition and won an award, I, on behalf of the Robotics Hobby Group, intend to invite you to join our team in the coming competition. I am sure that your involvement will not only help us in winning the award but also enhance the friendship between our two schools.
With this email I also send you our training plan, about which I wish to get your advice because you are more experienced than us. We sincerely hope that we can participate in the competition as team partners.
I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Jin
【解题思路】
本篇书面要求写一封邀请信。写作的时候要注意以下几点：一、动笔前一定要认真分析要点，理解要点所表达的含义，不能遗漏要点，跑题偏题。内容要点包括：1.代表兴趣小组发出邀请；2.介绍比赛的时间、地点等安排；3.说明邀请他的原因，包括Chris曾在机器人技能竞赛中获奖；4.告诉他训练计划将发送其邮箱，请他提出建议。二、写作时注意准确运用时态，对于本文来说，以一般将来时为主，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【2018·江苏】
请阅读下面文字,并按照要求用英语写一篇150 词左右的文章。
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个词概括上述利用排名（ratings）进行消费的现象；
2. 谈谈你如何看待消费排名，然后用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。
【写作要求】
1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3. 不必写标题。
【评分标准】
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
【答案】
As a major channel of consumption information, the rating is an efficient source of information for shopping in our own consumption. Interestingly, the same rating may have different influences on different consumers.
I tend to consult consumption ratings whatever I purchase. Firstly, the higher rating means the higher quality of the product, or better service. Based on the ratings, I bought my beloved backpack, saw interesting films and tasted delicious foods. Secondly, ratings can save time to make decisions in shopping. For example, there are huge amounts of reference books which I am often confused to choose from. In that case, it is both convenient and economical to buy books according to the ratings.
There is no doubt that it is unwise to depend completely on the ratings in consumption. The advantages and disadvantages of ratings are often closely related. It is necessary to hold an objective attitude towards ratings.
【解题思路】
今年作文仍然是读写作文，即先用30词概括阅读材料，然后针对材料中的话题写一篇议论文谈看法。首先要认真阅读两段有关消费排名现象及观点的纯文字材料，然后进行比较和分析，表明态度，做出价值判断。
文章首段要简要介绍两段材料，第一段材料为一对母子买旅行箱看了网上的评论，结果买回来的旅行箱质量很好。第二段材料为一家人去餐馆吃饭，看了on-line rating，选择去了其中一家，但饭菜很不好吃，从而凸显出online rating的不靠谱。
然后写你对online rating的看法，表明观点，注意用2-3个论据来支撑自己的看法。
首先在概括要点时，要抓住要点，语言精炼。本文所给材料是描述某种现象，那么就必须用概括的文字来说明某种现象。
第二步是提出自己的观点并加以论证。首先提出自己的观点，之后用论据来证明自己的观点，结尾要总结要点，与自己的观点句相呼应，使读者对主题有深刻的印象。
（浙江省宁波市北仑中学2018-2019学年高二上学期期初返校考试英语试题）
假定你是光明中学学生李明。你在China Daily上读到一则招聘中学生兼职记者的广告，你有意应聘这份工作。请写一封申请信，信的内容包括:
1.表述申请意愿；
2.自我介绍以及申请理由。
注意1.词数80左右，开头和结尾已为你写好，不计人总词数;
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Sir/Madam
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Thank you for reading my letter and I'm looking forward to your reply.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
【答案】
Dear Sir/ Madam,
I'm a student from Guangming Middle School. I've read your advertisement in your newspaper for a part-time reporter and I am writing to apply for it.
I think I am fit for your job. First of all, I am outgoing and superior in communicating with people. Besides, I can speak fluent English thanks to my volunteering experiences in an international organization. Most importantly, I have a nose for news, which might help me to get a scoop if I am offered the job.
Thank you for reading my letter and I'm looking forward to your reply.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
【解题思路】
本文书面表达属于应用文，要求写一封书信。
第1步：根据提示可知，本篇是一封书信：假定你是光明中学学生李明。你在China Daily上读到一则招聘中学生兼职记者的广告，你有意应聘这份工作。请写一封申请信，信的内容包括:1.表述申请意愿2.自我介绍以及申请理由。
第2步：根据写作要求确定关键词，如：Guangming Middle School（光明中学）；a part-time reporter（一个业余记者）；volunteering experiences in an international organization（在一个国际组织里的志愿者经历）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态语态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
本文是一封书信，内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。另外全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。同时文中使用高级句子。I think I am fit for your job.宾语从句用在句中；I have a nose for news, which might help me to get a scoop if I am offered the job.句中which引导的非限制性定语从句和if引导的条件状语从句完美结合；另外，First of all, Besides, Most importantly,等的运用为文章增色添彩。
（2018-2019学年内蒙古杭锦后旗奋斗中学高二上学期第一次月考英语试题）
假定你是李华，你的外国笔友Sally想利用假期参加一些夏令营活动，写信征求你的意见。请结合自身经历，给她回一封邮件，告诉她参加夏令营的好处。
注意：1. 词数100左右 (开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数)；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Sally,
I'm writing to tell you about my ideas about taking part in various camp activities.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】
Dear Sally
I'm writing to tell you about my ideas about taking part in various camp activities.
In my opinion, it is beneficial for us. Take me as an example. I took part in an International English Summer Camp last year. For one thing, I made a lot of friends from different parts of the world, through whom I learned more about different cultures. For another thing, the activities including English corner, English drama plays and the like also changed me a lot. There is no doubt that all these activities can not only help us learn more skills but improve our English.
So, why not join them? Wish you a nice holiday.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解题思路】
本文书面表达属于应用文，要求写一封电子邮件。
第1步：根据提示可知，本篇是一篇电子邮件：假定你是李华，你的外国笔友Sally想利用假期参加一些夏令营活动，写信征求你的意见。请结合自身经历，给她回一封邮件，告诉她参加夏令营的好处。
第2步：根据写作要求确定关键词，如：taking part in various camp activities.（参加各种各样的露营活动）；beneficial for us（对我们是好的）；International English Summer Camp（国际英语夏令营）；including English corner（包括英语角）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态语态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
本文是一篇电子邮件，内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。另外全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。同时文中使用高级句子。I made a lot of friends from different parts of the world, through whom I learned more about different cultures.句中使用介词加whom引导的定语从句；There is no doubt that all these activities can not only help us learn more skills but improve our English.句中that引导同位语从句；另外，In my opinion, For one thing, For another thing, So, why not join them?等的运用为文章增色添彩。
名词和冠词是中学英语的重要词汇，也是历年高考的重要考点。从近几年的高考试题中，可以发现它们经常放在一起，通过具体语境进行考查。
名词则主要会考查：名词词义辨析，名词的搭配，可数名词与不可数名词；抽象名词的具体化；名词的所有格；名词作定语；名词固定习语；和名词与主谓一致等。
预测今后考点将分布在对不定冠词的考查，定冠词的考查，不用冠词的情况以及一些固定词组中冠词的正确使用。
解答这块试题时，要从翻译的角度去做，如果能够准确地翻译出句子的意思，就能够解答此题；多做练习，能够提高熟悉语境的能力，很多考题要和语境相联系起来考查。
考点1 名词词义辨析
名词词义辨析主要考查学生对基本词汇的掌握程度和名词在具体语境中的运用。常见考查形式有：异义词辨析、同义词辨析和近义词辨析。在做题是，先弄清题中每个名词的意义及用法，然后根据语境选择符合句意的名词。
在高考词义辨析题中，有一种“熟词生义”题型，即题目中所填的词是考生所熟悉的，但所考查的含义却是不常见的。这就要求考生在掌握单词基本词义的基础上，善于结合不同的语境去体会、感悟单词的含义。
1.—Can you tell us your ___ for happiness and a long life?
—Living every day to the full, definitely.
A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。recipe秘诀，食谱，药方；record记录；range范围；receipt收据，收条。根据句意可知A项符合题意。
2. It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your____.
A. condition B. income C. credit D. status
【答案】C
【解析】句意：准时付电费很重要，因为支付晚了会影响你的信用。condition 条件；income 收入；credit学分，信用（卡），status地位。根据句意选C。
考点2：名词的搭配
Some schools will have to make___ in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements
【答案】B
【解析】make judgments意为“作出判断”；make comments意为“发表评论”；make achievements意为“取得成就”；make adjustments意为“作出调整”。结合句子的意思，一些学校为了和国家足球改革相一致，所以要“作出调整”。故选B。
考点3：抽象名词具体化
Being able to afford____ drink would be ____ comfort in those tough times.
A.the; the B. a;a C.a;不填 D.不填；a
【答案】B
【解析】句意：在那些艰难的日子里，能够买得起一杯酒实在是件宽慰的事。第一空drink 是指酒或饮料与a搭配，一杯酒或一杯饮料。第二空comfort本来是抽象名词“宽慰，安慰”，在这里指令人宽慰的一件事，抽象名词具体化了，要用a,所以选B。
考点4：不定冠词的用法
1.泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。
The Chinese Dream is a dream to improve people’s well-being and a dream of harmony-peace and development.
中国梦是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平与发展的梦。
2.用于单数可数名词前，表示数量“一”；在某些物质名词或抽象名词前加a, an表示“一份，一阵，一场，一类”等。
—Would you like something to drink？你想喝点什么？
—I would like a coffee and two beers.我想喝一杯咖啡和两瓶啤酒。
3.用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。
He missed the gold in the high jump but will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
4.用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于a certain;用于“a+most+形容词+名词”结构，意为“非常，很”。
Dan Brown, the auther of the Dan Vinci Code, is a famous writer.
丹.布朗是《达芬奇密码》的作者，是一位很著名的作家。
5.有些不可数名词如knowledge, collection, understanding等后面加of…时，前面需用不定冠词aan。例如：have a good knowledge of 精通……；have a clear/good understanding of 清楚地/很好地了解。
Social practice is an opportunity for students to gain a better understanding of how society operates.
社会实践是让学生更好地了解社会运作的一个机会。
考点5：定冠词的用法
1.表示“特指”。上文已经提到的人或物，再次提到时在其前加the。也可指上文未提到，但谈话双方都知道的人或物。
-Did you enjoy yourself yesterday？你昨天玩得开心吗？
-Yes, as you know the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere.是的，正如你所知，晚会是在愉快的气氛中进行的。
2.用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等之前。
Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.杨利伟是中国第一位登上太空的人。
易错警示：
（1）only ,very, same, main等形容词修饰名词时， 前面也用定冠词the。
This is the only expensive dress I’ve got.这是我唯一一件贵的连衣裙。
(2)a 与most 连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最……的”。
Historical experience can serve as a most important source of information.历史经验能充当一种非常重要的信息来源。
考点6：零冠词的用法
1.表示泛指的不可数名词（物质名词，抽象名词）、专有名词（不含普通名词）或可数名词复数前不加冠词。单数可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，也不加冠词。
2.季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词，但是如果名词前面有修饰或特指某一季节、月份等要用冠词。
The spring of 2014 was a terrible spring because many people died because of terrorists.
因为许多人死于恐怖分子，2014年的春天是个可怕的春天。
3.表示独一无二的头衔、职务名词做表语、同位语或宾语补足语时，一般不加冠词。
David， monitor of our class is always ready to help others.
戴维是我们班的班长，他总是乐于助人。
4.as,though引导的让步状语从句中的表语（单数可数名词）置于句首时不加冠词。
Child as/though he is, he plays the violin perfectly.
尽管是个孩子，但他小提琴拉的很好。
5.跟在系动词turn后作表语的单数可数名词前不加冠词。
Lu Xun was a doctor before he turned writer .鲁迅在成为作家前是名医生。
一、单项选择
1. 【2018?江苏卷】 Try?to?understand?what’s?actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made. A. assignment B. association C. acquisition? D. assumption
2.【2018?天津卷】The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation
二、语法填空
3.【2018?全国卷Ⅲ】Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at top of her lungs.
4.【2018?全国卷Ⅲ】My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
5.【2018?全国卷Ⅲ】Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
6.【2018?全国卷Ⅱ】This switch has decreased (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
7.【2018?浙江】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
8.【2018?浙江】Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in (weigh) problems.
9.【2017?全国卷Ⅲ】Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as model in New York.
10.【2017?全国卷Ⅲ】 But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty she is determined to carry on with her (educate).
11.【2017?全国卷Ⅰ】As________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
12.【2017?全国卷Ⅱ】This included digging up the road,________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over _______ top.
13.【2017?全国卷Ⅱ】This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of electric powered engines and lifts.
14.【2017?全国卷Ⅲ】She is determined to carry on with her _______ (educate)．She has turned down several ________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
15.【2017?浙江卷】Last October , while tending her garden in Mora , Sweden , Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small (carrot) and was about to throw them away.
16.【2017?浙江卷】For Pahlsson, its return was wonder.
17.【2016?全国新课标II】Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
18.【2016?上海】Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself _______ number of questions.
三、句子改错
19.【2018?全国卷1】During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.
20.【2018?全国卷1】Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
21.【2018?全国卷Ⅲ】At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, "The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well."
22.【2018?全国卷Ⅱ】After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.
23.【2018?全国卷Ⅱ】As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not let me.
24.【2017?全国卷Ⅰ】I still remember how hard first day was.
25.【2017?全国卷Ⅱ】They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
26.【2017?全国卷Ⅲ】Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
27.【2017?全国卷Ⅰ】The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”
28.【2017?全国卷Ⅱ】Beside，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
29.【2016?全国新课标III】At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.
30.【2016?浙江】Every time he arrived home at end of the day, we’d greet her at the door.
31.【2016?全国新课标I】My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.
一、语法填空
（广西陆川县中学2018届高三下学期押轴密卷）
I won’t call myself the most accomplished person when it comes to ___1___ (hold) chopsticks. In fact, I’m pretty sure that my technique looks clumsy at times. I tend to hold ___2___ (I) in the middle, more beginner than expert.
Still, since I eat almost every meal with the eating utensil(器皿)of choice in China it’s not uncommon for a new friend or acquaintance to come to a simple ___3___ (conclude) after observing me that my Chinese husband, Jun, must ___4___ (show) me how to use them.
They are wrong. I’ve used chopsticks ever since I was a teenager, a time when my sister and mother were both fond of Chinese cuisine and introduced me ___5___ many new dishes, along with the ___6___ (prefer) utensils in China. We always kept bamboo chopsticks along with our ___7___ (knife), forks and spoons, ready for whenever we happened to have Chinese food for dinner. It was my closest family ___8___ observed my first mistakes I made in using chopsticks.
Plus, I lived over two years in China before Jun and I started dating and I ___9___ (expect) to use chopsticks in almost every restaurant, stand and bar. Trust me, when you’re hungry you figure out pretty fast what it takes to down(咽下) ___10___ meal with these utensils.
二、短文改错
（广东省东莞市2018届高三上学期期末教学质量检查）
Last summer holiday my uncle came to visit us. At the first day of his visit, we went out with one of my father's friend for lunch at an outdoor café. We walked along that afternoon, chat freely and had good time together. The next day my uncle pulled out his childhood pictures and told quite a few specially stories about his childhood. Although we didn't spend much time have fun together, but I never felt closer to him at that moment. He talked with me excitingly and gave me a gift. I opened the gift carefully in the evening, that was his precious dairy. He passed them to me and encouraged me to value the past.
一、语法填空
（2018届安徽省滁州市高三9月联合质量检测英语试题）
As is known, China is a great country with a time-honored history and profound culture.While___1___(mention) Chinese culture, Chinese tea culture cannot be missed. It is the culture of making tea and drinking tea in China, which is___2___(difference) from that of Europe, Britain, and Japan.
In China, drinking tea___3___(refer) as tasting tea, which not only means distinguishing the quality of tea. but also enjoying the pleasure of falling into the dream about life while drinking tea. A short retreat from a much busier life, make a cup of tea___4___taste it in a quiet place on your own, not only relieving tiredness but also refreshing___5___ (you) soul heartily.
China is a country with a time-honored civilization,___6___is quite particular about ceremony and etiquette（礼节）. When guests pay a visit, etiquette of making tea for guests is___7___(basic) required. When making tea, proper blending of tea___8___(leaf) is quite necessary, so that favorable flavor would be created. When drinking tea with guests, pay attention to the tea left in___9___cup of guests and it should be refilled when the cup is half-full.If___10___(accompany) with tea dessert, candies and dishes, drinking tea would be more tasteful and joyful.
二、短文改错
（2018年马鞍山市高中毕业班第一次教学质量监测）
Through my process of grow up, senior high school life is most interesting.
The teachers give excellent lessons on a special way. All of them have rich knowledge, they not only explain the contents of textbooks and also provide extra information from many other aspect. Every word they say it in class makes me feel exciting. I have a strong desire to learn as much as I can. There is many kinds of after-school activities that are organized by us, we often shared a lot of things together.
I am absolute fond of my senior school life.
答案与解析
一、单项选择
1.【答案】D
【解题思路】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：试着去理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。A. assignment 分配；B. association 协会，社团；C. acquisition获得物； D. assumption假设。故选D。
2.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其他星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议； B. order命令； C. possibility 可能性； D. invitation 邀请。
二、语法填空
3.【答案】the
【解题思路】考查冠词。固定短语at the top of 此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。
4.【答案】scientist
【解题思路】考查词性转换。冠词后面接名词。根据语境可知，我是一名科学家，scientist科学家。
5.【答案】the
【解题思路】考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只增长了7%。故是特指在过去的25年里。故填the。
6.【答案】pollution
【解题思路】考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased后跟名词作宾语，故填pollution。
7.【答案】dishes
【解题思路】考查名词单复数。句意：制作中国菜被认为是一件特别麻烦的事。考查可数名词复数。dish是可数名词，要用其复数形式。
8.【答案】weight
【解题思路】考查词性转换。空格处是修饰后面的名词的。weight problems体重问题。
9.【答案】a
【解题思路】考查冠词。model是可数名词，前面没有限定词，而此处泛指“一个”，故填a。
10.【答案】education
【解题思路】考查词性转换。形容词性物主代词后面应该接名词形式。
11.【答案】a
【解题思路】考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示“结果是”。句意：结果是，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。
12.【答案】laying; the
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处用lay的动名词形式laying与前面的digging形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明lie—lying/lay/lain和lay—laying/laid/laid等特殊词形变化会导致错误。
13.【答案】introduction
【解题思路】考查名词。该词在此作with的宾语，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后带有介词of，故只能用introduction。
14.【答案】education ; invitations
【解题思路】第一空考查名词。前面是形容词性物主代词her，故用名词形式。第二空考查名词复数。根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请”可知，此处需要填名词，而且invitation是可数名词，前面有several修饰，故用复数形式。
15.【答案】carrots
【解题思路】考查名词。根据a handful of 可知，用carrot的复数形式，故填carrots。
16.【答案】a
【解题思路】考查冠词。此处a wonder表示“一个奇迹”，所以需要不定冠词a。
17.【答案】a
【解题思路】考查固定短语。介词短语for a while一会儿, 本句是指通过锻炼或做一些你喜欢的事情，让你的身体和大脑休息一会。
18.【答案】a
【解题思路】考查固定短语。短语a number of许多，大量，该形容词短语通常做定语修饰可数名词复数形式，本句中使用a number of修饰可数名词复数形式questions。
三、句子改错
19.【答案】第一个to后加the
【解题思路】考查冠词。句意：去年寒假，我和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶。表示“乡下；农村”的country或countryside前面要带定冠词the。
20.【答案】chicken改为chickens
【解题思路】考查名词复数。句意：他们拥有一所大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of 可知，其后用名词复数形式。
21.【答案】mistake改为mistakes
【解题思路】考查名词单复数。此处表示“学习包括从教科书中学习，也包括从错误中学习”。根据句意可知，“错误”应该不止一个，且mistake是可数名词，所以要用该词的复数形式。
22.【答案】sort改为sorts
【解题思路】考查名词单复数。此处sort表示“种类”，是可数名词，前面有all修饰，故要用sort的复数形式。所以要把sort改为sorts。
23.【答案】the改为a
【解题思路】考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the表示特指。故把the改成a。
24.【答案】first前加the或my
【解题思路】考查冠词或物主代词。“我”依然记得第一天是多么艰难。句中特指第一天，所以在first前加上the，也可以加上my。my first day表示“我的第一天”。故在first前加the或my。
25.【答案】第一个a改为an或one
【解题思路】考查冠词用法。名词hour虽然是辅音字母开头，但发音为元音，用an或one均可。
26.【答案】picture前加this/the
【解题思路】考查限定词。根据语境可知这张照片是上文提到的照片，是特指，故需要用限定词this/the修饰。
27.【答案】word改为words
【解题思路】考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。 word表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将word改为words。
28.【答案】informations改为information
【解题思路】考查不可数名词。information为不可数名词。
29.【答案】the去掉
【解题思路】考查冠词。at first起初，是固定词组，不需要冠词，故把the去掉。
30.【答案】第一个at后面加the
【解题思路】at the end of为固定搭配，意为“在……结束的时候”。故第一个at后面加the。
31.【答案】honest改为 honesty
【解题思路】考查名词。此处是指诚实是他成功的秘诀，用名词形式。 而形容词honest意思是“诚实的”，是指人的性格特点。
一、语法填空
【答案】1. holding 2. mine 3. conclusion 4. have shown 5. to
6. preferred 7. knives 8. who/that 9. was expected 10. a
【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要记叙了作者本人学会用筷子的点点滴滴。
1. 考查动名词。在when it comes to …这一固定句型中，to是介词，后接名词或动名词。句意：说到拿筷子，我不会称自己为最有成就的人。故填holding。
2. 考查名词性物主代词。根据上下文可知，这里是指“握住我的筷子”。句意：我往往握住筷子的中间。故填mine。
3. 考查名词。固定短语come to a conclusion得出结论，故用名词形式。句意：得出了一个简单的结论。故填conclusion。
4. 考查情态动词must表推测的用法。因为是对过去行为的推测，故用have done。句意：一定会向我展示怎么用它们。故填have shown。
5. 考查介词。短语introduce sb. to sth.向某人介绍某物。句意：并向我介绍许多新菜。故填to。
6. 考查非谓语动词。这里用prefer的过去分词作定语，表示“偏爱的”句意：以及中国人所偏爱的器皿。故填preferred。
7. 考查名词。根据前面的our和后面的forks and spoons,可知，这里用其复数形式。故填knives。
8. 考查强调句。因为被强调部分是人，所以，既可以用who也可以用that。句意：是我最亲密的家人看到我第一次错误地使用筷子。故填who/that。
9. 考查时态和语态。根据全文时态及句意可知，主语I与expect为动宾关系，故用过去时的被动形式。句意：人们预计我在几乎每一个餐馆、摊点和酒吧都会使用筷子。故用was expected。
10. 考查冠词。这里meal为可数名词，单数，非特指。句意：用这些器皿咽下一顿饭。故填a。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1.At改为On
2.friend 改为friends
3.chat改为chatted
4.在had后加a
5.specially改为special
6.去掉but
7.have改为having
8.exciting改为excitedly
9.that 改为which
10.them改为it
【解题思路】本文讲述了我和叔叔相处的快乐时光。
1.考查介词。在确切的某一天要用介词“on”，而“at”用在时间点上。根据句意可知本处是指“在我叔叔来的第一天”。故把At改为On。
2.考查可数名词的数。句意：我们和我父亲的一个朋友在室外咖啡馆吃午饭。分析句意可知是父亲朋友中的一个，即one of my father's friends。因此把friend改为friends。
3.考查并列谓语。句意：那天下午我们一起散步，随意地聊天，度过了美好的时光。分析句子可知，chat 与walk及had三个动词是并列谓语，因为这是讲述过去的事，主语都是We，故把chat改为chatted。
4.考查固定搭配。have a good time,为固定搭配，意为“玩得高兴，过得愉快”。因此要在had后添加a。
5.考查形容词作定语。根据句子可知，specially在此修饰名词stories，修饰名词要用形容词而不能用副词，故把specially改为special。句意：第二天，我叔叔拿出他小时候的照片，讲述了一些关于他童年的特别的故事。
6. 考查连词。句意：虽然我们在一起的时间不多，但在那一刻我从来没有觉得离他更近。分析句子“Although we didn't spend much time have fun together, but I never felt closer to him at that moment.”可知本句中有两个连词“Although和but”，根据英语语法，只能有一个连词，分析句意可知，去掉but。
7.考查固定搭配。spend time ( in) doing sth花费时间做某事，因此要把have 改为having。
8.考查副词作状语。句意：他和我激动地交谈，还给了我一个礼物。分析句子可知，本句中的exciting在此修饰谓语动词talked，是修饰人做某事的心情，因此要用副词形式excitedly。
9.考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子可知，本句中的先行词是the gift，被一个非限制性定语从句修饰。在定语从句中作主语，在非限制性定语从句中指代先行词是物的，只能用which ,不能用that,因此把that改为which 。
10. 考查不定代词。句意：他把这个礼物送给我，鼓励我珍惜过去。根据上文可知是一件礼物，是单数。因此要用it,故把them改为it。
一、语法填空
【答案】1. mentioning 2. different 3. is referred 4. and 5. your
6. which 7. basically 8. leaves 9. the 10. accompanied
【解题思路】这篇文章主要介绍了中国的茶文化。
1. 考查固定用法。While mentioning是固定用法，意思是当提到……，所以填mentioning。
2. 考查固定用法。be different from是固定用法，意思是与……不同，所以填different。
3. 考查语态。drinking tea与refer之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态，填is referred。
4. 考查连词。make a cup of tea与taste it in a quiet place on your own是并列关系，所以填and。
5. 考查代词。句意：不仅解除疲劳，并且振奋你的精神。表示“你的”，所以填your。
6. 考查定语从句。这里含有一个非限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，所以填which。
7. 考查副词。修饰动词required，用副词形式，所以填basically。
8. 考查名词。“适当的混合茶叶” 是一个复数概念，所以填leaves。
9. 考查冠词。特指“客人的杯子”，所以填定冠词the。
10. 考查非谓语动词。drinking tea与accompany之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词，填accompanied。
二、短文改错
【答案】本文介绍了作者的高中生活。
1.grow 改为growing
2.在is后加the
3.on改为in
4.and 改为but.
5.aspect改为aspects
6.it去掉
7.exciting改为excited
8.is改为are
9.shared改为share
10.absolute改为absolutely
【解题思路】
1.考查动词ing形式作介词宾语。grow up在句中作介词of的宾语，动词不能直接作宾语要用ing形式作宾语，故把grow 改为growing。
2.考查形容词最高级。形容词最高级要用定冠词the，故在is后添加the。句意：高中生活是最有趣的。
3.考查固定搭配。in a way为固定搭配，意为“以某种方式”，故本句中的on改为in。
4.考查固定搭配。句意：他们都有丰富的知识，他们不仅讲解教科书的内容，而且还提供了许多其他方面的额外信息。not only…but also…为固定搭配，意为“不但…..而且……”，因此把and 改为but。
5.考查名词的复数。aspect前面有“many”修饰，可知要用复数。故把aspect改为aspects。
6.考查定语从句。分析“Every word they say it in class makes me feel exciting”可知，本句中的Every word被定语从句 they say it修饰，say的宾语是先行词every word，所以it多余，故去掉it。
7.考查形容词。本句中的“…makes me feel exciting ”其中exciting（令人激动的）一般修饰物的。而修饰人要用excited（激动的，兴奋的)。本句中修饰me，因此exciting要改为excited。
8.考查主谓一致。本句中的“There is many kinds of after-school activities”中的many kinds of after-school activities 是复数，因此is要改为are。
9.考查谓语动词。本文主要讲述现在的事，要用一般现在时，故把shared改为share。
10.考查副词辨析。句意：我非常喜欢我的高中生活。分析句子可知，本句中的absolute作状语修饰形容词fond，修饰形容词用副词，因此要用副词形式absolutely，故把absolute改为absolutely。
名词和冠词是中学英语的重要词汇，也是历年高考的重要考点。从近几年的高考试题中，可以发现它们经常放在一起，通过具体语境进行考查。
名词则主要会考查：名词词义辨析，名词的搭配，可数名词与不可数名词；抽象名词的具体化；名词的所有格；名词作定语；名词固定习语；和名词与主谓一致等。
预测今后考点将分布在对不定冠词的考查，定冠词的考查，不用冠词的情况以及一些固定词组中冠词的正确使用。
解答这块试题时，要从翻译的角度去做，如果能够准确地翻译出句子的意思，就能够解答此题；多做练习，能够提高熟悉语境的能力，很多考题要和语境相联系起来考查。
考点1 名词词义辨析
名词词义辨析主要考查学生对基本词汇的掌握程度和名词在具体语境中的运用。常见考查形式有：异义词辨析、同义词辨析和近义词辨析。在做题是，先弄清题中每个名词的意义及用法，然后根据语境选择符合句意的名词。
在高考词义辨析题中，有一种“熟词生义”题型，即题目中所填的词是考生所熟悉的，但所考查的含义却是不常见的。这就要求考生在掌握单词基本词义的基础上，善于结合不同的语境去体会、感悟单词的含义。
1.—Can you tell us your ___ for happiness and a long life?
—Living every day to the full, definitely.
A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。recipe秘诀，食谱，药方；record记录；range范围；receipt收据，收条。根据句意可知A项符合题意。
2. It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your____.
A. condition B. income C. credit D. status
【答案】C
【解析】句意：准时付电费很重要，因为支付晚了会影响你的信用。condition 条件；income 收入；credit学分，信用（卡），status地位。根据句意选C。
考点2：名词的搭配
Some schools will have to make___ in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements
【答案】B
【解析】make judgments意为“作出判断”；make comments意为“发表评论”；make achievements意为“取得成就”；make adjustments意为“作出调整”。结合句子的意思，一些学校为了和国家足球改革相一致，所以要“作出调整”。故选B。
考点3：抽象名词具体化
Being able to afford____ drink would be ____ comfort in those tough times.
A.the; the B. a;a C.a;不填 D.不填；a
【答案】B
【解析】句意：在那些艰难的日子里，能够买得起一杯酒实在是件宽慰的事。第一空drink 是指酒或饮料与a搭配，一杯酒或一杯饮料。第二空comfort本来是抽象名词“宽慰，安慰”，在这里指令人宽慰的一件事，抽象名词具体化了，要用a,所以选B。
考点4：不定冠词的用法
1.泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。
The Chinese Dream is a dream to improve people’s well-being and a dream of harmony-peace and development.
中国梦是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平与发展的梦。
2.用于单数可数名词前，表示数量“一”；在某些物质名词或抽象名词前加a, an表示“一份，一阵，一场，一类”等。
—Would you like something to drink？你想喝点什么？
—I would like a coffee and two beers.我想喝一杯咖啡和两瓶啤酒。
3.用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。
He missed the gold in the high jump but will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
4.用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于a certain;用于“a+most+形容词+名词”结构，意为“非常，很”。
Dan Brown, the auther of the Dan Vinci Code, is a famous writer.
丹.布朗是《达芬奇密码》的作者，是一位很著名的作家。
5.有些不可数名词如knowledge, collection, understanding等后面加of…时，前面需用不定冠词aan。例如：have a good knowledge of 精通……；have a clear/good understanding of 清楚地/很好地了解。
Social practice is an opportunity for students to gain a better understanding of how society operates.
社会实践是让学生更好地了解社会运作的一个机会。
考点5：定冠词的用法
1.表示“特指”。上文已经提到的人或物，再次提到时在其前加the。也可指上文未提到，但谈话双方都知道的人或物。
-Did you enjoy yourself yesterday？你昨天玩得开心吗？
-Yes, as you know the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere.是的，正如你所知，晚会是在愉快的气氛中进行的。
2.用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等之前。
Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中国，杨利伟成为第一位登上太空的人。
易错警示：
（1）only ,very, same, main等形容词修饰名词时， 前面也用定冠词the。
This is the only expensive dress I’ve got.这是我唯一一件贵的连衣裙。
(2)a 与most 连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最……的”。
Historical experience can serve as a most important source of information.历史经验能充当一种非常重要的信息来源。
考点6：零冠词的用法
1.表示泛指的不可数名词（物质名词，抽象名词）、专有名词（不含普通名词）或可数名词复数前不加冠词。单数可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，也不加冠词。
2.季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词，但是如果名词前面有修饰或特指某一季节、月份等要用冠词。
The spring of 2014 was a terrible spring because many people died because of terrorists.
因为许多人死于恐怖分子，2014年的春天是个可怕的春天。
3.表示独一无二的头衔、职务名词做表语、同位语或宾语补足语时，一般不加冠词。
David， monitor of our class is always ready to help others.
戴维是我们班的班长，他总是乐于助人。
4.as,though引导的让步状语从句中的表语（单数可数名词）置于句首时不加冠词。
Child as/though he is , he plays the violin perfectly.
尽管是个孩子，但他小提琴拉的很好。
5.跟在系动词turn后作表语的单数可数名词前不加冠词。
Lu Xun was a doctor before he turned writer .鲁迅在成为作家前是名医生。
一、单项选择
1. 【2018?江苏卷】 Try?to?understand?what’s?actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made. A. assignment B. association C. acquisition? D. assumption
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：试着去理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。A. assignment 分配；B. association 协会，社团；C. acquisition获得物； D. assumption假设。故选D。
2.【2018?天津卷】The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其他星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议； B. order命令； C. possibility 可能性； D. invitation 邀请。
二、语法填空
3.【2018?全国卷Ⅲ】Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at top of her lungs.
【答案】the
【解题思路】考查冠词。固定短语at the top of 此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。
4.【2018?全国卷Ⅲ】My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
【答案】scientist
【解题思路】考查词性转换。冠词后面接名词。根据语境可知，我是一名科学家，scientist科学家。
5.【2018?全国卷Ⅲ】Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
【答案】the
【解题思路】考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只增长了7%。故是特指在过去的25年里。故填the。
6.【2018?全国卷Ⅱ】This switch has decreased (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
【答案】pollution
【解题思路】考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased后跟名词作宾语，故填pollution。
7.【2018?浙江】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
【答案】dishes
【解题思路】考查名词单复数。句意：制作中国菜被认为是一件特别麻烦的事。考查可数名词复数。dish是可数名词，要用其复数形式。
8.【2018?浙江】Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in (weigh) problems.
【答案】weight
【解题思路】考查词性转换。空格处是修饰后面的名词的。weight problems体重问题。
9.【2017?全国卷Ⅲ】Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as model in New York.
【答案】a
【解题思路】考查冠词。model是可数名词，前面没有限定词，而此处泛指“一个”，故填a。
10.【2017?全国卷Ⅲ】 But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty she is determined to carry on with her (educate).
【答案】education
【解题思路】考查词性转换。形容词性物主代词后面应该接名词形式。
11.【2017?全国卷Ⅰ】As________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
【答案】a
【解题思路】考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示“结果是”。句意：结果是，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。
12.【2017?全国卷Ⅱ】This included digging up the road,________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over _______ top.
【答案】laying; the
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处用lay的动名词形式laying与前面的digging形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明lie—lying/lay/lain和lay—laying/laid/laid等特殊词形变化会导致错误。
13.【2017?全国卷Ⅱ】This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of electric powered engines and lifts.
【答案】introduction
【解题思路】考查名词。该词在此作with的宾语，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后带有介词of，故只能用introduction。
14.【2017?全国卷Ⅲ】She is determined to carry on with her _______ (educate)．She has turned down several ________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
【答案】education ; invitations
【解题思路】第一空考查名词。前面是形容词性物主代词her，故用名词形式。第二空考查名词复数。根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请”可知，此处需要填名词，而且invitation是可数名词，前面有several修饰，故用复数形式。
15.【2017?浙江卷】Last October , while tending her garden in Mora , Sweden , Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small (carrot) and was about to throw them away.
【答案】carrots
【解题思路】考查名词。根据a handful of 可知，用carrot的复数形式，故填carrots。
16. 【2017?浙江卷】For Pahlsson, its return was wonder.
【答案】a
【解题思路】考查冠词。此处a wonder表示“一个奇迹”，所以需要不定冠词a。
17.【2016?全国新课标II】Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
【答案】a
【解题思路】考查固定短语。介词短语for a while一会儿, 本句是指通过锻炼或做一些你喜欢的事情，让你的身体和大脑休息一会。
18.【2016?上海】Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself _______ number of questions.
【答案】a
【解题思路】考查固定短语。短语a number of许多，大量，该形容词短语通常做定语修饰可数名词复数形式，本句中使用a number of修饰可数名词复数形式questions。
三、句子改错
19.【2018?全国卷1】During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.
【答案】第一个to后加the
【解题思路】考查冠词。句意：去年寒假，我和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶。表示“乡下；农村”的country或countryside前面要带定冠词the。
20.【2018?全国卷1】Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
【答案】chicken改为chickens
【解题思路】考查名词复数。句意：他们拥有一所大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of 可知，其后用名词复数形式。
21.【2018?全国卷3】At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, "The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well."
【答案】mistake改为mistakes
【解题思路】考查名词单复数。此处表示“学习包括从教科书中学习，也包括从错误中学习”。根据句意可知，“错误”应该不止一个，且mistake是可数名词，所以要用该词的复数形式。
22.【2018?全国卷2】After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.
【答案】sort改为sorts
【解题思路】考查名词单复数。此处sort表示“种类”，是可数名词，前面有all修饰，故要用sort的复数形式。所以要把sort改为sorts。
23.【2018?全国卷2】As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not let me.
【答案】the改为a
【解题思路】考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the表示特指。故把the改成a。
24.【2017?全国卷Ⅰ】I still remember how hard first day was.
【答案】first前加the或my
【解题思路】考查冠词或物主代词。“我”依然记得第一天是多么艰难。句中特指第一天，所以在first前加上the，也可以加上my。my first day表示“我的第一天”。故在first前加the或my。
25.【2017?全国卷Ⅱ】They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
【答案】第一个a改为an或one
【解题思路】考查冠词用法。名词hour虽然是辅音字母开头，但发音为元音，用an或one均可。
26.【2017?全国卷Ⅲ】Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
【答案】picture前加this/the
【解题思路】考查限定词。根据语境可知这张照片是上文提到的照片，是特指，故需要用限定词this/the修饰。
27.【2017?全国卷Ⅰ】The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”
【答案】word改为words
【解题思路】考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。 word表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将word改为words。
28.【2017?全国卷Ⅱ】Beside，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
【答案】informations改为information
【解题思路】考查不可数名词。information为不可数名词。
29.【2016?全国新课标III】At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.
【答案】the去掉
【解题思路】考查冠词。at first起初，是固定词组，不需要冠词，故把the去掉。
30.【2016?浙江】Every time he arrived home at end of the day, we’d greet her at the door.
【答案】第一个at后面加the
【解题思路】at the end of为固定搭配，意为“在……结束的时候”。故第一个at后面加the。
31.【2016?全国新课标I】My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.
【答案】honest改为 honesty
【解题思路】考查名词。此处是指诚实是他成功的秘诀，用名词形式。 而形容词honest意思是“诚实的”，是指人的性格特点。
一、语法填空
（广西陆川县中学2018届高三下学期押轴密卷）
I won’t call myself the most accomplished person when it comes to ___1___ (hold) chopsticks. In fact, I’m pretty sure that my technique looks clumsy at times. I tend to hold ___2___ (I) in the middle, more beginner than expert.
Still, since I eat almost every meal with the eating utensil(器皿)of choice in China it’s not uncommon for a new friend or acquaintance to come to a simple ___3___ (conclude) after observing me that my Chinese husband, Jun, must ___4___ (show) me how to use them.
They are wrong. I’ve used chopsticks ever since I was a teenager, a time when my sister and mother were both fond of Chinese cuisine and introduced me ___5___ many new dishes, along with the ___6___ (prefer) utensils in China. We always kept bamboo chopsticks along with our ___7___ (knife), forks and spoons, ready for whenever we happened to have Chinese food for dinner. It was my closest family ___8___ observed my first mistakes I made in using chopsticks.
Plus, I lived over two years in China before Jun and I started dating and I ___9___ (expect) to use chopsticks in almost every restaurant, stand and bar. Trust me, when you’re hungry you figure out pretty fast what it takes to down(咽下) ___10___ meal with these utensils.
【答案】1. holding 2. mine 3. conclusion 4. have shown 5. to
6. preferred 7. knives 8. who/that 9. was expected 10. a
【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要记叙了作者本人学会用筷子的点点滴滴。
1. 考查动名词。在when it comes to …这一固定句型中，to是介词，后接名词或动名词。句意：说到拿筷子，我不会称自己为最有成就的人。故填holding。
2. 考查名词性物主代词。根据上下文可知，这里是指“握住我的筷子”。句意：我往往握住筷子的中间。故填mine。
3. 考查名词。固定短语come to a conclusion得出结论，故用名词形式。句意：得出了一个简单的结论。故填conclusion。
4. 考查情态动词must表推测的用法。因为是对过去行为的推测，故用have done。句意：一定会向我展示怎么用它们。故填have shown。
5. 考查介词。短语introduce sb. to sth.向某人介绍某物。句意：并向我介绍许多新菜。故填to。
6. 考查非谓语动词。这里用prefer的过去分词作定语，表示“偏爱的”句意：以及中国人所偏爱的器皿。故填preferred。
7. 考查名词。根据前面的our和后面的forks and spoons,可知，这里用其复数形式。故填knives。
8. 考查强调句。因为被强调部分是人，所以，既可以用who也可以用that。句意：是我最亲密的家人看到我第一次错误地使用筷子。故填who/that。
9. 考查时态和语态。根据全文时态及句意可知，主语I与expect为动宾关系，故用过去时的被动形式。句意：人们预计我在几乎每一个餐馆、摊点和酒吧都会使用筷子。故用was expected。
10. 考查冠词。这里meal为可数名词，单数，非特指。句意：用这些器皿咽下一顿饭。故填a。
二、短文改错
（广东省东莞市2018届高三上学期期末教学质量检查）
Last summer holiday my uncle came to visit us. At the first day of his visit, we went out with one of my father's friend for lunch at an outdoor café. We walked along that afternoon, chat freely and had good time together. The next day my uncle pulled out his childhood pictures and told quite a few specially stories about his childhood. Although we didn't spend much time have fun together, but I never felt closer to him at that moment. He talked with me excitingly and gave me a gift. I opened the gift carefully in the evening, that was his precious dairy. He passed them to me and encouraged me to value the past.
【答案】
1.At改为On
2.friend 改为friends
3.chat改为chatted
4.在had后加a
5.specially改为special
6.去掉but
7.have改为having
8.exciting改为excitedly
9.that 改为which
10.them改为it
【解题思路】本文讲述了我和叔叔相处的快乐时光。
1.考查介词。在确切的某一天要用介词“on”，而“at”用在时间点上。根据句意可知本处是指“在我叔叔来的第一天”。故把At改为On。
2.考查可数名词的数。句意：我们和我父亲的一个朋友在室外咖啡馆吃午饭。分析句意可知是父亲朋友中的一个，即one of my father's friends。因此把friend改为friends。
3.考查并列谓语。句意：那天下午我们一起散步，随意地聊天，度过了美好的时光。分析句子可知，chat 与walk及had三个动词是并列谓语，因为这是讲述过去的事，主语都是We，故把chat改为chatted。
4.考查固定搭配。have a good time,为固定搭配，意为“玩得高兴，过得愉快”。因此要在had后添加a。
5.考查形容词作定语。根据句子可知，specially在此修饰名词stories，修饰名词要用形容词而不能用副词，故把specially改为special。句意：第二天，我叔叔拿出他小时候的照片，讲述了一些关于他童年的特别的故事。
6. 考查连词。句意：虽然我们在一起的时间不多，但在那一刻我从来没有觉得离他更近。分析句子“Although we didn't spend much time have fun together, but I never felt closer to him at that moment.”可知本句中有两个连词“Although和but”，根据英语语法，只能有一个连词，分析句意可知，去掉but。
7.考查固定搭配。spend time ( in) doing sth花费时间做某事，因此要把have 改为having。
8.考查副词作状语。句意：他和我激动地交谈，还给了我一个礼物。分析句子可知，本句中的exciting在此修饰谓语动词talked，是修饰人做某事的心情，因此要用副词形式excitedly。
9.考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子可知，本句中的先行词是the gift，被一个非限制性定语从句修饰。在定语从句中作主语，在非限制性定语从句中指代先行词是物的，只能用which ,不能用that,因此把that改为which 。
10. 考查不定代词。句意：他把这个礼物送给我，鼓励我珍惜过去。根据上文可知是一件礼物，是单数。因此要用it,故把them改为it。
一、语法填空
（2018届安徽省滁州市高三9月联合质量检测英语试题）
As is known, China is a great country with a time-honored history and profound culture.While___1___(mention) Chinese culture, Chinese tea culture cannot be missed. It is the culture of making tea and drinking tea in China, which is___2___(difference) from that of Europe, Britain, and Japan.
In China, drinking tea___3___(refer) as tasting tea, which not only means distinguishing the quality of tea. but also enjoying the pleasure of falling into the dream about life while drinking tea. A short retreat from a much busier life, make a cup of tea___4___taste it in a quiet place on your own, not only relieving tiredness but also refreshing___5___ (you) soul heartily.
China is a country with a time-honored civilization,___6___is quite particular about ceremony and etiquette（礼节）. When guests pay a visit, etiquette of making tea for guests is___7___(basic) required. When making tea, proper blending of tea___8___(leaf) is quite necessary, so that favorable flavor would be created. When drinking tea with guests, pay attention to the tea left in___9___cup of guests and it should be refilled when the cup is half-full.If___10___(accompany) with tea dessert, candies and dishes, drinking tea would be more tasteful and joyful.
【答案】1. mentioning 2. different 3. is referred 4. and 5. your
6. which 7. basically 8. leaves 9. the 10. accompanied
【解题思路】这篇文章主要介绍了中国的茶文化。
1. 考查固定用法。While mentioning是固定用法，意思是当提到……，所以填mentioning。
2. 考查固定用法。be different from是固定用法，意思是与……不同，所以填different。
3. 考查语态。drinking tea与refer之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态，填is referred。
4. 考查连词。make a cup of tea与taste it in a quiet place on your own是并列关系，所以填and。
5. 考查代词。句意：不仅解除疲劳，并且振奋你的精神。表示“你的”，所以填your。
6. 考查定语从句。这里含有一个非限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，所以填which。
7. 考查副词。修饰动词required，用副词形式，所以填basically。
8. 考查名词。“适当的混合茶叶” 是一个复数概念，所以填leaves。
9. 考查冠词。特指“客人的杯子”，所以填定冠词the。
10. 考查非谓语动词。drinking tea与accompany之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词，填accompanied。
二、短文改错
（2018年马鞍山市高中毕业班第一次教学质量监测）
Through my process of grow up, senior high school life is most interesting.
The teachers give excellent lessons on a special way. All of them have rich knowledge, they not only explain the contents of textbooks and also provide extra information from many other aspect. Every word they say it in class makes me feel exciting. I have a strong desire to learn as much as I can. There is many kinds of after-school activities that are organized by us, we often shared a lot of things together.
I am absolute fond of my senior school life.
【答案】本文介绍了作者的高中生活。
1.grow 改为growing
2.在is后加the
3.on改为in
4.and 改为but.
5.aspect改为aspects
6.it去掉
7.exciting改为excited
8.is改为are
9.shared改为share
10.absolute改为absolutely
【解题思路】
1.考查动词ing形式作介词宾语。grow up在句中作介词of的宾语，动词不能直接作宾语要用ing形式作宾语，故把grow 改为growing。
2.考查形容词最高级。形容词最高级要用定冠词the，故在is后添加the。句意：高中生活是最有趣的。
3.考查固定搭配。in a way为固定搭配，意为“以某种方式”，故本句中的on改为in。
4.考查固定搭配。句意：他们都有丰富的知识，他们不仅讲解教科书的内容，而且还提供了许多其他方面的额外信息。not only…but also…为固定搭配，意为“不但…..而且……”，因此把and 改为but。
5.考查名词的复数。aspect前面有“many”修饰，可知要用复数。故把aspect改为aspects。
6.考查定语从句。分析“Every word they say it in class makes me feel exciting”可知，本句中的Every word被定语从句 they say it修饰，say的宾语是先行词every word，所以it多余，故去掉it。
7.考查形容词。本句中的“…makes me feel exciting ”其中exciting（令人激动的）一般修饰物的。而修饰人要用excited（激动的，兴奋的)。本句中修饰me，因此exciting要改为excited。
8.考查主谓一致。本句中的“There is many kinds of after-school activities”中的many kinds of after-school activities 是复数，因此is要改为are。
9.考查谓语动词。本文主要讲述现在的事，要用一般现在时，故把shared改为share。
10.考查副词辨析。句意：我非常喜欢我的高中生活。分析句子可知，本句中的absolute作状语修饰形容词fond，修饰形容词用副词，因此要用副词形式absolutely，故把absolute改为absolutely。
形容词是英语中较为复杂的一种词类，涉及的面比较广。同时形容词的形式变化灵活，如有原级、比较级和最高级等，而且用法比较复杂。备考2019年高考，应注意以下几点：形容词的辨析，形容词的原级、比较级和最高级，以及一些特别重要的固定句型结构，同时要注意多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序等。
高考中对于副词的考查不是单纯地进行语法要点的考查，而是要通过具体的语境来进行分析和判断。2019年高考对于副词的考查主要会出现在：副词的近义词的辨析；关于副词的原级、比较级和最高级的句型；同根不同形的副词；常考副词的辨析；比较级前的修饰语等。
形容词和副词主要以单项填空、语法填空、短文改错形式进行考查，考查的主要形式是形容词和副词之间的相互转化。
考点1 形容词、副词的比较等级
1.形容词或副词的as...as结构
两者相比，当A=B时，用“as+adj/adv.原级+as”来表示。
如：Jack runs as fast as Tom.杰克和汤姆跑得一样快。
双方相比，当A≠B，或指A的程度较低时，用“not as/so+adj. /adv.原级+as”表示。
如：He does not work as/so hard as his sister.他不如他妹妹学习努力。
2.形容词或副词的比较级+than
当双方比较，A>B时，用“比较级+than”结构。
当A不及B的程度时，用“less+adj. /adv.原级+than”的结构。
如：①Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。
②Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。
3．表示双方相比，一方超过另一方，并强调超出的程度和数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：even，much，very much，still，any，a lot，a bit，a little，far，yet，by far，a great deal，twice，three times，rather，slightly等，而very，quite，so，fairly等词不可修饰形容词或副词的比较级
如：A car runs a great deal faster than a truck．小汽车比卡车快得多。
4．“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构表示“越……越……”
The more tickets you sell，the more money you will get．你卖的票越多，你得到的钱就会越多。
5．比较级表示最高级含义
(1)比较级+than any other+可数名词单数。如：
The Changjiang River is longer than any other river in China．在中国，长江比其他任何一条河流都长。
⑵比较级+than all(the)other+可数名词复数。如:
China is larger than all the other Asian countries.中国比亚洲的其他国家都大。
(3) no/never/nothing...+比较级。如：
Nothing is more valuable than time.时间比任何东西都珍贵。
【典例】
It may not be a great suggestion. But before ________ is put forward, we’ll make do with it.
A．a good one B．a better one
C．the best one D．a best one
【答案】B
解题思路句意：它或许不是一个好建议，但在更好的建议被提出之前，我们先凑合一下。此处暗含比较，表示“一条更好的建议”，是泛指，故选B。
考点2 形容词作定语时的位置
1．通常置于所修饰的词之前，但不定代词的定语通常在后面。如：
Someone strange is asking to see you.
Something unexpected happened and we had to make some changes to our plan.
2．else常放在不定代词和疑问代词后面作定语。如：
No one else can answer the question.
3．多个形容词作定语时的词序为：大小、长短、高低形状/年龄、新旧颜色/来源、国籍、地区、出处/材料/用途。如：
an expensive Japanese sports car, those three beautiful large square old brown wood table.
考点3 形容词、副词的辨析
1．形容词主要用来修饰名词，也可修饰something，nothing等不定代词，在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。作状语时表示伴随、原因等，或是对主语进行解释，可以看成是“being+形容词”，位于句首、句中或句尾，表示伴随时通常用逗号与其他成分隔开
①He lay in bed，wide awake．他躺在床上，完全清醒。
②He went to bed，cold and hungry．他上床睡觉，又冷又饿。
2．副词主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词、从句或整个句子。修饰整个句子时，可置于句首、句中或句尾
Fortunately，he escaped from the fire．他幸运地从大火中逃了出来。
3. 有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词形式相同，另一种是在形容词后加ly。这两种形式的副词在意义上有所不同:不带ly的副词往往表示的是具体概念，也就是词的本义； 加ly的往往表示抽象概念(也就是词的引申义close接近(指距离) closely仔细地，密切地; free免费freely自由地，自如地；deep深的；deeply深刻地，深入地；wide充分（张开）的，宽阔的widely广泛地；high高的highly高度地，非常；late迟，晚lately最近，近来；near邻近的nearly几乎；most最mostly主要地。如：
He jumped that high in the sports meeting in our school and is highly thought of by his classmates.他在我们学校运动会上跳得那么高，贏得了同学们的高度赞扬。
【典例】
The Forbidden City attracts a ________ stream of visitors every day, especially during national holidays.
A．constant B．main
C．powerful D．shallow
【答案】A
解题思路句意：紫禁城每天都吸引着络绎不绝的游客，特别是在国庆节期间。A constant stream of visitors表示“络绎不绝的游客”。Constant“持续不断的”，符合句意。Main“主要的”；powerful“强有力的”；shallow“浅的”。
考点4 倍数表达法
1．A is＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B
2．A is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B
3．A is＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height等)＋of＋B
4．the＋名词(size，length，height等)＋of A is＋倍数＋that＋of＋B
5．A is＋倍数＋what引导的名词性从句
如：长江是珠江的三倍长。(一句多译)
①The Yangtze River is twice longer than the Pearl River.
②The Yangtze River is three times as long as the Pearl River.
③The Yangtze River is three times the length of the Pearl River.
④The length of the Yangtze River is three times that of the Pearl River.
【典例】
This restaurant wasn’t ________ that other restaurant we went to.
A．half as good as B．as half good as
C．as good as half D．good as half as
【答案】A
解题思路句意：这家餐馆还没有我们去过的其他餐馆的一半好呢。本题为倍数表达法之一：倍数＋as＋adj.原级＋as＋比较成分。
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国I】According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ___ ___(long) than non-runners.
2.【2018·全国II】A taste for meat is ___ ___ (actual) behind the change。
3.【2018·全国III】___ ___(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.
4.【2018·浙江】There could be an even ___ __ (high) cost on your health.
5.【2017·全国卷I】Even ________ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
6.【2017·全国卷I】However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.
7.【2017·全国卷II】Steam engines ________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
8.【2017·全国卷II】The Central London Railway was one of the most ________ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.
9.【2017·全国卷III】It is ________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don’t want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can’t model any more.”
10.【2017·浙江卷6月考】But something made her look closer, and she noticed a ________ (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring.
11.【2017·浙江卷6月考】Sixteen years ________ (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring ________ (cook) a meal.
12.【2016·全国新课标I】The title will be ________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
13.【2016·全国新课标III】Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
14.【2016·上海】Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the __________(good) your performance will be.
15.【2016·四川】Chinese scientists (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby. She was a very (care) mother.
二、短文改错
1.【2018·全国I】I felt happily that their life had improved.
2.【2018·全国III】I was afraid that to speak in front of a larger group of people.
3.【2018·全国III】Immediate, I raised my hand.
4.【2017·全国卷I】A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.（共有2处错误）
5.【2017·全国卷II】 In their spare time，they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house. They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.（共有3处错误）
6.【2017·全国卷III】I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the late music albums.（共有2处错误）
7.【2016·全国新课标I】Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady.
8.【2016·四川】The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favoritiest.
语法填空
【2018届辽宁省六校协作体高三上学期期中考试】In recent years, learning Chinese ____41____ (become) popular among people around the world. Last month, I received an email from my cousin Jack in Canada. He said he was enthusiastic___42___Chinese, and asked me to find him some books___43___(intend) for Chinese beginners. I was very pleased to do____44____ a favor. So I went from one bookstore to____45____, hoping to find something suitable for him. ___46___（final） I selected a set of Chinese textbooks among ___47___(vary) similar ones. Then I went to a post office to have them delivered by air without delay. Several days later, I received Jack’s email,___48___(say) that he really appreciated the books I had sent. I’m very glad that Jack is beginning to learn Chinese just like many other ____49____(foreign) abroad, ___50___I know it may be an enjoyable challenge for him.
一、语法填空
【山东省莱芜市2018届高三上学期期中考试】 A motto is a sentence or a phrase which can inspire us especially when we are ___61___ (face) with difficulties. Many of us use well-know ___62___ (say) as mottos, such as “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Or “nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.”, and so on. My motto is “God helps those who help___63___”. Sometimes I am lazy ___64___ don’t want to make efforts to work hard, but the moment I think of my motto I will get___65___(energy) again and devote myself to what I am doing. I write my motto ___66___ I can see it easily. Every time I fail in my exam and begin to lose heart, the sight of my motto inspires me ___67___ much confidence. My motto also makes me become an ___68___ (dependent) person. That is to say, I won’t rely on others ___69___ (easy). My friends, what is your motto? If you still haven’t got a motto, please choose ___60___ because a motto can have a great effect on you.
二、短文改错
Square dancing has been more and more popular with the elderly as their living conditions improve. Most people
thought it can help people take regularly exercise and strengthen their fitness. Besides, it provides people more chances
to take activity outdoors. However, some people argue that the music is very noisy, that disturbs the surrounding citizens’
normal life. Also, be exposed to such loud noise may do a harm to their health in the long run.
In my opinion, square dancing is a good form of exercise, so dancers should take our neighbors’ needs into
consideration. If they choose a right time and turn down the music, it will cause fewer trouble for others.
答案与解析
一、语法填空
【答案】 longer
【解题思路】考察副词的比较级。医学报告显示，经常跑步的人比不跑步的人多活3年，根据题目中的than可知此时应用到比较级。故填longer。
【答案】 actually
【解题思路】考查副词。句意：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰句子。故填actually。
【答案】 loudest
【解题思路】考察最高级。根据后面的of all 可知，他的声音最大，所以用最高级loudest。
【答案】 higher
【解题思路】考查形容词比较级。此处修饰名词cost用形容词，由even表示程度修饰比较级，故填higher。
【答案】worse
【解题思路】考查比较级。更糟糕的是，人们所吃的快餐的数量增加了。故填worse。
【答案】 careful
【解题思路】考查形容词。分析语境可知be后面应该用形容词作表语，故填careful。
【答案】 were used; fairly
【解题思路】考查动词语态。蒸汽机(注意复数名词形式)被用来作为火车动力。
考查副词。副词修饰形容词。
【答案】 successful
【解题思路】考查形容词。形容词与定冠词连用，相当于名词，由于该词后有介词of结构，故只能用形容词。
【答案】 certainly
【解题思路】考查副词。certainly在此处修饰形容词fun。
【答案】 shiny/shining
【解题思路】考查形容词。此处根据下文的object可知，需用形容词作定语，故填shiny或shining。
【答案】earlier; to cook
【解题思路】考查比较级。此处语意表示“16年前”，故填earlier。
考查不定式。此处不定式表示目的。语境为“取下戒指来做饭”，故填to cook。
【答案】 officially
【解题思路】考查副词。修饰动词用副词形式。
【答案】 gradually
【解题思路】考查副词。副词修饰动词或形容词，这里修饰动词短语“turned into”，应该用副词，故填gradually。
【答案】 better?
【解题思路】考查固定句式“the+比较级.....， the+比较级”意为“越....就越.....”。本句句意：就某种程度而言，你承受的压力越大，你的表现就会越好。所以本空使用good的比较级形式better.
【答案】recently; caring/careful
【解题思路】副词修饰动词，故填recently。
此处是现在分词或形容词作定语，放在名词前面，故填caring/careful。
二、句子改错
【答案】happily改成happy
【解题思路】考查形容词作表语。他们的生活有了很大提高，我感到很高兴。此处形容词作表语，故将happily改成happy。
【答案】larger改为large
【解题思路】考察形容词。句意：我不敢在一大群人面前说话。这里没有比较的意思，故把larger改为large。
【答案】immediate改为immediately。
【解题思路】考查副词。此处要用副词在句中做状语修饰整个句子，故把immediate改为immediately。
【答案】 late改为later; suddenly改为sudden
【解题思路】考查副词。
作形容词的时候，later是late的比较级，如：Their deadline is quite late. Ours is even later. 他们的截止日期很迟，我们的更迟。作副词的时候，late意为“迟”；later意为“稍后，随后”。句意：几分钟之后……。故将late改为later。
考查形容词。“我”紧急刹车。suddenly是副词，表示“意外地，忽然地”。 sudden为形容词，表示“突然的，迅速的”，修饰名词stop。a sudden stop表示“急刹车”。故将suddenly改为sudden。
【答案】 interesting改为interested; that改为which; earlier改为early
【解题思路】考查形容词用法。他们对种菜感兴趣;
考查定语从句。该处前有逗号，后句为非限制性定语从句，故用which;
考查副词的用法。此处无比较对象，用原级表示“起得早”。
【答案】 difference→ different; late→ latest
【解题思路】考查词形转换。修饰名词“kinds”用形容词; 考查形容词最高级。根据句意“收集最新的唱片”可知需要用最高级。
【答案】 stead→ steadily
【解题思路】考查副词。根据句意可知此处grow是实意动词，意思是 “增长”，不是系动词，故用副词修饰。
【答案】 favoritest→ favorite
【解题思路】 “favorite”本身就是“最喜欢”，故把favoritest改为 favorite。
语法填空
41. 【答案】 has become
【解题思路】考查动词。根据前面时间状语in recent years判断句子应该用现在完成时，动名词作主语，根据主谓一致的原则，填has become。
42. 【答案】 about/over
【解题思路】句意：他说他对汉语充满热情。可知答案为about/over。
43. 【答案】 intended
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。从结构可知此处是形容词短语做后置定语修饰名词books，be intended for“为….设计的，或者打算的”，填形容词intended。
44. 【答案】him
【解题思路】句意：我很高兴帮助他。do sb. a favor给某人以恩惠，帮助某人。可知答案为him。
45. 【答案】another
【解题思路】考查不定代词。固定短语：from one ……to another “从一个….到另一个”，填another。句意：于是我从一家书店到另一家书店。
46. 【答案】 Finally
【解题思路】考查副词。根据上文内容可知作者一家书店挨一家书店地去找书，所以此处表示终于、最终的意思，填Finally。
47. 【答案】various
【解题思路】 句意：在各种各样的相似的汉语课本中。形容词修饰名词，答案为various。
48. 【答案】saying
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。从结构分析此处是分词做状语，表示伴随情况。动词say和主语I之间是主动关系，应该用现在分词，填saying。
49. 【答案】foreigners
【解题思路】句意：像很多其他的外国人一样。用名词复数形式，答案为foreigners。
50. 【答案】but
【解题思路】考查并列连词。根据句意可知前后句内容是转折关系。句意：尽管我知道那可能对他来说是一个挑战，但我真的很高兴他开始和其他外国人一样学汉语了。可知答案为but。
一、语法填空
61.【答案】faced
解题思路考查固定短语。 be faced with面对，是固定短语，所以填faced。
62. 【答案】sayings
解题思路考查名词。我们中的许多人都用众所周知的谚语作为座右铭。作句子宾语用名词，且“众所周知的谚语”是复数意义，所以这里应该使用名词复数，填sayings。
63. 【答案】themselves
解题思路考查谚语。“God helps those who help themselves.” 自助者，天必助之，是一句谚语，所以填themselves。
64. 【答案】and
解题思路考查连词。有时候我懒惰了，并且不想努力学习了。“懒惰了”与“不想努力学习了” 之间是并列关系，填and。
65. 【答案】energetic
解题思路考查固定结构。get+形容词(get是连系动词)，所以填energetic。
66. 【答案】where
解题思路考查地点状语从句。我将座右铭写在我很容易看见的地方。所以填where。
67. 【答案】with
解题思路考查固定短语。with much confidence很有信心, 是固定短语，所以填with。
68. 【答案】independent
解题思路考查形容词。我的座右铭使我成为了一个独立的人。修饰名词，用形容词，所以填independent。
69. 【答案】easily
解题思路考查副词。修饰动词短语rely on，用副词，所以填easily。
70. 【答案】one
解题思路考查语义理解。如果你还没有座右铭，请选择一个。所以填one。
二、短文改错
【答案】
51. thought →think
52. regularly →regular
53. 第三句people后加with
54. activity →activities
55. 第四句第二个that →which
56. 第五句be→ being
57. harm前去掉a
58. so →but
59. our→ their
60. few → less
【解题思路】本文为说明文，讲述了广场舞的优缺点，并且针对缺点提出自己的建议。
51. 时态用法错误。根据全文可知，这里用一般现在时。句意：大多数人认为它能够帮助人们有规律的锻炼。故将thought改为think。
52. 词性用法错误。形容词修饰名词exercise。句意：大多数人认为它能够帮助人们有规律的锻炼。故将regularly改为regular。
53. 动词用法错误。动词provide用法为provide sb. with sth.。句意：此外，它为人们提供了更多户外活动的机会。故在people后加with。
54. 名词用法错误。名词activity为可数名词，故需要用复数形式。句意：它为人们提供了更多户外活动的机会。故将activity改为activities。
55. 定语从句用法错误。这里是一个非限定性定语从句，后只能用which引导。句意：有些人认为，音乐很吵，扰乱周围居民正常生活。故将that改为which。
56. 非谓语动词用法错误。动名词作主语。句意：长时间接触这样大的噪音会对他们的健康有害。故将be改为being。
57. 短语用法错误。短语 do harm to对……有害。句意：在我看来，广场舞是一种很好的运动方式。故harm前去掉a。
58. 连词用法错误。根据前后句之间关系，这里为转折关系。句意：但是，跳舞的人应该考虑到他们邻居的需求。故将so改为but。
59. 代词用法错误。这里指跳广场舞人的邻居，故用第三人称。句意：但是，跳舞的人应该考虑到他们邻居的需求。故将our改为their。
60. 形容词用法错误。因为名词trouble是不可数名词，故用less修饰。句意：这会给别人带来更少的麻烦。故将few改为less。
形容词是英语中较为复杂的一种词类，涉及的面比较广。同时形容词的形式变化灵活，如有原级、比较级和最高级等，而且用法比较复杂。备考2019年高考，应注意以下几点：形容词的辨析，形容词的原级、比较级和最高级，以及一些特别重要的固定句型结构，同时要注意多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序等。
高考中对于副词的考查不是单纯地进行语法要点的考查，而是要通过具体的语境来进行分析和判断。2019年高考对于副词的考查主要会出现在：副词的近义词的辨析；关于副词的原级、比较级和最高级的句型；同根不同形的副词；常考副词的辨析；比较级前的修饰语等。
形容词和副词主要以单项填空、语法填空、短文改错形式进行考查，考查的主要形式是形容词和副词之间的相互转化。
考点1 形容词、副词的比较等级
1.形容词或副词的as...as结构
两者相比，当A=B时，用“as+adj/adv.原级+as”来表示。
如：Jack runs as fast as Tom.杰克和汤姆跑得一样快。
双方相比，当A≠B，或指A的程度较低时，用“not as/so+adj. /adv.原级+as”表示。
如：He does not work as/so hard as his sister.他不如他妹妹学习努力。
2.形容词或副词的比较级+than
当双方比较，A>B时，用“比较级+than”结构。
当A不及B的程度时，用“less+adj. /adv.原级+than”的结构。
如：①Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。
②Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。
3．表示双方相比，一方超过另一方，并强调超出的程度和数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：even，much，very much，still，any，a lot，a bit，a little，far，yet，by far，a great deal，twice，three times，rather，slightly等，而very，quite，so，fairly等词不可修饰形容词或副词的比较级
如：A car runs a great deal faster than a truck．小汽车比卡车快得多。
4．“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构表示“越……越……”
The more tickets you sell，the more money you will get．你卖的票越多，你得到的钱就会越多。
5．比较级表示最高级含义
(1)比较级+than any other+可数名词单数。如：
The Changjiang River is longer than any other river in China．在中国，长江比其他任何一条河流都长。
⑵比较级+than all(the)other+可数名词复数。如:
China is larger than all the other Asian countries.中国比亚洲的其他国家都大。
(3) no/never/nothing...+比较级。如：
Nothing is more valuable than time.时间比任何东西都珍贵。
【典例】
It may not be a great suggestion. But before ________ is put forward, we’ll make do with it.
A．a good one B．a better one
C．the best one D．a best one
【答案】B
【解题思路】句意：它或许不是一个好建议，但在更好的建议被提出之前，我们先凑合一下。此处暗含比较，表示“一条更好的建议”，是泛指，故选B。
考点2 形容词作定语时的位置
1．通常置于所修饰的词之前，但不定代词的定语通常在后面。如：
Someone strange is asking to see you.
Something unexpected happened and we had to make some changes to our plan.
2．else常放在不定代词和疑问代词后面作定语。如：
No one else can answer the question.
3．多个形容词作定语时的词序为：大小、长短、高低形状/年龄、新旧颜色/来源、国籍、地区、出处/材料/用途。如：
an expensive Japanese sports car, those three beautiful large square old brown wood table.
考点3 形容词、副词的辨析
1．形容词主要用来修饰名词，也可修饰something，nothing等不定代词，在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。作状语时表示伴随、原因等，或是对主语进行解释，可以看成是“being+形容词”，位于句首、句中或句尾，表示伴随时通常用逗号与其他成分隔开
①He lay in bed，wide awake．他躺在床上，完全清醒。
②He went to bed，cold and hungry．他上床睡觉，又冷又饿。
2．副词主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词、从句或整个句子。修饰整个句子时，可置于句首、句中或句尾
Fortunately，he escaped from the fire．他幸运地从大火中逃了出来。
3. 有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词形式相同，另一种是在形容词后加ly。这两种形式的副词在意义上有所不同:不带ly的副词往往表示的是具体概念，也就是词的本义； 加ly的往往表示抽象概念(也就是词的引申义close接近(指距离) closely仔细地，密切地; free免费freely自由地，自如地；deep深的；deeply深刻地，深入地；wide充分（张开）的，宽阔的widely广泛地；high高的highly高度地，非常；late迟，晚lately最近，近来；near邻近的nearly几乎；most最mostly主要地。如：
He jumped that high in the sports meeting in our school and is highly thought of by his classmates.他在我们学校运动会上跳得那么高，贏得了同学们的高度赞扬。
【典例】
The Forbidden City attracts a ________ stream of visitors every day, especially during national holidays.
A．constant B．main
C．powerful D．shallow
【答案】A
【解题思路】句意：紫禁城每天都吸引着络绎不绝的游客，特别是在国庆节期间。A constant stream of visitors表示“络绎不绝的游客”。Constant“持续不断的”，符合句意。Main“主要的”；powerful“强有力的”；shallow“浅的”。
考点4 倍数表达法
1．A is＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B
2．A is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B
3．A is＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height等)＋of＋B
4．the＋名词(size，length，height等)＋of A is＋倍数＋that＋of＋B
5．A is＋倍数＋what引导的名词性从句
如：长江是珠江的三倍长。(一句多译)
①The Yangtze River is twice longer than the Pearl River.
②The Yangtze River is three times as long as the Pearl River.
③The Yangtze River is three times the length of the Pearl River.
④The length of the Yangtze River is three times that of the Pearl River.
【典例】
This restaurant wasn’t ________ that other restaurant we went to.
A．half as good as B．as half good as
C．as good as half D．good as half as
【答案】A
【解题思路】句意：这家餐馆还没有我们去过的其他餐馆的一半好呢。本题为倍数表达法之一：倍数＋as＋adj.原级＋as＋比较成分。
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国I】According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ___ ___(long) than non-runners.
【答案】 longer
【解题思路】考察副词的比较级。医学报告显示，经常跑步的人比不跑步的人多活3年，根据题目中的than可知此时应用到比较级。故填longer。
2.【2018·全国II】A taste for meat is ___ ___ (actual) behind the change。
【答案】 actually
【解题思路】考查副词。句意：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰句子。故填actually。
3.【2018·全国III】___ ___(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.
【答案】 loudest
【解题思路】考察最高级。根据后面的of all 可知，他的声音最大，所以用最高级loudest。
4.【2018·浙江】There could be an even ___ __ (high) cost on your health.
【答案】 higher
【解题思路】考查形容词比较级。此处修饰名词cost用形容词，由even表示程度修饰比较级，故填higher。
5.【2017·全国卷I】Even ________ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
【答案】worse
【解题思路】考查比较级。更糟糕的是，人们所吃的快餐的数量增加了。故填worse。
6.【2017·全国卷I】However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.
【答案】 careful
【解题思路】考查形容词。分析语境可知be后面应该用形容词作表语，故填careful。
7.【2017·全国卷II】Steam engines ________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
【答案】 were used; fairly
【解题思路】
考查动词语态。蒸汽机(注意复数名词形式)被用来作为火车动力。
考查副词。副词修饰形容词。
8.【2017·全国卷II】The Central London Railway was one of the most ________ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.
【答案】 successful
【解题思路】考查形容词。形容词与定冠词连用，相当于名词，由于该词后有介词of结构，故只能用形容词。
9.【2017·全国卷III】It is ________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don’t want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can’t model any more.”
【答案】 certainly
【解题思路】考查副词。certainly在此处修饰形容词fun。
10.【2017·浙江卷6月考】But something made her look closer, and she noticed a ________ (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring.
【答案】 shiny/shining
【解题思路】考查形容词。此处根据下文的object可知，需用形容词作定语，故填shiny或shining。
11.【2017·浙江卷6月考】Sixteen years ________ (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring ________ (cook) a meal.
【答案】earlier; to cook
【解题思路】
考查比较级。此处语意表示“16年前”，故填earlier。
考查不定式。此处不定式表示目的。语境为“取下戒指来做饭”，故填to cook。
12.【2016·全国新课标I】The title will be ________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
【答案】 officially
【解题思路】考查副词。修饰动词用副词形式。
13.【2016·全国新课标III】Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
【答案】 gradually
【解题思路】考查副词。副词修饰动词或形容词，这里修饰动词短语“turned into”，应该用副词，故填gradually。
14.【2016·上海】Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the __________(good) your performance will be.
【答案】 better?
【解题思路】考查固定句式“the+比较级.....， the+比较级”意为“越....就越.....”。本句句意：就某种程度而言，你承受的压力越大，你的表现就会越好。所以本空使用good的比较级形式better.
15.【2016·四川】Chinese scientists (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby. She was a very (care)mother.
【答案】recently; caring/careful
【解题思路】
副词修饰动词，故填recently。
此处是现在分词或形容词作定语，放在名词前面，故填caring/careful。
二、句子改错
1.【2018·全国I】I felt happily that their life had improved.
【答案】happily改成happy
【解题思路】考查形容词作表语。他们的生活有了很大提高，我感到很高兴。此处形容词作表语，故将happily改成happy。
2.【2018·全国III】I was afraid that to speak in front of a larger group of people.
【答案】larger改为large
【解题思路】考察形容词。句意：我不敢在一大群人面前说话。这里没有比较的意思，故把larger改为large。
3.【2018·全国III】Immediate, I raised my hand.
【答案】immediate改为immediately。
【解题思路】考查副词。此处要用副词在句中做状语修饰整个句子，故把immediate改为immediately。
4.【2017·全国卷I】A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.（共有2处错误）
【答案】 late改为later; suddenly改为sudden
【解题思路】考查副词。
作形容词的时候，later是late的比较级，如：Their deadline is quite late. Ours is even later. 他们的截止日期很迟，我们的更迟。作副词的时候，late意为“迟”；later意为“稍后，随后”。句意：几分钟之后……。故将late改为later。
考查形容词。“我”紧急刹车。suddenly是副词，表示“意外地，忽然地”。 sudden为形容词，表示“突然的，迅速的”，修饰名词stop。a sudden stop表示“急刹车”。故将suddenly改为sudden。
5.【2017·全国卷II】 In their spare time，they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house. They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.（共有3处错误）
【答案】 interesting改为interested; that改为which; earlier改为early
【解题思路】考查形容词用法。他们对种菜感兴趣;
考查定语从句。该处前有逗号，后句为非限制性定语从句，故用which;
考查副词的用法。此处无比较对象，用原级表示“起得早”。
6.【2017·全国卷III】I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the late music albums.（共有2处错误）
【答案】 difference→ different; late→ latest
【解题思路】考查词形转换。修饰名词“kinds”用形容词; 考查形容词最高级。根据句意“收集最新的唱片”可知需要用最高级。
7.【2016·全国新课标I】Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady.
【答案】 stead→ steadily
【解题思路】考查副词。根据句意可知此处grow是实意动词，意思是 “增长”，不是系动词，故用副词修饰。
8.【2016·四川】The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favoritiest.
【答案】 favoritest→ favorite
【解题思路】 “favorite”本身就是“最喜欢”，故把favoritest改为 favorite。
语法填空
【2018届辽宁省六校协作体高三上学期期中考试】In recent years, learning Chinese ____41____ (become) popular among people around the world. Last month, I received an email from my cousin Jack in Canada. He said he was enthusiastic___42___Chinese, and asked me to find him some books___43___(intend) for Chinese beginners. I was very pleased to do____44____ a favor. So I went from one bookstore to____45____, hoping to find something suitable for him. ___46___（final） I selected a set of Chinese textbooks among ___47___(vary) similar ones. Then I went to a post office to have them delivered by air without delay. Several days later, I received Jack’s email,___48___(say) that he really appreciated the books I had sent. I’m very glad that Jack is beginning to learn Chinese just like many other ____49____(foreign) abroad, ___50___I know it may be an enjoyable challenge for him.
【语篇解析】本文为记叙文。近年来，学习汉语成了全世界上很流行的事情。上个月，我远在加拿大的表弟写信让我给买汉语书籍，打算开始学汉语。我转了好多家书店才找到，然后给他寄了过去。尽管我知道那可能对他来说是一个挑战，但我真的很高兴他开始和其他外国人一样学汉语了。
41. 【答案】 has become
【解题思路】考查动词。根据前面时间状语in recent years判断句子应该用现在完成时，动名词作主语，根据主谓一致的原则，填has become。
42. 【答案】 about/over
【解题思路】句意：他说他对汉语充满热情。可知答案为about/over。
43. 【答案】 intended
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。从结构可知此处是形容词短语做后置定语修饰名词books，be intended for“为….设计的，或者打算的”，填形容词intended。
44. 【答案】him
【解题思路】句意：我很高兴帮助他。do sb. a favor给某人以恩惠，帮助某人。可知答案为him。
45. 【答案】another
【解题思路】考查不定代词。固定短语：from one ……to another “从一个….到另一个”，填another。句意：于是我从一家书店到另一家书店。
46. 【答案】 Finally
【解题思路】考查副词。根据上文内容可知作者一家书店挨一家书店地去找书，所以此处表示终于、最终的意思，填Finally。
47. 【答案】various
【解题思路】 句意：在各种各样的相似的汉语课本中。形容词修饰名词，答案为various。
48. 【答案】saying
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。从结构分析此处是分词做状语，表示伴随情况。动词say和主语I之间是主动关系，应该用现在分词，填saying。
49. 【答案】foreigners
【解题思路】句意：像很多其他的外国人一样。用名词复数形式，答案为foreigners。
50. 【答案】but
【解题思路】考查并列连词。根据句意可知前后句内容是转折关系。句意：尽管我知道那可能对他来说是一个挑战，但我真的很高兴他开始和其他外国人一样学汉语了。可知答案为but。
一、语法填空
【山东省莱芜市2018届高三上学期期中考试】 A motto is a sentence or a phrase which can inspire us especially when we are ___61___ (face) with difficulties. Many of us use well-know ___62___ (say) as mottos, such as “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Or “nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.”, and so on. My motto is “God helps those who help___63___”. Sometimes I am lazy ___64___ don’t want to make efforts to work hard, but the moment I think of my motto I will get___65___(energy) again and devote myself to what I am doing. I write my motto ___66___ I can see it easily. Every time I fail in my exam and begin to lose heart, the sight of my motto inspires me ___67___ much confidence. My motto also makes me become an ___68___ (dependent) person. That is to say, I won’t rely on others ___69___ (easy). My friends, what is your motto? If you still haven’t got a motto, please choose ___60___ because a motto can have a great effect on you.
【语篇解析】本文为记叙文，主要讲了座右铭对作者的影响，并且作者建议没有座右铭的朋友们也要选择一个座右铭来激励自己学习和生活。
61.【答案】faced
【解题思路】考查固定短语。 be faced with面对，是固定短语，所以填faced。
62. 【答案】sayings
【解题思路】考查名词。我们中的许多人都用众所周知的谚语作为座右铭。作句子宾语用名词，且“众所周知的谚语”是复数意义，所以这里应该使用名词复数，填sayings。
63. 【答案】themselves
【解题思路】考查谚语。“God helps those who help themselves.” 自助者，天必助之，是一句谚语，所以填themselves。
64. 【答案】and
【解题思路】考查连词。有时候我懒惰了，并且不想努力学习了。“懒惰了”与“不想努力学习了” 之间是并列关系，填and。
65. 【答案】energetic
【解题思路】考查固定结构。get+形容词(get是连系动词)，所以填energetic。
66. 【答案】where
【解题思路】考查地点状语从句。我将座右铭写在我很容易看见的地方。所以填where。
67. 【答案】with
【解题思路】考查固定短语。with much confidence很有信心, 是固定短语，所以填with。
68. 【答案】independent
【解题思路】考查形容词。我的座右铭使我成为了一个独立的人。修饰名词，用形容词，所以填independent。
69. 【答案】easily
【解题思路】考查副词。修饰动词短语rely on，用副词，所以填easily。
70. 【答案】one
【解题思路】考查语义理解。如果你还没有座右铭，请选择一个。所以填one。
二、短文改错
Square dancing has been more and more popular with the elderly as their living conditions improve. Most people
thought it can help people take regularly exercise and strengthen their fitness. Besides, it provides people more chances
to take activity outdoors. However, some people argue that the music is very noisy, that disturbs the surrounding citizens’
normal life. Also, be exposed to such loud noise may do a harm to their health in the long run.
In my opinion, square dancing is a good form of exercise, so dancers should take our neighbors’ needs into
consideration. If they choose a right time and turn down the music, it will cause fewer trouble for others.
【答案】
51. thought →think
52. regularly →regular
53. 第三句people后加with
54. activity →activities
55. 第四句第二个that →which
56. 第五句be→ being
57. harm前去掉a
58. so →but
59. our→ their
60. few → less
【解题思路】本文为说明文，讲述了广场舞的优缺点，并且针对缺点提出自己的建议。
51. 时态用法错误。根据全文可知，这里用一般现在时。句意：大多数人认为它能够帮助人们有规律的锻炼。故将thought改为think。
52. 词性用法错误。形容词修饰名词exercise。句意：大多数人认为它能够帮助人们有规律的锻炼。故将regularly改为regular。
53. 动词用法错误。动词provide用法为provide sb. with sth.。句意：此外，它为人们提供了更多户外活动的机会。故在people后加with。
54. 名词用法错误。名词activity为可数名词，故需要用复数形式。句意：它为人们提供了更多户外活动的机会。故将activity改为activities。
55. 定语从句用法错误。这里是一个非限定性定语从句，后只能用which引导。句意：有些人认为，音乐很吵，扰乱周围居民正常生活。故将that改为which。
56. 非谓语动词用法错误。动名词作主语。句意：长时间接触这样大的噪音会对他们的健康有害。故将be改为being。
57. 短语用法错误。短语 do harm to对……有害。句意：在我看来，广场舞是一种很好的运动方式。故harm前去掉a。
58. 连词用法错误。根据前后句之间关系，这里为转折关系。句意：但是，跳舞的人应该考虑到他们邻居的需求。故将so改为but。
59. 代词用法错误。这里指跳广场舞人的邻居，故用第三人称。句意：但是，跳舞的人应该考虑到他们邻居的需求。故将our改为their。
60. 形容词用法错误。因为名词trouble是不可数名词，故用less修饰。句意：这会给别人带来更少的麻烦。故将few改为less。
高考对代词的考查主要是在具体、特定语境下灵活运用代词。特别是不定代词one，the one，ones，the ones与指示代词this，that，these，those，it的用法区别，代词的肯定与否定、全部与部分的用法以及反身代词的惯用语。解答此类试题需要注意：在解题时一定要明确考点，对比分析，对症下药，尤其是要掌握好容易混淆的代词的辨析。
代词在近年高考试题中出现频率很高，每年至少测试一道题。在语法填空中主要考查代词的不同词形的变化，短文改错中主要考查代词的指代一致问题。
考点1：both，all，either，each，every，neither，none的用法
both，either，neither用于两者。both意为“两者都”；either意为“两者中的任何一个”；neither意为“两者中的任何一个都不”。如：
Both the boys are clever.两个男孩每个都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩中哪个都很聪明。
Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。
2．all，none，each，every用于多者。all意为“全部都”，指可数的东西时为复数，指不可数的东西时为单数；none意为“全都不，任何一个都不”，指可数的东西时可为单数或复数，指不可数的东西时为单数；each和every意为“每一个”，为单数，两者都能作定语用，但each还可作主语、宾语和同位语。
All of the students are there.所有学生都在。
All (of) the milk is there.所有牛奶都在。
Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have an e-dictionary. /Each of the students has an e-dictionary. /The students each have an e-dictionary. 每个学生都可有一本电子词典。
【典例】
It’s an either-or situation — we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do ________.
A．others B．either
C．another D．both
【答案】D
【解析】句意：这是一种二选一的情况，我们今年要么买一辆新车，要么去度假，但两者不可兼得。空格处表示部分否定，应用not ... both，故选D。
考点2：复合不定代词的用法
由some，any，no，every加上-body，-one，-thing构成的不定代词，叫复合不定代词。
1．some构成的不定代词一般用于肯定句，意为“某人或某物，重要的人或事”。如：
Somebody is waiting outside.
I have something for you.
She thinks she’s something since she won the prize.（获奖之后，她觉得自己了不起了。）
2．any构成的不定代词一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中，意为“随便某个人或物，无论什么人或物，什么人或物都可以”。如：
Does anybody else want to go?
There isn’t anything in the box.
If anyone wants to go on the trip, register here please!
有时也用于肯定句中表示“任何人或物”。如：
Anybody can work out that simple maths problem.
You can take anything you like.
3．no构成的不定代词意为“没什么人或物”。如：
I know nothing about it.
There is nobody here.
4．every构成的不定代词意为“一切人或物，每个人或物”。everything还可表示“最重要的人或物”。如：
Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.
She does everything to help her mother.
Her son is everything to her.（对她来说儿子就是一切。）
【典例】
This project requires close teamwork. ________ will be achieved unless we work well together.
A．Nothing B．Anything
C．Something D．Everything
【答案】A
【解析】句意：这个项目需要密切的合作，除非我们通力合作，否则一事无成。根据句意可知此处应用表示否定意义的词语，故选A。
考点3：the other，other，another，others，the others的区别
the other/
other
the other可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的“另一个”；也可修饰名词表示“另外的……”。other不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义。
another
可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……(多少)”。
others/
the others
others只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；
特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others。
He is willing to help other people / others.
Twenty of the students in our class have been to Beijing. The other students/The others have not.
Some of us like football, and others are fond of basketball.
We need another five chairs/five more chairs.
【典例】
Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is ________.
A．another B．the other
C．one another D．one
【答案】A
【解析】句意：回收是保护环境的一种方法；而重复使用是另一种。another表示“(三者及三者以上的)另一个”；the other表示“(两者中的)另一个”；one another“相互”；one“一”。
考点4：none，no one，nobody，nothing的区别
none
既可指人，也可指物；侧重数量，通常指三者或三者以上的人或物；后可接of短语；作主语时谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；常用来回答由how many/much引导的疑问句。
—How much money do you have?
—None.
no one/
nobody
只能指人；是泛指概念，常用来回答由who引导的疑问句；不与of短语连用；作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
—Who is in the room?
—Nobody. / No one.
nothing
只能指物，且表泛指概念；常用来回答由what引导的疑问句。
—What are you doing now?
—Nothing.
考点5：替代词的用法和区别
it
替代前面提到过的同一个人或者物。
—Have you found your pen?
—No, I haven’t found it.
one/ones
one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an＋单数名词。其复数形式为ones。
I think this book is better than the one I read last time.
These shoes are not good enough. Show me some better ones.
that/those
that用来替代前面出现的同类的名词，是同类替代，但并非同一个，可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones。
The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.
【典例】
The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than ________ on the small ones.
A．one B．this
C．that D．it
【答案】C
【解析】句意：大街上的绿灯比小街上的绿灯亮得时间更长。that在此处替代前面提到的traffic，以避免重复。one泛指可数名词单数；this通常指代下文要提到的事情；it指代上文出现的同一事物。
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国卷I】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【答案】which/that
【解题思路】考查关系代词。本空前有“made”，后有“showed”，需要用连词连接两个谓语。“showed”前缺少主语，根据句意，主语为“study”，故该空既为连词，又充当句子主语，还指代“study”，应为关系代词which或that。
2.【2018·全国卷I】If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give ____70____ a try.
【答案】it/running
【解题思路】考查代词。固定搭配give it a try意为“试一试”。根据语境，这里是指“试着跑步”，“give”后的宾语即为“running”，故答案可为it，亦可为running。
3.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil-testing program 69 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【答案】which/that
【解题思路】考查关系代词。此处用that或which代指先行词“soil-testing program”在从句中作主语。
4.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find 68. (they) alive.
【答案】them
【解题思路】考查人称代词宾格。此处含“find”的宾补用法。设空处应为动词find的宾语，故填them，find sb./sth. +adj.为固定结构，意为“发现某人/某物怎么样”。
5.【2018·浙江卷6月】Many westerners 57 come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap 58 can be to eat out.
【答案】57. who/that；58. it
【解题思路】57.考查关系代词引导定语从句的用法。此空没有给出参考词，首先可以考虑虚词——介词、冠词、连词，此处句子后方有cook（V.烹饪），分析句子结构可知此句应为复合句中的定语从句，先行词为“westerners”，在句子中充当主语成分，所以此处答案为who或that。58.考查代词it 的用法。结合句意可知句中真正主语为to?eat out，所以此处用形式主语it。
6.【2018·浙江卷11月】One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause 61 (they) to stay awake almost all night.
【答案】them
【解题思路】考查人称代词宾格。cause sb. to do sth.意为“使某人做某事”，这里“cause”后为宾语，故“they”要改为宾格them。
7.【2018·天津卷】Kate, ______sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
【答案】whose
【解题思路】考查关系代词。根据句意可知：Kate去澳大利亚工作了，当我上大学的时候，我和她的姐姐住在一个房间。sister和先行词Kate之间构成的是所属关系，故填whose。
8.【2018·北京卷】She and her family bicycle to work, ______ helps them keep fit.
【答案】which
【解题思路】考查关系代词引导定语从句的用法。句意为“她和她的家人骑自行车去上班，这使得他们保持着健康的身体。”，根据从句可以看出从句缺少主语，空格指代上面那句话，所以用which。
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using 67.________ every day.
【答案】it
【解题思路】考查代词。it指代伦敦地铁。
二、短文改错
10.【2018·全国卷I】The first time I went there, they were found living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals.
【答案】another改为other
【解题思路】考查不定代词。another指三者或三者以上中的另一个，修饰单数名词；other指其他的，修饰复数名词，此处后为“animals”，应改为other。
11.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.
【答案】us改成me
【解题思路】考查人称代词宾格。此处句意为“他们对我说......”,故将us改为me。
12.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】I had done myself homework, but I was shy.
【答案】myself改成my
【解题思路】考查形容词性物主代词用法。此处在“homework”前应该是用形容词性物主代词，表达“我的”，形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语为常考语法知识，而不是用反身代词myself，故把myself改为my。
13.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school.
【答案】all改成both或去掉all
【解题思路】考查代词的用法。根据语境可知，张家夫妇仅有二人，用both指代。
14.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.
【答案】your 改成my
【解题思路】考查代词。整篇文章都是在说“我”的事情，而且根据前面me可知此处还是指“我的”高中生活。
一、语法填空
【2019届山西大学附属中学高三上学期11月月考】In the past few years, more than half of bookstores in China have closed down, 41． is the result of the 42． (compete) from online bookstores. But the success of Sisyphe Bookstore, one of the 43． (big) privately-owned bookstore chains in China, may serve44． a great example.
45． (found) in 1993, Sisyphe started to transform and upgrade its business in 2009 to seek its profitability. Now, it not only devotes itself to 46． (sell) books, but combines the functions of bookstore, café and sale of 47． (create) cultural products. Sisyphe opens its bookstores in shopping malls in order to take advantage of the large number of consumers of shopping malls to sell its books, and it also 48． (able) people to enjoy spending time reading and drinking coffee. In return, bookstores have improved the cultural atmosphere of shopping malls, so 49． is mutually beneficial to have such cooperation.
So far, the government 50． (offer) tax reduction for bookstores to encourage the development of physical bookstores. Perhaps it is early to say the boom of physical bookstores has come, but definitely, we see the turning point to them.
【答案】
41．which 42．competition 43．biggest 44．as 45．Founded
46．selling 47．creative 48．enables 49．it 50．has offered
【解题思路】本文为说明文。在过去的几年里，网络书店的竞争导致中国超过一半的书店倒闭。但是，作为中国最大的私营连锁书店之一的Sisyphe书店却是成功的。这是因为Sisyphe的转型升级业务，它在购物中心开设书店是为了利用购物中心的大量消费者来卖书，同时也让人们享受到阅读和喝咖啡的乐趣。
41．考查定语从句。句意：在过去的几年里，中国超过一半的书店倒闭，这是网络书店竞争的结果。分析句子“In the past few years, more than half of bookstores in China have closed down, _____ is the result of the ______(compete) from online bookstores.”可知，本空指代前面的句子“In the past few years, more than half of bookstores in China have closed down”，英语中可指代前面的句子，在定语从句中，要用关系词“which”。因此本空填which。
42．考查名词。分析句子可知，本空前有定冠词“the”，可知，此空为名词，因此要用动词“compete”的名词形式“competition”。故填competition。
43．考查最高级。分析语境可知此处句意是指“作为中国最大的民营连锁书店之一的Sisyphe书店的成功”。根据前面的“one of the….”可知，要用最高级，故本空要填biggest。
44．考查固定搭配。句意：西西里书店的成功就是一个很好的例子。serve as…为固定搭配，意为“充当，担任”，因此本空填as。
45．考查非谓语作状语。句意：Sisyphe成立于1993年，2009年开始转型升级业务，谋求盈利。分析句子可知，“found”的逻辑主语是“Sisyphe”，二者是被动关系，根据时间状语“in 1993”可知，要用过去分词，即founded。所以填Founded。
46．考查固定搭配。句意：现在，它不仅致力于卖书，而且结合了书店、咖啡馆和创造性的艺术产品的销售功能。devote…to doing sth.，其中的to为介词，所以to后要用动词的ing形式。因此本空填selling。
47．考查形容词作定语。分析句子可知，动词“create”在句中修饰名词“cultural products”，修饰名词要用形容词，故填形容词 creative。
48．考查谓语动词。句意：西西弗在购物中心开设书店是为了利用购物中心的大量消费者来卖书，同时也让人们享受到阅读和喝咖啡的乐趣。分析句子可知，本句考查谓语动词。由本句的时态可知，要用一般现在时，而根据主语“it”，可知，本空要用动词able的动词为enable，故此空填enables。
49．考查语境及形式主语。句意：所以这样的合作是互利的。分析句子可知，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式“to have such cooperation”，英语中常用不定代词“it”作形式主语，因此本空填it。
50．考查谓语动词的时态。句意：到目前为止，政府已经对书店实行减税政策，以鼓励实体书店的发展。根据“so far”（到目前为止）可知，本空要用现在完成时。本句的主语是“the government”，与谓语动词“offer”是主动关系，故填has offered。
二、短文改错
【2019届山东省济南外国语学校高三上学期高考模拟（二）】Last Sunday I went to a animal hospital to help the doctors there. I arrived at the hospital early in the morning, and there were already much work to do: giving the pets food and water, and even giving them kisses on the heads.
At first, they looked at me with frightening eyes. A doctor say to them, “Don’t worry, and everything will be OK.” I washed a dog’s hurt leg. I worked careful to make sure I didn’t hurt him. I wished he could know we were just trying help him. It was a long day and the work made me tired, and I was very happy. I knew I loved animal. And the animals knew I loved him. They enjoyed about my care with love!
【答案】
1. 第一句：a 改为an
2. 第二句：were改为was
3. 第三句：frightening改为frightened
4. 第四句：say改为said
5. 第六句：careful改为carefully
6. 第七句：help前加to
7. 第八句：第二个and改为but
8. 第九句 animal改为animals
9. 第十句：him改为them
10. 第十一句：去掉about
【解题思路】本文为记叙文。本篇短文主要介绍了作者在一个星期天到动物医院去做兽医助理的工作。在给动物治疗过程中，虽然很累但是作者感到很高兴。
1. 考查冠词。“animal”是以元音开头的名词，所以要用不定冠词an，因此a 改为an 。
2. 考查主谓一致。句中的表语为“much work”，为不可数名词，因此谓语动词要用单数，故were改为was。
3. 考查形容词辨析。句意：起初，他们用害怕的眼神看着我。分析句子可知，本句的主语是动物(they)，frightening意为“吓人的，令人恐惧的”，frightened“害怕的，受惊的”。所以要把frightening改为frightened 。
4. 考查谓语动词的时态。根据时间状语“Last Sunday”可知，本文讲述上周的事，因此要用一般过去时，故把say改为said。
5. 考查副词。句意：我认真地工作，确保我没有伤害他。句中的“worked”为动词，修饰动词要用副词，所以要把形容词“careful”改为副词，因此把careful改为carefully 。
6. 考查固定用法。句意：我希望他能知道我们只是在尽力帮助他。try to do…为固定搭配，意为“尽力做某事”。所以在help前加to。
7. 考查连词。句意：这是漫长的一天，工作使我感到疲倦，但我非常高兴。根据语境可知，前后两句是转折关系，而非并列关系，因此第二个and改为but。
8. 考查名词的复数。“Animal”为可数名词。可数名词的复数形式，表示泛指，本句是指“我知道我喜欢动物”，在本句中的动物是泛指，因此把animal改为animals。
9. 考查人称代词的一致性。句意：动物们知道我爱他们。本句的主语是“the animals”，所以做宾语时要用复数形式“them”，因此把him改为them。
10. 考查动词的正确用法。句意：他们享受我对他们的爱的关怀！“enjoy”为及物动词，及物动词直接跟宾语，不能用介词，所以“about”是多余的，故去掉about。
一、语法填空
【长沙市2019届高三年级统一模拟考试】When we read a poem, we often imagine what the poets___41___ (think) when they wrote or what they were doing at the time. These thoughts let us connect with the words better, as if we’d created the poem___42___ (we). Will a poem still mean as much if a compute writes it?
By___43___ (use) algorithms (算法) , computers can now create all kinds of text, including research papers, books, news, stories and even poems. Computer-generated poems might be correct in both grammar and style, ___44___some say they still lack ___45___ (create) and true meaning.
Australian researcher Oscar Schwartz created a website___46___(call) “bot or not”. On his site, you can read poems and guess whether they___47___(write) by a human or a computer. Schwartz recently gave a speech at TedX Sydney, in___48___he stated that some of the website’s poems were able to___49___(foolish) 65 percent of human readers.
He said that on his website, he hoped people would question the difference between humans and machines, and be able to identify what it is____50____makes us human.
【答案】
41. were thinking 42. ourselves 43. using 44. but/yet 45. creativity/creative/creativeness
46. called 47. were written/are written 48. which 49. fool 50. that
【解题思路】这是一篇议论文。短文介绍了不同人对“人类写的诗歌与电脑写的诗歌具有相同的意义吗？”这个问题不同的看法。
41.考查过去进行时。句意：当我们读一首诗的时候，我们常常想象诗人正在想什么，以及他们当时正在做什么。分析句子可知，本句为“what”引导的宾语从句，主语为“the poets”，谓语为“think”。根据句意，本句为过去进行时。故填 were thinking。
42.考查反身代词。句意：这些想法让我们更好地与这些词联系起来，就好像我们自己创作了这首诗一样。分析句子可知，主语为“we”,根据句意可知，本句是在说就好像我们自己创作了这首诗一样。所以相应的反身代词与“we”一致，所以用“ourselves”。 故填ourselves。
43.考查动名词。句意：通过使用计算程序，计算机现在可以创造各种文本，包括研究论文、书籍、新闻、故事甚至诗歌。by doing sth.“通过做某事”。所以用using。故填using。
44.考查连词。句意：电脑生成的诗歌在语法和风格上可能都是正确的，但有些人说它们仍然缺乏创造性和真正的意义。分析句子可知，空处缺少连词。前后语意转折，所以用连词but/yet。故填but/yet。
45.考查名词/形容词。句意：电脑生成的诗歌在语法和风格上可能都是正确的，但有些人说它们仍然缺乏创造性和真正的意义。“lack”为及物动词后可直接接名词“creativity/creativeness”作宾语，也可接“creative meaning”作宾语。故填creativity/creative/creativeness。
46.考查过去分词。句意：澳大利亚研究员Oscar Schwartz创建了一个名为“bot or not”的网站。分析句子可知，“website”与“call”在逻辑上是被动关系，所以用过去分词called。 故填called。
47.考查一般现在时的被动语态/一般过去时的被动语态。句意：在他的网站上，你可以阅读诗歌并猜测它们是由人写的还是由计算机写的。分析句子可知，本句为“whether”引导的宾语从句，主语为“they”，谓语为“write”，且主谓为被动关系，时态为一般现在时/一般过去时。故填were written/are written。
48.考查介词+关系代词。句意：Schwartz最近在悉尼发表了一次演讲，他在演讲中说，该网站的一些诗歌能够骗过65%的人类读者。分析句子可知，“Sydney”为先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where/介词+关系代词。本句是“介词+关系代词”的用法，这里的which指代的是先行词Sydney。故填 which。
49.考查动词。句意：Schwartz最近在悉尼发表了一次演讲，他在演讲中说，该网站的一些诗歌能够骗过65%的人类读者。be able to do sth“能够做某事”为固定用法。所以“to”后接“foolish”的动词“fool”。故填fool。
50.考查连接词。句意：他说，在他的网站上，他希望人们会质疑人和机器之间的差异，并且能够分辨出是什么让我们成为人类。分析句子可知，本句为强调句式：“it+be+强调部分+主语+谓语。”在句中作“identify”的宾语。故填that。
二、短文改错
【2019届河南省实验中学高三上学期第三次模拟考试】My father’s friend Henry used to be a teacher at a medical school and he was very strict to his students. The students were afraid of him though he was seldom pleased with the answers they gave. Once a student seated before him, and Henry required him to describing a certain illness, his description of which turned out to be OK. Then Henry asked about the cure for the illness, but the student gave the right answer. “How much will you give the patient?” “A full spoon’s!” Suddenly the student realizes that there was anything wrong. He said anxiously, “I’ve made the mistake: a full spoon is too many, and he can take only five drops.” “It’s too late; your patient has been died,” Henry said coldly.
【答案】
1. 第一句第二个to改成with
2. though改成because
3. student后加was
4. describing改成describe
5. but改成and
6. realizes改成realized
7. anything改成something
8. the改成a
9. many改成much
10.has后been去掉
【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了爸爸的朋友亨利曾经是一名医学老师，他对学生的要求非常严格，本文就列举了一个他严格要求学生的例子。
1.考查固定搭配。句意：他对学生要求非常严格。be strict with表示“对……严格要求”，故to改为with。
2.考查连词。句意：学生们都怕他，因为他对他们的回答很少满意。此处表示因果而非让步关系，故though改为because。
3.考查时态和固定搭配。句意：有一次，一名学生坐在他前面。be seated表示“坐下”，Once表明应该用一般过去时，故student后加was。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意：亨利要求他描述一种疾病。require sb. to do表示“要求某人做某事”，故describing改为describe。
5.考查连词。句意：然后亨利问了关于这种疾病的治疗方法，学生给出了正确的答案。此处表示顺承而非转折关系，故but改为and。
6.考查时态。句意：突然，学生意识到有什么不对。事情发生在过去，应该用一般过去时，故realizes改为realized。
7.考查代词。句意参考上题解析，学生意识到有不对的地方，故anything改为something。
8.考查冠词。句意：我犯了一个错误。此处泛指一个错误，故the改为a。
9.考查too much和too many的区别。句意：一满勺的量太多了。根据前面的“How much” 可知，此处表示不可数名词，“too much”修饰不可数名词，“too many”修饰可数名词，故many改为much。
10.考查语态。句意：太迟了，病人已经死了。此处强调“死亡”这个动作刚刚发生，patient 与die之间是主动关系，不用被动语态，故has后been去掉。
高考对代词的考查主要是在具体、特定语境下灵活运用代词。特别是不定代词one，the one，ones，the ones与指示代词this，that，these，those，it的用法区别，代词的肯定与否定、全部与部分的用法以及反身代词的惯用语。解答此类试题需要注意：在解题时一定要明确考点，对比分析，对症下药，尤其是要掌握好容易混淆的代词的辨析。
代词在近年高考试题中出现频率很高，每年至少测试一道题。在语法填空中主要考查代词的不同词形的变化，短文改错中主要考查代词的指代一致问题。
考点1：both，all，either，each，every，neither，none的用法
both，either，neither用于两者。both意为“两者都”；either意为“两者中的任何一个”；neither意为“两者中的任何一个都不”。如：
Both the boys are clever.两个男孩每个都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩中哪个都很聪明。
Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。
2．all，none，each，every用于多者。all意为“全部都”，指可数的东西时为复数，指不可数的东西时为单数；none意为“全都不，任何一个都不”，指可数的东西时可为单数或复数，指不可数的东西时为单数；each和every意为“每一个”，为单数，两者都能作定语用，但each还可作主语、宾语和同位语。
All of the students are there.所有学生都在。
All (of) the milk is there.所有牛奶都在。
Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have an e-dictionary. /Each of the students has an e-dictionary. /The students each have an e-dictionary. 每个学生都可有一本电子词典。
【典例】
It’s an either-or situation — we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do ________.
A．others B．either
C．another D．both
【答案】D
【解析】句意：这是一种二选一的情况，我们今年要么买一辆新车，要么去度假，但两者不可兼得。空格处表示部分否定，应用not ... both，故选D。
考点2：复合不定代词的用法
由some，any，no，every加上-body，-one，-thing构成的不定代词，叫复合不定代词。
1．some构成的不定代词一般用于肯定句，意为“某人或某物，重要的人或事”。如：
Somebody is waiting outside.
I have something for you.
She thinks she’s something since she won the prize.（获奖之后，她觉得自己了不起了。）
2．any构成的不定代词一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中，意为“随便某个人或物，无论什么人或物，什么人或物都可以”。如：
Does anybody else want to go?
There isn’t anything in the box.
If anyone wants to go on the trip, register here please!
有时也用于肯定句中表示“任何人或物”。如：
Anybody can work out that simple maths problem.
You can take anything you like.
3．no构成的不定代词意为“没什么人或物”。如：
I know nothing about it.
There is nobody here.
4．every构成的不定代词意为“一切人或物，每个人或物”。everything还可表示“最重要的人或物”。如：
Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.
She does everything to help her mother.
Her son is everything to her.（对她来说儿子就是一切。）
【典例】
This project requires close teamwork. ________ will be achieved unless we work well together.
A．Nothing B．Anything
C．Something D．Everything
【答案】A
【解析】句意：这个项目需要密切的合作，除非我们通力合作，否则一事无成。根据句意可知此处应用表示否定意义的词语，故选A。
考点3：the other，other，another，others，the others的区别
the other/
other
the other可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的“另一个”；也可修饰名词表示“另外的……”。other不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义。
another
可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式，表示“另外的……(多少)”。
others/
the others
others只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some一起出现；
特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others。
He is willing to help other people / others.
Twenty of the students in our class have been to Beijing. The other students/The others have not.
Some of us like football, and others are fond of basketball.
We need another five chairs/five more chairs.
【典例】
Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is ________.
A．another B．the other
C．one another D．one
【答案】A
【解析】句意：回收是保护环境的一种方法；而重复使用是另一种。another表示“(三者及三者以上的)另一个”；the other表示“(两者中的)另一个”；one another“相互”；one“一”。
考点4：none，no one，nobody，nothing的区别
none
既可指人，也可指物；侧重数量，通常指三者或三者以上的人或物；后可接of短语；作主语时谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；常用来回答由how many/much引导的疑问句。
—How much money do you have?
—None.
no one/
nobody
只能指人；是泛指概念，常用来回答由who引导的疑问句；不与of短语连用；作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
—Who is in the room?
—Nobody. / No one.
nothing
只能指物，且表泛指概念；常用来回答由what引导的疑问句。
—What are you doing now?
—Nothing.
考点5：替代词的用法和区别
it
替代前面提到过的同一个人或者物。
—Have you found your pen?
—No, I haven’t found it.
one/ones
one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an＋单数名词。其复数形式为ones。
I think this book is better than the one I read last time.
These shoes are not good enough. Show me some better ones.
that/those
that用来替代前面出现的同类的名词，是同类替代，但并非同一个，可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones。
The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.
【典例】
The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than ________ on the small ones.
A．one B．this
C．that D．it
【答案】C
【解析】句意：大街上的绿灯比小街上的绿灯亮得时间更长。that在此处替代前面提到的traffic，以避免重复。one泛指可数名词单数；this通常指代下文要提到的事情；it指代上文出现的同一事物。
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国卷I】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
2.【2018·全国卷I】If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give ____70____ a try.
3.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil-testing program 69 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
4.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find 68. (they) alive.
5.【2018·浙江卷6月】Many westerners 57 come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap 58 can be to eat out.
6.【2018·浙江卷11月】One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause 61 (they) to stay awake almost all night.
7.【2018·天津卷】Kate, ______sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
8.【2018·北京卷】She and her family bicycle to work, ______ helps them keep fit.
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using 67.________ every day.
二、短文改错
10.【2018·全国卷I】The first time I went there, they were found living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals.
11.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.
12.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】I had done myself homework, but I was shy.
13.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school.
14.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.
一、语法填空
【2019届山西大学附属中学高三上学期11月月考】In the past few years, more than half of bookstores in China have closed down, 41． is the result of the 42． (compete) from online bookstores. But the success of Sisyphe Bookstore, one of the 43． (big) privately-owned bookstore chains in China, may serve44． a great example.
45． (found) in 1993, Sisyphe started to transform and upgrade its business in 2009 to seek its profitability. Now, it not only devotes itself to 46． (sell) books, but combines the functions of bookstore, café and sale of 47． (create) cultural products. Sisyphe opens its bookstores in shopping malls in order to take advantage of the large number of consumers of shopping malls to sell its books, and it also 48． (able) people to enjoy spending time reading and drinking coffee. In return, bookstores have improved the cultural atmosphere of shopping malls, so 49． is mutually beneficial to have such cooperation.
So far, the government 50． (offer) tax reduction for bookstores to encourage the development of physical bookstores. Perhaps it is early to say the boom of physical bookstores has come, but definitely, we see the turning point to them.
二、短文改错
【2019届山东省济南外国语学校高三上学期高考模拟（二）】Last Sunday I went to a animal hospital to help
the doctors there. I arrived at the hospital early in the morning, and there were already much work to do: giving the pets
food and water, and even giving them kisses on the heads.
At first, they looked at me with frightening eyes. A doctor say to them, “Don’t worry, and everything will be OK.”
I washed a dog’s hurt leg. I worked careful to make sure I didn’t hurt him. I wished he could know we were just trying
help him. It was a long day and the work made me tired, and I was very happy. I knew I loved animal. And the animals
knew I loved him. They enjoyed about my care with love!
一、语法填空
【长沙市2019届高三年级统一模拟考试】When we read a poem, we often imagine what the poets___41___ (think) when they wrote or what they were doing at the time. These thoughts let us connect with the words better, as if we’d created the poem___42___ (we). Will a poem still mean as much if a compute writes it?
By___43___ (use) algorithms (算法) , computers can now create all kinds of text, including research papers, books, news, stories and even poems. Computer-generated poems might be correct in both grammar and style, ___44___some say they still lack ___45___ (create) and true meaning.
Australian researcher Oscar Schwartz created a website___46___(call) “bot or not”. On his site, you can read poems and guess whether they___47___(write) by a human or a computer. Schwartz recently gave a speech at TedX Sydney, in___48___he stated that some of the website’s poems were able to___49___(foolish) 65 percent of human readers.
He said that on his website, he hoped people would question the difference between humans and machines, and be able to identify what it is____50____makes us human.
二、短文改错
【2019届河南省实验中学高三上学期第三次模拟考试】My father’s friend Henry used to be a teacher at a
medical school and he was very strict to his students. The students were afraid of him though he was seldom pleased
with the answers they gave. Once a student seated before him, and Henry required him to describing a certain illness,
his description of which turned out to be OK. Then Henry asked about the cure for the illness, but the student gave the
right answer. “How much will you give the patient?” “A full spoon’s!” Suddenly the student realizes that there was
anything wrong. He said anxiously, “I’ve made the mistake: a full spoon is too many, and he can take only five drops.”
“It’s too late; your patient has been died,” Henry said coldly.
答案与解析
语法填空
1.【答案】which/that
【解题思路】考查关系代词。本空前有“made”，后有“showed”，需要用连词连接两个谓语。“showed”前缺少主语，根据句意，主语为“study”，故该空既为连词，又充当句子主语，还指代“study”，应为关系代词which或that。
2.【答案】it/running
【解题思路】考查代词。固定搭配give it a try意为“试一试”。根据语境，这里是指“试着跑步”，“give”后的宾语即为“running”，故答案可为it，亦可为running。
3.【答案】which/that
【解题思路】考查关系代词。此处用that或which代指先行词“soil-testing program”在从句中作主语。
4.【答案】them
【解题思路】考查人称代词宾格。此处含“find”的宾补用法。设空处应为动词find的宾语，故填them，find sb./sth. +adj.为固定结构，意为“发现某人/某物怎么样”。
5.【答案】57. who/that；58. it
【解题思路】57.考查关系代词引导定语从句的用法。此空没有给出参考词，首先可以考虑虚词——介词、冠词、连词，此处句子后方有cook（V.烹饪），分析句子结构可知此句应为复合句中的定语从句，先行词为“westerners”，在句子中充当主语成分，所以此处答案为who或that。58.考查代词it 的用法。结合句意可知句中真正主语为to?eat out，所以此处用形式主语it。
6.【答案】them
【解题思路】考查人称代词宾格。cause sb. to do sth.意为“使某人做某事”，这里“cause”后为宾语，故“they”要改为宾格them。
7.【答案】whose
【解题思路】考查关系代词。根据句意可知：Kate去澳大利亚工作了，当我上大学的时候，我和她的姐姐住在一个房间。sister和先行词Kate之间构成的是所属关系，故填whose。
8.【答案】which
【解题思路】考查关系代词引导定语从句的用法。句意为“她和她的家人骑自行车去上班，这使得他们保持着健康的身体。”，根据从句可以看出从句缺少主语，空格指代上面那句话，所以用which。
9.【答案】it
【解题思路】考查代词。it指代伦敦地铁。
二、句子改错
10.【答案】another改为other
【解题思路】考查不定代词。another指三者或三者以上中的另一个，修饰单数名词；other指其他的，修饰复数名词，此处后为“animals”，应改为other。
11.【答案】us改成me
【解题思路】考查人称代词宾格。此处句意为“他们对我说......”,故将us改为me。
12.【答案】myself改成my
【解题思路】考查形容词性物主代词用法。此处在“homework”前应该是用形容词性物主代词，表达“我的”，形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语为常考语法知识，而不是用反身代词myself，故把myself改为my。
13.【答案】all改成both或去掉all
【解题思路】考查代词的用法。根据语境可知，张家夫妇仅有二人，用both指代。
14.【答案】your 改成my
【解题思路】考查代词。整篇文章都是在说“我”的事情，而且根据前面me可知此处还是指“我的”高中生活。
一、语法填空
【答案】
41．which 42．competition 43．biggest 44．as 45．Founded
46．selling 47．creative 48．enables 49．it 50．has offered
【解题思路】
41．考查定语从句。句意：在过去的几年里，中国超过一半的书店倒闭，这是网络书店竞争的结果。分析句子“In the past few years, more than half of bookstores in China have closed down, _____ is the result of the ______(compete) from online bookstores.”可知，本空指代前面的句子“In the past few years, more than half of bookstores in China have closed down”，英语中可指代前面的句子，在定语从句中，要用关系词“which”。因此本空填which。
42．考查名词。分析句子可知，本空前有定冠词“the”，可知，此空为名词，因此要用动词“compete”的名词形式“competition”。故填competition。
43．考查最高级。分析语境可知此处句意是指“作为中国最大的民营连锁书店之一的Sisyphe书店的成功”。根据前面的“one of the….”可知，要用最高级，故本空要填biggest。
44．考查固定搭配。句意：西西里书店的成功就是一个很好的例子。serve as…为固定搭配，意为“充当，担任”，因此本空填as。
45．考查非谓语作状语。句意：Sisyphe成立于1993年，2009年开始转型升级业务，谋求盈利。分析句子可知，“found”的逻辑主语是“Sisyphe”，二者是被动关系，根据时间状语“in 1993”可知，要用过去分词，即founded。所以填Founded。
46．考查固定搭配。句意：现在，它不仅致力于卖书，而且结合了书店、咖啡馆和创造性的艺术产品的销售功能。devote…to doing sth.，其中的to为介词，所以to后要用动词的ing形式。因此本空填selling。
47．考查形容词作定语。分析句子可知，动词“create”在句中修饰名词“cultural products”，修饰名词要用形容词，故填形容词 creative。
48．考查谓语动词。句意：西西弗在购物中心开设书店是为了利用购物中心的大量消费者来卖书，同时也让人们享受到阅读和喝咖啡的乐趣。分析句子可知，本句考查谓语动词。由本句的时态可知，要用一般现在时，而根据主语“it”，可知，本空要用动词able的动词为enable，故此空填enables。
49．考查语境及形式主语。句意：所以这样的合作是互利的。分析句子可知，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式“to have such cooperation”，英语中常用不定代词“it”作形式主语，因此本空填it。
50．考查谓语动词的时态。句意：到目前为止，政府已经对书店实行减税政策，以鼓励实体书店的发展。根据“so far”（到目前为止）可知，本空要用现在完成时。本句的主语是“the government”，与谓语动词“offer”是主动关系，故填has offered。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1. 第一句：a 改为an
2. 第二句：were改为was
3. 第三句：frightening改为frightened
4. 第四句：say改为said
5. 第六句：careful改为carefully
6. 第七句：help前加to
7. 第八句：第二个and改为but
8. 第九句 animal改为animals
9. 第十句：him改为them
10. 第十一句：去掉about
【解题思路】
1. 考查冠词。“animal”是以元音开头的名词，所以要用不定冠词an，因此a 改为an 。
2. 考查主谓一致。句中的表语为“much work”，为不可数名词，因此谓语动词要用单数，故were改为was。
3. 考查形容词辨析。句意：起初，他们用害怕的眼神看着我。分析句子可知，本句的主语是动物(they)，frightening意为“吓人的，令人恐惧的”，frightened“害怕的，受惊的”。所以要把frightening改为frightened 。
4. 考查谓语动词的时态。根据时间状语“Last Sunday”可知，本文讲述上周的事，因此要用一般过去时，故把say改为said。
5. 考查副词。句意：我认真地工作，确保我没有伤害他。句中的“worked”为动词，修饰动词要用副词，所以要把形容词“careful”改为副词，因此把careful改为carefully 。
6. 考查固定用法。句意：我希望他能知道我们只是在尽力帮助他。try to do…为固定搭配，意为“尽力做某事”。所以在help前加to。
7. 考查连词。句意：这是漫长的一天，工作使我感到疲倦，但我非常高兴。根据语境可知，前后两句是转折关系，而非并列关系，因此第二个and改为but。
8. 考查名词的复数。“Animal”为可数名词。可数名词的复数形式，表示泛指，本句是指“我知道我喜欢动物”，在本句中的动物是泛指，因此把animal改为animals。
9. 考查人称代词的一致性。句意：动物们知道我爱他们。本句的主语是“the animals”，所以做宾语时要用复数形式“them”，因此把him改为them。
10. 考查动词的正确用法。句意：他们享受我对他们的爱的关怀！“enjoy”为及物动词，及物动词直接跟宾语，不能用介词，所以“about”是多余的，故去掉about。
一、语法填空
【答案】
41. were thinking 42. ourselves 43. using 44. but/yet 45. creativity/creative/creativeness
46. called 47. were written/are written 48. which 49. fool 50. that
【解题思路】
41.考查过去进行时。句意：当我们读一首诗的时候，我们常常想象诗人正在想什么，以及他们当时正在做什么。分析句子可知，本句为“what”引导的宾语从句，主语为“the poets”，谓语为“think”。根据句意，本句为过去进行时。故填 were thinking。
42.考查反身代词。句意：这些想法让我们更好地与这些词联系起来，就好像我们自己创作了这首诗一样。分析句子可知，主语为“we”,根据句意可知，本句是在说就好像我们自己创作了这首诗一样。所以相应的反身代词与“we”一致，所以用“ourselves”。 故填ourselves。
43.考查动名词。句意：通过使用计算程序，计算机现在可以创造各种文本，包括研究论文、书籍、新闻、故事甚至诗歌。by doing sth.“通过做某事”。所以用using。故填using。
44.考查连词。句意：电脑生成的诗歌在语法和风格上可能都是正确的，但有些人说它们仍然缺乏创造性和真正的意义。分析句子可知，空处缺少连词。前后语意转折，所以用连词but/yet。故填but/yet。
45.考查名词/形容词。句意：电脑生成的诗歌在语法和风格上可能都是正确的，但有些人说它们仍然缺乏创造性和真正的意义。“lack”为及物动词后可直接接名词“creativity/creativeness”作宾语，也可接“creative meaning”作宾语。故填creativity/creative/creativeness。
46.考查过去分词。句意：澳大利亚研究员Oscar Schwartz创建了一个名为“bot or not”的网站。分析句子可知，“website”与“call”在逻辑上是被动关系，所以用过去分词called。 故填called。
47.考查一般现在时的被动语态/一般过去时的被动语态。句意：在他的网站上，你可以阅读诗歌并猜测它们是由人写的还是由计算机写的。分析句子可知，本句为“whether”引导的宾语从句，主语为“they”，谓语为“write”，且主谓为被动关系，时态为一般现在时/一般过去时。故填were written/are written。
48.考查介词+关系代词。句意：Schwartz最近在悉尼发表了一次演讲，他在演讲中说，该网站的一些诗歌能够骗过65%的人类读者。分析句子可知，“Sydney”为先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where/介词+关系代词。本句是“介词+关系代词”的用法，这里的which指代的是先行词Sydney。故填 which。
49.考查动词。句意：Schwartz最近在悉尼发表了一次演讲，他在演讲中说，该网站的一些诗歌能够骗过65%的人类读者。be able to do sth“能够做某事”为固定用法。所以“to”后接“foolish”的动词“fool”。故填fool。
50.考查连接词。句意：他说，在他的网站上，他希望人们会质疑人和机器之间的差异，并且能够分辨出是什么让我们成为人类。分析句子可知，本句为强调句式：“it+be+强调部分+主语+谓语。”在句中作“identify”的宾语。故填that。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1. 第一句第二个to改成with
2. though改成because
3. student后加was
4. describing改成describe
5. but改成and
6. realizes改成realized
7. anything改成something
8. the改成a
9. many改成much
10.has后been去掉
【解题思路】
1.考查固定搭配。句意：他对学生要求非常严格。be strict with表示“对……严格要求”，故to改为with。
2.考查连词。句意：学生们都怕他，因为他对他们的回答很少满意。此处表示因果而非让步关系，故though改为because。
3.考查时态和固定搭配。句意：有一次，一名学生坐在他前面。be seated表示“坐下”，Once表明应该用一般过去时，故student后加was。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意：亨利要求他描述一种疾病。require sb. to do表示“要求某人做某事”，故describing改为describe。
5.考查连词。句意：然后亨利问了关于这种疾病的治疗方法，学生给出了正确的答案。此处表示顺承而非转折关系，故but改为and。
6.考查时态。句意：突然，学生意识到有什么不对。事情发生在过去，应该用一般过去时，故realizes改为realized。
7.考查代词。句意参考上题解析，学生意识到有不对的地方，故anything改为something。
8.考查冠词。句意：我犯了一个错误。此处泛指一个错误，故the改为a。
9.考查too much和too many的区别。句意：一满勺的量太多了。根据前面的“How much” 可知，此处表示不可数名词，“too much”修饰不可数名词，“too many”修饰可数名词，故many改为much。
10.考查语态。句意：太迟了，病人已经死了。此处强调“死亡”这个动作刚刚发生，patient 与die之间是主动关系，不用被动语态，故has后been去掉。
介词是英语中比较活跃的词，它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活，意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in, out, up, down, on, off, to, from, for, over, with等。
2019年高考介词的考查仍然会以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。
介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多，但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。在高考考查中主要是对常用介词的辨析和对介词短语搭配的考查。
考点1 常见介词的活用
by, with, against, over, on, in, at, besides, for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义，准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词，应重点掌握：
1. over可表位置，意为“在……上方；越过；遮住，盖住”，也可表时间，意为“在……期间；（多年）以来”等，它还有“在……（问题）上；对（某事）”等引申意义。如：
①You can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt—It’ll look terrible．你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克——太难看了。
②We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea．我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。
③We heard it over the radio．我们从广播中听到了它。
2.by的主要意思有“在……旁，靠近；乘(车、船等)；不迟于；到……为止；被，由；根据，按照(关系)；通过……方式”等，还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：
by and by 不久，迟早 by and large 大体上
by oneself 单独 by the way 顺便说说
by far 到目前为止，最…… by chance 碰巧
by accident 偶然地 by means of 借助
by no means 绝不，一点也不 by mistake 错误地
①The water in the river rose by two meters．河水上涨了两米。
②He is an Englishman by birth．他在血统上是英国人。
3.with可以用来表示“带有，拥有；随着；就……来说；用，以；和，与；对于，关于“等意思。with还可用来表示原因。如：
①He turned red with anger.他气得脸变红了。
②The problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth’s air.从地球上观察太空存在一个问题，就是地球的大气中有大量的尘埃。
4．beyond表示“(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于；(位置)在……那边，超出……之外；(范围)超过，为……所不及，超出……的范围”等意思。如：
①They arrived beyond nine o’clock．他们过了9：00才到。
②The book is beyond me．这本书我看不懂。
③Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths．汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。
【典例】
Annie said she enjoyed the moment most that every morning she waked towards the classroom, she could see me standing outside the front door __________ a smile on my face.
【答案】with
【解析】考查介词用法。句子意思：安妮说她喜欢那一时刻，每天早上当她走进教室，她可以看到我站在前门，脸上带着微笑。with a smile on my face “脸上带着笑”，做状语。
考点2 介词的固定搭配
高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。
1．名词词组：on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in one’s opinion根据某人的看法；on time准时；out of reach够不着
2．动词词组：remind sb of sth提醒某人某事；rob sb of sth抢劫某人的……；result from由……引起；call at访问(某地)
3．形容词词组：be curious about对……好奇；be proud of因……而自豪；be popular with受到……的欢迎
4．介词短语：apart from除……以外；in addition to除……之外(还)；because of因为；instead of代替；in fear of为……提心吊胆；for fear of以免；in case of万一；thanks to由于；in the middle of在……中间；according to根据；in front of在……前面；in return for作为对……的回报；in charge of负责；as a result of作为……的结果；in exchange for与……交换等
【典例】
Next time you are to come for dinner, don’t forget to inform me _________ advance so that I can make preparations.
【答案】in
【解析】考查介词用法。句子意思：下次你来吃饭的时候，不要忘了提前告知我，以便我做好准备。in advance“提前”。
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国III】I was searching ______ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
2.【2018·浙江】If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
3.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) ________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
4.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________ work.
5.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.
二、句子改错
6.【2018·全国I】At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed.
7.【2018·全国II】Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】They have also bought for some gardening tools.
10.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.
11.【2016·浙江】While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.
一、语法填空
（2019届湖北省仙桃中学高三8月考试）A lot of films have tried to describe the afterlife and our memories of family members who have passed away. ___1____ few have done this as well as Coco, Disney-Pixar’s latest animated film.
__2___(inspire) by the Mexican holiday of Dia de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, the film tells the story of a young boy named Miguel who wants his family to understand his love of music. On that year’s Dia de los Muertos, he ___3____(accident) ends up in the Land of the Dead. While there, Miguel has ___4____ unforgettable and adventurous night.
Family is a__5___(center) concept in Mexican culture. On Dia de los Muertos, people in Mexico honor their ancestors by putting their photos up on a family shrine (神龛), ____6____ is shown in the film, and share food and drinks __7____(keep) the spirits of their family members alive.
“In an era when young people_____8_____(attract) by celebrities so easily, Coco reveals the__9______(empty) of such adulation (谄媚), teaching kids to preserve and respect the memory of their elders while reminding them___10____ the fact that the source of true creativity is so often personal,” reporter Peter Debruge wrote for Variety.
二、短文改错
（天成教育命题研究院2018年高考精准预测卷）One week before my wife’s birthday, I called some of her college friend and requested that they sent a video wishing her a “Happy Birthday”. I asked them to share with any pleasant memories they have from their college days.
Two days late I received seven videos from her friends she had not been in touch with for eight years! They described fun memories from college and talked how they missed those times.
When I showed the videos to my wife at her birthday, she could not stop smile. I saw tears of happy in her eyes. A simple gesture made her birthday specially by connecting her to her old friends.
一、语法填空
（2019届广东省中山市第一中学高三上学期第二次统测英语试题）
In recent years many TV shows have become extremely popular among Chinese audience. Those programs, ranging from talent or dating shows to reality shows 1 (receive) both commercial success and public attention.
Their popularity is 2 (main) based on simple facts. First, they care 3 social concerns. Second, without exception, they explore 4 perfect balance between the international forms and Chinese expressions.
Despite apparent highlights, much room 5 (leave) for improvement. Above all, commercial interests often outweigh educational purposes, causing many 6 (complaint) about the 7 (bearable) advertisements. In addition, some sharp remarks, 8 they are eye-catching, may have misleading effects on the youth.
In my opinion, such shows should shoulder more responsibility instead of merely 9 (entertain) the public. 10 is expected, these programs should be positive in their forms as well as functions. Meanwhile, the media should also safeguard the values of our society.
二、短文改错
（2019届湖北省黄冈市高三9月质量检测英语试题）
I still remembered I helped one of my classmates with his English one years ago. Li Hua, one of my classmates, who was not good at English while I did well. One day, she asked me to help him. So from now on, whenever he had problems, he would ask me, but I was patient to explain them to him. Slowly, his English improved under my help. At same time, I found my English improved too. As the saying goes, “roses giving, fragrance in hand.” Actual, helping others is helping ourselves.
答案与解析
一、语法填空
1.【答案】for
【解题思路】考查介词，根据固定搭配search for，表示“寻找”，本句句意为：我在寻找我研究的三只西部低地大猩猩，故答案填for。
2.【答案】for
【解题思路】考查介词的固定搭配。go to sp for dinner去某处吃饭，故答案为for。
3.【答案】as
【解题思路】考查介词。这个做法最初是医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的形式开始的。as表示“作为”，故填as。
4.【答案】from
【解题思路】考查介词。与前面的介词to一起来表示上下班(to and from work)。
5.【答案】in
【解题思路】考查介词。get a degree in是固定搭配，意为“在……方面获得学位”。
二、句子改错
6.【答案】 删除for
【解题思路】考查介词的用法。时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除for。
7.【答案】for改为with
【解题思路】考查介词。play the games with sb.表示“和某人一块玩游戏”，故把for改为with。
8.【答案】on改为of
【解题思路】考查介词。分析语境可知作者表示“在路中间急刹车”。on the road表示“在路上”， the middle of the road表示“路的中央”，强调的是“the middle”。故将on改为of。
9.【答案】去掉for
【解题思路】考查动词搭配。buy为及物动词，不能接介词for。
10.【答案】删去第二个of
【解题思路】考查介词。realize是及物动词，后接宾语不需要介词，故删去介词of。
11.【答案】in改成on
【解题思路】考查介词。on the top of…为固定搭配，意为“在……顶部”。故in改成on。
一、语法填空
【答案】
1. But 2. Inspired 3. accidentally 4. an 5. central
6. as 7. to keep 8. are attracted 9. emptiness 10. of
【解题思路】
文章介绍了迪士尼和皮克斯联手打造的动画巨作《寻梦环游记》，该片的灵感取自墨西哥亡灵节，制作团队创作了一个名叫米格尔的小男孩。他一直想让家人理解自己对音乐的热爱。那一年的亡灵节，他机缘巧合地踏入了亡灵之地并在那里度过了难忘而又惊险的一夜。
1.考查连词。句意：不少电影都试着刻画过往人生世界以及我们对逝去亲人的追忆，但没有几部能比得上《寻梦环游记》这部迪士尼和皮克斯联手打造的动画巨作。前后表示转折，故填But。
2.考查非谓语动词。句意：该片的灵感取自墨西哥亡灵节，制作团队创作了一个名叫米格尔的小男孩。他一直想让家人理解自己对音乐的热爱。动词inspire的逻辑主语是film，电影和产生灵感是被动关系，用过去分词形式。故填Inspired。
3.考查副词。句意：那一年的亡灵节，他机缘巧合地踏入了亡灵之地并在那里度过了难忘而又惊险的一夜。副词修饰动词。故填accidentally。
4.考查连词。句意：那一年的亡灵节，他机缘巧合地踏入了亡灵之地并在那里度过了难忘而又惊险的一夜。冠词修饰可数名词表示一个，unforgettable是以元音开头的单词，前面用an，故填an。
5.考查形容词。句意：家庭是墨西哥文化中的核心概念。形容词修饰名词。故填central。
6.考查关系代词。句意：就像电影中所呈现的那样，在每年的亡灵节这天，墨西哥人都会在家族灵坛中摆放祖先的照片以纪念先人，供奉饮食，希望家人的亡灵永生。as引导定语从句，指代前面一件事，表示正如，作主语。故填as。
7.考查非谓语动词。句意：墨西哥人都会在家族灵坛中摆放祖先的照片以纪念先人，供奉饮食，希望家人的亡灵永生。表示目的，用动词不定式。故填to keep。
8.考查被动语态。句意：“在这个年轻人轻易被明星吸引的时代里，《寻梦环游记》揭示了这种追捧的空虚，主语年轻人们和吸引是被动关系，故填 are attractive。
9.考查名词。句意：“在这个年轻人轻易被明星吸引的时代里，《寻梦环游记》揭示了这种追捧的空虚，教给孩子们铭记并尊重与老人们的回忆，也让他们知道，真正的创造力往往来源于自身，冠词后用名词。故填emptiness。
10.考查介词。句意：“在这个年轻人轻易被明星吸引的时代里，《寻梦环游记》揭示了这种追捧的空虚，教给孩子们铭记并尊重与老人们的回忆，也让他们知道，真正的创造力往往来源于自身，提醒某人某事用remind somebody of something，故填of。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1. friend改为friends
2.sent改为send
3.删除with
4.have改为had
5.late改为later
6.talked后加about
7.at改为on
8.smile改为smiling
9.happy改为happiness
10.specially改为special
【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文。作者给妻子过了一个有趣的生日，妻子深受感动，眼中含着幸福的泪水。
1.考查名词复数。在我妻子生日的前一周，我给她的一些大学朋友打了电话，并要求他们发送一段祝她“生日快乐”的视频。some of +名词复数，故把friend改成friends。
2.考查虚拟语气。根据主句中的requested可知其后的宾语从句需用（should）+动词原形表虚拟，should可省略，故把sent改为send。
3.考查固定搭配。我让他们分享在大学期间的美好回忆。share sth. with sb.与某人分享某物，故把with去掉。
4.考查时态。根据from their college days可知句子用一般过去时态，故把have改成had。
5.考查固定用法。Two days later两年后，故把late改成later。
6.考查固定搭配。他们描述了大学里的有趣回忆，并讲述了他们是如何错过那些时光的。talk about sth.谈论某事，故在talked后面加about。
7.考查介词。当我在她生日那天给我的妻子看这些视频时，她忍不住笑了。on one’s birthday在某人生日上，故把at改成on。
8.考查固定搭配。couldn’t help doing sth情不自禁做某事，故把smile改成smiling。
9.考查名词。我看到她眼中有幸福的泪水。此处应该用名词形式，故把happy改成happiness。
10.考查形容词。一个简单的手势使她的生日特别，把她和老朋友联系在一起。make+宾语+形容词，此处是形容词做宾语补足语，故把specially改成special。
一、语法填空
【答案】1.have received 2. mainly 3.about 4. a 5. is left
6. complaints 7. unbearable 8. though/although/while 9. entertaining 10. As
【解题思路】本文讲述了近年来，许多电视节目在中国非常受欢迎，但是有些节目中多得让人无法忍受的广告引起了人们的抱怨。
1.考查时态。根据第一句的时间状语in recent years和谓语形式，以及句意的理解，此处用现在完成时态。
2.考查形容词和副词。修饰谓语用副词形式。
3.考查介词。care about关心，在乎。
4. 考查不定冠词。 a perfect balance一个完美的平衡。
5. 考查时态和语态。该句意指这些节目还有很多有待于提高的空间，主语是room，用一般现在时态的被动语态。
6. 考查名词。前面有many且为可数名词，所以应填复数形式。
7.考查语意（构词法）。此处意为这些节目中多得让人无法忍受的广告引起了人们的抱怨，根据句意，bearable应用否定意义，加上表反义的前缀un-。
8. 考查连词。该句句意为尽管这些节目很吸引眼球，但是会对青少年造成误导。
9. 考查非谓语。entertain被instead of 连接，应用doing形式。
10. 考查定语从句，as is expected正如所期待的那样，as此处引导非限制性定语从句。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1.remembered改为remember
2.years改为year
3.去掉who
4.she改为he
5.now改为then
6.but改为and
7.under改为with
8.At后添加the
9.giving改为given
10.Actual改为Actually
【解题思路】本文讲述了我帮助同学学英语，而我自己的英语也得到了提高，诠释了“赠人玫瑰，手留余香”“助人如助己”的传统美德。
1.考查时态。根据句意，记住属于现在的动作，故用一般现在时。
2.考查名词。根据one可知用year的单数形式。
3.考查连词。分析句子结构可知，主语Li Hua，缺少谓语，故去掉who，谓语是was。
4.考查代词。根据前后主语的一致性。
5.考查副词。根据句意应为从那时起。
6.考查连词。根据句意前后句为并列句故用and。
7.考查介词。固定短语with one’s help。
8.考查冠词。固定短语at the same time。
9.考查非谓语动词。roses与give之间为被动关系，需将giving改为given。
10.考查副词。副词作状语。
介词是英语中比较活跃的词，它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活，意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in, out, up, down, on, off, to, from, for, over, with等。
2019年高考介词的考查仍然会以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。
介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多，但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。在高考考查中主要是对常用介词的辨析和对介词短语搭配的考查。
考点1 常见介词的活用
by, with, against, over, on, in, at, besides, for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义，准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词，应重点掌握：
1. over可表位置，意为“在……上方；越过；遮住，盖住”，也可表时间，意为“在……期间；（多年）以来”等，它还有“在……（问题）上；对（某事）”等引申意义。如：
①You can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt—It’ll look terrible．你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克——太难看了。
②We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea．我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。
③We heard it over the radio．我们从广播中听到了它。
2.by的主要意思有“在……旁，靠近；乘(车、船等)；不迟于；到……为止；被，由；根据，按照(关系)；通过……方式”等，还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：
by and by 不久，迟早 by and large 大体上
by oneself 单独 by the way 顺便说说
by far 到目前为止，最…… by chance 碰巧
by accident 偶然地 by means of 借助
by no means 绝不，一点也不 by mistake 错误地
①The water in the river rose by two meters．河水上涨了两米。
②He is an Englishman by birth．他在血统上是英国人。
3.with可以用来表示“带有，拥有；随着；就……来说；用，以；和，与；对于，关于“等意思。with还可用来表示原因。如：
①He turned red with anger.他气得脸变红了。
②The problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth’s air.从地球上观察太空存在一个问题，就是地球的大气中有大量的尘埃。
4．beyond表示“(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于；(位置)在……那边，超出……之外；(范围)超过，为……所不及，超出……的范围”等意思。如：
①They arrived beyond nine o’clock．他们过了9：00才到。
②The book is beyond me．这本书我看不懂。
③Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths．汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。
【典例】
Annie said she enjoyed the moment most that every morning she waked towards the classroom, she could see me standing outside the front door __________ a smile on my face.
【答案】with
【解析】考查介词用法。句子意思：安妮说她喜欢那一时刻，每天早上当她走进教室，她可以看到我站在前门，脸上带着微笑。with a smile on my face “脸上带着笑”，做状语。
考点2 介词的固定搭配
高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。
1．名词词组：on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in one’s opinion根据某人的看法；on time准时；out of reach够不着
2．动词词组：remind sb of sth提醒某人某事；rob sb of sth抢劫某人的……；result from由……引起；call at访问(某地)
3．形容词词组：be curious about对……好奇；be proud of因……而自豪；be popular with受到……的欢迎
4．介词短语：apart from除……以外；in addition to除……之外(还)；because of因为；instead of代替；in fear of为……提心吊胆；for fear of以免；in case of万一；thanks to由于；in the middle of在……中间；according to根据；in front of在……前面；in return for作为对……的回报；in charge of负责；as a result of作为……的结果；in exchange for与……交换等
【典例】
Next time you are to come for dinner, don’t forget to inform me _________ advance so that I can make preparations.
【答案】in
【解析】考查介词用法。句子意思：下次你来吃饭的时候，不要忘了提前告知我，以便我做好准备。in advance“提前”。
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国III】I was searching ______ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
【答案】for
【解题思路】考查介词，根据固定搭配search for，表示“寻找”，本句句意为：我在寻找我研究的三只西部低地大猩猩，故答案填for。
2.【2018·浙江】If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
【答案】for
【解题思路】考查介词的固定搭配。go to sp for dinner去某处吃饭，故答案为for。
3.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) ________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
【答案】as
【解题思路】考查介词。这个做法最初是医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的形式开始的。as表示“作为”，故填as。
4.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________ work.
【答案】from
【解题思路】考查介词。与前面的介词to一起来表示上下班(to and from work)。
5.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.
【答案】in
【解题思路】考查介词。get a degree in是固定搭配，意为“在……方面获得学位”。
二、短文改错
6.【2018·全国I】At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed.
【答案】 删除for
【解题思路】考查介词的用法。时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除for。
7.【2018·全国II】Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.
【答案】for改为with
【解题思路】考查介词。play the games with sb.表示“和某人一块玩游戏”，故把for改为with。
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.
【答案】on改为of
【解题思路】考查介词。分析语境可知作者表示“在路中间急刹车”。on the road表示“在路上”， the middle of the road表示“路的中央”，强调的是“the middle”。故将on改为of。
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】They have also bought for some gardening tools.
【答案】去掉for
【解题思路】考查动词搭配。buy为及物动词，不能接介词for。
10.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.
【答案】删去第二个of
【解题思路】考查介词。realize是及物动词，后接宾语不需要介词，故删去介词of。
11.【2016·浙江】While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.
【答案】in改成on
【解题思路】考查介词。on the top of…为固定搭配，意为“在……顶部”。故in改成on。
一、语法填空
（2019届湖北省仙桃中学高三8月考试）A lot of films have tried to describe the afterlife and our memories of family members who have passed away. ___1____ few have done this as well as Coco, Disney-Pixar’s latest animated film.
__2___(inspire) by the Mexican holiday of Dia de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, the film tells the story of a young boy named Miguel who wants his family to understand his love of music. On that year’s Dia de los Muertos, he ___3____(accident) ends up in the Land of the Dead. While there, Miguel has ___4____ unforgettable and adventurous night.
Family is a__5___(center) concept in Mexican culture. On Dia de los Muertos, people in Mexico honor their ancestors by putting their photos up on a family shrine (神龛), ____6____ is shown in the film, and share food and drinks __7____(keep) the spirits of their family members alive.
“In an era when young people_____8_____(attract) by celebrities so easily, Coco reveals the__9______(empty) of such adulation (谄媚), teaching kids to preserve and respect the memory of their elders while reminding them___10____ the fact that the source of true creativity is so often personal,” reporter Peter Debruge wrote for Variety.
【答案】
1. But 2. Inspired 3. accidentally 4. an 5. central
6. as 7. to keep 8. are attracted 9. emptiness 10. of
【解题思路】
文章介绍了迪士尼和皮克斯联手打造的动画巨作《寻梦环游记》，该片的灵感取自墨西哥亡灵节，制作团队创作了一个名叫米格尔的小男孩。他一直想让家人理解自己对音乐的热爱。那一年的亡灵节，他机缘巧合地踏入了亡灵之地并在那里度过了难忘而又惊险的一夜。
1.考查连词。句意：不少电影都试着刻画过往人生世界以及我们对逝去亲人的追忆，但没有几部能比得上《寻梦环游记》这部迪士尼和皮克斯联手打造的动画巨作。前后表示转折，故填But。
2.考查非谓语动词。句意：该片的灵感取自墨西哥亡灵节，制作团队创作了一个名叫米格尔的小男孩。他一直想让家人理解自己对音乐的热爱。动词inspire的逻辑主语是film，电影和产生灵感是被动关系，用过去分词形式。故填Inspired。
3.考查副词。句意：那一年的亡灵节，他机缘巧合地踏入了亡灵之地并在那里度过了难忘而又惊险的一夜。副词修饰动词。故填accidentally。
4.考查连词。句意：那一年的亡灵节，他机缘巧合地踏入了亡灵之地并在那里度过了难忘而又惊险的一夜。冠词修饰可数名词表示一个，unforgettable是以元音开头的单词，前面用an，故填an。
5.考查形容词。句意：家庭是墨西哥文化中的核心概念。形容词修饰名词。故填central。
6.考查关系代词。句意：就像电影中所呈现的那样，在每年的亡灵节这天，墨西哥人都会在家族灵坛中摆放祖先的照片以纪念先人，供奉饮食，希望家人的亡灵永生。as引导定语从句，指代前面一件事，表示正如，作主语。故填as。
7.考查非谓语动词。句意：墨西哥人都会在家族灵坛中摆放祖先的照片以纪念先人，供奉饮食，希望家人的亡灵永生。表示目的，用动词不定式。故填to keep。
8.考查被动语态。句意：“在这个年轻人轻易被明星吸引的时代里，《寻梦环游记》揭示了这种追捧的空虚，主语年轻人们和吸引是被动关系，故填 are attractive。
9.考查名词。句意：“在这个年轻人轻易被明星吸引的时代里，《寻梦环游记》揭示了这种追捧的空虚，教给孩子们铭记并尊重与老人们的回忆，也让他们知道，真正的创造力往往来源于自身，冠词后用名词。故填emptiness。
10.考查介词。句意：“在这个年轻人轻易被明星吸引的时代里，《寻梦环游记》揭示了这种追捧的空虚，教给孩子们铭记并尊重与老人们的回忆，也让他们知道，真正的创造力往往来源于自身，提醒某人某事用remind somebody of something，故填of。
二、短文改错
（天成教育命题研究院2018年高考精准预测卷）One week before my wife’s birthday, I called some of her college friend and requested that they sent a video wishing her a “Happy Birthday”. I asked them to share with any pleasant memories they have from their college days.
Two days late I received seven videos from her friends she had not been in touch with for eight years! They described fun memories from college and talked how they missed those times.
When I showed the videos to my wife at her birthday, she could not stop smile. I saw tears of happy in her eyes. A simple gesture made her birthday specially by connecting her to her old friends.
【答案】
1. friend改为friends
2.sent改为send
3.删除with
4.have改为had
5.late改为later
6.talked后加about
7.at改为on
8.smile改为smiling
9.happy改为happiness
10.specially改为special
【解题思路】本文是一篇记叙文。作者给妻子过了一个有趣的生日，妻子深受感动，眼中含着幸福的泪水。
1.考查名词复数。在我妻子生日的前一周，我给她的一些大学朋友打了电话，并要求他们发送一段祝她“生日快乐”的视频。some of +名词复数，故把friend改成friends。
2.考查虚拟语气。根据主句中的requested可知其后的宾语从句需用（should）+动词原形表虚拟，should可省略，故把sent改为send。
3.考查固定搭配。我让他们分享在大学期间的美好回忆。share sth. with sb.与某人分享某物，故把with去掉。
4.考查时态。根据from their college days可知句子用一般过去时态，故把have改成had。
5.考查固定用法。Two days later两年后，故把late改成later。
6.考查固定搭配。他们描述了大学里的有趣回忆，并讲述了他们是如何错过那些时光的。talk about sth.谈论某事，故在talked后面加about。
7.考查介词。当我在她生日那天给我的妻子看这些视频时，她忍不住笑了。on one’s birthday在某人生日上，故把at改成on。
8.考查固定搭配。couldn’t help doing sth情不自禁做某事，故把smile改成smiling。
9.考查名词。我看到她眼中有幸福的泪水。此处应该用名词形式，故把happy改成happiness。
10.考查形容词。一个简单的手势使她的生日特别，把她和老朋友联系在一起。make+宾语+形容词，此处是形容词做宾语补足语，故把specially改成special。
一、语法填空
（2019届广东省中山市第一中学高三上学期第二次统测英语试题）
In recent years many TV shows have become extremely popular among Chinese audience. Those programs, ranging from talent or dating shows to reality shows 1 (receive) both commercial success and public attention.
Their popularity is 2 (main) based on simple facts. First, they care 3 social concerns. Second, without exception, they explore 4 perfect balance between the international forms and Chinese expressions.
Despite apparent highlights, much room 5 (leave) for improvement. Above all, commercial interests often outweigh educational purposes, causing many 6 (complaint) about the 7 (bearable) advertisements. In addition, some sharp remarks, 8 they are eye-catching, may have misleading effects on the youth.
In my opinion, such shows should shoulder more responsibility instead of merely 9 (entertain) the public. 10 is expected, these programs should be positive in their forms as well as functions. Meanwhile, the media should also safeguard the values of our society.
【答案】1.have received 2. mainly 3.about 4. a 5. is left
6. complaints 7. unbearable 8. though/although/while 9. entertaining 10. As
【解题思路】本文讲述了近年来，许多电视节目在中国非常受欢迎，但是有些节目中多得让人无法忍受的广告引起了人们的抱怨。
1.考查时态。根据第一句的时间状语in recent years和谓语形式，以及句意的理解，此处用现在完成时态。
2.考查形容词和副词。修饰谓语用副词形式。
3.考查介词。care about关心，在乎。
4. 考查不定冠词。 a perfect balance一个完美的平衡。
5. 考查时态和语态。该句意指这些节目还有很多有待于提高的空间，主语是room，用一般现在时态的被动语态。
6. 考查名词。前面有many且为可数名词，所以应填复数形式。
7.考查语意（构词法）。此处意为这些节目中多得让人无法忍受的广告引起了人们的抱怨，根据句意，bearable应用否定意义，加上表反义的前缀un-。
8. 考查连词。该句句意为尽管这些节目很吸引眼球，但是会对青少年造成误导。
9. 考查非谓语。entertain被instead of 连接，应用doing形式。
10. 考查定语从句，as is expected正如所期待的那样，as此处引导非限制性定语从句。
二、短文改错
（2019届湖北省黄冈市高三9月质量检测英语试题）
I still remembered I helped one of my classmates with his English one years ago. Li Hua, one of my classmates, who was not good at English while I did well. One day, she asked me to help him. So from now on, whenever he had problems, he would ask me, but I was patient to explain them to him. Slowly, his English improved under my help. At same time, I found my English improved too. As the saying goes, “roses giving, fragrance in hand.” Actual, helping others is helping ourselves.
【答案】
1.remembered改为remember
2.years改为year
3.去掉who
4.she改为he
5.now改为then
6.but改为and
7.under改为with
8.At后添加the
9.giving改为given
10.Actual改为Actually
【解题思路】本文讲述了我帮助同学学英语，而我自己的英语也得到了提高，诠释了“赠人玫瑰，手留余香”“助人如助己”的传统美德。
1.考查时态。根据句意，记住属于现在的动作，故用一般现在时。
2.考查名词。根据one可知用year的单数形式。
3.考查连词。分析句子结构可知，主语Li Hua，缺少谓语，故去掉who，谓语是was。
4.考查代词。根据前后主语的一致性。
5.考查副词。根据句意应为从那时起。
6.考查连词。根据句意前后句为并列句故用and。
7.考查介词。固定短语with one’s help。
8.考查冠词。固定短语at the same time。
9.考查非谓语动词。roses与give之间为被动关系，需将giving改为given。
10.考查副词。副词作状语。
动词是英语词汇中的核心，而动词及其构成的短语一直是高考中的热点和难点。它的用法最灵活，其种类比较多，形式复杂。每年高考中对动词短语和动词的考查都会出现2?4道试题，难度也大。
2019年高考中特别要注意动词及其和介词、副词的搭配，以及构成的固定短语， 要注意这些短语的意思，同时要在具体的语境中灵话地加以使用。
动词及其词组的灵活运用是英语的特色之一，也是学生学习中的难点，因此每年均为测试的重点。在历年高考试题中动词所占的比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用。
考点1 动词词义辨析
这类试题的四个选项是在结构上都很相近的动词。要做好这类试题，必须明确各个动词的词义和用法，然后根据题意需要选用合适的动词。
【典例】
Kids shouldn’t have access to violent films because they might ________ the things they see.
A. indicate B. investigate C. imitate D. innovate
【答案】C
【解析】句意：儿童不应该接触暴力电影，因为他们也许会模仿他们所看到的。此处indicate暗示，表明；investigate调查；imitate模仿；innovate创新。根据句意，故选C。
考点2 近义动词辨析
这类试题的四个选项无论在意义上还是在结构上都是很相近的动词。面对这类试题，必须要从四个动词的语义差别、用法特点等入手才能选出符合题意的动词。
【典例】
I was able at last to ________ my brother to follow my advice.
A. suggest B. advise C. persuade D. leave off
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我终于能够说服我的兄弟听从我的劝告。此处suggest 建议，后面接动名词，不接不定式作宾语补足语的结构；advise建议,不强调说服；persuade说服;leave off停止。根据句意，故选C。
考点3 考查动词与其宾语的固定搭配
英语中有许多动词与其宾语有固定的搭配和习惯用法。碰到这类试题时，解答的关键是弄清题意，然后根据题意选择符合固定搭配或习惯用法的动词。
【典例】
It took him a long time to ________ the skills he needed to become a professional artist.
A. display B. acquire C. teach D. test
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他花了很长时间才获得了成为一名职业舞蹈家所需的技能。display显示;acquire获得;teach教;test测试,故选B。
考点4 动词与其宾补的固定搭配
英语中有些动词后跟宾补时，有其固定搭配，如let/have/make sb. do sth.，get/force sb. to do sth.，allow/permit/forbid sb. to do sth.等。解答这类试题的关键是分析句子结构，找到作宾补的不定式，然后看不定式前是否有不定式符号to，最后确定该用什么动词。
【典例】
Whenever you see an ad online or in a magazine and think “I need that”, force yourself ________ again.
A. thinking B. thought C. think D. to think
【答案】D
【解析】句意：无论何时当你在网上或杂志里看到一则广告并认为“我需要它”时，强迫自己再考虑一下。force sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事,为固定搭配，所以答案为D。
考点5 系动词
动词作系动词用时，后面常接形容词、名词、分词和不定式等，此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。这类动词有：appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, stay, smell, grow, turn, go, come, fall, stand, lie, exist等。解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。
【典例】
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will ______fresh for several days.
A.be stayed B. stay C.be staying D. have stayed
【答案】B
【解析】句意：你为什么不把肉放在冰箱里呢？那样会保质好几天。 stay是系动词不能用被动语态，故排除A；系动词一般不用于进行时(feel除外)，故排除C；stay为非延续性动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，故排除D。所以答案为B。
考点6 同根动词短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项都是由同一个动词加不同的介词或副词构成。从历年高考试题来看，那些搭配能力强、语义丰富的常用动词短语是命题的重点对象。解答这类试题时，一定要在理解语境的基础上，从语义逻辑、固定搭配、前后关系等角度去确定答案。
【典例】
Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which _______ a clear road map and timetable.
A. calls for B. calls on C. calls off D. calls up
【答案】A
【解析】句意：发展长江经济带是一个系统的工程，需要一个清楚的路线图和时间表。call for 需要；要求；call on 号召；call off 取消；call up 打电话，征召。故答案为A。
考点7 同根介词或副词的动词短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项是由不同的动词加相同的介词或副词构成。解答这类试题的关键首先还是弄清题意，然后选出符合题意和句子结构需要的动词短语。
【典例】
When people want to expand their knowledge, they usually _______books that offer useful information
A. point to B. turn to C. attend to D. belong to
【答案】B
【解析】句意：当人们想要拓展知识的时候，他们通常求助于提供相关有用信息的书。turn to打开（书）；point to针对，指向；attend to照顾；belong to属于，根据句意选B。
考点8 不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项是由四个不同的动词构成的动词短语。解答这类试题的关键是根据题干意思，选出符合题意的动词短语。
【典例】
At first Robert wouldn’t let his daughter go diving, but eventually he ____ as she was so confidence about her skills.
A. gave in B. dressed up C. broke in D. turned up
【答案】A
【解析】句意：起初，罗伯特不让他的女儿去潜水，但最终他还是让步了，因为她对自己的技术很有信心。give in屈服; dress up打扮；break in闯入，打断；turn up出现。根据转折词but及原因as she was so confident about her skills可知，最终他让步了。 故答案为A。
考点9 “动词+副词+介词”短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项要么是四个不同动词，但副词相同、介词不同的动词短语；要么是四个动词相同、副词相同、介词不同的动词短语。解答这类试题时，弄清题意诚然重要，但还要注意该短语的尾词是介词、副词还是不定式符号to，切忌想当然。
【典例】
一Do you know the plan his daughter will ________ spread a lot?
一Really? I don ’ t know it yet.
A. get down to B. come up to
C. live up to D. look up to
【答案】A
【解析】分析题意为“你知道他女儿将要着手做的那个计划已经传开了吗？”“真的？我还不知道。”四个选项中，get down to着手做；come up to不亚于；相等；live up to不辜负；达到高标准；look up to尊敬。由此可知，只有A项符合题意。句中的his daughter will get down to是定语从句，修饰先行词the plan。故答案为C。
单项选择
1.【2017·天津卷】Mr. and Mrs. Brown would like to see their daughter _____, get married, and have kids.
A. settled down B. keep off C. get up D. cut in
2.【2017·江苏卷】A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help _______ your year ahead.
A. shape B. switch C. stretch D. sharpen
3.【2017·江苏卷】Working with the medical team in Africa has _______ the best in her as a doctor.
A. held out B. brought out C. picked out D. given out
4. 【2018·天津卷】It’s easy to get lost when you drive in a new city, so it’s important to _____a good map before you set out.
A. study B. display C. deliver D. publish
5. 【2018·江苏省常州市田家炳中学】If you use too much force, you’ll _______ the key, bending it out of shape.
A. break B. seize C. twist D. split
6. 【2018·江苏省常州市田家炳中学】Looking at old photographs of yourself on social websites can improve your mood, and this finding _______ previous researches, which suggested otherwise.
A. conducts B. contradicts C. confuses D. condemn
7. 【2018·江苏省常州市田家炳中学】They have _______ a few newspapers to keep themselves informed of the hot issues of the changing time.
A. subscribed to B. corresponded to C. responded to D. contributed to
8.【2019·江苏省南京市调研考】---What’s up, Kim? You look very excited!
---Sorry, just a moment ago I ran into Taylor Swift so I was a bit_______.
A. given up B. have their hands up C. carried away D. driven away
9. 【2019·江苏省南京市调研考】 What a lucky dog! He’s just_______ a starring role in Spielberg’s next movie.
A. landed B. lost C. arranged D. accepted
10. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】Our leader officially ________ the plan to develop the Bay Area in his government work report delivered at the start of the National People’s Congress session in March.
A. laid out B. laid off
C. laid down D. laid up
11. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】A number of questions ________ by parents at the meeting, but the school leaders could not ________ any proper answer.
A. came out; end up with B. came up; come up with
C. put up; come up with D. put forward; come down with
12. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】 The MP3 ________ young people ________ a bit of decline recently with the appearance of the MP4.
A. intending to; has entered into B. intended for; has gone into
C. meant to; takes on D. meant for; opens up
13. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】I know this is not quite the right word, but I can’t be ________ to think of a better one.
A. disturbed B. bothered C. troubled D. worried
14. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】—Shall I ________ some music?
—You’d better not. I’m ________ on my lessons.
A. put on; bent B. put up; bending
C. put in; bent D. put out; bending
15. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】Two lawyers have donated $50,000 to ________ our school’s campaign “Help the Needy”, which was started by our former headmaster three years ago.
A. sponsor B. launch C. organize D. plan
16.【2018·江苏省南菁高级中学期中考】I kept ______ the incident, asking myself again and again how it could have happened.
A. chewing on B. sticking to
C. referring to D. relying on
17.【2018·江苏省泰州中学调研考】Recent research findings have ________ the origin of our universe, which has puzzled the scientific world.
A. cast light on B. given rise to
C. seized control of D. kept company with
18.【2018·江苏省扬州中学】The boy _____on the ground _____ to his father that the hen ______ two eggs that day.
A. laying; lied; laid B. lying; lied; laid
C. lying; lay; lied D. lay; lied; laid
19. 【2018·江苏省扬州中学】The test we held last time is obviously bad because it ____ lack of many students’ self-confidence.
A. relies upon B. leads to
C. refers to D. depends on
20. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】A good competitor will cause you to grow. He will ________ you beyond your former skill level. If you want to get good at chess, play against somebody better at chess than you are.
A. serve B. shelter C. stretch D. support
完形填空
（广东省广州市2018届高三二模）The way in which children learn is an ever-growing area of study. It is 1 that children differ from adult learners in many ways, but what is interesting is that there are also quite a number of unexpected 2 across learners of all ages.
For much of the 20th century, most psychologists 3 the traditional theory that a newborns mind is a/an 4 sheet of paper upon which the record of experience is gradually impressed. During that time, scientists believed that oral 5 was necessary for abstract thought. In its 6 , scientists assumed that a baby could not have 7 of abstract concepts. As babies are born with a/an 8 range of behaviors and spend most of their early months sleeping, they certainly appear passive and 9 . Therefore, it was commonly thought that babies 10 the ability to form complex ideas. Until recently, there was no obvious way for babies to prove anything to the ___11___ to the researcher.
In time, however, challenges to this 12 arose. It became clear that with 13 designed scientific procedures, psychologists could find ways to 14 rather complex question about how much infants and young children know and what 15 they have. Psychologists began to employ new methods to 16 a large amount of data about the remarkable abilities that young children 17 . Their research findings stood in great contrast to the earlier 18 in the field that focused almost 19 on what children lacked. The 20 of young children came to life through this research. It became clear that very young children are both competent and active when it comes to their mental development.
1. A doubtful B. necessary C. obvious D. surprising
2. A. examples B. personalities C. possibilities D. commonalities
3. A. accepted B. resisted C. studied D replaced
4. A. accessible B. blank C. concrete D. dark
5. A. agreement B. communication C. suggestion D. treatment
6. A absence B. disappearance C. return D. sense
7. A. adaption B. burden C. comprehension D. satisfaction
8. A. averaged B. unexpected C. limited D. reasonable
9. A. confident B. unbelievable C. lovely D. unaware
10. A. learn B. require C. lack D. remember
11. A contrary B. good C. equal D. truth
12. A. action B. proof C. problem D. view
13. A automatically B. carefully C. naturally D. similarly
14. A. take away B. show off C. turn down D. put forward
15. A. advantages B. abilities C feelings D. reasons
16. A. collect B. mark C. restrict D. support
17. A. find B. process C recognize D. lose
18. A. scientists B. questions C. studies D. traditions
19. A. entirely B. highly C. relatively D. slightly
20. A. difference B. focus C. idea D. mind
完形填空
（广东省广州市2019届高三调研考）
Why study history?
People live in the present. They plan for the 1 . History, however, is the study of the past. Given all the 2 and pressures that come from living in the present and 3 what is yet to come, why bother with what has been? Given all the available branches of knowledge, why insist – as most 4 systems do – on history? And why urge many students to study even more history than they are 5 to?
Any subject of study needs 6 : supporters must explain why it is worth 7 . Like most widely accepted 8 , history attracts people who simply 9 the information and modes of thought involved. But for people who are less interested in the subject and more 10 about why they should bother with it, a clearer explanation of its purpose is required.
11 do not perform heart transplants, improve highway design, or arrest criminals. In a society that quite correctly expects education to serve 12 purposes, history’s functions can seem more difficult to 13 than those of engineering or medicine. History is in fact very useful, actually 14 , but the products of historical study are often less 15 and immediate than those of other subjects.
History helps us understand people, societies and how they 16 . For example, how can we 17 past wars (and future threats) without using historical materials? Unfortunately, major aspects of a society’s operation cannot be set up as precise experiments. 18 , history must serve, however imperfectly, as our 19 , helping us understand who we are , why we do ,and what we do. This, fundamentally, is why we cannot 20 history.
1. A. process B. result C. future D. environment
2. A. causes B. demands C. choices D. orders
3. A. avoiding B. fearing C. celebrating D. anticipating
4. A. financial B. social C. educational D. political
5. A. required B. invited C. forced D. permitted
6. A. direction B. exploration C. justification D. revolution
7. A. assessment B. attention C. expectation D. mention
8. A. subjects B. concepts C. topics D. concerns
9. A. provide B. receive C. share D. like
10. A. doubtful B. worried C. thoughtful D. certain
11. A. Supporters B. Historians C. Audiences D. Teachers
12. A. public B. multiple C. different D. useful
13. A. define B. expect C. satisfy D. ignore
14. A. optional B. attractive C. accessible D. essential
15. A. valuable B. interesting C. obvious D. instructive
16. A. imagine B. behave C. fight D. fade
17. A. prevent B. remember C. evaluate D. declare
18. A. Consequently B. Alternatively C. Fortunately D. Admittedly
19. A. library B. laboratory C. clinic D. museum
20. A. make up for B. give in to C. get close to D. stay away from
答案与解析
单项选择
1.【答案】A
【解题思路】句意：布朗先生和夫人想要看到他们的女儿安顿下来，结婚生子。A.安顿下来；B.远离；C.起床；D.插嘴。根据句意，故选A。
2.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词的辨析。A. shape塑造，决定……的形成，影响……的发展；B. switch转变，交换，
调班；C. stretch拉长，拉紧，伸展，伸长，延伸消耗；D. sharpen提高，使尖锐，变得清晰。句意：快速
回顾一年的成败将会决定来年的发展。故选A。
3.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。held out坚持；提供机会；伸出手；B. brought out使显现，阐明，出版；
C. picked out使容易看见，找出精心挑选，认出来；D. given out用完，停止运行，分发，发出，公布。句
意：在非洲同医疗队一起工作已经使她表现出了作为医生最好的一面。这里取“使显现”之意，故选B。
4.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：行驶在一座陌生城市很容易迷路，所以出发前钻研一份好地图是很重要的。study学习，钻研；display展示；deliver递交，发表；publish出版，结合句意，选A。
5.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：如果你太用力，你会扭弯钥匙，让它变形。A. break折断；打破；B. seize抓住；C. twist拧，扭曲；D. split分裂；根据句意可知C项正确。
6.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：在社交网站上看旧照片能够改善你的情绪，这一发现与之前的研究相矛盾，之前研究的说明与之相反。A. conducts引导，指挥；B. contradicts与……矛盾；驳斥；C. confuses使……困惑；D. condemn谴责，判刑；根据“which suggested otherwise”可知之前的研究与现实情况相反，所以使用contradict说明前后结果相矛盾。故B项正确。
7.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。A. subscribed to订阅；赞同；B. corresponded to与……一致；C. responded to回应，回复；D. contributed to做贡献，导致。句意：为了让自己知道一直变化的时代的热点问题，他们订阅了一些报纸。根据句意可知A项正确。
8.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查动词短语的辨析。根据句意：刚刚我撞见了Taylor Swift（著名歌手），我有点激动（失去控制力）。A. given up放弃；B. have their hands up举起手来； C. carried away拿走，失去自制力；D. driven away赶走，离开。故选C。
9.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：多么幸运呀！他在斯皮尔伯格（美国著名导演）的下一部电影中获得主演的角色。A. landed 着陆；B. lost失去；C. arranged安排；D. accepted接受。故选A。
10.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在三月份的全国人民代表大会开始的时候发表的政府工作报告里我们的领导人拟定了发展大亚湾的计划。A. laid out设计，拟定；B. laid off解雇，停止；C. laid down放下，放弃；D. laid up储备，暂停使用；根据句意可知A项正确。
11.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在会议上家长们提出很多问题，但是学校领导无法想出任何合适的答案。come out出版，发行；开花；come up出现，发芽，走近；put up张贴，搭建；put forward提出；end up with以……结束；come up with提出，想出；come down with患……病；其中come up没有被动语态，根据句意可知B项正确。
12.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析和时态。句意：随着MP4的出现，为年轻人设计的这款MP3的销量已经下滑了。短语be intended for为……设计，be meant for本应为，be meant to do sth.打算做某事，enter into参与，go into进入（某种状态），take on呈现，open up开发，本句最后使用短语intended for…做定语修饰the MP3；副词recently意为“近来”，通常和现在完成时连用。结合句意，故B项正确。
13.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意:我知道这个词不完全准确,但我不想费事再想一个更恰当的。disturb常指“精神上的混乱”;bother指“费心;麻烦”;trouble常用于“麻烦别人”;worry指“焦躁不安”。故选B项,can’t be bothered to do“嫌麻烦而不为”。故选B。
14.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查短语辨析。句意：—我可以播放一点音乐吗？—你最好不要，我正在用心学习。put on穿上，戴上，演出，播放；put up张贴，搭建；put in插入；put out熄灭；be bent on..专心于……；根据句意可知A项正确。
15.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词辨析 句意：两位律师捐赠了50,000美元赞助我校“帮助贫困生”活动……A项意为“赞助”，符合句意；B项意为“发射，开办”，C项意为“组织”，D项意为“计划”，都与句意不同。故A项正确。
16.【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词词组。句意：我不停地细想着这件事，一次又一次地问我自己是怎么发生的。A. chewing on细想；B. sticking to坚持；C. referring to提及；D. relying on依赖。故选A。
17.【答案】A
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：最近的研究结果揭示了我们宇宙的起源，这使科学界感到困惑。cast light on使显得非常清楚， 阐明， 使人了解；give rise to引起，导致；seize control of掌控……；keep company with与……交往, 与……结伴。结合所给语境可知，A选项切题。
18.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词lie和lay的用法。句意：那个躺在地上的男孩对他的父亲撒谎说那只母鸡那天下了两个蛋。第一个空，lie（平放，躺卧），这里是现在分词做后置定语，答案为lying；第二空，lie（说谎），过去式是lied，lie to sb.向某人说谎，答案为lied；第三空，lay（下蛋，安置），其过去式、过去分词是laid，根据that day可知用一般过去时态，故选B。
19.【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词短语。句意：我们上次进行的测试显然是不好的，因为它导致了许多学生缺乏自信。A. relies upon依赖；B. leads to导致；C. refers to提出，谈到，参考；D. depends on取决于。故选B。
20.【答案】C
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。A. serve服务，服役；B. shelter保护，庇护；C. stretch伸展，延伸，张开；D. support支持。句意：一个好的对手会让你成长，他会让你超越以前的水平。根据句意可知C项正确。
完形填空
【答案】
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. C
11. A 12. D 13. B 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. D
【解题思路】本文为说明文 本篇探讨了儿童学习模式的话题，比较了传统的观点与最新的研究发现。两者的差异主要在于幼儿时期的婴儿是否能处理复杂的概念。
1.根据句意：很明显，儿童在很多方面与成年人不一样。故选C。A. doubtful 怀疑的；B. necessary必要的；C. obvious明显的；D. surprising 令人惊奇的。
2.根据逻辑连词but 可知，前文提到儿童与成人学习模式不一样，转折词but后面应该是相反的意思，他们也有很多的共同点。commonalities共同之处，因此选D 。
3.从下文科学家可知(scientist believe)可知，科学家们赞同接受传统的观点，所以选A。
4.从下文的定语从句 upon which the record of experience is gradually impressed 可知，新生婴儿的大脑是一张白纸。blank 空白的，所以选B。
5.科学家认为口头交流是抽象思维的前提，和思维thought相对比,此处应该是口头交流。
6. in its absence, it指代前面的oral communication, 在口语交流缺乏的情况下，科学家认为幼儿无法理解抽象的概念。
7.科学家认为婴儿不能理解抽象概念，comprehension理解。
8.从下文可知婴儿大部分时间在睡觉，可知婴儿的活动范围有限。limited 有限的，因此选D。
9.和并列连词and 前面的passive感彩一致，所以选unaware, 无意识的。
10.根据前文的passive, 可知婴儿缺乏处理复杂概念的能力。
11.根据下文 In time however, challenges to this ____ arose. 可知，直到最近没有任何与此研究相反的证明。所以选contrary。
12.根据前文的动词believed, thought等词可知，这是一个观点。view 观点，因此选D。
13.根据句意可知，有了详细的研究步骤，心理学家可以找到方式提出复杂的问题，因此选 carefully。automatically自动地；naturally自然地；similarly相似地，均不符合题意。
14.根据后面的名词搭配question，表示提出问题，因此选 put forward。
15.根据下文the remarkable ability，可知此处应选B。
16.心理学家开始运用一些方法去收集数据，因此选A。
17.根据搭配，要填的这个动词后面的宾语时abilities，可知孩子们拥有的能力，因此选possess 拥有。
18.他们的研究发现与早期的研究不一样。
19.早期的研究几乎完全聚焦于幼儿所缺乏的东西。副词修饰动词。
20.通过这项研究，科学家发现幼儿的mind不是a black sheet of paper, 而是活跃的，婴幼儿的心智也渐渐为世人所熟知。
完形填空
【答案】
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. A
11. B 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. D
【解题思路】
1.根据前文的present和后文的past 可以推断出这里是future。
2.根据并列结构and后的pressure，这里需要填与其感彩一致的词，因此选择demands要求。句意：既然要面临现在和未来的要求和压力，为什么还要不厌其烦地去了解过去所发生的事儿呢？
3.and提示并列结构，与living in the present 并列，因此选anticipate the future期盼未来。
4.句意：既然已有所有的知识分支，我们为何还要坚持学历史，像大多数教育体系一样。这里所提到的历史是一个学科，属于教育体系educational，因此选C。financial 金融的；social 社会的；educational教育的；political 政治的。
5.为何要促使众多的学生去学习比他们要求的更多的历史呢？因此选require要求。
6.通过冒号后面的解释supporters must explain why it is worth…可以得知任何一个科目的学习都需要一个正当的理由。因此选C。
7.支持者必须解释为什么这个学科值得关注，因此选B。
8.根据like可得知，要填的空和句子主干history是属于同一概念的词，历史是一个科目，因此选择A。
9.历史吸引那些仅仅是喜欢历史和历史所涉及的思维模式感兴趣的人。根据下文的逻辑与but后面的连接的内容less interested in，可得知前文是like。
10.但是对于那些对历史不感兴趣或者不确定（doubtful）为什么要学历史的人。我们需要给出一个合理的解释。故选A。
11.历史学家们（Historians）不会做心脏移植手术，也不会设计公路布局，更不会逮捕罪犯，本题的historians和历史最显密切相关，因此答案选B。
12.社会期望历史能够充当有用的（useful）功能和目的，后文也出现了history is in fact very helpful,所以答案选D。
13.相比于工程和药学，历史的功能更加难定义（define）。故选A。
14.历史事实上是非常有用的，实际也很重要（essential）。optional可选择的，随意的；attractive有吸引力的；accessible可接近的。
15.但是历史研究的成果并没有像其他学科那么明显（obvious）和见效快。valuable 宝贵的；interesting有趣的；instructive有建议性意义的。
16.历史帮助我们了解人的言行举止（behave）和社会是如何运转的。imagine想象；fight打架斗争；fade褪色，淡入。
17.例如，如果没有历史材料我们如何评估（evaluate）过去所发生的历史和未来存在的威胁。 prevent避免；remember记住；declare宣布。
18. 结果（consequently），历史一定会像是我们的实验室，虽然可能不太完美。 alternatively或者，非此即彼；fortunate幸运地；admittedly公认地；无可否认地。
19. 结果，历史一定会像是我们的实验室（laboratory），虽然可能不太完美。由前文的experiment可知答案是实验室。library图书馆，clinic诊所，museum博物馆。
20.这就是我们为什么不能远离（stay away from）历史的原因。make up for 弥补；give in to 向……屈服； get close to 靠近。
动词是英语词汇中的核心，而动词及其构成的短语一直是高考中的热点和难点。它的用法最灵活，其种类比较多，形式复杂。每年高考中对动词短语和动词的考查都会出现2?4道试题，难度也大。
2019年高考中特别要注意动词及其和介词、副词的搭配，以及构成的固定短语， 要注意这些短语的意思，同时要在具体的语境中灵话地加以使用。
动词及其词组的灵活运用是英语的特色之一，也是学生学习中的难点，因此每年均为测试的重点。在历年高考试题中动词所占的比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用。
考点1 动词词义辨析
这类试题的四个选项是在结构上都很相近的动词。要做好这类试题，必须明确各个动词的词义和用法，然后根据题意需要选用合适的动词。
【典例】
Kids shouldn’t have access to violent films because they might ________ the things they see.
A. indicate B. investigate C. imitate D. innovate
【答案】C
【解析】句意：儿童不应该接触暴力电影，因为他们也许会模仿他们所看到的。此处indicate暗示，表明；investigate调查；imitate模仿；innovate创新。根据句意，故选C。
考点2 近义动词辨析
这类试题的四个选项无论在意义上还是在结构上都是很相近的动词。面对这类试题，必须要从四个动词的语义差别、用法特点等入手才能选出符合题意的动词。
【典例】
I was able at last to ________ my brother to follow my advice.
A. suggest B. advise C. persuade D. leave off
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我终于能够说服我的兄弟听从我的劝告。此处suggest 建议，后面接动名词，不接不定式作宾语补足语的结构；advise建议,不强调说服；persuade说服;leave off停止。根据句意，故选C。
考点3 考查动词与其宾语的固定搭配
英语中有许多动词与其宾语有固定的搭配和习惯用法。碰到这类试题时，解答的关键是弄清题意，然后根据题意选择符合固定搭配或习惯用法的动词。
【典例】
It took him a long time to ________ the skills he needed to become a professional artist.
A. display B. acquire C. teach D. test
【答案】B
【解析】句意：他花了很长时间才获得了成为一名职业舞蹈家所需的技能。display显示;acquire获得;teach教;test测试,故选B。
考点4 动词与其宾补的固定搭配
英语中有些动词后跟宾补时，有其固定搭配，如let/have/make sb. do sth.，get/force sb. to do sth.，allow/permit/forbid sb. to do sth.等。解答这类试题的关键是分析句子结构，找到作宾补的不定式，然后看不定式前是否有不定式符号to，最后确定该用什么动词。
【典例】
Whenever you see an ad online or in a magazine and think “I need that”, force yourself ________ again.
A. thinking B. thought C. think D. to think
【答案】D
【解析】句意：无论何时当你在网上或杂志里看到一则广告并认为“我需要它”时，强迫自己再考虑一下。force sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事,为固定搭配，所以答案为D。
考点5 系动词
动词作系动词用时，后面常接形容词、名词、分词和不定式等，此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。这类动词有：appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, stay, smell, grow, turn, go, come, fall, stand, lie, exist等。解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。
【典例】
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will ______fresh for several days.
A.be stayed B. stay C.be staying D. have stayed
【答案】B
【解析】句意：你为什么不把肉放在冰箱里呢？那样会保质好几天。 stay是系动词不能用被动语态，故排除A；系动词一般不用于进行时(feel除外)，故排除C；stay为非延续性动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，故排除D。所以答案为B。
考点6 同根动词短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项都是由同一个动词加不同的介词或副词构成。从历年高考试题来看，那些搭配能力强、语义丰富的常用动词短语是命题的重点对象。解答这类试题时，一定要在理解语境的基础上，从语义逻辑、固定搭配、前后关系等角度去确定答案。
【典例】
Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which _______ a clear road map and timetable.
A. calls for B. calls on C. calls off D. calls up
【答案】A
【解析】句意：发展长江经济带是一个系统的工程，需要一个清楚的路线图和时间表。call for 需要；要求；call on 号召；call off 取消；call up 打电话，征召。故答案为A。
考点7 同根介词或副词的动词短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项是由不同的动词加相同的介词或副词构成。解答这类试题的关键首先还是弄清题意，然后选出符合题意和句子结构需要的动词短语。
【典例】
When people want to expand their knowledge, they usually _______books that offer useful information
A. point to B. turn to C. attend to D. belong to
【答案】B
【解析】句意：当人们想要拓展知识的时候，他们通常求助于提供相关有用信息的书。turn to打开（书）；point to针对，指向；attend to照顾；belong to属于，根据句意选B。
考点8 不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项是由四个不同的动词构成的动词短语。解答这类试题的关键是根据题干意思，选出符合题意的动词短语。
【典例】
At first Robert wouldn’t let his daughter go diving, but eventually he ____ as she was so confidence about her skills.
A. gave in B. dressed up C. broke in D. turned up
【答案】A
【解析】句意：起初，罗伯特不让他的女儿去潜水，但最终他还是让步了，因为她对自己的技术很有信心。give in屈服; dress up打扮；break in闯入，打断；turn up出现。根据转折词but及原因as she was so confident about her skills可知，最终他让步了。 故答案为A。
考点9 “动词+副词+介词”短语的辨析
这类试题的四个选项要么是四个不同动词，但副词相同、介词不同的动词短语；要么是四个动词相同、副词相同、介词不同的动词短语。解答这类试题时，弄清题意诚然重要，但还要注意该短语的尾词是介词、副词还是不定式符号to，切忌想当然。
【典例】
一Do you know the plan his daughter will ________ spread a lot?
一Really? I don ’ t know it yet.
A. get down to B. come up to
C. live up to D. look up to
【答案】A
【解析】分析题意为“你知道他女儿将要着手做的那个计划已经传开了吗？”“真的？我还不知道。”四个选项中，get down to着手做；come up to不亚于；相等；live up to不辜负；达到高标准；look up to尊敬。由此可知，只有A项符合题意。句中的his daughter will get down to是定语从句，修饰先行词the plan。故答案为C。
单项选择
1.【2017·天津卷】Mr. and Mrs. Brown would like to see their daughter _____, get married, and have kids.
A. settled down B. keep off C. get up D. cut in
【答案】A
【解题思路】句意：布朗先生和夫人想要看到他们的女儿安顿下来，结婚生子。A.安顿下来；B.远离；C.起床；D.插嘴。根据句意，故选A。
2.【2017·江苏卷】A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help _______ your year ahead.
A. shape B. switch C. stretch D. sharpen
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词的辨析。A. shape塑造，决定……的形成，影响……的发展；B. switch转变，交换，
调班；C. stretch拉长，拉紧，伸展，伸长，延伸消耗；D. sharpen提高，使尖锐，变得清晰。句意：快速
回顾一年的成败将会决定来年的发展。故选A。
3.【2017·江苏卷】Working with the medical team in Africa has _______ the best in her as a doctor.
A. held out B. brought out C. picked out D. given out
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。held out坚持；提供机会；伸出手；B. brought out使显现，阐明，出版；
C. picked out使容易看见，找出精心挑选，认出来；D. given out用完，停止运行，分发，发出，公布。句
意：在非洲同医疗队一起工作已经使她表现出了作为医生最好的一面。这里取“使显现”之意，故选B。
4. 【2018·天津卷】It’s easy to get lost when you drive in a new city, so it’s important to _____a good map before you set out.
A. study B. display C. deliver D. publish
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：行驶在一座陌生城市很容易迷路，所以出发前钻研一份好地图是很重要的。study学习，钻研；display展示；deliver递交，发表；publish出版，结合句意，选A。
5. 【2018·江苏省常州市田家炳中学】If you use too much force, you’ll _______ the key, bending it out of shape.
A. break B. seize C. twist D. split
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：如果你太用力，你会扭弯钥匙，让它变形。A. break折断；打破；B. seize抓住；C. twist拧，扭曲；D. split分裂；根据句意可知C项正确。
6. 【2018·江苏省常州市田家炳中学】Looking at old photographs of yourself on social websites can improve your mood, and this finding _______ previous researches, which suggested otherwise.
A. conducts B. contradicts C. confuses D. condemn
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：在社交网站上看旧照片能够改善你的情绪，这一发现与之前的研究相矛盾，之前研究的说明与之相反。A. conducts引导，指挥；B. contradicts与……矛盾；驳斥；C. confuses使……困惑；D. condemn谴责，判刑；根据“which suggested otherwise”可知之前的研究与现实情况相反，所以使用contradict说明前后结果相矛盾。故B项正确。
7. 【2018·江苏省常州市田家炳中学】They have _______ a few newspapers to keep themselves informed of the hot issues of the changing time.
A. subscribed to B. corresponded to C. responded to D. contributed to
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。A. subscribed to订阅；赞同；B. corresponded to与……一致；C. responded to回应，回复；D. contributed to做贡献，导致。句意：为了让自己知道一直变化的时代的热点问题，他们订阅了一些报纸。根据句意可知A项正确。
8.【2019·江苏省南京市调研考】---What’s up, Kim? You look very excited!
---Sorry, just a moment ago I ran into Taylor Swift so I was a bit_______.
A. given up B. have their hands up C. carried away D. driven away
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查动词短语的辨析。根据句意：刚刚我撞见了Taylor Swift（著名歌手），我有点激动（失去控制力）。A. given up放弃；B. have their hands up举起手来； C. carried away拿走，失去自制力；D. driven away赶走，离开。故选C。
9. 【2019·江苏省南京市调研考】 What a lucky dog! He’s just_______ a starring role in Spielberg’s next movie.
A. landed B. lost C. arranged D. accepted
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意：多么幸运呀！他在斯皮尔伯格（美国著名导演）的下一部电影中获得主演的角色。A. landed 着陆；B. lost失去；C. arranged安排；D. accepted接受。故选A。
10. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】Our leader officially ________ the plan to develop the Bay Area in his government work report delivered at the start of the National People’s Congress session in March.
A. laid out B. laid off
C. laid down D. laid up
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在三月份的全国人民代表大会开始的时候发表的政府工作报告里我们的领导人拟定了发展大亚湾的计划。A. laid out设计，拟定；B. laid off解雇，停止；C. laid down放下，放弃；D. laid up储备，暂停使用；根据句意可知A项正确。
11. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】A number of questions ________ by parents at the meeting, but the school leaders could not ________ any proper answer.
A. came out; end up with B. came up; come up with
C. put up; come up with D. put forward; come down with
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在会议上家长们提出很多问题，但是学校领导无法想出任何合适的答案。come out出版，发行；开花；come up出现，发芽，走近；put up张贴，搭建；put forward提出；end up with以……结束；come up with提出，想出；come down with患……病；其中come up没有被动语态，根据句意可知B项正确。
12. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】 The MP3 ________ young people ________ a bit of decline recently with the appearance of the MP4.
A. intending to; has entered into B. intended for; has gone into
C. meant to; takes on D. meant for; opens up
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词短语辨析和时态。句意：随着MP4的出现，为年轻人设计的这款MP3的销量已经下滑了。短语be intended for为……设计，be meant for本应为，be meant to do sth.打算做某事，enter into参与，go into进入（某种状态），take on呈现，open up开发，本句最后使用短语intended for…做定语修饰the MP3；副词recently意为“近来”，通常和现在完成时连用。结合句意，故B项正确。
13. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】I know this is not quite the right word, but I can’t be ________ to think of a better one.
A. disturbed B. bothered C. troubled D. worried
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。句意:我知道这个词不完全准确,但我不想费事再想一个更恰当的。disturb常指“精神上的混乱”;bother指“费心;麻烦”;trouble常用于“麻烦别人”;worry指“焦躁不安”。故选B项,can’t be bothered to do“嫌麻烦而不为”。故选B。
14. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】—Shall I ________ some music?
—You’d better not. I’m ________ on my lessons.
A. put on; bent B. put up; bending
C. put in; bent D. put out; bending
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查短语辨析。句意：—我可以播放一点音乐吗？—你最好不要，我正在用心学习。put on穿上，戴上，演出，播放；put up张贴，搭建；put in插入；put out熄灭；be bent on..专心于……；根据句意可知A项正确。
15. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】Two lawyers have donated $50,000 to ________ our school’s campaign “Help the Needy”, which was started by our former headmaster three years ago.
A. sponsor B. launch C. organize D. plan
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词辨析 句意：两位律师捐赠了50,000美元赞助我校“帮助贫困生”活动……A项意为“赞助”，符合句意；B项意为“发射，开办”，C项意为“组织”，D项意为“计划”，都与句意不同。故A项正确。
16.【2018·江苏省南菁高级中学期中考】I kept ______ the incident, asking myself again and again how it could have happened.
A. chewing on B. sticking to
C. referring to D. relying on
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查动词词组。句意：我不停地细想着这件事，一次又一次地问我自己是怎么发生的。A. chewing on细想；B. sticking to坚持；C. referring to提及；D. relying on依赖。故选A。
17.【2018·江苏省泰州中学调研考】Recent research findings have ________ the origin of our universe, which has puzzled the scientific world.
A. cast light on B. given rise to
C. seized control of D. kept company with
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：最近的研究结果揭示了我们宇宙的起源，这使科学界感到困惑。cast light on使显得非常清楚， 阐明， 使人了解；give rise to引起，导致；seize control of掌控……；keep company with与……交往, 与……结伴。结合所给语境可知，A选项切题。
18.【2018·江苏省扬州中学】The boy _____on the ground _____ to his father that the hen ______ two eggs that day.
A. laying ;lied; laid B. lying; lied; laid
C. lying; lay; lied D. lay; lied; laid
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词lie和lay的用法。句意：那个躺在地上的男孩对他的父亲撒谎说那只母鸡那天下了两个蛋。第一个空，lie（平放，躺卧），这里是现在分词做后置定语，答案为lying；第二空，lie（说谎），过去式是lied，lie to sb.向某人说谎，答案为lied；第三空，lay（下蛋，安置），其过去式、过去分词是laid，根据that day可知用一般过去时态，故选B。
19. 【2018·江苏省扬州中学】The test we held last time is obviously bad because it ____ lack of many students’ self-confidence.
A. relies upon B. leads to
C. refers to D. depends on
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查动词短语。句意：我们上次进行的测试显然是不好的，因为它导致了许多学生缺乏自信。A. relies upon依赖；B. leads to导致；C. refers to提出，谈到，参考；D. depends on取决于。故选B。
20. 【2018·江苏省南京市金陵中学期末考】A good competitor will cause you to grow. He will ________ you beyond your former skill level. If you want to get good at chess, play against somebody better at chess than you are.
A. serve B. shelter C. stretch D. support
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查动词辨析。A. serve服务，服役；B. shelter保护，庇护；C. stretch伸展，延伸，张开；D. support支持。句意：一个好的对手会让你成长，他会让你超越以前的水平。根据句意可知C项正确。
完形填空
（广东省广州市2018届高三二模）The way in which children learn is an ever-growing area of study. It is 1 that children differ from adult learners in many ways, but what is interesting is that there are also quite a number of unexpected 2 across learners of all ages.
For much of the 20th century, most psychologists 3 the traditional theory that a newborns mind is a/an 4 sheet of paper upon which the record of experience is gradually impressed. During that time, scientists believed that oral 5 was necessary for abstract thought. In its 6 , scientists assumed that a baby could not have 7 of abstract concepts. As babies are born with a/an 8 range of behaviors and spend most of their early months sleeping, they certainly appear passive and 9 . Therefore, it was commonly thought that babies 10 the ability to form complex ideas. Until recently, there was no obvious way for babies to prove anything to the ___11___ to the researcher.
In time, however, challenges to this 12 arose. It became clear that with 13 designed scientific procedures, psychologists could find ways to 14 rather complex question about how much infants and young children know and what 15 they have. Psychologists began to employ new methods to 16 a large amount of data about the remarkable abilities that young children 17 . Their research findings stood in great contrast to the earlier 18 in the field that focused almost 19 on what children lacked. The 20 of young children came to life through this research. It became clear that very young children are both competent and active when it comes to their mental development.
1. A doubtful B. necessary C. obvious D. surprising
2. A. examples B. personalities C. possibilities D. commonalities
3. A. accepted B. resisted C. studied D replaced
4. A. accessible B. blank C. concrete D. dark
5. A. agreement B. communication C. suggestion D. treatment
6. A absence B. disappearance C. return D. sense
7. A. adaption B. burden C. comprehension D. satisfaction
8. A. averaged B. unexpected C. limited D. reasonable
9. A. confident B. unbelievable C. lovely D. unaware
10. A. learn B. require C. lack D. remember
11. A contrary B. good C. equal D. truth
12. A. action B. proof C. problem D. view
13. A automatically B. carefully C. naturally D. similarly
14. A. take away B. show off C. turn down D. put forward
15. A. advantages B. abilities C feelings D. reasons
16. A. collect B. mark C. restrict D. support
17. A. find B. process C recognize D. lose
18. A. scientists B. questions C. studies D. traditions
19. A. entirely B. highly C. relatively D. slightly
20. A. difference B. focus C. idea D. mind
【答案】
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. C
11. A 12. D 13. B 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. D
【解题思路】本文为说明文 本篇探讨了儿童学习模式的话题，比较了传统的观点与最新的研究发现。两者的差异主要在于幼儿时期的婴儿是否能处理复杂的概念。
1.根据句意：很明显，儿童在很多方面与成年人不一样。故选C。A. doubtful 怀疑的；B. necessary必要的；C. obvious明显的；D. surprising 令人惊奇的。
2.根据逻辑连词but 可知，前文提到儿童与成人学习模式不一样，转折词but后面应该是相反的意思，他们也有很多的共同点。commonalities共同之处，因此选D 。
3.从下文科学家可知(scientist believe)可知，科学家们赞同接受传统的观点，所以选A。
4.从下文的定语从句 upon which the record of experience is gradually impressed 可知，新生婴儿的大脑是一张白纸。blank 空白的，所以选B。
5.科学家认为口头交流是抽象思维的前提，和思维thought相对比,此处应该是口头交流。
6. in its absence, it指代前面的oral communication, 在口语交流缺乏的情况下，科学家认为幼儿无法理解抽象的概念。
7.科学家认为婴儿不能理解抽象概念，comprehension理解。
8.从下文可知婴儿大部分时间在睡觉，可知婴儿的活动范围有限。limited 有限的，因此选D。
9.和并列连词and 前面的passive感彩一致，所以选unaware, 无意识的。
10.根据前文的passive, 可知婴儿缺乏处理复杂概念的能力。
11.根据下文 In time however, challenges to this ____ arose. 可知，直到最近没有任何与此研究相反的证明。所以选contrary。
12.根据前文的动词believed, thought等词可知，这是一个观点。view 观点，因此选D。
13.根据句意可知，有了详细的研究步骤，心理学家可以找到方式提出复杂的问题，因此选 carefully。automatically自动地；naturally自然地；similarly相似地，均不符合题意。
14.根据后面的名词搭配question，表示提出问题，因此选 put forward。
15.根据下文the remarkable ability，可知此处应选B。
16.心理学家开始运用一些方法去收集数据，因此选A。
17.根据搭配，要填的这个动词后面的宾语时abilities，可知孩子们拥有的能力，因此选possess 拥有。
18.他们的研究发现与早期的研究不一样。
19.早期的研究几乎完全聚焦于幼儿所缺乏的东西。副词修饰动词。
20.通过这项研究，科学家发现幼儿的mind不是a black sheet of paper, 而是活跃的，婴幼儿的心智也渐渐为世人所熟知。
完形填空
（广东省广州市2019届高三调研考）
Why study history?
People live in the present. They plan for the 1 . History, however, is the study of the past. Given all the 2 and pressures that come from living in the present and 3 what is yet to come, why bother with what has been? Given all the available branches of knowledge, why insist – as most 4 systems do – on history? And why urge many students to study even more history than they are 5 to?
Any subject of study needs 6 : supporters must explain why it is worth 7 . Like most widely accepted 8 , history attracts people who simply 9 the information and modes of thought involved. But for people who are less interested in the subject and more 10 about why they should bother with it, a clearer explanation of its purpose is required.
11 do not perform heart transplants, improve highway design, or arrest criminals. In a society that quite correctly expects education to serve 12 purposes, history’s functions can seem more difficult to 13 than those of engineering or medicine. History is in fact very useful, actually 14 , but the products of historical study are often less 15 and immediate than those of other subjects.
History helps us understand people, societies and how they 16 . For example, how can we 17 past wars (and future threats) without using historical materials? Unfortunately, major aspects of a society’s operation cannot be set up as precise experiments. 18 , history must serve, however imperfectly, as our 19 , helping us understand who we are , why we do ,and what we do. This, fundamentally, is why we cannot 20 history.
1. A. process B. result C. future D. environment
2. A. causes B. demands C. choices D. orders
3. A. avoiding B. fearing C. celebrating D. anticipating
4. A. financial B. social C. educational D. political
5. A. required B. invited C. forced D. permitted
6. A. direction B. exploration C. justification D. revolution
7. A. assessment B. attention C. expectation D. mention
8. A. subjects B. concepts C. topics D. concerns
9. A. provide B. receive C. share D. like
10. A. doubtful B. worried C. thoughtful D. certain
11. A. Supporters B. Historians C. Audiences D. Teachers
12. A. public B. multiple C. different D. useful
13. A. define B. expect C. satisfy D. ignore
14. A. optional B. attractive C. accessible D. essential
15. A. valuable B. interesting C. obvious D. instructive
16. A. imagine B. behave C. fight D. fade
17. A. prevent B. remember C. evaluate D. declare
18. A. Consequently B. Alternatively C. Fortunately D. Admittedly
19. A. library B. laboratory C. clinic D. museum
20. A. make up for B. give in to C. get close to D. stay away from
【答案】
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. A
11. B 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. D
【解题思路】
1.根据前文的present和后文的past 可以推断出这里是future。
2.根据并列结构and后的pressure，这里需要填与其感彩一致的词，因此选择demands要求。句意：既然要面临现在和未来的要求和压力，为什么还要不厌其烦地去了解过去所发生的事儿呢？
3.and提示并列结构，与living in the present 并列，因此选anticipate the future期盼未来。
4.句意：既然已有所有的知识分支，我们为何还要坚持学历史，像大多数教育体系一样。这里所提到的历史是一个学科，属于教育体系educational，因此选C。financial 金融的；social 社会的；educational教育的；political 政治的。
5.为何要促使众多的学生去学习比他们要求的更多的历史呢？因此选require要求。
6.通过冒号后面的解释supporters must explain why it is worth…可以得知任何一个科目的学习都需要一个正当的理由。因此选C。
7.支持者必须解释为什么这个学科值得关注，因此选B。
8.根据like可得知，要填的空和句子主干history是属于同一概念的词，历史是一个科目，因此选择A。
9.历史吸引那些仅仅是喜欢历史和历史所涉及的思维模式感兴趣的人。根据下文的逻辑与but后面的连接的内容less interested in，可得知前文是like。
10.但是对于那些对历史不感兴趣或者不确定（doubtful）为什么要学历史的人。我们需要给出一个合理的解释。故选A。
11.历史学家们（Historians）不会做心脏移植手术，也不会设计公路布局，更不会逮捕罪犯，本题的historians和历史最显密切相关，因此答案选B。
12.社会期望历史能够充当有用的（useful）功能和目的，后文也出现了history is in fact very helpful,所以答案选D。
13.相比于工程和药学，历史的功能更加难定义（define）。故选A。
14.历史事实上是非常有用的，实际也很重要（essential）。optional可选择的，随意的；attractive有吸引力的；accessible可接近的。
15.但是历史研究的成果并没有像其他学科那么明显（obvious）和见效快。valuable 宝贵的；interesting有趣的；instructive有建议性意义的。
16.历史帮助我们了解人的言行举止（behave）和社会是如何运转的。imagine想象；fight打架斗争；fade褪色，淡入。
17.例如，如果没有历史材料我们如何评估（evaluate）过去所发生的历史和未来存在的威胁。 prevent避免；remember记住；declare宣布。
18. 结果（consequently），历史一定会像是我们的实验室，虽然可能不太完美。 alternatively或者，非此即彼；fortunate幸运地；admittedly公认地；无可否认地。
19. 结果，历史一定会像是我们的实验室（laboratory），虽然可能不太完美。由前文的experiment可知答案是实验室。library图书馆，clinic诊所，museum博物馆。
20.这就是我们为什么不能远离（stay away from）历史的原因。make up for 弥补；give in to 向……屈服； get close to 靠近。
动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点，是高考的必考点。应特别注意以下几点：
要把握各种时态的特点，注意易混淆时态间的差异；准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意义，捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息；要克服汉语式的惯性思维，排除误导，培养发散性思维。
高考中常考的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时等等。
学习时要注意总结规律，灵活使用，特别要注意一些时态的特殊用法。高考主要以单项填空、语法填空、短文改错等形式考查，动词的时态和语态在语法填空和短文改错中是必考点。
2019年高考时态和语态还将是高考中的重点和难点所在。
动词时态和语态是两个非常重要的语法范畴，构成了英语语法的基本框架，几乎所有动词的考查都必须要借助于时态和语态来完成。试题在考查时态和语态的同时，还兼顾其它语法内容的测试，比如各种从句、强调、倒装等，其交叉式和复合式的特点尤为明显。
考点1 一般现在时与现在进行时
1．一般现在时
（1）考查表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件
【典例】
—Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _______ off at 18: 20.
A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken
【答案】A
【解析】飞机起飞的时间是时间表上的安排，所以无论将来什么时候发生都用一般现在时，答案应是A。
（2）考查表示特征、能力或现在的情况或状态
【典例】
This machine . It hasn’t worked for years.
A. didn’t work B. wasn’t working
C. doesn’t work D. isn’t working
【答案】C
【解析】机器闲置了很多年。所以现在的状况也是不运转的，用一般现在时表示现在的状态，故答案为C
【典例】
The house belongs to my aunt but she here anymore.
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live
C. had lived D. doesn’t live
【答案】D
【解析】句中的谓语动词是现在时，故不住在这里也应该是现在的情况，答案应为D。
（3）考查表示普遍真理、事实
【典例】
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms.
A. was called B. is called
C. had been called D. has been called
【答案】B
【解析】尽管我们横渡太平洋是几个月前的事情，但是海洋的名称是存在的事实，所以用一般现在时，答案是B。
2．现在进行时
（1）考查表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事
【典例】
I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______ at the garage.
A. will be repaired B. is repaired
C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
【答案】C
【解析】句中的谓语动词是现在时态，所以现在汽车正在被修理，故答案选C。
（2）考查表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作、即将开始或结束的动作
常用的这类动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。
【典例】
Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt. The plane _______.
A. takes off B. is taking off
C. has taken off D. took off
【答案】B
【解析】答案是B。用进行时表示飞机即将起飞。
从历届高考题可以看出，命题者在选项的设置中注重对一般现在时和现在进行时区别的考查。这两种时态的区别见下：
一般现在时：习惯性、永久性、客观事实
现在进行时：暂时性、重复性、感彩
考点2 一般过去时与过去进行时
一般过去时
主要考查表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况
【典例】
It’s said that the early European playing-cards ________ for entertainment and education.
A. were being designed B. have designed
C. have been designed D. were designed
【答案】D
【解析】句中的“the early”说明以前欧洲扑克牌的设计是为了娱乐和教育，用一般过去时说明过去某个特定时间发生的动作或情况，答案是D。
【典例】
My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He there for a few months and then went to America.
worked
would work
would be working
has been working
【答案】A
【解析】此题中的“two years ago” 说明是发生在过去的事情，所以答案是A。
2．过去进行时
（1）考查表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作，强调未完成
【典例】
—Has Sam finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He _______ it this morning.
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done
【答案】C
【解析】从对话中不知道Sam有没有完成作业，但今天上午他正在做，正确答案为C。
（2）考查表示过去某一时间将要发生的动作
【典例】
—What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
—I had just finished my work and _______ take a shower.
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我刚刚完成手头的工作，将要去洗澡，所以答案是D。
一般过去时与过去进行时的区别如下：
一般过去时：完成性
过去进行时：未完成
考点3 现成完成时与现在完成进行时
现在完成时
（1）考查表示所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果
【典例】
Although medical science control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are retouring.
achieved
has achieved
will achieve
had achieve
【答案】B
【解析】尽管句中未出现时间状语，我们从句意可以判断医学已经控制住了一些危险的疾病，所以答案是B。
（2）考查表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在的动作
【典例】
My friend, who _______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.
A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served
【答案】D
【解析】此题中的时间状语“all his life” 说明我的朋友从过去到现在一直在奥委会工作，答案应是D。
【典例】
My brother is an actor. He _______ in several films so far.
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
【答案】C
【解析】句中的时间状语so far和现在完成时连用，意为“到目前为止”，所以答案是C。
现在完成进行时
主要考查表示一个从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能继续延续下去的动作
【典例】
Now that she is out of a job, Lucy going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. has considered B. has been considering
C. consider D.is going to consider
【答案】B
【解析】因为失业，Lucy一直考虑重返校园，但是到现在还没做出决定，所以答案为B。
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别如下：
现在完成时： 完成性 强调动作的结果
现在完成进行时：未完成性 动作在不久前持续进行的情景
考点4 主动表示被动的三种情况
1. 不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。
常见动词是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。
2. 一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。
常见动词是：look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。
请同学们看下面一道题：
【典例】
The roast duck_______ delicious and a lot_______ in two hours.
A. was tasted； was sold
B. tasted； was sold
C. was tasted； sold
D. tasted； would sell
【答案】B
【解析】根据所给情景，“taste”应为连系动词，英语中连系动词不用被动语态，所以第一空填tasted，后半句意为“烤鸭两小时内被卖掉很多”，所以答案为B。
3. 五个“发生”： happen, take place, occur to, break out，come about等。
【典例】
______is well known to everyone, the Olympic Games _______ every four years.
A. It; are held B. As; take place
C. That; happen D. As; break out
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查定语从句和表示“发生”等词的用法。A项it 不对，are held正确，改成以下句子正确：It is well known to everyone that the Olympic Games are held every four years. C、D项中That与break out不妥，B项中“as”引导的定语从句修饰“the Olympic ... “整个句子，“take place”相当于“are held”，所以答案为B。
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国卷Ⅰ】While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it (be) more effective at lengthening life walking, cycling or swimming.
2.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】Since 2011, the country （grow）more corn than rice.
3.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government ___ ___ (start) a soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
4.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】 True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal (mean) me no real harm.
5.【2018·浙江卷】While regularly eating out seems to (become) common for many young people in recent years, it’s not without a cost.
6.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】When fat and salt ________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
7.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Steam engines ________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】Sarah ________ (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
10.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】But at the moment, school ________ (come) first.
11.【2017·浙江卷6月考】Pahlsson and her husband ________ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. “I gave up hope of finding my ring again，” she says. She never replaced it.
Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got ________ (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden.
二、短文改错
12.【2018·全国卷Ⅰ】During my last winter holiday, I find a change there.
为found。
13.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】 I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.
14.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin.
15.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】once I started the car, my mind goes blank.
16.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】When summer came，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
17.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】I had grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years.
一、语法填空
【山西省实验中学2018届高三第一学期期中考试】As less people choose to make sugar paintings, the traditional Chinese folk craft might have become a 41． (distance) memory in some ways. However, a 38-year-old craftsman, Li Jianzhong, is committed to 42． (keep) the art of sugar painting alive.
Li worked as a miner for more than ten years. After 43． mine closed down, Li turned 44． housing decoration, until he 45． (force) to give that up due to a finger injury. Earlier this year, he discovered sugar painting, something he really had an interest in.
Since there was no sugar painting craftsman in his village, he studied by 46． (he) through large quantities of videos and information on the Internet. Li loved painting when he was young, and he found it easy to learn the skill in sugar painting. He soon mastered the skill and could make a 47． (vary) of sugar paintings. A sugar painting is made with 48． (melt) brown or white sugar. Craftsman 49． (normal) paint animals and flowers on a stone board with the syrup(糖浆). When the sugar cools down, 50． appears is a piece of sugar art.
二、短文改错
【广东省佛山市南海区南海中学七校联合体2018届高三考前高考冲刺交流】With the summer vacation is drawing near, my classmates are?all trying very hardly to get train tickets to go home except me. I have a different plan for the upcoming vacation. I have made up my mind to spend the first two weeks of the vacation travel alone in Sichuan and Guizhou and then work part-time in the city centre library for rest of the vacation. Since I won’t go home, my parents are going?to visit myself on campus. When?they coming here, I will show them around my university?and the city as well. I am thinking of buying them some nice gifts, it will be a big surprising for them. My parents mean a lot to me. I think it?is high time?that I do something special to express my thanks to them for that they have done for me.
一、语法填空
【山东省山东师范大学附属中学2019届高三第五次模拟考试】The Han people have its own spoken and written language-Chinese. Chinese belongs to the Han-Tibetan language family. It is the 41． (common) used language in China and among the largest languages in the world.
Written Chinese came out in 42． (it) earliest form approximately 6,000 years ago. The Chinese characters 43． (use) today, also called “Hanzi”, developed from those used in bones and tortoise shells more than 3,000 years ago. There are about 56,000 characters, of which only about 3,000 are in common use.
Mandarin is a category (种类) of Chinese 44． (dialect) spoken across most of northern and 45． (southwest) China. The term “Mandarin” can also refer to Standard Mandarin, which 46． (base) on the Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing. It is officially considered to be the standard for the People’s Republic of China.
Why do most non-Chinese speakers choose to learn standard Mandarin Chinese? Mandarin is understood by most Chinese people. As mentioned above, it is China’s national language. 47． you are interested in basic communication, scholarly research, or 48． (pursue) a career in China, standard Mandarin is 49． necessary tool for communication. And it often serves 50． a bridge for communication.
二、短文改错
【湖北省荆门市2019届高三元月调考】A Chinese scientist, Mr. He Jiankui claimed that he has successfully
created the world’s first genetically-edited babies. In a interview, Mr. He said he had edited the genetic substance, or
DNA, of twin girls born a few weeks early. Though Mr. He’s claim was immediately condemned by some scientists as
unsafe and unethical, but he defended his work. He said the gene editing, that was to help protect the babies from their
future infection of HIV, the virus responsible with AIDS, was perfectly safe. Many scientists working in genetics say he
believe any experiments performing this way are dangerous.
In the United States and other country, this kind of gene editing is strictly banned. What scientists are worried about
that such changes to a person’s DNA may harm his/her other genes and lead to deadly diseases.
答案与解析
一、语法填空
1.【答案】 is; than
【解题思路】考查动词时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时。故填is。 考查比较句型。跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。根据文章中的more effective可知此处填than。
2.【答案】 has grown
【解题思路】考查动词时态。since加时间点，主句要用现在完成时。
3. 【答案】started; that/which
【解题思路】考查动词时态。本句是“when”引导的定语从句，由于时间是2005年，故用过去时。故填started。考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代“program”并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。
4.【答案】 meant
【解题思路】考查动词时态。分析本句的句子成分可知，本句缺谓语，再根据总体时态可判断要用一般过去时。故填meant。
5.【答案】 have become
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据时间状语“in recent years”可知用现在完成时，“seems to”后用动词原形，故填have become。
6.【答案】are removed
【解题思路】考查被动语态。此处意思是“当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉后”。分析可知“fat”， “salt”和“remove”之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填are removed。
7.【答案】were used; fairly
【解题思路】考查动词语态。蒸汽机(注意复数名词形式)被用来作为火车动力，根据上下文语境，可知此处要用一般过去时；考查副词。副词修饰形容词。
8.【答案】managed
【解题思路】考查动词时态。描述地铁发展演变过程用过去时态。
9.【答案】has been told/was told
【解题思路】考查动词时态和语态。“tell”后接双宾语，因此可判断此句用被动语态；再根据后面句子的时态可判断用现在完成时或一般过去时。
10.【答案】comes
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据“at the moment”可知这个句子应用一般现在时，而且主语是单数，故用comes。
11.【答案】 searched; swept
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据语意可知，他们过去曾搜遍了整个厨房，故填searched;考查过去分词。此处是“get done”结构，表示被动，意为“被扫进了垃圾堆”。
二、短文改错
12. 【答案】find改为found
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据前文中的“During my last winter holiday”可知时态为一般过去时，故将find改为found。
13. 【答案】are改为were
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据上下文语境，可知此处要用一般过去时，故把are改为were。
14. 【答案】begin改为begun
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据语境可知，句子用过去完成时，过去完成时的构成是had done，所以begin要改为begun。
15. 【答案】goes改为went
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据语境可知，句子用一般现在时。
16. 【答案】came改为comes; students后加to
【解题思路】考查动词时态。此处指“当夏天来临时”，用一般现在时; 考查固定结构。invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事。
17. 【答案】had改为have
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据本句中的时间状语“in the past few years”可知这个句子用现在完成时。
一、语法填空
【答案】
41．distant 42． keeping 43． the 44． to 45． was forced
46． himself 47． variety 48． melted 49． normally 50． what
【解题思路】
41．考查词性转换。空处修饰名词memory，故填形容词distant（遥远的，久远的）。
42．考査非谓语动词。一位38岁的手艺人李健忠致力于继承糖画艺术。“be committed to”中的“to”是介词，此处应用动名词，故填keeping。
43．考査冠词。上文提到他做过十多年矿工，故此处表示他所在的矿井关闭以后，为特指，故用the。
44．考查介词。他转而去做房屋装修的工作了。 turn to“转而做，转向”。 故填 to。
45．考查时态和语态。直到他因为手指受伤而被迫放弃（装修房屋的工作）。此处讲述过去的事情，故用一般过去时，且句子的主语和force之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填was forced。
46．考查代词。由于他的村子里没有糖画手艺人，因此他自学（制作糖画)。by oneself是固定用法，表示“独自地，全靠自己地”，study by oneself“自学”，故填himself。
47．考查词性转换。他很快掌握了这项技术并能制作出各种各样的糖画。a variety of“各种各样”，故填variety。
48．考查非谓语动词。糖画通常用褐色或白色的融化了的糖做。糖是被融化的，故用过去分词作定语，故填melted。
49．考查词性转换。手艺人们通常用糖浆在石板上画动物和花。修饰谓语动词用副词，故填normally。
50．考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，表示“所……的东西”，故填what。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1. 第一句中的is去掉，或者With 改为As
2. 第一句中hardly改为hard
3. 第三句中的travel改为travlling 或者traveling
4. 第三句中的rest前加上the
5. 第四句中的myself改为me
6. 第五句中的coming改为come
7. 第六句中的it 改为which
8. 第六句中的surprising 改为surprise
9. 第八句中的do改为did 或者do前加上should
10. 第八句中的第二个that 改为what
【解题思路】
1. 本句可以把is去掉，就形成了with复合结构做状语；也可以把with改为as，形成了as引导的状语从句。句意：随着暑假的到来，同学们都抢着买回家的票，只有我除外。
2. 考查副词。副词“hardly几乎不…”表示否定含义；而“hard努力地，艰难地”；本句并没有否定的含义，所以要使用hard表示同学们都在努力购买回家的票。
3. 考查固定短语。短语spend some time doing sth.花时间做某事；其中“doing”的前面省略了“in”。句意：我决定前两周独自一人在四川和贵州旅游，暑假的其余时间我预备打工兼职。
4. 考查固定短语。短语the rest of…剩余的…，其他的…；该短语中定冠词the修饰rest of….，表示强调。句意：暑假的其余时间我预备打工兼职。
5. 考查代词。本句中人称代词的宾格“me”作为动词“visit”的宾语。而“myself”是一个反身代词，语意不配。句意：因为我没有回家，我的父母要到学校里看我。
6. 考查时态。在时间状语从句里，用一般现在时代替将来时，主句使用一般将来时。本句中的“coming”是非谓语动词，不能单独做谓语，应该改为come。
7. 考查定语从句。代词“it”不能引导定语从句，所以应该改为“which”指代先行词，引导非限制性定语从句。
8. 考查名词。形容词surprising令人惊讶的，通常后面要接名词，而本句中有a big后面要接名词，所以使用名词形式surprise。
9. 考查虚拟语气。句式It is high time sb. should do/did sth.是某人做某事的时候了。从句中应该使用一般过去时或should+动词原形。所以可以把do改为did 或者do前加上should。
10. 考查宾语从句连接词。本句中what引导宾语从句，并在句中做动词do的宾语，that引导名词性从句时，不能在句子中充当句子成分。
一、语法填空
【答案】
41． most commonly 42． its 43． (being) used 44． dialects 45． southwestern
46． is based 47． Whether 48． (are) pursuing 49． a 50． as
【解题思路】
41．考查副词最高级。句意：它是中国最常用的语言，也是世界上最大的语言之一。此处是副词修饰动词，再根据句意和空格前的the，应该用副词的最高级，故答案为most commonly。
42．考查形容词性物主代词。句意：大约6000年前，书面汉语出现了最早的形式。形容词性物主代词修饰名词，故答案为its。
43．考查现在分词一般式的被动式或过去分词作后置定语。句意：今天使用的汉字，也叫“汉字”，是由3000多年前刻于骨头和龟壳的汉字发展而来的。此处characters和use之间是被动关系，结合句意可知句子用现在分词一般式的被动式或用过去分词作后置定语，故答案为(being) used。
44．考查名词复数。句意：普通话是中国北方和西南大部分地区使用的一种方言。此处用名词复数，故答案为dialects。
45．考查形容词。句意：普通话是中国北方和西南大部分地区使用的一种方言。形容词修饰名词，故答案为southwestern。
46．考查一般现在时态的被动语态。句意：“普通话”一词也可以指标准普通话，这是基于北京的普通话方言。在定语从句中先行词“Mandarin”作句子主语，第三人称单数形式，且和base之间是被动关系，结合句意此处用一般现在时态的被动语态，故答案为is based。
47．考查让步状语从句。句意：无论你是对基础交流、学术研究感兴趣，还是在中国寻求职业发展，标准普通话都是交流的必要工具。此处是Whether...or...“无论......还是......”引导的让步状语从句，故答案为Whether。
48．考查现在进行时态。句意：无论你是对基础交流、学术研究感兴趣，还是在中国寻求职业发展，标准普通话都是交流的必要工具。结合句意可知，此处表示现在正在进行的动作或状态，用现在进行时；前面可以省略be动词，故答案为(are) pursuing。
49．考查不定冠词。句意：无论你是对基础交流、学术研究感兴趣，还是在中国寻求职业发展，标准普通话都是交流的必要工具。结合句意可知，tool用单数，故答案为a。
50．考查固定搭配。句意：它经常作为沟通的桥梁。固定搭配：serve as“担任，充当”，故答案为as。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1. has → had
2. a→ an
3. early→ earlier
4. 去掉but
5. that→ which
6. with → for
7. he→ they
8. performing→ performed
9. country→ countries
10. about后加 is
【解题思路】
1.考查时态。此处表示的动作发生在“claimed”之前，属于“过于的过去”，应使用过去完成时。故has 改为had。
2.考查冠词。“interview”是元音音素开头的词，应使用不定冠词an。故a改为an。
3.考查副词。earlier副词“早地；早先的时候”。时间段与“earlier”一起使用，表示以过去或将来某一个时间点为准的一段时间以前。a few weeks earlier“几周前”。故early改为earlier。
4.考查让步状语从句。though/although等引导让步状语从句时，不能与but/and/or连用。故去掉but。
5.考查非限定性定语从句。此处为非限定性定语从句，先行词是“the gene editing”，关联词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词“which”引导。故that改为which。
6.考查介词。固定短语：responsible for“是……的原由；为……负责”。故with改为for。
7.考查代词。此处指代主语“Many scientists”，且在宾语从句中做主语。故he改为they。
8.考查过去分词。此处与“experiments”构成逻辑动宾关系，应使用过去分词，表被动。故performing改为performed。
9.考查名词复数。此处指“其他的国家”，不是一个国家，应使用名词复数。故country改为countries。
10.考查系动词。句意：科学家所担心的是，一个人的DNA的这种变化可能会损害他/她的其他基因，并导致致命的疾病。分析句意及句子结构可知，“What scientists are worried about” 是主语从句，that引导的是表语从句，缺少系动词。故about后加 is。
动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点，是高考的必考点。应特别注意以下几点：
要把握各种时态的特点，注意易混淆时态间的差异；准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意义，捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息；要克服汉语式的惯性思维，排除误导，培养发散性思维。
高考中常考的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时等等。
学习时要注意总结规律，灵活使用，特别要注意一些时态的特殊用法。高考主要以单项填空、语法填空、短文改错等形式考查，动词的时态和语态在语法填空和短文改错中是必考点。
2019年高考时态和语态还将是高考中的重点和难点所在。
动词时态和语态是两个非常重要的语法范畴，构成了英语语法的基本框架，几乎所有动词的考查都必须要借助于时态和语态来完成。试题在考查时态和语态的同时，还兼顾其它语法内容的测试，比如各种从句、强调、倒装等，其交叉式和复合式的特点尤为明显。
考点1 一般现在时与现在进行时
1．一般现在时
（1）考查表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件
【典例】
—Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _______ off at 18: 20.
A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken
【答案】A
【解析】飞机起飞的时间是时间表上的安排，所以无论将来什么时候发生都用一般现在时，答案应是A。
（2）考查表示特征、能力或现在的情况或状态
【典例】
This machine . It hasn’t worked for years.
A. didn’t work B. wasn’t working
C. doesn’t work D. isn’t working
【答案】C
【解析】机器闲置了很多年。所以现在的状况也是不运转的，用一般现在时表示现在的状态，故答案为C
【典例】
The house belongs to my aunt but she here anymore.
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live
C. had lived D. doesn’t live
【答案】D
【解析】句中的谓语动词是现在时，故不住在这里也应该是现在的情况，答案应为D。
（3）考查表示普遍真理、事实
【典例】
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms.
A. was called B. is called
C. had been called D. has been called
【答案】B
【解析】尽管我们横渡太平洋是几个月前的事情，但是海洋的名称是存在的事实，所以用一般现在时，答案是B。
2．现在进行时
（1）考查表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事
【典例】
I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______ at the garage.
A. will be repaired B. is repaired
C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
【答案】C
【解析】句中的谓语动词是现在时态，所以现在汽车正在被修理，故答案选C。
（2）考查表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作、即将开始或结束的动作
常用的这类动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。
【典例】
Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt. The plane _______.
A. takes off B. is taking off
C. has taken off D. took off
【答案】B
【解析】答案是B。用进行时表示飞机即将起飞。
从历届高考题可以看出，命题者在选项的设置中注重对一般现在时和现在进行时区别的考查。这两种时态的区别见下：
一般现在时：习惯性、永久性、客观事实
现在进行时：暂时性、重复性、感彩
考点2 一般过去时与过去进行时
一般过去时
主要考查表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况
【典例】
It’s said that the early European playing-cards ________ for entertainment and education.
A. were being designed B. have designed
C. have been designed D. were designed
【答案】D
【解析】句中的“the early”说明以前欧洲扑克牌的设计是为了娱乐和教育，用一般过去时说明过去某个特定时间发生的动作或情况，答案是D。
【典例】
My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He there for a few months and then went to America.
worked
would work
would be working
has been working
【答案】A
【解析】此题中的“two years ago” 说明是发生在过去的事情，所以答案是A。
2．过去进行时
（1）考查表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作，强调未完成
【典例】
—Has Sam finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He _______ it this morning.
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done
【答案】C
【解析】从对话中不知道Sam有没有完成作业，但今天上午他正在做，正确答案为C。
（2）考查表示过去某一时间将要发生的动作
【典例】
—What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
—I had just finished my work and _______ take a shower.
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我刚刚完成手头的工作，将要去洗澡，所以答案是D。
一般过去时与过去进行时的区别如下：
一般过去时：完成性
过去进行时：未完成
考点3 现成完成时与现在完成进行时
现在完成时
（1）考查表示所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果
【典例】
Although medical science control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are retouring.
achieved
has achieved
will achieve
had achieve
【答案】B
【解析】尽管句中未出现时间状语，我们从句意可以判断医学已经控制住了一些危险的疾病，所以答案是B。
（2）考查表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在的动作
【典例】
My friend, who _______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.
A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served
【答案】D
【解析】此题中的时间状语“all his life” 说明我的朋友从过去到现在一直在奥委会工作，答案应是D。
【典例】
My brother is an actor. He _______ in several films so far.
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
【答案】C
【解析】句中的时间状语so far和现在完成时连用，意为“到目前为止”，所以答案是C。
现在完成进行时
主要考查表示一个从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能继续延续下去的动作
【典例】
Now that she is out of a job, Lucy going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. has considered B. has been considering
C. consider D.is going to consider
【答案】B
【解析】因为失业，Lucy一直考虑重返校园，但是到现在还没做出决定，所以答案为B。
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别如下：
现在完成时： 完成性 强调动作的结果
现在完成进行时：未完成性 动作在不久前持续进行的情景
考点4 主动表示被动的三种情况
1. 不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。
常见动词是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。
2. 一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。
常见动词是：look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。
请同学们看下面一道题：
【典例】
The roast duck_______ delicious and a lot_______ in two hours.
A. was tasted； was sold
B. tasted； was sold
C. was tasted； sold
D. tasted； would sell
【答案】B
【解析】根据所给情景，“taste”应为连系动词，英语中连系动词不用被动语态，所以第一空填tasted，后半句意为“烤鸭两小时内被卖掉很多”，所以答案为B。
3. 五个“发生”： happen, take place, occur to, break out，come about等。
【典例】
______is well known to everyone, the Olympic Games _______ every four years.
A. It; are held B. As; take place
C. That; happen D. As; break out
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查定语从句和表示“发生”等词的用法。A项it 不对，are held正确，改成以下句子正确：It is well known to everyone that the Olympic Games are held every four years. C、D项中That与break out不妥，B项中“as”引导的定语从句修饰“the Olympic ... “整个句子，“take place”相当于“are held”，所以答案为B。
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国卷Ⅰ】While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it (be) more effective at lengthening life walking, cycling or swimming.
【答案】 is; than
【解题思路】考查动词时态。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时。故填is。 考查比较句型。跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。根据文章中的more effective可知此处填than。
2.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】Since 2011, the country （grow）more corn than rice.
【答案】 has grown
【解题思路】考查动词时态。since加时间点，主句要用现在完成时。
3.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government ___ ___ (start) a soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【答案】started; that/which
【解题思路】考查动词时态。本句是“when”引导的定语从句，由于时间是2005年，故用过去时。故填started。考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代“program”并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。
4.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】 True to a gorilla’s unaggressive nature, the huge animal (mean) me no real harm.
【答案】 meant
【解题思路】考查动词时态。分析本句的句子成分可知，本句缺谓语，再根据总体时态可判断要用一般过去时。故填meant。
5.【2018·浙江卷】While regularly eating out seems to (become) common for many young people in recent years, it’s not without a cost.
【答案】 have become
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据时间状语“in recent years”可知用现在完成时，“seems to”后用动词原形，故填have become。
6.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】When fat and salt ________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
【答案】are removed
【解题思路】考查被动语态。此处意思是“当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉后”。分析可知“fat”， “salt”和“remove”之间是被动关系，脂肪和盐分是被人们去掉，所以用被动语态。故填are removed。
7.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Steam engines ________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
【答案】were used; fairly
【解题思路】考查动词语态。蒸汽机(注意复数名词形式)被用来作为火车动力，根据上下文语境，可知此处要用一般过去时；考查副词。副词修饰形容词。
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.
【答案】managed
【解题思路】考查动词时态。描述地铁发展演变过程用过去时态。
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】Sarah ________ (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
【答案】has been told/was told
【解题思路】考查动词时态和语态。“tell”后接双宾语，因此可判断此句用被动语态；再根据后面句子的时态可判断用现在完成时或一般过去时。
10.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】But at the moment, school ________ (come) first.
【答案】comes
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据“at the moment”可知这个句子应用一般现在时，而且主语是单数，故用comes。
11.【2017·浙江卷6月考】Pahlsson and her husband ________ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. “I gave up hope of finding my ring again，” she says. She never replaced it.
Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got ________ (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden.
【答案】 searched; swept
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据语意可知，他们过去曾搜遍了整个厨房，故填searched;考查过去分词。此处是“get done”结构，表示被动，意为“被扫进了垃圾堆”。
二、短文改错
12.【2018·全国卷Ⅰ】During my last winter holiday, I find a change there.
【答案】find改为found
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据前文中的“During my last winter holiday”可知时态为一般过去时，故将find改为found。
13.【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】 I didn’t realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.
【答案】are改为were
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据上下文语境，可知此处要用一般过去时，故把are改为were。
14.【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin.
【答案】begin改为begun
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据语境可知，句子用过去完成时，过去完成时的构成是had done，所以begin要改为begun。
15.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】once I started the car, my mind goes blank.
【答案】goes改为went
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据语境可知，句子用一般现在时。
16.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】When summer came，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
【答案】came改为comes; students后加to
【解题思路】考查动词时态。此处指“当夏天来临时”，用一般现在时; 考查固定结构。invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事。
17.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】I had grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years.
【答案】had改为have
【解题思路】考查动词时态。根据本句中的时间状语“in the past few years”可知这个句子用现在完成时。
一、语法填空
【山西省实验中学2018届高三第一学期期中考试】As less people choose to make sugar paintings, the traditional Chinese folk craft might have become a 41． (distance) memory in some ways. However, a 38-year-old craftsman, Li Jianzhong, is committed to 42． (keep) the art of sugar painting alive.
Li worked as a miner for more than ten years. After 43． mine closed down, Li turned 44． housing decoration, until he 45． (force) to give that up due to a finger injury. Earlier this year, he discovered sugar painting, something he really had an interest in.
Since there was no sugar painting craftsman in his village, he studied by 46． (he) through large quantities of videos and information on the Internet. Li loved painting when he was young, and he found it easy to learn the skill in sugar painting. He soon mastered the skill and could make a 47． (vary) of sugar paintings. A sugar painting is made with 48． (melt) brown or white sugar. Craftsman 49． (normal) paint animals and flowers on a stone board with the syrup(糖浆). When the sugar cools down, 50． appears is a piece of sugar art.
【答案】
41．distant 42． keeping 43． the 44． to 45． was forced
46． himself 47． variety 48． melted 49． normally 50． what
【解题思路】
41．考查词性转换。空处修饰名词memory，故填形容词distant（遥远的，久远的）。
42．考査非谓语动词。一位38岁的手艺人李健忠致力于继承糖画艺术。“be committed to”中的“to”是介词，此处应用动名词，故填keeping。
43．考査冠词。上文提到他做过十多年矿工，故此处表示他所在的矿井关闭以后，为特指，故用the。
44．考查介词。他转而去做房屋装修的工作了。 turn to“转而做，转向”。 故填 to。
45．考查时态和语态。直到他因为手指受伤而被迫放弃（装修房屋的工作）。此处讲述过去的事情，故用一般过去时，且句子的主语和force之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填was forced。
46．考查代词。由于他的村子里没有糖画手艺人，因此他自学（制作糖画)。by oneself是固定用法，表示“独自地，全靠自己地”，study by oneself“自学”，故填himself。
47．考查词性转换。他很快掌握了这项技术并能制作出各种各样的糖画。a variety of“各种各样”，故填variety。
48．考查非谓语动词。糖画通常用褐色或白色的融化了的糖做。糖是被融化的，故用过去分词作定语，故填melted。
49．考查词性转换。手艺人们通常用糖浆在石板上画动物和花。修饰谓语动词用副词，故填normally。
50．考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，表示“所……的东西”，故填what。
二、短文改错
【广东省佛山市南海区南海中学七校联合体2018届高三考前高考冲刺交流】With the summer vacation is drawing near, my classmates are?all trying very hardly to get train tickets to go home except me. I have a different plan for the upcoming vacation. I have made up my mind to spend the first two weeks of the vacation travel alone in Sichuan and Guizhou and then work part-time in the city centre library for rest of the vacation. Since I won’t go home, my parents are going?to visit myself on campus. When?they coming here, I will show them around my university?and the city as well. I am thinking of buying them some nice gifts, it will be a big surprising for them. My parents mean a lot to me. I think it?is high time?that I do something special to express my thanks to them for that they have done for me.
【答案】
1. 第一句中的is去掉，或者With 改为As
2. 第一句中hardly改为hard
3. 第三句中的travel改为travlling 或者traveling
4. 第三句中的rest前加上the
5. 第四句中的myself改为me
6. 第五句中的coming改为come
7. 第六句中的it 改为which
8. 第六句中的surprising 改为surprise
9. 第八句中的do改为did 或者do前加上should
10. 第八句中的第二个that 改为what
【解题思路】
1. 本句可以把is去掉，就形成了with复合结构做状语；也可以把with改为as，形成了as引导的状语从句。句意：随着暑假的到来，同学们都抢着买回家的票，只有我除外。
2. 考查副词。副词“hardly几乎不…”表示否定含义；而“hard努力地，艰难地”；本句并没有否定的含义，所以要使用hard表示同学们都在努力购买回家的票。
3. 考查固定短语。短语spend some time doing sth.花时间做某事；其中“doing”的前面省略了“in”。句意：我决定前两周独自一人在四川和贵州旅游，暑假的其余时间我预备打工兼职。
4. 考查固定短语。短语the rest of…剩余的…，其他的…；该短语中定冠词the修饰rest of….，表示强调。句意：暑假的其余时间我预备打工兼职。
5. 考查代词。本句中人称代词的宾格“me”作为动词“visit”的宾语。而“myself”是一个反身代词，语意不配。句意：因为我没有回家，我的父母要到学校里看我。
6. 考查时态。在时间状语从句里，用一般现在时代替将来时，主句使用一般将来时。本句中的“coming”是非谓语动词，不能单独做谓语，应该改为come。
7. 考查定语从句。代词“it”不能引导定语从句，所以应该改为“which”指代先行词，引导非限制性定语从句。
8. 考查名词。形容词surprising令人惊讶的，通常后面要接名词，而本句中有a big后面要接名词，所以使用名词形式surprise。
9. 考查虚拟语气。句式It is high time sb. should do/did sth.是某人做某事的时候了。从句中应该使用一般过去时或should+动词原形。所以可以把do改为did 或者do前加上should。
10. 考查宾语从句连接词。本句中what引导宾语从句，并在句中做动词do的宾语，that引导名词性从句时，不能在句子中充当句子成分。
一、语法填空
【山东省山东师范大学附属中学2019届高三第五次模拟考试】The Han people have its own spoken and written language-Chinese. Chinese belongs to the Han-Tibetan language family. It is the 41． (common) used language in China and among the largest languages in the world.
Written Chinese came out in 42． (it) earliest form approximately 6,000 years ago. The Chinese characters 43． (use) today, also called “Hanzi”, developed from those used in bones and tortoise shells more than 3,000 years ago. There are about 56,000 characters, of which only about 3,000 are in common use.
Mandarin is a category (种类) of Chinese 44． (dialect) spoken across most of northern and 45． (southwest) China. The term “Mandarin” can also refer to Standard Mandarin, which 46． (base) on the Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing. It is officially considered to be the standard for the People’s Republic of China.
Why do most non-Chinese speakers choose to learn standard Mandarin Chinese? Mandarin is understood by most Chinese people. As mentioned above, it is China’s national language. 47． you are interested in basic communication, scholarly research, or 48． (pursue) a career in China, standard Mandarin is 49． necessary tool for communication. And it often serves 50． a bridge for communication.
【答案】
41． most commonly 42． its 43． (being) used 44． dialects 45． southwestern
46． is based 47． Whether 48． (are) pursuing 49． a 50． as
【解题思路】
41．考查副词最高级。句意：它是中国最常用的语言，也是世界上最大的语言之一。此处是副词修饰动词，再根据句意和空格前的the，应该用副词的最高级，故答案为most commonly。
42．考查形容词性物主代词。句意：大约6000年前，书面汉语出现了最早的形式。形容词性物主代词修饰名词，故答案为its。
43．考查现在分词一般式的被动式或过去分词作后置定语。句意：今天使用的汉字，也叫“汉字”，是由3000多年前刻于骨头和龟壳的汉字发展而来的。此处characters和use之间是被动关系，结合句意可知句子用现在分词一般式的被动式或用过去分词作后置定语，故答案为(being) used。
44．考查名词复数。句意：普通话是中国北方和西南大部分地区使用的一种方言。此处用名词复数，故答案为dialects。
45．考查形容词。句意：普通话是中国北方和西南大部分地区使用的一种方言。形容词修饰名词，故答案为southwestern。
46．考查一般现在时态的被动语态。句意：“普通话”一词也可以指标准普通话，这是基于北京的普通话方言。在定语从句中先行词“Mandarin”作句子主语，第三人称单数形式，且和base之间是被动关系，结合句意此处用一般现在时态的被动语态，故答案为is based。
47．考查让步状语从句。句意：无论你是对基础交流、学术研究感兴趣，还是在中国寻求职业发展，标准普通话都是交流的必要工具。此处是Whether...or...“无论......还是......”引导的让步状语从句，故答案为Whether。
48．考查现在进行时态。句意：无论你是对基础交流、学术研究感兴趣，还是在中国寻求职业发展，标准普通话都是交流的必要工具。结合句意可知，此处表示现在正在进行的动作或状态，用现在进行时；前面可以省略be动词，故答案为(are) pursuing。
49．考查不定冠词。句意：无论你是对基础交流、学术研究感兴趣，还是在中国寻求职业发展，标准普通话都是交流的必要工具。结合句意可知，tool用单数，故答案为a。
50．考查固定搭配。句意：它经常作为沟通的桥梁。固定搭配：serve as“担任，充当”，故答案为as。
二、短文改错
【湖北省荆门市2019届高三元月调考】A Chinese scientist, Mr. He Jiankui claimed that he has successfully
created the world’s first genetically-edited babies. In a interview, Mr. He said he had edited the genetic substance, or
DNA, of twin girls born a few weeks early. Though Mr. He’s claim was immediately condemned by some scientists as
unsafe and unethical, but he defended his work. He said the gene editing, that was to help protect the babies from their
future infection of HIV, the virus responsible with AIDS, was perfectly safe. Many scientists working in genetics say he
believe any experiments performing this way are dangerous.
In the United States and other country, this kind of gene editing is strictly banned. What scientists are worried about
that such changes to a person’s DNA may harm his/her other genes and lead to deadly diseases.
【答案】
1. has → had
2. a→ an
3. early→ earlier
4. 去掉but
5. that→ which
6. with → for
7. he→ they
8. performing→ performed
9. country→ countries
10. about后加 is
【解题思路】
1.考查时态。此处表示的动作发生在“claimed”之前，属于“过于的过去”，应使用过去完成时。故has 改为had。
2.考查冠词。“interview”是元音音素开头的词，应使用不定冠词an。故a改为an。
3.考查副词。earlier副词“早地；早先的时候”。时间段与“earlier”一起使用，表示以过去或将来某一个时间点为准的一段时间以前。a few weeks earlier“几周前”。故early改为earlier。
4.考查让步状语从句。though/although等引导让步状语从句时，不能与but/and/or连用。故去掉but。
5.考查非限定性定语从句。此处为非限定性定语从句，先行词是“the gene editing”，关联词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词“which”引导。故that改为which。
6.考查介词。固定短语：responsible for“是……的原由；为……负责”。故with改为for。
7.考查代词。此处指代主语“Many scientists”，且在宾语从句中做主语。故he改为they。
8.考查过去分词。此处与“experiments”构成逻辑动宾关系，应使用过去分词，表被动。故performing改为performed。
9.考查名词复数。此处指“其他的国家”，不是一个国家，应使用名词复数。故country改为countries。
10.考查系动词。句意：科学家所担心的是，一个人的DNA的这种变化可能会损害他/她的其他基因，并导致致命的疾病。分析句意及句子结构可知，“What scientists are worried about” 是主语从句，that引导的是表语从句，缺少系动词。故about后加 is。
非谓语动词是动词用法中最为复杂的部分之一，它不仅有时态的变化、语态的不同，而且还要格外注意它所表达的逻辑关系，这些都已经成为非谓语动词用法的难点。
近年来，高考对该语法现象的渗透日趋明显和突出，所牵扯到的焦点问题主要有：现在分词和过去分词基础知识；现在分词和过去分词句法功能；现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析；现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成；现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联系和纽带作用等。
另外，对于动词不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能；对于动名词主要考查在一些动词后作宾语的用法等。
考点1 非谓语动词作状语
1．不定式作状语
不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结果，常为only to do)。
①We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)
②To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)
③He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(结果)
2．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。
(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn't hear the sound.
他陷入深深的思考中，没有听到声音。
【典例】
Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way____ the sun and the stars.
A. used B. having used C. using D. use
【答案】C
【解析】句意：像古代的水手，鸟能利用太阳和星辰来找到它们的路。using是伴随状语。
考点2 非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语)
(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主语)
(3)It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)
(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)
2．非谓语动词作表语
(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答what引导的问句。
(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。
3．非谓语动词作宾语
非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词
(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。
(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。
(3)以下动词后接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。
动词
接动名词作宾语
接不定式作宾语
remember
记得曾做过某事
记得要做某事
forget
忘记曾做过某事
忘记要做某事
try
尝试做某事
努力做某事
regret
对做过的事表示后悔
对要做的事表示遗憾
mean
意味着做某事
企图(打算)做某事
can't help
禁不住做某事
不能帮助做某事
go on
继续做未完成的事
做完一件事后，接着做另一件事
stop
中断正在做的事
中断正在做的事，去做别的事
【典例】
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother good care of at home.
A. taking B. taken C. take D. be taken
【答案】B
【解析】句意：在非洲医疗援助两年回来后，Dr. Lee很高兴看见妈妈在家被照顾得很好。his mother和take care of是被动关系，用过去分词做宾语补足语，所以选B。
考点3 非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。
You are the third one to enter the room.(主谓关系)
I have something important to say.(动宾关系)
He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位关系)
2．动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。
a reading room(＝ a room for reading)
3．现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。
The question being discussed (＝which is being discussed) now is important.
4．过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。
The question discussed(＝which was discussed) yesterday is important.
考点4 非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式
1．非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加not。
He pretended not to see me.
I regret not following his advice.
Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.
2．不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。
当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。
The boy pretended to be working hard.
当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。
I happened to have seen the film.
当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
3．动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。
We remembered having seen the film.
He came to the party without being invited.
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
4．现在分词的完成式和被动式。
当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。
Having done his homework，he played basketball.
当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。
The problem being discussed is very important.
Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.
【典例】
The NO.5 subway line， in October，2007，has greatly improved the traffic conditions in Beijing．
A．opened B．was opened C．being opened D．to be opened
【答案】C
【解析】根据“has greatly improved the traffic conditions in Beijing”可以推断出The NO.5 subway line已经建成，表示“已经发生的动作”应该用过去分词。
语法填空
1.【2018·全国I】You don't have to run fast or for long___62___(see)the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ___63___ (die) early by running.
2.【2018·全国II】The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ___64___ (improve) water quality.
3.【2018·全国III】I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ____64____(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____65____(challenge).
4.【2018·全国III】Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ____70____ (stay)and watch.
5.【2018·浙江】I still remember ___59___ (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
6.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required _____63___ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
7.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】This included digging up the road, ____63____ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over _ _64_____ top.
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A-level course. But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ___61____ (rest).
二、句子改错
9.【2018·全国I】My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.
10.【2018·全国II】As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me.
11.【2018·全国III】Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.
12.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”
13.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.
一、语法填空
（湖北省黄冈市2018届高三上学期期末考试）A group of classmates got together to visit their old teacher. These classmates all had good jobs and made lots of money. They talked ____1____ (happy). The teacher asked them the difficulty they had ____2____ (achieve) their dreams. Then their talk soon turned to complaining about the stress in work and life. The teacher went to ____3____ kitchen and came back with a large pot of coffee and many cups-china ones, plastic ones and glass ones. Some are plain looking, some are expensive and some are lovely. The teacher told them to help ____4____ (they) to the coffee.
When all the students had a cup of coffee in hand, the teacher said, “Can you notice that all of you took nice-looking expensive cups, leaving ____5____ the plain and cheap ones? You want only the best for yourselves, ____6____ is the source of your problems.”
“What all of you really wanted was coffee, not the cup, ____7____ you went for the best cups and then began looking at each other’s cups.”
“Now think about this: life is the coffee, and the jobs, money and position in society ____8____ (be) the cups. They are just ____9____ (tool) to hold, and do not change the life. Sometimes, by caring only about the cups, we fail ____10____ (enjoy) the coffee. So don’t let the cups drive you, and enjoy the coffee instead.”
二、短文改错
（河南省中原名校2018届高三第三次质量考评）
Dear sir/ Madam,
As a Chinese high school student to graduate in this year, I sincerely apply to a chance to study in your university. I’m eighteen but will finish my three years of study in high school soon. I studied Chinese, English, math, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history and other subject, of which science subjects are my favorites. I I’m also good at English. I can communicate fluent with native speakers in English.
Beside, I go in for various out-of-class activities. I like play football, table tennis, and so on. I’m also member of many clubs for music and opera. I’m a volunteer in my neighborhood.
I’m looking forward to hear from you. And please contact me by e-mail: lihua@qq.com.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
一、语法填空
（2019届湖北省十堰市第二中学高三上学期检测）I'm not sure _____1_____ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ____2____ top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears. He screams the ___3___(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ____4____(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____5____(challenge).
My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ___6___(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching ___7___ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ____8____(they) alive. True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal ____9____(mean)me no real harm. He was just saying: "I'm king of this forest, and here is your reminder!" Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ____10____ (stay)and watch.
二、短文改错
（武威一中2019届秋季学期阶段性考试高三年级英语）
Dear Mr .Smith,
I'm Li Hua, the Chinese student taking summer courses in your university. Everything is going smooth. I enjoy all the courses here but one offering by Professor Martin. I have difficulty understand him in class. He has a very strong accent, that makes it hard for me to follow him in class. I have told that I can go to the learning center for help. I wonder if I could come in Wednesday or Friday. I had no class and can come for help and suggestion. Please let me to know which time is OK with you.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
答案与解析
语法填空
1.【答案】 to see; dying
【解题思路】前一空考查非谓语动词的不定式作目的状语。句意：你不必跑得太快或时间太长就能看到它的好处。此处不定式作目的状语，故填to see。第二空考查动名词。句意：你也许喝酒、吸烟或超重，但仍然可以通过跑步减少早亡的风险。此处of是介词，其后用动名词。故填dying。
2.【答案】to improve
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以连接且谓语动词是encourages，故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填to improve。
3.【答案】looking；challenged
【解题思路】第一空考查非谓语动词。动词avoid后要加动名词doing作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。故填looking。第二空考查非谓语。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视他的眼睛，他就不会感到被挑战。feel为系动词，用过去分词challenged作表语，表示“被挑战”。
4.【答案】to stay
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处为固定结构allow sb to do sth.“允许某人做某事”，不定式作宾补。故填to stay。
5.【答案】visiting
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处为固定结构remember doing sth.“记得做过某事”，动名词作宾语。故填visiting。
6.【答案】to process
【解题思路】考查不定式。require表示“要求”， require to do sth表示“要求做某事”，被动形式为be required to do sth，表示“被要求做某事”。故填to process。
7.【答案】laying；the
【解题思路】前一空考查非谓语动词。此处用lay的动名词形式laying与前面的digging形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明lie—lying/lay/lain和lay—laying/laid/laid等特殊词形变化会导致错误。后一空考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。
8.【答案】resting
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。spend…(in) doing sth是固定句式，意为“花……做某事”。
二、句子改错
9.【答案】sell改成selling
【解题思路】考查动名词。去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词by后用动名词，故用selling。
10.【答案】the改成a; watching改为watch
【解题思路】第一处考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the表示特指。故把the改为a。第二处考查非谓语动词的不定式。句意：无论我要求多少次要去看（卡通片）。用不定式表示目的。故把watching改为watch。
11.【答案】wait改成waiting; and改为or
【解题思路】第一处考查非谓语动词。根据句子成分分析，本句有谓语为was，而且没有连词，wait与主语是主动关系，所以wait 要用非谓语waiting，表伴随。第二处考查连词。句意：每个人都沉默了，等着看谁会被要求大声朗读他或她的段落。一次只能叫一个人，男女两者是选择关系，故把and改为or。
12.【答案】word改为words；Turning改为Turn
【解题思路】第一处考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。 word表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将word改为words。第二处考查非谓语动词。分析语境可知教练的话“加速”“减速”“左转”都是祈使句，根据前文“Speed up！” “Slow down！”也可以看得出来。祈使句应该用动词原形开头，故将Turning改为Turn。
13.【答案】took改为taken；become改为became
【解题思路】第一处考查过去分词。根据逻辑关系可知照片是被拍，故用被动语态，被动语态的构成是“be＋过去分词”，故把took改为taken。第二处考查动词的时态。因为become和前面的entered是并列谓语，故也用一般过去时。
一、语法填空
【答案】1. happily 2. achieving 3. the 4. themselves 5. behind
6. which 7. but 8. are 9. tools 10. to enjoy
【解题思路】
1.考查副词。句意：他们聊得很开心。这里用副词happily修饰动词talk。故这里用happily。
2. 考查非谓语动词。句意：老师问他们实现梦想的过程中遇到的困难。这里考查 have difficulty (in) doing sth的结构，故这里用achieving。
3. 考查冠词。go to the kitchen 去厨房。故这里用the。
4. 考查反身代词。句意：老师让他们自己倒咖啡。help oneself自取，自用。这里是让“他们”自己倒咖啡，故用themselves。
5. 考查固定短语。句意：你们所有人拿的都是漂亮昂贵的杯子，留下了普通便宜的杯子，你们注意到了吗？leave behind留下，丢弃，使落后。根据句意可知这里用behind。
6. 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：你们只想要给自己最好的，这就是你们问题的根源。根据句意和结构可知，这里构造了非限制性定语从句，用关系代词指代上面的句子，在定语从句中作主语，故用which。
7. 考查连词。句意：你们真正需要的是咖啡不是杯子，但是你们都去拿了最好的杯子，然后开始看其他人的杯子。根据句意可知，这里前后句是转折关系，故用but。
8. 考查主谓一致。句意：生活是咖啡，工作，钱和社会地位是杯子。主语是the jobs, money and position in society，根据主谓一致的原则，可知这里用are。
9. 考查名词的数。句意：它们只是握着的工具，不要改变了生活。根据句意可知这里用名词复数形式，故用tools。
10. 考查非谓语动词。句意：有时，因为只关心杯子，我们没有享受到咖啡。fail to do未能（做），没能（做）。故这里用to enjoy。
二、短文改错
【答案】1.删去this前的in 2. apply后的to改成for
3. but 改成 and 4. studied 改成 study
5. subject 改成 subjects 6. fluent 改成 fluently
7. Beside 改成 Besides 8. play 改成 playing
9. member前加 a 10. hear 改成hearing
【解题思路】
1.考查介词。“今年毕业”直接说graduate this year，所以删去this前的in。
2.考查介词。我真诚地申请去你们大学学习的机会。apply for申请，是固定用法，所以apply后的to改成for。
3.考查连词。我今年18岁并且很快就要完成我三年的高中学习。表示并列关系，所以but 改成 and。
4.考查时态。表示主语现在的状态，用一般现在时，所以studied 改成 study。
5.考查名词单复数。有other修饰，所以用名词复数，subject 改成 subjects。
6.考查副词。修饰动词communicate用副词，fluent 改成 fluently。
7.考查连词。此外，我参加了各种各样的课外活动。Beside 改成 Besides。
8.考查非谓语动词。Like doing喜欢做某事，是固定用法。Like后接动名词作宾语。play 改成 playing。
9.考查冠词。a member of……中的一员，是固定用法。member前加 a。
10.考查非谓语动词。look forward to后面接动名词作宾语，所以hear改成 hearing。
一、语法填空
【答案】1. who 2. the 3. loudest 4. looking 5. challenged
6. scientist 7. for 8. them 9. meant 10. to stay
【解题思路】
1.考查宾语从句。句意：我不确定谁更害怕,我或者突然凭空出现的大猩猩。根据句意可知，这里表示“谁”，故填who。
2.考查冠词。句意：出乎意料的是，我和大猩猩面对面，她开始大声尖叫。此处at the top of her lungs为固定短语，表示“用尽全力”，故填the。
3.考查最高级。句意：他叫得最响。此处由“of all”可知要用最高级，故填loudest。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意：我迅速低下身子，低下头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会觉得受到了挑战。此处avoid后要接动名词作宾语，故填looking。
5.考查非谓语动词。句意：我迅速低下身子，低下头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会觉得受到了挑战。此处过去分词作表语，表示被动，故填challenged。
6.考查词性转换。句意：我是研究猿类和猴子等动物的科学家。根据句意可知，此处要填表示人的名词，故填scientist。
7.考查介词。句意：我在寻找我观察到的这三只西部低地大猩猩。此处search for为固定短语，表示“寻找”，故填for。
8.考查代词。句意：当我和大猩猩吓到彼此时，我很高兴发现它们还活着。此处作find的宾语，代替前面的大猩猩，故填them。
9.考查动词时态。句意：由于大猩猩天性温和，这种巨大的动物对我并没有真正的伤害。此处作谓语与本段的时态一致，故填meant。
10.考查非谓语动词。句意：他的消息一发出，他就让我留下来看。此处不定式作宾补，allow sb to do sth为固定短语，表示“允许某人做某事”，故填to stay。
二、短文改错
【答案】1.the改成a 2.smooth改成smoothly
3. offering改成offered 4.understand改成understanding
5.that改成which 6.told前加been
7. in改成on 8. had改成have
9.suggestion改成suggestions 10.去掉know前的to
【解题思路】
1.考查冠词。句意：我叫李华，是一名在贵校上暑期班的中国学生。此处为泛指，故把the改为a。
2.考查词性转换。句意：一切都很顺利。此处修饰动词go，所以要用副词，故smooth改为smoothly。
3.考查非谓语动词。句意：除了马丁教授的一门课外，我喜欢这里所有的课程。此句过去分词作定语修饰one，表示被动，故把offering改为offered。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意：我在课堂上很难听懂他的话。此处have difficulty（in）doing为固定结构，表示“做某事有困难”，故understand改为understanding。
5.考查定语从句。句意：他的口音很重，这使我在课堂上很难听懂他的话。此处代替前面整个句子的意思，故that改为which。
6.考查被动语态。句意：我被告知我可以去学习中心寻求帮助。这里I和told之间是被动的关系，故把have told改为have been told。
7.考查介词。句意：我想知道我星期三或星期五能不能来。此处星期的前面要用介词on，故把in改为on。
8.考查动词时态。句意：我没有课，可以来寻求帮助和建议。文章通篇用一般现在时，而且描述客观事实，故这里要用一般现在时，故had改为have。
9.考查名词复数。句意：我没有课，可以来寻求帮助和建议。此处suggestion为可数名词，故suggestion改为suggestions。
10.考查非谓语动词。句意：请告诉我什么时间可以。此处let为使役动词，其后接省to的不定式作宾补。故know前的to省略。
非谓语动词是动词用法中最为复杂的部分之一，它不仅有时态的变化、语态的不同，而且还要格外注意它所表达的逻辑关系，这些都已经成为非谓语动词用法的难点。
近年来，高考对该语法现象的渗透日趋明显和突出，所牵扯到的焦点问题主要有：现在分词和过去分词基础知识；现在分词和过去分词句法功能；现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析；现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成；现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联系和纽带作用等。
另外，对于动词不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能；对于动名词主要考查在一些动词后作宾语的用法等。
考点1 非谓语动词作状语
1．不定式作状语
不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结果，常为only to do)。
①We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)
②To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)
③He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(结果)
2．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。
(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
(3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn't hear the sound.
他陷入深深的思考中，没有听到声音。
【典例】
Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way____ the sun and the stars.
A. used B. having used C. using D. use
【答案】C
【解析】句意：像古代的水手，鸟能利用太阳和星辰来找到它们的路。using是伴随状语。
考点2 非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语)
(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主语)
(3)It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)
(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)
2．非谓语动词作表语
(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答what引导的问句。
(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。
3．非谓语动词作宾语
非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词
(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。
(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。
(3)以下动词后接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。
动词
接动名词作宾语
接不定式作宾语
remember
记得曾做过某事
记得要做某事
forget
忘记曾做过某事
忘记要做某事
try
尝试做某事
努力做某事
regret
对做过的事表示后悔
对要做的事表示遗憾
mean
意味着做某事
企图(打算)做某事
can't help
禁不住做某事
不能帮助做某事
go on
继续做未完成的事
做完一件事后，接着做另一件事
stop
中断正在做的事
中断正在做的事，去做别的事
【典例】
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother good care of at home.
A. taking B. taken C. take D. be taken
【答案】B
【解析】句意：在非洲医疗援助两年回来后，Dr. Lee很高兴看见妈妈在家被照顾得很好。his mother和take care of是被动关系，用过去分词做宾语补足语，所以选B。
考点3 非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。
You are the third one to enter the room.(主谓关系)
I have something important to say.(动宾关系)
He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位关系)
2．动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。
a reading room(＝ a room for reading)
3．现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。
The question being discussed (＝which is being discussed) now is important.
4．过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。
The question discussed(＝which was discussed) yesterday is important.
考点4 非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式
1．非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加not。
He pretended not to see me.
I regret not following his advice.
Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.
2．不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。
当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。
The boy pretended to be working hard.
当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。
I happened to have seen the film.
当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
3．动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。
We remembered having seen the film.
He came to the party without being invited.
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
4．现在分词的完成式和被动式。
当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。
Having done his homework，he played basketball.
当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。
The problem being discussed is very important.
Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.
【典例】
The NO.5 subway line， in October，2007，has greatly improved the traffic conditions in Beijing．
A．opened B．was opened C．being opened D．to be opened
【答案】C
【解析】根据“has greatly improved the traffic conditions in Beijing”可以推断出The NO.5 subway line已经建成，表示“已经发生的动作”应该用过去分词。
语法填空
1.【2018·全国I】You don't have to run fast or for long___62___(see)the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ___63___ (die) early by running.
【答案】 to see; dying
【解题思路】前一空考查非谓语动词的不定式作目的状语。句意：你不必跑得太快或时间太长就能看到它的好处。此处不定式作目的状语，故填to see。第二空考查动名词。句意：你也许喝酒、吸烟或超重，但仍然可以通过跑步减少早亡的风险。此处of是介词，其后用动名词。故填dying。
2.【2018·全国II】The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ___64___ (improve) water quality.
【答案】to improve
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以连接且谓语动词是encourages，故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填to improve。
3.【2018·全国III】I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ____64____(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____65____(challenge).
【答案】looking；challenged
【解题思路】第一空考查非谓语动词。动词avoid后要加动名词doing作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。故填looking。第二空考查非谓语。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视他的眼睛，他就不会感到被挑战。feel为系动词，用过去分词challenged作表语，表示“被挑战”。
4.【2018·全国III】Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ____70____ (stay)and watch.
【答案】to stay
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处为固定结构allow sb to do sth.“允许某人做某事”，不定式作宾补。故填to stay。
5.【2018·浙江】I still remember ___59___ (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
【答案】visiting
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。此处为固定结构remember doing sth.“记得做过某事”，动名词作宾语。故填visiting。
6.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required _____63___ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
【答案】to process
【解题思路】考查不定式。require表示“要求”， require to do sth表示“要求做某事”，被动形式为be required to do sth，表示“被要求做某事”。故填to process。
7.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】This included digging up the road, ____63____ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over _ _64_____ top.
【答案】laying；the
【解题思路】前一空考查非谓语动词。此处用lay的动名词形式laying与前面的digging形成并列。该词填空难度较大，若考生未辨明lie—lying/lay/lain和lay—laying/laid/laid等特殊词形变化会导致错误。后一空考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A-level course. But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ___61____ (rest).
【答案】resting
【解题思路】考查非谓语动词。spend…(in) doing sth是固定句式，意为“花……做某事”。
二、句子改错
9.【2018·全国I】My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.
【答案】sell改成selling
【解题思路】考查动名词。去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词by后用动名词，故用selling。
10.【2018·全国II】As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me.
【答案】the改成a; watching改为watch
【解题思路】第一处考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the表示特指。故把the改为a。第二处考查非谓语动词的不定式。句意：无论我要求多少次要去看（卡通片）。用不定式表示目的。故把watching改为watch。
11.【2018·全国III】Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.
【答案】wait改成waiting; and改为or
【解题思路】第一处考查非谓语动词。根据句子成分分析，本句有谓语为was，而且没有连词，wait与主语是主动关系，所以wait 要用非谓语waiting，表伴随。第二处考查连词。句意：每个人都沉默了，等着看谁会被要求大声朗读他或她的段落。一次只能叫一个人，男女两者是选择关系，故把and改为or。
12.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”
【答案】word改为words；Turning改为Turn
【解题思路】第一处考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。 word表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将word改为words。第二处考查非谓语动词。分析语境可知教练的话“加速”“减速”“左转”都是祈使句，根据前文“Speed up！” “Slow down！”也可以看得出来。祈使句应该用动词原形开头，故将Turning改为Turn。
13.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.
【答案】took改为taken；become改为became
【解题思路】第一处考查过去分词。根据逻辑关系可知照片是被拍，故用被动语态，被动语态的构成是“be＋过去分词”，故把took改为taken。第二处考查动词的时态。因为become和前面的entered是并列谓语，故也用一般过去时。
一、语法填空
（湖北省黄冈市2018届高三上学期期末考试）A group of classmates got together to visit their old teacher. These classmates all had good jobs and made lots of money. They talked ____1____ (happy). The teacher asked them the difficulty they had ____2____ (achieve) their dreams. Then their talk soon turned to complaining about the stress in work and life. The teacher went to ____3____ kitchen and came back with a large pot of coffee and many cups-china ones, plastic ones and glass ones. Some are plain looking, some are expensive and some are lovely. The teacher told them to help ____4____ (they) to the coffee.
When all the students had a cup of coffee in hand, the teacher said, “Can you notice that all of you took nice-looking expensive cups, leaving ____5____ the plain and cheap ones? You want only the best for yourselves, ____6____ is the source of your problems.”
“What all of you really wanted was coffee, not the cup, ____7____ you went for the best cups and then began looking at each other’s cups.”
“Now think about this: life is the coffee, and the jobs, money and position in society ____8____ (be) the cups. They are just ____9____ (tool) to hold, and do not change the life. Sometimes, by caring only about the cups, we fail ____10____ (enjoy) the coffee. So don’t let the cups drive you, and enjoy the coffee instead.”
【答案】1. happily 2. achieving 3. the 4. themselves 5. behind
6. which 7. but 8. are 9. tools 10. to enjoy
【解题思路】
1.考查副词。句意：他们聊得很开心。这里用副词happily修饰动词talk。故这里用happily。
2. 考查非谓语动词。句意：老师问他们实现梦想的过程中遇到的困难。这里考查 have difficulty (in) doing sth的结构，故这里用achieving。
3. 考查冠词。go to the kitchen 去厨房。故这里用the。
4. 考查反身代词。句意：老师让他们自己倒咖啡。help oneself自取，自用。这里是让“他们”自己倒咖啡，故用themselves。
5. 考查固定短语。句意：你们所有人拿的都是漂亮昂贵的杯子，留下了普通便宜的杯子，你们注意到了吗？leave behind留下，丢弃，使落后。根据句意可知这里用behind。
6. 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：你们只想要给自己最好的，这就是你们问题的根源。根据句意和结构可知，这里构造了非限制性定语从句，用关系代词指代上面的句子，在定语从句中作主语，故用which。
7. 考查连词。句意：你们真正需要的是咖啡不是杯子，但是你们都去拿了最好的杯子，然后开始看其他人的杯子。根据句意可知，这里前后句是转折关系，故用but。
8. 考查主谓一致。句意：生活是咖啡，工作，钱和社会地位是杯子。主语是the jobs, money and position in society，根据主谓一致的原则，可知这里用are。
9. 考查名词的数。句意：它们只是握着的工具，不要改变了生活。根据句意可知这里用名词复数形式，故用tools。
10. 考查非谓语动词。句意：有时，因为只关心杯子，我们没有享受到咖啡。fail to do未能（做），没能（做）。故这里用to enjoy。
二、短文改错
（河南省中原名校2018届高三第三次质量考评）
Dear sir/ Madam,
As a Chinese high school student to graduate in this year, I sincerely apply to a chance to study in your university. I’m eighteen but will finish my three years of study in high school soon. I studied Chinese, English, math, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history and other subject, of which science subjects are my favorites. I I’m also good at English. I can communicate fluent with native speakers in English.
Beside, I go in for various out-of-class activities. I like play football, table tennis, and so on. I’m also member of many clubs for music and opera. I’m a volunteer in my neighborhood.
I’m looking forward to hear from you. And please contact me by e-mail: lihua@qq.com.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
【答案】1.删去this前的in 2. apply后的to改成for
3. but 改成 and 4. studied 改成 study
5. subject 改成 subjects 6. fluent 改成 fluently
7. Beside 改成 Besides 8. play 改成 playing
9. member前加 a 10. hear 改成hearing
【解题思路】本文是作者想要去读大学的一封申请信。
1.考查介词。“今年毕业”直接说graduate this year，所以删去this前的in。
2.考查介词。我真诚地申请去你们大学学习的机会。apply for申请，是固定用法，所以apply后的to改成for。
3.考查连词。我今年18岁并且很快就要完成我三年的高中学习。表示并列关系，所以but 改成 and。
4.考查时态。表示主语现在的状态，用一般现在时，所以studied 改成 study。
5.考查名词单复数。有other修饰，所以用名词复数，subject 改成 subjects。
6.考查副词。修饰动词communicate用副词，fluent 改成 fluently。
7.考查连词。此外，我参加了各种各样的课外活动。Beside 改成 Besides。
8.考查非谓语动词。Like doing喜欢做某事，是固定用法。Like后接动名词作宾语。play 改成 playing。
9.考查冠词。a member of……中的一员，是固定用法。member前加 a。
10.考查非谓语动词。look forward to后面接动名词作宾语，所以hear改成 hearing。
一、语法填空
（2019届湖北省十堰市第二中学高三上学期检测）I'm not sure _____1_____ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ____2____ top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears. He screams the ___3___(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ____4____(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____5____(challenge).
My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ___6___(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching ___7___ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ____8____(they) alive. True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal ____9____(mean)me no real harm. He was just saying: "I'm king of this forest, and here is your reminder!" Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ____10____ (stay)and watch.
【答案】1. who 2. the 3. loudest 4. looking 5. challenged
6. scientist 7. for 8. them 9. meant 10. to stay
【解题思路】
1.考查宾语从句。句意：我不确定谁更害怕,我或者突然凭空出现的大猩猩。根据句意可知，这里表示“谁”，故填who。
2.考查冠词。句意：出乎意料的是，我和大猩猩面对面，她开始大声尖叫。此处at the top of her lungs为固定短语，表示“用尽全力”，故填the。
3.考查最高级。句意：他叫得最响。此处由“of all”可知要用最高级，故填loudest。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意：我迅速低下身子，低下头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会觉得受到了挑战。此处avoid后要接动名词作宾语，故填looking。
5.考查非谓语动词。句意：我迅速低下身子，低下头，避免直视他的眼睛，这样他就不会觉得受到了挑战。此处过去分词作表语，表示被动，故填challenged。
6.考查词性转换。句意：我是研究猿类和猴子等动物的科学家。根据句意可知，此处要填表示人的名词，故填scientist。
7.考查介词。句意：我在寻找我观察到的这三只西部低地大猩猩。此处search for为固定短语，表示“寻找”，故填for。
8.考查代词。句意：当我和大猩猩吓到彼此时，我很高兴发现它们还活着。此处作find的宾语，代替前面的大猩猩，故填them。
9.考查动词时态。句意：由于大猩猩天性温和，这种巨大的动物对我并没有真正的伤害。此处作谓语与本段的时态一致，故填meant。
10.考查非谓语动词。句意：他的消息一发出，他就让我留下来看。此处不定式作宾补，allow sb to do sth为固定短语，表示“允许某人做某事”，故填to stay。
二、短文改错
（武威一中2019届秋季学期阶段性考试高三年级英语）
Dear Mr .Smith,
I'm Li Hua, the Chinese student taking summer courses in your university. Everything is going smooth. I enjoy all the courses here but one offering by Professor Martin. I have difficulty understand him in class. He has a very strong accent, that makes it hard for me to follow him in class. I have told that I can go to the learning center for help. I wonder if I could come in Wednesday or Friday. I had no class and can come for help and suggestion. Please let me to know which time is OK with you.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】1.the改成a 2.smooth改成smoothly
3. offering改成offered 4.understand改成understanding
5.that改成which 6.told前加been
7. in改成on 8. had改成have
9.suggestion改成suggestions 10.去掉know前的to
【解题思路】
1.考查冠词。句意：我叫李华，是一名在贵校上暑期班的中国学生。此处为泛指，故把the改为a。
2.考查词性转换。句意：一切都很顺利。此处修饰动词go，所以要用副词，故smooth改为smoothly。
3.考查非谓语动词。句意：除了马丁教授的一门课外，我喜欢这里所有的课程。此句过去分词作定语修饰one，表示被动，故把offering改为offered。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意：我在课堂上很难听懂他的话。此处have difficulty（in）doing为固定结构，表示“做某事有困难”，故understand改为understanding。
5.考查定语从句。句意：他的口音很重，这使我在课堂上很难听懂他的话。此处代替前面整个句子的意思，故that改为which。
6.考查被动语态。句意：我被告知我可以去学习中心寻求帮助。这里I和told之间是被动的关系，故把have told改为have been told。
7.考查介词。句意：我想知道我星期三或星期五能不能来。此处星期的前面要用介词on，故把in改为on。
8.考查动词时态。句意：我没有课，可以来寻求帮助和建议。文章通篇用一般现在时，而且描述客观事实，故这里要用一般现在时，故had改为have。
9.考查名词复数。句意：我没有课，可以来寻求帮助和建议。此处suggestion为可数名词，故suggestion改为suggestions。
10.考查非谓语动词。句意：请告诉我什么时间可以。此处let为使役动词，其后接省to的不定式作宾补。故know前的to省略。
高考研究英语中常用的情态动词主要有can，could，may，might，must，will，would，shall，should，ought to，dare，need，used to，had better等。在学习情态动词时应注意以下几点：同一情态动词表示不同的意义的情况；情态动词后跟各种形式的用法；特别是注意“情态动词+完成式”是高考中的重点所在。
高考中的虚拟语气一般与情态动词结合进行考查。每年高考试题中都会出现一定的题目。
(1) 考纲要求
情态动词是各地高考试题中的必考项目，每年高考单独命题区单项选择/填空中必有一道考查情态动词的项目。新课标卷主要在语法填空和短文改错中考查。考点依次是：推测(可能性)→请求/允许→必要性→特殊用法。试题的立意不偏不怪，但有效信息越来越隐蔽，语境越来越真实，考查角度越来越细致，这些因素在很大程度上增加了试题的难度。
(2) 命题规律
一、主要考查的是真实的语境中对情态动词的理解和把握，其语境的情景更加逼真，设问角度将综合化、细微化。
二、近几年，情态动词重点考查情态动词表示推测和可能性的用法，以及情态动词的表达“情感、态度、语气等”方面的用法。
考点一、can/could与be able to
1．can/could用来表示“一般能力”；be able to有多种时态，且用来表示在特定条件下的“具体能力”。如：
My grandma is over seventy，but she can still read without glasses.
They will be able to tell you the news soon.
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
2．表示允许可用can或could，与may或might意义接近。could可用于现在时，只是语气更加委婉、客气，回答时则一般要用can而不用could。
—Could I have the television on?
—Yes，you can./No，you can’t.
考点二、may与might
1．表示允许，意为“可以，许可”，用法基本上同can与could。如：
May I use your bicycle?
2．表示可能性，意为“也许，可能”。如：
According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.
3．may可以放在句首，表示祝愿。如：
May good luck be yours!
考点三、must与have to
1．must用来表示说话人的主观看法；have to表示客观的需要，强调外界压力，不得已而为之。如：
He said that they must work hard。
他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
My brother was ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟生病了，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
2．表示“不必”，须用don’t have to或needn’t。must的否定式表示“禁止，绝对不可”。如：
You don’t have to tell him about it.
你不必告诉他那件事。
You mustn’t tell him about it.
你绝不能告诉他那件事。
—Must we do it now?
我们必须现在做吗？
—No, you needn’t.
不，你们不必。
考点四、shall
1．用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中，用来征求对方的意见或请求指示。如：
What shall he do next?
他下一步干什么呢？
2．用于第二、第三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、警告、允诺、威胁、强制”等意思。如：
He shall stay in bed.
他必须躺在床上。
You shall have it back next week.
下周一定还你。
He says he won’t go, but I say he shall.
他说他不去，但我说他必须去。
考点五、will与would
1．will用于各种人称，表示“意志、意愿”或“决心”等。如：
If you will keep your watch half an hour slow, it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments.
如果你要让你的表慢半个小时，你约会时迟到就不足为怪了。
2．will表示习惯性的动作，有“总是，惯于”的含义。如：
An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street.
英国人通常是会在街上给你指路的。
3．would可表示过去反复发生的动作。如：
On Sundays he would get up early and go fishing.
星期天他总是早起去钓鱼。
考点六、should与ought to
1．should表示“建议”或“劝告”，有“应该”之意。如：
You should learn from each other.
2．ought to表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事。如：
Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.
3．should和ought to也可用来表示推测，意为“想必会……”。如：
—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—They should be ready by 12:00.
考点七、情态动词表示推测
1．can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can’t意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。
It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
我的家乡在三月份通常很暖和，但有时候也会相当冷。
Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
—Let’s visit Tom together, Stephen.
—There’s no need to do so. He can’t be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.
——Stephen，咱们一起看看汤姆吧。
——没必要这样做。他一定不在家，因为今天早晨我看见他登上了飞往北京的航班。
2．may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。
The traffic is heavy these days. I might arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?
这些天交通很繁忙，我可能会来晚一点，请你帮我保留个位置好吗？
3．must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。
—It’s the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.
—Oh, sorry.
——这是办公室！所以你一定知道这里不许吃东西。
——噢，对不起。
4．should用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。
There shouldn’t be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
因为你在驾校受了那么多训练，通过路考应该没什么困难。
考点八、“情态动词＋have done”结构
1．should/ought to＋have done，表示“过去本应该做而(实际)没有做的事情”，含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”。其否定形式为“should not/ought not to have＋done”，表示某种行为本不该发生但实际上发生了。
I shouldn’t have watched that movie—it’ll give me horrible dreams.
我本不应该看那部电影——它会令我做噩梦。
You ought to have come to the party yesterday, but why didn’t you come?
昨天你本来应该参加聚会的，可是你为什么不来？
2．must＋have done，用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。注意，对过去发生的情况的否定推测常用“can’t/couldn’t＋have done”表示。
—Ye Shiwen won two gold medals in London Olympic Games.
—She must have gone through tough training.
——叶诗文在伦敦奥运会获得了两枚金牌。
——她肯定受到严格的训练。
—Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.
—Well. He can’t have gone far—his coat is still here.
——你知道大卫在哪里吗？我到处找不到他。
——大卫的上衣还在这里，因此他肯定没走远。
3．needn’t＋have done，表示“过去没有必要做某事，但实际上做了某事”。
Mark needn’t have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
马克本没必要那么匆忙。他以最快速度开车，结果早到了半个小时。
4．may/might＋have done，表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性的推测，表示“可能已做了某事……”，否定句表示“可能还没有……”。
Sorry, I’m late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
对不起，我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。
5．could＋have done表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”；can/could＋have done表示“过去可能做了某件事”。
I could have saved the poor rabbit, but I didn’t have the right drugs with me at that moment.
我本来可以拯救那只可怜的兔子的，可是我当时没有合适的药品。
考点九、虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的用法
虚拟情况
从句谓语
主句谓语
例句
与现在事
实相反
过去式
(be用were)
would/
should/
could/might
do
If he were here, he might be able to help.
What would you do if you were in his place？
与过去事实相反
had done
would/
should/
could/might
have done
If I had started a little earlier, I would have caught the train.
I could have done it better if I had been more careful.
与将来事实相反
过去式
were to do/
should do
would/
should/
could/might do
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
I would certainly go if I had time.
1.在具体运用中，条件从句中有时可省略if而采用倒装结构。如：
Had it not been for your help, we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
2．介词without/but for、连词but、副词otherwise常用来表示某种假设条件。如：
I wouldn’t have made such rapid progress without your help.
3．有时候从句动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时谓语动词的形式要根据各自的时间来调整。如：
If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.
考点十、“should＋动词原形”表示的虚拟语气
这一类型常见词有“一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四要求(request, require, demand, desire)”。以上词及其派生名词所接的名词性从句都使用“(should＋)动词原形”的虚拟语气。
①Jane’s pale face suggested that she was ill, and her mother suggested that she(should) have a medical examination.
简苍白的脸色表明她病了，她母亲建议她去检查身体。
②She insisted that the man had stolen her car and that he(should) be sent to prison.
她坚持说那个男人偷了她的车，并坚决要求他坐牢。
考点十一、特殊句式中的虚拟语气
If only/It’s (high) time (that)/wish/would rather/as if等固定句式要求用相应的虚拟语气表达形式。
①I wish I could fly.
真希望我能飞。
②I would rather you came tomorrow.
我宁愿你明天来。
③If only I had taken your advice!
要是听从了你的建议该多好啊！
1.【2018·江苏】It’s?strange?that?he?_______ have?taken?the?books?without?the?owner’s?permission.
A. would B. should
C. could D. might
2.【2018·江苏】There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to become more involved.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. have had
3.【2018·天津卷】I can’t find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left
C. might leave D. could have left
4.【2018·天津卷】If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach.
A. had caught B. caught C. have caught D. would catch
5.【2018·北京卷】 In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A. need B. should C. can D. must
6.【2018·北京卷】They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove B. would drive C. were to drive D. had driven
7.【2017·北京】If the new safety system _______ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put B. were put C. should be put D. would be put
8.【2017·北京】Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ______ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
A. must B. should C. can D. need
9.【2017·天津】My room is a mess, but I __________clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
A. daren’t B. shouldn’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
10.【2017·江苏】 _______ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it
11. 【2016·浙江】________(have)the governments and scientists not worked together，AIDS-related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.
12.【2016·浙江】George can’t ________(go)too far. His coffee is still warm.
13.【2016·北京】Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week？If you ________(tell)me，I could have helped.
一、语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
My 14-year-old son John and I noticed the coat at the same time in a second-hand clothing store. It 1.________ (stand) out among the old coats. The price was also unbelievable: $28(171 yuan)．Woolen topcoats were popular with teenage boys，but they could cost several hundred dollars now. He put 2. on and the fit was perfect.
John wore the coat to school the next day and came home 3. a big smile. “Did 4. (kid) like your coat？” I asked. “They loved it,” he said.
Over the next few weeks，John changed. He was polite and overall much happier. “Good dinner，Mom.” he would say every evening. One day when I suggested that he should start on his homework before dinner，John，5. always put things off，said，“You’re right. I guess I will.” 6. I talked to one of his teachers about these differences，she joked that the coat 7. (change) him.
As is 8. (know)to John and me，clothes do not define a person, 9. there is something to be 10. (value) for looking good.
1．The only thing that I ________ do was that I wished her a long life.
2．Since you have such good preparations，there ________ not be any problem about passing the coming job interview.
3．It has been accepted that all the students ________ put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus.
4． There was a little mouse staying at home all day. I ________ go out，even at night.
5．I have her telephone number. You ________ call her if you like.
6．I think something ________ have happened to Jill.
7．Some students prefer to consider majors first so that they ________ learn what they are interested in.
8．His doctor told him not to smoke any more，but he ________ listen.
9．Now I ________ like to ask you to look at some photographs if you don’t mind.
10． Anyone ________ be in a rough life time，whether he is “Bai Fumei” or “Gao Fushuai”．
答案与解析
语法填空
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型“It is importantnecessarystrangeimpossiblenatural that...”中，其中由that引导的主语从句通常用“should+动词原型”这样的虚拟语气，其中的should可以省略。
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。故选A。
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查情态动词表推测。句意：我找不到我的钱包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，但我不确定。根据句中时间状语“yesterday”可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词+ have done，再根据后句“but I’m not sure.”可知，此推测为不能肯定的推测，故用情态动词could，表示“可能”。故选D。
【答案】A
【解题思路】由语境可知，主句表示与现在事实相反，从句表示与过去事实相反，故从句用过去完成时。
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。其余情态动词均没有该用法。need需要；should应该，竟然；must必须，肯定。
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“they might have found a better hotel”可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。If they ________ a few more kilometers是条件句部分，表示对过去的虚拟，条件句部分要用过去完成时态。
【答案】A
【解题思路】句意：如果这个新的安全系统被投入使用过的话，这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟，所以从句谓语用had done形式，此外根据句意可知是被动，用被动语态，故A项是正确的。
【答案】C
【解题思路】A. must 必须 B. should 应该 C. can 能 D. need 需要。句意:Samuel，我班最高的男生，能很轻松地够着书架顶上的书，此处需要一个表示能力的词，故用can，答案为C。
【答案】C
【解题思路】句意：我的房间很乱，但是在今晚我出去之前不需要打扫，我可以明天早晨再打扫。A.不敢；B.不应该；C不需要；D.不许。根据句意，故选C。
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气和倒装。虚拟语气中，be动词统一用were；虚拟语气的省略形式主要是把if省略，同时把were/should/had提前，即Were /Should/ Had I，故选B。句意：要不是老师们的支持，该学生是无法克服她的困难的。
【答案】Had
【解题思路】句意：如果政府和科学家不共同努力，与艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点下降。这是一个省略了从属连词if的虚拟语气句，使用了倒装句式。根据主句的“would not have fallen”可知，这里是表示过去的虚拟语气，所以用had。
【答案】have gone
【解题思路】句意：乔治不可能走得太远了。他的咖啡仍然是温的。can’t have done是对过去的否定推测。
【答案】had told
【解题思路】句意：上个星期你为什么不告诉我你的麻烦事？如果你告诉我了，我就能帮你。根据句意和相关信息判断，条件句表示与过去事实相反的假设，此时从句用过去完成时，主句谓语用“情态动词＋have done”的形式。
一、语法填空
【答案】
1. stood
2. it
3. with
4. kids
5. who
6. when
7. must have changed
8. known
9. but
10. valuable
【解题思路】本篇文章讲述了我儿子约翰变得更好的过程。
1. 考查动词的时态。整篇文章叙述过去的一件事情，故用一般过去时。
2. 考查代词。在这里“it” 代指前面的coat。
3. with短语作状语。
4．考查名词单复数。从后文中的“They”可判断此处应该用复数形式。
5．考查定语从句。先行词为John，在从句中作主语；另外，此处是非限制性定语从句，故用who。
6．考查连词，引导时间状语从句。
7．考查情态动词。此处是对过去的肯定推测，故用must have done。
8．考查非谓语动词。as is known to sb.为固定句型，意为“据某人所知”。
9．考查连词。前后表转折。
10．考查词性转换。应用形容词作表语。
【答案】could
【解题思路】句意：我唯一能做的事情是希望她能长寿。所填词表示能力，此处要表达我唯一“能”做的，而且根据wished判断句子应该用一般过去时，所以填could。
【答案】should
【解题思路】句意：既然你准备得很充分，通过即将到来的工作面试应该没问题。根据since提供的原因“准备充分”可以判断出，此处表示“按理说应该发生”的，故本空填情态动词should。
【答案】shall
【解题思路】句意：为防止学生感染病毒，学生们在进校前要戴上口罩，这一点大家都已接受。在第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示规定、规则，用shall。
【答案】daren’t
【解题思路】句意：一整天都有一只老鼠在家里，我即使是在晚上也没敢出去。根据even at night 表示的递进意义判断，此处表示“不敢”意义，故填情态动词daren’t。
【答案】can
【解题思路】句意：我有她的电话号码，如果你不介意你可以给她打电话。所填词表示允许，意为“你可以给她打电话”，故用can。
【答案】must
【解题思路】句意：我想在吉尔身上一定发生了什么事。根据I think判断，所填词表示一种非常有把握的肯定推测，故用情态动词must。
【答案】can
【解题思路】句意：有些学生愿意首先考虑专业，以便能够学到自己感兴趣的知识。所填词表示可能性，故填can。
【答案】wouldn’t
【解题思路】句意：他的医生让他别吸烟了，但是他不愿意听。根据but表示转折判断，此处说的是“不愿意”听，故填情态动词wouldn’t。
【答案】would
【解题思路】句意：如果你愿意的话，现在我想让你看一些照片。I would like to do是固定句式，意为“我想做……”。
【答案】can
【解题思路】句意：任何人都会有困难的时候，无论他是“白富美”还是“高富帅”。can可以表示理论上的可能性，这里会遇到难处。故用情态动词can。
高考研究英语中常用的情态动词主要有can，could，may，might，must，will，would，shall，should，ought to，dare，need，used to，had better等。在学习情态动词时应注意以下几点：同一情态动词表示不同的意义的情况；情态动词后跟各种形式的用法；特别是注意“情态动词+完成式”是高考中的重点所在。
高考中的虚拟语气一般与情态动词结合进行考查。每年高考试题中都会出现一定的题目。
(1) 考纲要求
情态动词是各地高考试题中的必考项目，每年高考单独命题区单项选择/填空中必有一道考查情态动词的项目。新课标卷主要在语法填空和短文改错中考查。考点依次是：推测(可能性)→请求/允许→必要性→特殊用法。试题的立意不偏不怪，但有效信息越来越隐蔽，语境越来越真实，考查角度越来越细致，这些因素在很大程度上增加了试题的难度。
(2) 命题规律
一、主要考查的是真实的语境中对情态动词的理解和把握，其语境的情景更加逼真，设问角度将综合化、细微化。
二、近几年，情态动词重点考查情态动词表示推测和可能性的用法，以及情态动词的表达“情感、态度、语气等”方面的用法。
考点一、can/could与be able to
1．can/could用来表示“一般能力”；be able to有多种时态，且用来表示在特定条件下的“具体能力”。如：
My grandma is over seventy，but she can still read without glasses.
They will be able to tell you the news soon.
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
2．表示允许可用can或could，与may或might意义接近。could可用于现在时，只是语气更加委婉、客气，回答时则一般要用can而不用could。
—Could I have the television on?
—Yes，you can./No，you can’t.
考点二、may与might
1．表示允许，意为“可以，许可”，用法基本上同can与could。如：
May I use your bicycle?
2．表示可能性，意为“也许，可能”。如：
According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.
3．may可以放在句首，表示祝愿。如：
May good luck be yours!
考点三、must与have to
1．must用来表示说话人的主观看法；have to表示客观的需要，强调外界压力，不得已而为之。如：
He said that they must work hard。
他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
My brother was ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟生病了，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
2．表示“不必”，须用don’t have to或needn’t。must的否定式表示“禁止，绝对不可”。如：
You don’t have to tell him about it.
你不必告诉他那件事。
You mustn’t tell him about it.
你绝不能告诉他那件事。
—Must we do it now?
我们必须现在做吗？
—No, you needn’t.
不，你们不必。
考点四、shall
1．用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中，用来征求对方的意见或请求指示。如：
What shall he do next?
他下一步干什么呢？
2．用于第二、第三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、警告、允诺、威胁、强制”等意思。如：
He shall stay in bed.
他必须躺在床上。
You shall have it back next week.
下周一定还你。
He says he won’t go, but I say he shall.
他说他不去，但我说他必须去。
考点五、will与would
1．will用于各种人称，表示“意志、意愿”或“决心”等。如：
If you will keep your watch half an hour slow, it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments.
如果你要让你的表慢半个小时，你约会时迟到就不足为怪了。
2．will表示习惯性的动作，有“总是，惯于”的含义。如：
An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street.
英国人通常是会在街上给你指路的。
3．would可表示过去反复发生的动作。如：
On Sundays he would get up early and go fishing.
星期天他总是早起去钓鱼。
考点六、should与ought to
1．should表示“建议”或“劝告”，有“应该”之意。如：
You should learn from each other.
2．ought to表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事。如：
Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.
3．should和ought to也可用来表示推测，意为“想必会……”。如：
—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—They should be ready by 12:00.
考点七、情态动词表示推测
1．can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can’t意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。
It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
我的家乡在三月份通常很暖和，但有时候也会相当冷。
Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
—Let’s visit Tom together, Stephen.
—There’s no need to do so. He can’t be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.
——Stephen，咱们一起看看汤姆吧。
——没必要这样做。他一定不在家，因为今天早晨我看见他登上了飞往北京的航班。
2．may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。
The traffic is heavy these days. I might arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?
这些天交通很繁忙，我可能会来晚一点，请你帮我保留个位置好吗？
3．must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。
—It’s the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.
—Oh, sorry.
——这是办公室！所以你一定知道这里不许吃东西。
——噢，对不起。
4．should用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。
There shouldn’t be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
因为你在驾校受了那么多训练，通过路考应该没什么困难。
考点八、“情态动词＋have done”结构
1．should/ought to＋have done，表示“过去本应该做而(实际)没有做的事情”，含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”。其否定形式为“should not/ought not to have＋done”，表示某种行为本不该发生但实际上发生了。
I shouldn’t have watched that movie—it’ll give me horrible dreams.
我本不应该看那部电影——它会令我做噩梦。
You ought to have come to the party yesterday, but why didn’t you come?
昨天你本来应该参加聚会的，可是你为什么不来？
2．must＋have done，用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。注意，对过去发生的情况的否定推测常用“can’t/couldn’t＋have done”表示。
—Ye Shiwen won two gold medals in London Olympic Games.
—She must have gone through tough training.
——叶诗文在伦敦奥运会获得了两枚金牌。
——她肯定受到严格的训练。
—Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.
—Well. He can’t have gone far—his coat is still here.
——你知道大卫在哪里吗？我到处找不到他。
——大卫的上衣还在这里，因此他肯定没走远。
3．needn’t＋have done，表示“过去没有必要做某事，但实际上做了某事”。
Mark needn’t have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
马克本没必要那么匆忙。他以最快速度开车，结果早到了半个小时。
4．may/might＋have done，表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性的推测，表示“可能已做了某事……”，否定句表示“可能还没有……”。
Sorry, I’m late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
对不起，我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。
5．could＋have done表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”；can/could＋have done表示“过去可能做了某件事”。
I could have saved the poor rabbit, but I didn’t have the right drugs with me at that moment.
我本来可以拯救那只可怜的兔子的，可是我当时没有合适的药品。
考点九、虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的用法
虚拟情况
从句谓语
主句谓语
例句
与现在事
实相反
过去式
(be用were)
would/
should/
could/might
do
If he were here, he might be able to help.
What would you do if you were in his place？
与过去事实相反
had done
would/
should/
could/might
have done
If I had started a little earlier, I would have caught the train.
I could have done it better if I had been more careful.
与将来事实相反
过去式
were to do/
should do
would/
should/
could/might do
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
I would certainly go if I had time.
1.在具体运用中，条件从句中有时可省略if而采用倒装结构。如：
Had it not been for your help, we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
2．介词without/but for、连词but、副词otherwise常用来表示某种假设条件。如：
I wouldn’t have made such rapid progress without your help.
3．有时候从句动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时谓语动词的形式要根据各自的时间来调整。如：
If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.
考点十、“should＋动词原形”表示的虚拟语气
这一类型常见词有“一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三建议(advise, suggest, propose)、四要求(request, require, demand, desire)”。以上词及其派生名词所接的名词性从句都使用“(should＋)动词原形”的虚拟语气。
①Jane’s pale face suggested that she was ill, and her mother suggested that she(should) have a medical examination.
简苍白的脸色表明她病了，她母亲建议她去检查身体。
②She insisted that the man had stolen her car and that he(should) be sent to prison.
她坚持说那个男人偷了她的车，并坚决要求他坐牢。
考点十一、特殊句式中的虚拟语气
If only/It’s (high) time (that)/wish/would rather/as if等固定句式要求用相应的虚拟语气表达形式。
①I wish I could fly.
真希望我能飞。
②I would rather you came tomorrow.
我宁愿你明天来。
③If only I had taken your advice!
要是听从了你的建议该多好啊！
1.【2018·江苏】It’s?strange?that?he?_______ have?taken?the?books?without?the?owner’s?permission.
A. would B. should
C. could D. might
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型“It is importantnecessarystrangeimpossiblenatural that...”中，其中由that引导的主语从句通常用“should+动词原型”这样的虚拟语气，其中的should可以省略。
2.【2018·江苏】There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to become more involved.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. have had
【答案】A
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。故选A。
3.【2018·天津卷】I can’t find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left
C. might leave D. could have left
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查情态动词表推测。句意：我找不到我的钱包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，但我不确定。根据句中时间状语“yesterday”可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词+ have done，再根据后句“but I’m not sure.”可知，此推测为不能肯定的推测，故用情态动词could，表示“可能”。故选D。
4.【2018·天津卷】If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach.
A. had caught B. caught C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
【解题思路】由语境可知，主句表示与现在事实相反，从句表示与过去事实相反，故从句用过去完成时。
5.【2018·北京卷】 In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A. need B. should C. can D. must
【答案】C
【解题思路】考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。其余情态动词均没有该用法。need需要；should应该，竟然；must必须，肯定。
6.【2018·北京卷】They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove B. would drive C. were to drive D. had driven
【答案】D
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“they might have found a better hotel”可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。If they ________ a few more kilometers是条件句部分，表示对过去的虚拟，条件句部分要用过去完成时态。
7.【2017·北京】If the new safety system _______ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put B. were put C. should be put D. would be put
【答案】A
【解题思路】句意：如果这个新的安全系统被投入使用过的话，这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟，所以从句谓语用had done形式，此外根据句意可知是被动，用被动语态，故A项是正确的。
8.【2017·北京】Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ______ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
A. must B. should C. can D. need
【答案】C
【解题思路】A. must 必须 B. should 应该 C. can 能 D. need 需要。句意:Samuel，我班最高的男生，能很轻松地够着书架顶上的书，此处需要一个表示能力的词，故用can，答案为C。
9.【2017·天津】My room is a mess, but I __________clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
A. daren’t B. shouldn’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】C
【解题思路】句意：我的房间很乱，但是在今晚我出去之前不需要打扫，我可以明天早晨再打扫。A.不敢；B.不应该；C不需要；D.不许。根据句意，故选C。
10.【2017·江苏】 _______ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it
【答案】B
【解题思路】考查虚拟语气和倒装。虚拟语气中，be动词统一用were；虚拟语气的省略形式主要是把if省略，同时把were/should/had提前，即Were /Should/ Had I，故选B。句意：要不是老师们的支持，该学生是无法克服她的困难的。
11. 【2016·浙江】________(have)the governments and scientists not worked together，AIDS-related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.
【答案】Had
【解题思路】句意：如果政府和科学家不共同努力，与艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点下降。这是一个省略了从属连词if的虚拟语气句，使用了倒装句式。根据主句的“would not have fallen”可知，这里是表示过去的虚拟语气，所以用had。
12.【2016·浙江】George can’t ________(go)too far. His coffee is still warm.
【答案】have gone
【解题思路】句意：乔治不可能走得太远了。他的咖啡仍然是温的。can’t have done是对过去的否定推测。
13.【2016·北京】Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week？If you ________(tell)me，I could have helped.
【答案】had told
【解题思路】句意：上个星期你为什么不告诉我你的麻烦事？如果你告诉我了，我就能帮你。根据句意和相关信息判断，条件句表示与过去事实相反的假设，此时从句用过去完成时，主句谓语用“情态动词＋have done”的形式。
一、语法填空
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
My 14-year-old son John and I noticed the coat at the same time in a second-hand clothing store. It 1.________ (stand) out among the old coats. The price was also unbelievable: $28(171 yuan)．Woolen topcoats were popular with teenage boys，but they could cost several hundred dollars now. He put 2. on and the fit was perfect.
John wore the coat to school the next day and came home 3. a big smile. “Did 4. (kid) like your coat？” I asked. “They loved it,” he said.
Over the next few weeks，John changed. He was polite and overall much happier. “Good dinner，Mom.” he would say every evening. One day when I suggested that he should start on his homework before dinner，John，5. always put things off，said，“You’re right. I guess I will.” 6. I talked to one of his teachers about these differences，she joked that the coat 7. (change) him.
As is 8. (know)to John and me，clothes do not define a person, 9. there is something to be 10. (value) for looking good.
【答案】
1. stood
2. it
3. with
4. kids
5. who
6. when
7. must have changed
8. known
9. but
10. valuable
【解题思路】本篇文章讲述了我儿子约翰变得更好的过程。
1. 考查动词的时态。整篇文章叙述过去的一件事情，故用一般过去时。
2. 考查代词。在这里“it” 代指前面的coat。
3. with短语作状语。
4．考查名词单复数。从后文中的“They”可判断此处应该用复数形式。
5．考查定语从句。先行词为John，在从句中作主语；另外，此处是非限制性定语从句，故用who。
6．考查连词，引导时间状语从句。
7．考查情态动词。此处是对过去的肯定推测，故用must have done。
8．考查非谓语动词。as is known to sb.为固定句型，意为“据某人所知”。
9．考查连词。前后表转折。
10．考查词性转换。应用形容词作表语。
1．The only thing that I ________ do was that I wished her a long life.
【答案】could
【解题思路】句意：我唯一能做的事情是希望她能长寿。所填词表示能力，此处要表达我唯一“能”做的，而且根据wished判断句子应该用一般过去时，所以填could。
2．Since you have such good preparations，there ________ not be any problem about passing the coming job interview.
【答案】should
【解题思路】句意：既然你准备得很充分，通过即将到来的工作面试应该没问题。根据since提供的原因“准备充分”可以判断出，此处表示“按理说应该发生”的，故本空填情态动词should。
3．It has been accepted that all the students ________ put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus.
【答案】shall
【解题思路】句意：为防止学生感染病毒，学生们在进校前要戴上口罩，这一点大家都已接受。在第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示规定、规则，用shall。
4． There was a little mouse staying at home all day. I ________ go out，even at night.
【答案】daren’t
【解题思路】句意：一整天都有一只老鼠在家里，我即使是在晚上也没敢出去。根据even at night 表示的递进意义判断，此处表示“不敢”意义，故填情态动词daren’t。
5．I have her telephone number. You ________ call her if you like.
【答案】can
【解题思路】句意：我有她的电话号码，如果你不介意你可以给她打电话。所填词表示允许，意为“你可以给她打电话”，故用can。
6．I think something ________ have happened to Jill.
【答案】must
【解题思路】句意：我想在吉尔身上一定发生了什么事。根据I think判断，所填词表示一种非常有把握的肯定推测，故用情态动词must。
7．Some students prefer to consider majors first so that they ________ learn what they are interested in.
【答案】can
【解题思路】句意：有些学生愿意首先考虑专业，以便能够学到自己感兴趣的知识。所填词表示可能性，故填can。
8．His doctor told him not to smoke any more，but he ________ listen.
【答案】wouldn’t
【解题思路】句意：他的医生让他别吸烟了，但是他不愿意听。根据but表示转折判断，此处说的是“不愿意”听，故填情态动词wouldn’t。
9．Now I ________ like to ask you to look at some photographs if you don’t mind.
【答案】would
【解题思路】句意：如果你愿意的话，现在我想让你看一些照片。I would like to do是固定句式，意为“我想做……”。
10． Anyone ________ be in a rough life time，whether he is “Bai Fumei” or “Gao Fushuai”．
【答案】can
【解题思路】句意：任何人都会有困难的时候，无论他是“白富美”还是“高富帅”。can可以表示理论上的可能性，这里会遇到难处。故用情态动词can。
定语从句是高中英语三大类从句中最难的一类，其难点主要在于很多学生在学习时分不清先行词，不能正确使用关系代词、关系副词。因此在学习定语从句时，务必搞清定语从句的概念、关系词的正确选择和使用情况等。
2019年高考定语从句的考查还将是对关系代词和关系副词的考查。对定语从句的考查仍将不会单纯考查其语法结构，而是将其融入一定的语境中来考查考生的实际综合运用能力。
定语从句是高考的热点，对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词；2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词；3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；4.介词+关系代词的用法；5.不定代词/数词+of which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断；6.关系词之间的异同现象及选用。
考点1：关系代词一览表
关系词
先行词
从句
成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working.
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.
whose
人，物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate.
that
人，物
主语
宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主语
宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主语
宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
关系副词
when
时间
时间
状语
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
where
地点
地点
状语
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
why
原因
原因
状语
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
【典例】
In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. its C. whose D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词the World Food Programme在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。
【典例】
China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_______ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
【答案】D
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。根据句式结构来看出现了逗号，说明这是一个非限制性定语从句。首先that不能引导非限制性定语从句，who在引导非限制性定语从句的时候通常在从句中做主语和宾语，指人，而whom也指人，却只能做宾语。which引导非限制性定语从句通常在从句中做主语或者宾语。关系词代指前面的中国日报，在定语从句中做主语。该句意思为：中国日报有着全球的读者群，这说明全球越来越多的人想要了解中国。故选D。
考点2：that与which，who，whom的用法区别
that和which的用法区别:
在定语从句中，关系代词which和 that都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意：
只能用that而不能用which的情形
(1)当先行词为：all, little, few, much, none,及some-, any-, no-, every-,与thing所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。如：
There is nothing that will stop us making progress. 没有事情会阻止我们进步。
(2)当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。如：
This is the only problem that we can’t work out. 这是我们不能解决的唯一的一个问题。
(3) 当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。如：
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的书。
(4) 当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。如：
Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.
人们认为我们所熟识的鲁迅及其作品都很伟大。
(5) 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。如：
This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. 这就是那本自上周以来我一直在寻找的书。
当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用that。如：
Which is the picture that you drew yesterday? 你昨天画的那张画是哪一张？
B．只能用which而不能用that的情形
（1）当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which。如：
The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.我上周买的那个铅笔盒，现在不见了。
（2）关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which。如：
The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. 我们过去常在下面休息的那棵树已砍掉了。
(3) 先行词为代词that或that所修饰时，只能用which。如：
I don’t take that which is too expensive. 我不要太贵的那一个。
who (whom) 和that的用法区别详解
在定语从句中，关系代词who (whom) 和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意：
一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形
(1) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who (whom)。如：
My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。
(2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？
(3) 当先行词为people和those时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边。
(4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。
(5) 先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如：
The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。
(6) 在there be 句型中名词的定语从句多用于who(whom)。如：
There are students in our class who/whom you have met.我们班有些学生你没见过。
(7) 当句子中两个指人的先行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that，那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如：
The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’ s brother who just graduated from a university.
刚才你看到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。
二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形
(1) 当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：
The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的最高那个运动员来自山东。
(2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：
He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生。
(3) 当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。如：
Who is woman that you talked with just now? 刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁？
(4) the same as与the same that
the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如：
She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含：她偷了我的上衣)
She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)
考点3 关系副词引导的定语从句
1、关系副词一览表
关系副词
when
时间
时间
状语
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
where
地点
地点
状语
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
why
原因
原因
状语
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
【典例】
Mozart’s birthplace and the house _________ he composed The Marc Flute are both museums now.
A. where B. when C. there D. which
【答案】A
【解析】where引导了定语从句，并且在定语从句中做地点状语，先行词为the house。
【特别提示】
在英语中有几个词虽然不指具体的地点，但它们作先行词时常用where引导定语从句（介词+which）。常见的有：situation/case/point/circumstances/stage等。
I have come to the point where I can’t stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的程度。
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane．他发现自己陷入了危险的境地，他有可能会失去对飞机的控制。
【典例】
It’s helpful to put children in a situation ________ they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是a situation,指物，表示地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where,选D。
考点4 “介词+关系代词”以及关系副词引导的定语从句
1．概述
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体，使用的关系代词一般是which。whom既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构：
(1)介词+关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice．=Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice．曼德拉是我寻求帮助的一位黑人律师。
(2)名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels．=Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，of which three were English novels．上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中三本是英文小说。
He wrote a book，the name of which I’ve completely forgotten．他写了一本书，书名我完全给忘记了。
The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors．那位老人有两个女儿，她们都是医生。
(3)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan．中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
(4)介词+关系代词+名词
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized．我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意。(不能使用whose)
2．关系代词的选择
用于“介词+关系代词”结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which，即介词+which/whom。
【典例】
You can only be sure of ______ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ______ you might get in the future.
A. that; what B. what;/ C. which;/ D. /; that
【答案】B
【解析】 很明显，第一空前没有名词或代词。这是介词后的宾语从句，宾语从句中缺少have的宾语，指物，用what。第二个空前有不定代词，我们把它代入从句中，可以作get的宾语，说明是宾语从句，用关系代词that,它在定语从句中作宾语可以省略，所以答案是B。
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国I】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
2.【2018·全国II】When the government started a soil-testing program ______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers— and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
3.【2018·浙江】Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ______ can be to eat out.
4.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________ is not good for the health.
5.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】But Sarah, _______ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ______ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
6.【2017·浙江卷6月考】Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got ________ (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _______ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
二、短文改错
7.【2018·全国I】They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】 In their spare time，they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time.
一、语法填空
（河南省中原名校2018届高三第二次质量检测）When you are thirsty, you can drink some green tea. It tastes good and it’s very healthy. The Chinese 1 (know) about the benefits of green tea since ancient times, and they use 2 to treat everything from headaches to depression. They have 3 (actual) been using green tea as a medicine for over 4,000 years.
Nowadays, there is scientific evidence of the health benefits of green tea. According to one study___4___ (publish) in a cancer research journal, drinking green tea ___5___(reduce)the risk of some types of cancer in Chinese men and women 6 nearly sixty percent. USA researchers have also found that green tea may prevent the 7 (grow) of cancer cells. There is also new evidence 8 green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies. It is especially effective at getting rid of the bacteria on your ___9__ _(tooth)and keep them healthy!
According to the Chinese proverb, “It is___10___ (good) to go without food for three days, than without tea for one.” So, in brief, you should definitely try a cup of green tea. It seems that it can only do you good.
二、短文改错
(四川省南充市2018届高三第一次适应性考试)The environment pollution was more and more serious today. We have no clean water to drink it because of water pollution. And when trees cut down, some animals disappear. There is more and more dirty smoke in the air. People’s health has been great affected by air, noise and water pollution. Many people have died of diseases causing by pollution. In order to live the better life, it’s time for us to protect our world. We should recycle, reduce and reuse things, what saves money and reduces pollution. Use things so long as possible. Don’t use plastic bag. Besides, we must plant more trees and stop people cutting it down. We hope our world will be more and more beautiful.
一、语法填空
（山东德州市2018届高三第一次模拟考试）Kids who use media in unhealthy ways may have problems ___1___relationships, conduct and other emotional symptoms, lead author of a US new study warned.
A study of the University of Michigan (UM) ___2___ (release) recently on its website found that how children use the devices, rather than how much time they spend on them, ___3___ (be) the strongest predictor of emotional or social problems connected with screen ___4___ (addict).
The study revealed that ___5___ matters most is whether screen use causes problems in other areas of life or has become ___6___all-consuming activity.
Some of the warning ___7___ (sign) include: if screen time interferes with daily activities, causes conflict for the child or in the family, or is the only activity ___8___brings the child joy. Though much research ___9___ (exist) on adolescents and screen use, this is considered as the first tool to measure how addicted children are to screen media. It will be a ___10___ (value) tool for parents, clinicians and researchers.
二、短文改错
（2018届宁夏银川市第二中学高三三模考试英语试题）When I was still young in my high school, my mother dragged me to play basketball to lose weight. However, it was turned out to be a bitter failure because I devoted my time on study. One day, a friend of mine, Tom, contacted me and suggested that we started to swim. Without any hesitation, I agreed because he and I all thought that it was coolest thing in the world. I couldn’t forget the day on that I was thrown into the cold water. Fortunately, I survived. Honest speaking, I had a hard time recovered from the shock. Then my friend teaches me to hold breath underwater. Finally, I succeeded. Now realizing that taking exercises is beneficial to my health, I develop a strong taste for swimming, which becomes a part of my life.
答案与解析
一、语法填空
1.【答案】that /which
【解题思路】考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。
2.【答案】that/which
【解题思路】考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。
3.【答案】who/that
【解题思路】考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。
4.【答案】which
【解题思路】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前文中的to have too much of both。故填which。
5.【答案】who；to prove
【解题思路】第一空考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空后面是一个定语从句，缺少连接词，代指先行词Sarah, 在从句中作主语，故填who。第二空考查动词不定式。want to do sth为固定搭配，故用动词不定式。
6.【答案】swept；where
【解题思路】第一空考查过去分词。此处是get done结构，表示被动，意为“被扫进了垃圾堆”。
第二空考查定语从句。此处先行词是the garden，在从句中充当地点状语，故填where。
二、短文改错
7.【答案】which改成in which或where
【解题思路】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
8.【答案】interesting改为interested；that改为which
【解题思路】考查形容词用法。张家夫妇对种菜感兴趣；考查定语从句。该处前有逗号，后句为非限制性定语从句，故用which。
9.【答案】picture前加this/the；they →that/which
【解题思路】考查限定词。根据语境可知这张照片是上文提到的照片，是特指，故需要用限定词this/the修饰；考查定语从句。分析句子可知，前面的倒装句“Around me in the picture are the things…”是一个单句，而后面的“…they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.”也是一个单句，在这种情况下，要么在两个单句之间用并列连词连接，要么把后面这个单句变为从句。从句意上看，这里变为定语从句更为合理，故把they改为that/which。
一、语法填空
【答案】
1. have known 2. it 3. actually 4. published 5. reduces
6. by 7. growth 8. that 9. teeth 10. better
【解题思路】本文向读者介绍了绿茶。从远古时代起，人们就开始了解绿茶的好处，并用它来治疗从头痛到抑郁的各种问题。今天，根据科学研究发现绿茶有益于健康，绿茶可以减少某些癌症发生的机率，抑制细菌的生长等。
1. 考查时态。根据“The Chinese___1___ (know) about the benefits of green tea since ancient times”中的“since”可知，应该用完成时。故填“have known”。
2. 考查代词。“they use ___2___ to treat everything from headaches to depression” “it”代指前面的“green tea”。故填“it”。
3. 考查副词。“They have ___3___ (actual) been using green tea as a medicine for over 4,000 years”“他们实际上一直用绿茶作为一种药物已经有4000多年了”。故填“actually”。
4. 考查被动语态。“According to one study___4___ (publish) in a cancer research journal”“根据一项被出版的杂志《癌症研究》”。故填“published”。
5. 考查主谓一致。“drinking green tea ___5___ (reduce) the risk of some types of cancer”“绿茶可以减少癌症的风险”，动名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填“reduces”。
6. 考查介词。“in Chinese men and women ___6___ nearly sixty percent”“中国男性和女性患病的几率降低了60%”。故填“by”。
7. 考查名词。“green tea may prevent the ___7___ (grow) of cancer cells”“绿茶阻止癌细胞的生长”，这里用名词作宾语，故填名词“growth”。
8. 考查定语从句。“There is also new evidence ___8___ green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies”“也有新的证据表明绿茶可以帮助破坏我们体内的细菌”。“that”指代后面的“green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies”。故填“that”。
9. 考查复数形式。“getting rid of the bacteria on your ___9___ (tooth)”“去除牙齿上的细菌”“tooth”的复数形式是“teeth”。故填“teeth”。
10. 考查比较级。“It is ___10___ (good) to go without food for three days”“三天不吃东西是更好的”“good”的比较级是“better”。故填“better”。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1.第一句：was改成is
2.第二句：去掉it
3.第三句：trees后加are
4.第五句：great改成greatly
5.第六句：causing改成caused
6.第七句：the改成a
7.第八句：what改成which
8.第九句：so改成as
9.第十句：bag改成bags
10.第十一句：it改成them
【解题思路】
1.句意：今天环境的污染越来越严重。可知句子用一般现在时态，故把was---is。
2.句意：因为污染我们没有干净的水喝。动词不定式做后置定语，并且动词不定式与所修饰的词之间是动宾关系。故把it去掉。
3.句意：树被砍倒的时候，一些动物消失了。when引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时态的被动语态，trees是从句主语，故在trees后加are。
4.副词修饰动词，故把great-greatly。
5.句意：很多人死于因污染引起的疾病。过去分词做后置定语，故把causing-caused。
6.句意：为了过上一个更好的生活。故把the-a。
7.前面是整个句子作先行词，后面的非限制性定语从句用which引导，故把what-which。
8.固定搭配：as…as possible尽可能，故把so-as。
9.句意：不要用塑料袋。根据句意可知用名词复数形式，故把bag-bags。
10.句意：我们一定要种更多的树，并且阻止人们砍伐它们。故把it---them。
一、语法填空
【答案】
1. with/in 2. released 3. is 4. addiction 5. what
6. an 7. signs 8. that 9. exists 10. valuable
【解题思路】本文为说明文，文章论述了当今孩子们用不健康方式使用媒体的现状及解决办法。
1.考查介词。此处表示在人际关系、行为和其他情感症状方面有问题。指“在…方面”用介词with/in，故填with/in。
2.考查动词。句中主语study和动词release是被动关系，此处是过去分词作定语，指被发布的研究结果，故填released。
3.考查主谓一致。宾语从句中的主语how children use the devices是句子,谓语动词与之一致用单数，故填is。
4.考查名词。此处指对屏幕上瘾，在句中作宾语用名词。故填addiction。
5.考查代词。此处引导宾语从句中的主语从句，指最要紧的东西，用代词what引导。故填what。
6.考查冠词。句中名词activity是可数名词，此处表示“一种全消费的活动”，all开头是元音音标，表示“一”用an，故填an。
7.考查名词。sign是可数名词，此处由some修饰用复数，指一些警告标志，故填signs。
8.考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是activity指物，由the only修饰用关系代词that引导，故填that。
9.考查动词。主语much research是不可数名词，谓语与之一致用第三人称单数，故填exists。
10.考查形容词。此处修饰名词tool用形容词，指一种宝贵的工具。故填valuable。
二、短文改错
【答案】
1. 去掉was
2. on 改成 to
3. started 改成 start
4. all 改成 both
5. coolest前面加the
6. that 改成 which
7. Honest 改成 Honestly
8. recovered改成 recovering
9. teaches 改成 taught
10.exercises改成exercise
【解题思路】本文为记叙文，讲述了作者为了减肥去进行体育运动从而爱上运动的故事。
1. 考查谓语动词的时态。句意：当我还在读高中的时候，妈妈拖着我去打篮球减肥。然而，结果证明这是一个惨痛的失败。turn out to be意为“证明是，结果是，最后是”，不能用于被动语态，故要把was去掉。
2. 考查固定搭配。句意：结果是一次惨痛的失败，因为我把时间都花在学习上了。 devote…to…，为固定搭配，意为 “把……投入到……”，因此把on改为to。
考查虚拟语气。句意：有一天，我的一个朋友联系我，建议我们开始游泳。suggest作为动词“建议”时，从句要用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可省略。固本句中要用（should）start，should省略。因此要把started改为start。
4. 考查代词辨析。句意：我同意了，因为我们俩都认为这是世界上最酷的事情。分析句意可知，本句中的“我们”指的是“我和我的一个朋友”，两个人，“两者都”为both，而all为三者及以上的“都”，故本句中把all改为both。
5. 考查最高级的构成。句意：…这是世界上最酷的事情。本句中使用的是形容词的最高级，形容词的最高级前要加the。故在coolest前加the。
6. 考查定语从句。句意：我忘不了我被扔进冰冷水里的那一天。在定语从句中，如果把介词提到关系代词前，关系词不能that，只能用which。
7. 考查副词。句意：老实说，我很难从震惊中恢复过来。分析句子可知，本句中的honestly speaking为固定搭配，不能用形容词，故把Honest改为Honestly。
8. 考查非谓语。分析句子可知I have a hard time (in) doing sth为固定搭配，意为“做某事有困难 ”，相当于have trouble doing sth.。故本句中的recovered 改为recovering。
9. 考查谓语动词。句意：然后我的朋友教我在水下屏住呼吸。分析句子可知，本文讲述的是过去发生的事，故用一般过去时，因此teaches改为taught。
10. 考查固定搭配。句意：现在意识到参加体育锻炼对我的健康有益。take exercises为固定搭配，意为“锻炼，运动”，因此exercises改为 exercise。
定语从句是高中英语三大类从句中最难的一类，其难点主要在于很多学生在学习时分不清先行词，不能正确使用关系代词、关系副词。因此在学习定语从句时，务必搞清定语从句的概念、关系词的正确选择和使用情况等。
2019年高考定语从句的考查还将是对关系代词和关系副词的考查。对定语从句的考查仍将不会单纯考查其语法结构，而是将其融入一定的语境中来考查考生的实际综合运用能力。
定语从句是高考的热点，对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词；2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词；3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；4.介词+关系代词的用法；5.不定代词/数词+of which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断；6.关系词之间的异同现象及选用。
考点1：关系代词一览表
关系词
先行词
从句
成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working.
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.
whose
人，物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate.
that
人，物
主语
宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which
物
主语
宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
人，物
主语
宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
关系副词
when
时间
时间
状语
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
where
地点
地点
状语
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
why
原因
原因
状语
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
【典例】
In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. its C. whose D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词the World Food Programme在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。
【典例】
China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_______ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
【答案】D
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。根据句式结构来看出现了逗号，说明这是一个非限制性定语从句。首先that不能引导非限制性定语从句，who在引导非限制性定语从句的时候通常在从句中做主语和宾语，指人，而whom也指人，却只能做宾语。which引导非限制性定语从句通常在从句中做主语或者宾语。关系词代指前面的中国日报，在定语从句中做主语。该句意思为：中国日报有着全球的读者群，这说明全球越来越多的人想要了解中国。故选D。
考点2：that与which，who，whom的用法区别
that和which的用法区别:
在定语从句中，关系代词which和 that都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意：
只能用that而不能用which的情形
(1)当先行词为：all, little, few, much, none,及some-, any-, no-, every-,与thing所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。如：
There is nothing that will stop us making progress. 没有事情会阻止我们进步。
(2)当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。如：
This is the only problem that we can’t work out. 这是我们不能解决的唯一的一个问题。
(3) 当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。如：
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的书。
(4) 当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。如：
Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.
人们认为我们所熟识的鲁迅及其作品都很伟大。
(5) 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。如：
This is a book that I have been looking for since last week. 这就是那本自上周以来我一直在寻找的书。
当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用that。如：
Which is the picture that you drew yesterday? 你昨天画的那张画是哪一张？
B．只能用which而不能用that的情形
（1）当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which。如：
The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.我上周买的那个铅笔盒，现在不见了。
（2）关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which。如：
The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. 我们过去常在下面休息的那棵树已砍掉了。
(3) 先行词为代词that或that所修饰时，只能用which。如：
I don’t take that which is too expensive. 我不要太贵的那一个。
who (whom) 和that的用法区别详解
在定语从句中，关系代词who (whom) 和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意：
一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形
(1) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时，只能用who (whom)。如：
My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。
(2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？
(3) 当先行词为people和those时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边。
(4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。
(5) 先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如：
The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。
(6) 在there be 句型中名词的定语从句多用于who(whom)。如：
There are students in our class who/whom you have met.我们班有些学生你没见过。
(7) 当句子中两个指人的先行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that，那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如：
The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’ s brother who just graduated from a university.
刚才你看到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。
二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形
(1) 当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：
The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的最高那个运动员来自山东。
(2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very等形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：
He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生。
(3) 当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。如：
Who is woman that you talked with just now? 刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁？
(4) the same as与the same that
the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如：
She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含：她偷了我的上衣)
She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)
考点3 关系副词引导的定语从句
1、关系副词一览表
关系副词
when
时间
时间
状语
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
where
地点
地点
状语
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
why
原因
原因
状语
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
【典例】
Mozart’s birthplace and the house _________ he composed The Marc Flute are both museums now.
A. where B. when C. there D. which
【答案】A
【解析】where引导了定语从句，并且在定语从句中做地点状语，先行词为the house。
【特别提示】
在英语中有几个词虽然不指具体的地点，但它们作先行词时常用where引导定语从句（介词+which）。常见的有：situation/case/point/circumstances/stage等。
I have come to the point where I can’t stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的程度。
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane．他发现自己陷入了危险的境地，他有可能会失去对飞机的控制。
【典例】
It’s helpful to put children in a situation ________ they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是a situation,指物，表示地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where,选D。
考点4 “介词+关系代词”以及关系副词引导的定语从句
1．概述
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体，使用的关系代词一般是which。whom既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构：
(1)介词+关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice．=Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice．曼德拉是我寻求帮助的一位黑人律师。
(2)名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels．=Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，of which three were English novels．上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中三本是英文小说。
He wrote a book，the name of which I’ve completely forgotten．他写了一本书，书名我完全给忘记了。
The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors．那位老人有两个女儿，她们都是医生。
(3)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan．中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
(4)介词+关系代词+名词
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized．我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他表示了歉意。(不能使用whose)
2．关系代词的选择
用于“介词+关系代词”结构的关系代词指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which，即介词+which/whom。
【典例】
You can only be sure of ______ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ______ you might get in the future.
A. that; what B. what;/ C. which;/ D. /; that
【答案】B
【解析】 很明显，第一空前没有名词或代词。这是介词后的宾语从句，宾语从句中缺少have的宾语，指物，用what。第二个空前有不定代词，我们把它代入从句中，可以作get的宾语，说明是宾语从句，用关系代词that,它在定语从句中作宾语可以省略，所以答案是B。
一、语法填空
1.【2018·全国I】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【答案】that which
【解题思路】考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。
2.【2018·全国II】When the government started a soil-testing program ______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers— and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【答案】that/which
【解题思路】考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。
3.【2018·浙江】Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ______ can be to eat out.
【答案】who/that
【解题思路】考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。
4.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________ is not good for the health.
【答案】which
【解题思路】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前文中的to have too much of both。故填which。
5.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】But Sarah, _______ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ______ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
【答案】who；to prove
【解题思路】第一空考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空后面是一个定语从句，缺少连接词，代指先行词Sarah, 在从句中作主语，故填who。第二空考查动词不定式。want to do sth为固定搭配，故用动词不定式。
6.【2017·浙江卷6月考】Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got ________ (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _______ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
【答案】swept；where
【解题思路】第一空考查过去分词。此处是get done结构，表示被动，意为“被扫进了垃圾堆”。
第二空考查定语从句。此处先行词是the garden，在从句中充当地点状语，故填where。
二、短文改错
7.【2018·全国I】They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.
【答案】which改成in which或where
【解题思路】考查定语从句的关系词。句意：他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
8.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】 In their spare time，they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.
【答案】interesting改为interested；that改为which
【解题思路】考查形容词用法。张家夫妇对种菜感兴趣；考查定语从句。该处前有逗号，后句为非限制性定语从句，故用which。
9.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time.
【答案】picture前加this/the；they →that/which
【解题思路】考查限定词。根据语境可知这张照片是上文提到的照片，是特指，故需要用限定词this/the修饰；考查定语从句。分析句子可知，前面的倒装句“Around me in the picture are the things…”是一个单句，而后面的“…they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.”也是一个单句，在这种情况下，要么在两个单句之间用并列连词连接，要么把后面这个单句变为从句。从句意上看，这里变为定语从句更为合理，故把they改为that/which。
一、语法填空
（河南省中原名校2018届高三第二次质量检测）When you are thirsty, you can drink some green tea. It tastes good and it’s very healthy. The Chinese 1 (know) about the benefits of green tea since ancient times, and they use 2 to treat everything from headaches to depression. They have 3 (actual) been using green tea as a medicine for over 4,000 years.
Nowadays, there is scientific evidence of the health benefits of green tea. According to one study___4___ (publish) in a cancer research journal, drinking green tea ___5___(reduce)the risk of some types of cancer in Chinese men and women 6 nearly sixty percent. USA researchers have also found that green tea may prevent the 7 (grow) of cancer cells. There is also new evidence 8 green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies. It is especially effective at getting rid of the bacteria on your ___9__ _(tooth)and keep them healthy!
According to the Chinese proverb, “It is___10___ (good) to go without food for three days, than without tea for one.” So, in brief, you should definitely try a cup of green tea. It seems that it can only do you good.
【答案】
1. have known 2. it 3. actually 4. published 5. reduces
6. by 7. growth 8. that 9. teeth 10. better
【解题思路】本文向读者介绍了绿茶。从远古时代起，人们就开始了解绿茶的好处，并用它来治疗从头痛到抑郁的各种问题。今天，根据科学研究发现绿茶有益于健康，绿茶可以减少某些癌症发生的机率，抑制细菌的生长等。
1. 考查时态。根据“The Chinese___1___ (know) about the benefits of green tea since ancient times”中的“since”可知，应该用完成时。故填“have known”。
2. 考查代词。“they use ___2___ to treat everything from headaches to depression” “it”代指前面的“green tea”。故填“it”。
3. 考查副词。“They have ___3___ (actual) been using green tea as a medicine for over 4,000 years”“他们实际上一直用绿茶作为一种药物已经有4000多年了”。故填“actually”。
4. 考查被动语态。“According to one study___4___ (publish) in a cancer research journal”“根据一项被出版的杂志《癌症研究》”。故填“published”。
5. 考查主谓一致。“drinking green tea ___5___ (reduce) the risk of some types of cancer”“绿茶可以减少癌症的风险”，动名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填“reduces”。
6. 考查介词。“in Chinese men and women ___6___ nearly sixty percent”“中国男性和女性患病的几率降低了60%”。故填“by”。
7. 考查名词。“green tea may prevent the ___7___ (grow) of cancer cells”“绿茶阻止癌细胞的生长”，这里用名词作宾语，故填名词“growth”。
8. 考查定语从句。“There is also new evidence ___8___ green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies”“也有新的证据表明绿茶可以帮助破坏我们体内的细菌”。“that”指代后面的“green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies”。故填“that”。
9. 考查复数形式。“getting rid of the bacteria on your ___9___ (tooth)”“去除牙齿上的细菌”“tooth”的复数形式是“teeth”。故填“teeth”。
10. 考查比较级。“It is ___10___ (good) to go without food for three days”“三天不吃东西是更好的”“good”的比较级是“better”。故填“better”。
二、短文改错
(四川省南充市2018届高三第一次适应性考试)The environment pollution was more and more serious today. We have no clean water to drink it because of water pollution. And when trees cut down, some animals disappear. There is more and more dirty smoke in the air. People’s health has been great affected by air, noise and water pollution. Many people have died of diseases causing by pollution. In order to live the better life, it’s time for us to protect our world. We should recycle, reduce and reuse things, what saves money and reduces pollution. Use things so long as possible. Don’t use plastic bag. Besides, we must plant more trees and stop people cutting it down. We hope our world will be more and more beautiful.
【答案】
1.第一句：was改成is
2.第二句：去掉it
3.第三句：trees后加are
4.第五句：great改成greatly
5.第六句：causing改成caused
6.第七句：the改成a
7.第八句：what改成which
8.第九句：so改成as
9.第十句：bag改成bags
10.第十一句：it改成them
【解题思路】
1.句意：今天环境的污染越来越严重。可知句子用一般现在时态，故把was---is。
2.句意：因为污染我们没有干净的水喝。动词不定式做后置定语，并且动词不定式与所修饰的词之间是动宾关系。故把it去掉。
3.句意：树被砍倒的时候，一些动物消失了。when引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时态的被动语态，trees是从句主语，故在trees后加are。
4.副词修饰动词，故把great-greatly。
5.句意：很多人死于因污染引起的疾病。过去分词做后置定语，故把causing-caused。
6.句意：为了过上一个更好的生活。故把the-a。
7.前面是整个句子作先行词，后面的非限制性定语从句用which引导，故把what-which。
8.固定搭配：as…as possible尽可能，故把so-as。
9.句意：不要用塑料袋。根据句意可知用名词复数形式，故把bag-bags。
10.句意：我们一定要种更多的树，并且阻止人们砍伐它们。故把it---them。
一、语法填空
（山东德州市2018届高三第一次模拟考试）Kids who use media in unhealthy ways may have problems ___1___relationships, conduct and other emotional symptoms, lead author of a US new study warned.
A study of the University of Michigan (UM) ___2___ (release) recently on its website found that how children use the devices, rather than how much time they spend on them, ___3___ (be) the strongest predictor of emotional or social problems connected with screen ___4___ (addict).
The study revealed that ___5___ matters most is whether screen use causes problems in other areas of life or has become ___6___all-consuming activity.
Some of the warning ___7___ (sign) include: if screen time interferes with daily activities, causes conflict for the child or in the family, or is the only activity ___8___brings the child joy. Though much research ___9___ (exist) on adolescents and screen use, this is considered as the first tool to measure how addicted children are to screen media. It will be a ___10___ (value) tool for parents, clinicians and researchers.
【答案】
1. with/in 2. released 3. is 4. addiction 5. what
6. an 7. signs 8. that 9. exists 10. valuable
【解题思路】本文为说明文，文章论述了当今孩子们用不健康方式使用媒体的现状及解决办法。
1.考查介词。此处表示在人际关系、行为和其他情感症状方面有问题。指“在…方面”用介词with/in，故填with/in。
2.考查动词。句中主语study和动词release是被动关系，此处是过去分词作定语，指被发布的研究结果，故填released。
3.考查主谓一致。宾语从句中的主语how children use the devices是句子,谓语动词与之一致用单数，故填is。
4.考查名词。此处指对屏幕上瘾，在句中作宾语用名词。故填addiction。
5.考查代词。此处引导宾语从句中的主语从句，指最要紧的东西，用代词what引导。故填what。
6.考查冠词。句中名词activity是可数名词，此处表示“一种全消费的活动”，all开头是元音音标，表示“一”用an，故填an。
7.考查名词。sign是可数名词，此处由some修饰用复数，指一些警告标志，故填signs。
8.考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是activity指物，由the only修饰用关系代词that引导，故填that。
9.考查动词。主语much research是不可数名词，谓语与之一致用第三人称单数，故填exists。
10.考查形容词。此处修饰名词tool用形容词，指一种宝贵的工具。故填valuable。
二、短文改错
（2018届宁夏银川市第二中学高三三模考试英语试题）When I was still young in my high school, my mother dragged me to play basketball to lose weight. However, it was turned out to be a bitter failure because I devoted my time on study. One day, a friend of mine, Tom, contacted me and suggested that we started to swim. Without any hesitation, I agreed because he and I all thought that it was coolest thing in the world. I couldn’t forget the day on that I was thrown into the cold water. Fortunately, I survived. Honest speaking, I had a hard time recovered from the shock. Then my friend teaches me to hold breath underwater. Finally, I succeeded. Now realizing that taking exercises is beneficial to my health, I develop a strong taste for swimming, which becomes a part of my life.
【答案】
1. 去掉was
2. on 改成 to
3. started 改成 start
4. all 改成 both
5. coolest前面加the
6. that 改成 which
7. Honest 改成 Honestly
8. recovered改成 recovering
9. teaches 改成 taught
10.exercises改成exercise
【解题思路】本文为记叙文，讲述了作者为了减肥去进行体育运动从而爱上运动的故事。
1. 考查谓语动词的时态。句意：当我还在读高中的时候，妈妈拖着我去打篮球减肥。然而，结果证明这是一个惨痛的失败。turn out to be意为“证明是，结果是，最后是”，不能用于被动语态，故要把was去掉。
2. 考查固定搭配。句意：结果是一次惨痛的失败，因为我把时间都花在学习上了。 devote…to…，为固定搭配，意为 “把……投入到……”，因此把on改为to。
考查虚拟语气。句意：有一天，我的一个朋友联系我，建议我们开始游泳。suggest作为动词“建议”时，从句要用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可省略。固本句中要用（should）start，should省略。因此要把started改为start。
4. 考查代词辨析。句意：我同意了，因为我们俩都认为这是世界上最酷的事情。分析句意可知，本句中的“我们”指的是“我和我的一个朋友”，两个人，“两者都”为both，而all为三者及以上的“都”，故本句中把all改为both。
5. 考查最高级的构成。句意：…这是世界上最酷的事情。本句中使用的是形容词的最高级，形容词的最高级前要加the。故在coolest前加the。
6. 考查定语从句。句意：我忘不了我被扔进冰冷水里的那一天。在定语从句中，如果把介词提到关系代词前，关系词不能that，只能用which。
7. 考查副词。句意：老实说，我很难从震惊中恢复过来。分析句子可知，本句中的honestly speaking为固定搭配，不能用形容词，故把Honest改为Honestly。
8. 考查非谓语。分析句子可知I have a hard time (in) doing sth为固定搭配，意为“做某事有困难 ”，相当于have trouble doing sth.。故本句中的recovered 改为recovering。
9. 考查谓语动词。句意：然后我的朋友教我在水下屏住呼吸。分析句子可知，本文讲述的是过去发生的事，故用一般过去时，因此teaches改为taught。
10. 考查固定搭配。句意：现在意识到参加体育锻炼对我的健康有益。take exercises为固定搭配，意为“锻炼，运动”，因此exercises改为 exercise。
