2019届高三英语二轮复习课件：第一部分 语法专题 第二节 代词和介词(共70张PPT)

课件70张PPT。 第二节　代词和介词
代 词
　　考点一　人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
1．人称代词
人称代词有主格(I，we, they, he, she, it)和宾格(me, us, them, him, her, it)等之分。主格在句中作主语；宾格用在及物动词或介词后作宾语，也可作表语或同位语。
◆To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune.
只有在不幸时才能真正了解一个人。
2．物主代词
形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动名词的前置定语，不能单独使用。名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers , its, ours, yours, theirs)相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与of连用作后置定语，但不能单独作定语。
◆(朗文辞典)The main difference between our brains and those of monkeys is that ours are bigger.
我们的大脑和猴子的大脑之间的主要差别在于我们的要大些
3．反身代词
(1)反身代词(myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself)在句中可用作宾语或表语、同位语。还可以作名词或代词的同位语，加强语气，表示“亲自，本人”的意思。
◆(上海卷)If our parents do everything for us children，we won't learn to depend on ourselves.
如果我们父母为我们孩子们做一切，我们就无法学会独立。
(2)含有反身代词的习惯用语：
by oneself单独地，独自地；for oneself亲自，为自己；devote oneself to 致力于；apply oneself to 专心致志于；enjoy oneself 过得愉快； help oneself to 随便吃；随便用；make yourself at home 不拘束；seat oneself 坐下；behave oneself 举止得体； come to oneself恢复知觉；苏醒过来；adapt/adjust oneself to适应于；abandon oneself to沉迷于，放纵于；express oneself 表达某人的思想；lose oneself in (＝be lost in) 迷失；say to oneself心里想；talk to oneself自言自语
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1．(2018·吉林高三统考)To save class time, our teacher has ____(we) students do half of the exercise in class and complete the other half for homework.
2.(2016·北京卷)We are very proud of __________(we) and believe we can do more for a better world.
3．(2016·四川卷) When he came back, I found a bunch of flowers in her hand. __________
usourselvesher→his考点二　不定代词
1．all, both, either, any, none, neither
◆(四川卷)She'd lived in London and Manchester, but she liked neither and moved to Cambridge.
她曾在剑桥和曼彻斯特住过，但是两地她都不喜欢，因此她搬到了剑桥。
◆(江西卷)—When shall I call, in the morning or afternoon?
——我什么时候(给你)打电话方便，上午还是下午？
—Either.I'll be in all day.
——都可以，我将一整天都在家。
2．none, nothing, no one/nobody
◆(湖北卷)Even if the answer seemed a little strange，nobody but I doubted it.
尽管这个答案好像有点奇怪，但是除了我之外没人怀疑它的正确性。
◆(四川卷)Niki is always full of ideas，but none is useful to my knowledge.
Niki总是会有很多想法，但是就我所知没有一个想法是有用的。
◆(安徽卷)This project requires close teamwork.Nothing will be achieved unless we work well together.
这个项目需要密切的合作，除非我们通力合作，否则将一事无成。
3．other, the other, others, the others, another
◆(陕西卷)To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.
为了暖和自己，那个海员坐在火堆前，两只光脚丫互相蹭着。
◆(福建卷)In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in others，knives and forks.
在一些国家，人们用筷子吃饭，而在另外一些国家，人们用刀叉吃饭。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/短文改错
1．(2018·重庆部分中学高三联考)The best children's books are ______ very difficult nor very simple, and satisfy the child who hears the story and the adult who reads it.
2．(2018·深圳四校联考)With one phone, I was listening to the radio show, and on ________ phone, I had my friend telling me funny things.
3.(2018·江西六校联考)Failure is part of our life. Somebody has achieved great success without lots of failures.
___________________
neitheranotherSomebody→Nobody考点三　it的用法
1．指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、想法等，也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象。还指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。
◆(北京卷)The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it.
由于当地政府的努力，大城市的就业率不断上升。
2. it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。
◆(天津卷)It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.
对学生来说非常清楚的是，他们应该为他们的将来做好准备。
◆(山东卷)The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other.
这两个女孩长得很像，陌生人很难把她们区分开来。
[名师点津]
it作形式主语或形式宾语的常考句式：
(1)It is a pity/shame that...真可惜……
It is no wonder that...难怪……
It seems/appears that...似乎/看来……
It looks/seems as if/as though...看起来好像……
It happens that...碰巧……
It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb. that...某人突然想起……
It is said/reported that...据说/据报道……
It is no use/good doing...做……没有用/好处
It takes sb. some time to do...做……花费某人多长时间
It is certain that...……是一定的
It turns out that...结果是……
(2)think/consider/believe/find/make/feel＋it＋adj./n.＋to do/doing/that...
(3)主语＋like, enjoy, prefer, love, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend on/rely on, see to＋it＋that/if/when...
3．含有it的常考短语或句型
(1) It depends.视情况而定。
Take it easy.别着急。
believe it or not信不信由你
make it成功，做到，约定时间
take it for granted that...认为……是理所当然的
as someone puts it像某人所说的那样
When it comes to...当涉及/谈到……
owe it to sb. that...把……归功于某人
keep it in mind that...把……铭记在心(2) It's (high) time that sb. should do/did sth.是某人该做某事的时候了。
It's the first/second/... time that sb. have/has done sth.是某人第一次 /二次/……次做某事。
It is/has been... since...自从……多久了。
It will be/was... before...要过……时间才……
It is/was＋时间点＋when...当……时候，时间是……
强调句型：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who...
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1．(2018·江西赣中南五校高三联考)—Are you going to get your own car after the test?
— My parents have said they'll get ____ for me.
2．(2018·河南中原名校二质检)The Chinese have known about the benefits of green tea since ancient times, and they use ___ to treat various diseases such as headaches and depression.
3．(2018·四川成都七中一诊)In many countries, this is not unusual for families of different backgrounds to live together in the shared space. _______
oneitthis→it 介　词
考点一　常考介词的用法
1．表示时间的介词
?(北京卷)Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.
Jane很着急，因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。
?(安徽卷)In Britain, it's not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.
在英国，早餐时间开商务会议并不稀奇。
2．表示方位的介词
?(陕西卷)The dog jumped over some bushes and saw the little scream.
狗跳过几丛灌木看到小溪。
?(上海卷)The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.
阳光透过天窗，照亮了整个房间。3．表示方式的介词
表示使用的工具、手段、材料时，with，by，in，on都意为“用”。with多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官；by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具；in指使用某种语言、笔墨等；on 多用于固定词组中。
?by train乘火车；on the radio通过收音机；on TV通过电视；with a pencil用铅笔
4．表示“除……之外”的介词(短语)
?(福建卷) Apart from good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.
除了优质的服务外，这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。
5．表示原因的介词(短语)
for，because of，due to，thanks to，owing to，on account of, as a result of
?(浙江卷)The open-air celebration has been put off because of the bad weather.
因为天气不好，这次户外庆祝会被推迟了。
?(上海卷)Owing to bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.
由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。
6．其他常考的介词
? (重庆卷)She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.
她在转弯处开得如此快，以至于车差点偏离公路。
?(福建卷)Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged.
任何司机如被发现饮酒超限都会被指控。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1．(2018·北京卷) —Good morning, Mr. Lee's office.
—Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment ____ next Wednesday afternoon.for2．(2017·北京卷)Many people who live along the coast make a living __ fishing industry.
3．(2018·湖北咸宁高三重点高中联考)One of China's two “Golden Weeks”， this year's National Day holiday has been extended by one day as the Mid-Autumn Festival falls Oct.4.
___________________
考点二　常考介词短语及搭配
高考中的语法填空和短文改错将更加注重对介词短语及搭配的考查，介词与名词、形容词与介词、动词与介词形式的搭配是高考考查的难点。常考介词短语及固定搭配有：
infalls后加on1．与名词的搭配
at a time每次，一次；at a loss 困惑，不知所措； at first sight乍一看；at table在吃饭；beyond description 无法形容；beyond one's reach够不着；by accident/chance 偶然； by mistake错误地；by the way顺便说；by hand 手工地；in advance在前头，事先，预先；in charge主管，看管；in return作为回报；in turn依次，转而； in shape健康状况良好；in the long run从长远来看；in trouble 处于困境中；on purpose故意地； on holiday在度假；in time及时，迟早；on time准时；on average 平均；on the contrary相反地；out of breath/balance/date/control上气不接下气/失去平衡/过时/失去控制；to one's surprise/astonishment令某人惊奇/吃惊；under construction/consideration/discussion在建设/考虑/讨论中；at the cost of 以……为代价；in honour of为了纪念……；in memory of为纪念……；in place of代替；in support/favor of支持，支援；in addition to 除了；in terms/view of鉴于，根据；for the sake of为了；for the purpose of 为了……目的；for the benefit of为了……的利益；on account of 由于；on behalf of 代表；on the way to在去……的路上； on the basis of 以……为基础；by means of 借助； reason for ……的原因；approach to ……的方法；visit to 到……的访问；(a) lack of 缺乏……
2．与动词的搭配
answer for 对……负责；apply for申请； call at 拜访(地点)；date from/back to 追溯到；keep/prevent/stop sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做……；protect...from 保护……不受伤害；result from 由于；suffer from遭受；approve of赞成；complain of 抱怨；consist of 由……组成；dream of 梦到；think of 想起；考虑到；call on 拜访(某人)；depend/rely on 依靠；result in/lead to导致；succeed in 在……方面成功； belong to 属于；refer to 谈到；涉及；查阅
3．与形容词的搭配
be ashamed of对……感到羞耻； be aware of 意识到；be proud of 以……为荣；be sure of 对……有信心；确信；be tired of厌倦；be angry with sb.对……生气； be familiar with sth.熟悉……；be familiar to sb.为……所熟悉；be patient with 对……有耐心；be pleased/satisfied with 对……满意；be popular with sb.受……欢迎；be strict with sb.对……严格； be addicted to 对……上瘾；沉溺于； be available to 对……可用；可供……使用；be beneficial to 对……有益处；be devoted to 致力于，献身于；be similar to 与……相似；be confident in 对……有信心；be eager for 渴望； be absent from 缺席；be anxious about/for 忧虑，担心；be crazy about 热衷；着迷；be curious about 对……好奇；be particular about 挑剔；be suitable for/to适合于
4．其他搭配
after all 毕竟，终究；ahead of (时间，空间)在……前面；领先；far from 远非；once in a while 偶尔；up to 达到；由……决定；in spite of 尽管；虽然
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1．(2018·天津卷)Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went after ____．
2．(2017· 天津卷) We offer an excellent education to our students. __ return, we expect students to work hard.
3．(2018·江苏卷)China's soft power grows __ line with the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.
4．(2018·江西南昌调研)Under his help, we have learned immediately how to analyze and settle problems.
______________

allinUnder→WithInⅠ.单句语法填空
1．(2018·天津卷)At first Robert wouldn't let his daughter go diving, but eventually he gave ______ as she was so confidence about her skills.
【解析】 句意：起初，罗伯特不愿让他女儿去潜水，但最终他让步了，因为她对她的技能是如此的有把握。give in 屈服，让步。
【答案】 in2．(2018·广东佛山一模)I'm sure，as______(I) life continues here in Beijing, I will be swept in the convenient life that China's rapid development is bringing about in the future.
【解析】 句意：我相信，随着我在北京生活的继续，未来我会投入到由中国的迅速发展带来的便利生活中。空格后面的名词life作这个时间状语从句的主语。空格处作定语修饰life，所以根据提示词I可知应填物主代词my。
【答案】 my
3. (2018·河南许昌平顶山两市第一次联考)Rather than being the by-product of a happy life, feeling happy has become a goal in ______(it)．
【解析】 句意：“觉得幸福”不是幸福生活的副产品，而是自身的目标。in oneself 是固定搭配，意为“本身，自身”。
【答案】 itself
4．(2018·山东师大附中二模)At that moment an attractive young lady who noticed my book came up to me and introduced ______(her)．
【解析】 句意：那时，一位迷人的年轻女士注意到了我的书，向我走来并自我介绍。设空处作宾语，该空处与主语an attractive young lady指同一人，故用反身代词herself。
【答案】 herself
5．(2018·河北邢台质量检测)Obesity researchers hate______ when I say this, but their own data shows that obesity is not going to kill us.
【解析】 句意：肥胖症研究者讨厌我这样说，但是他们自己的数据表明肥胖症不会害死我们。此句用hate it when...习惯搭配，表示“讨厌……”。
【答案】 it
6．(2018·沈阳检测一)It was time for dinner and ______was pretty dangerous that the sandstorm was going on and getting stronger.
【解析】 考查主语从句。分析该句结构可知，句中that引导的从句为真正的主语，空处是形式主语，故用it。
【答案】 it
7．(2018·河南八市重点高中第二次质检)For one thing, they help to broaden our horizons. For ______， most books are sold at a lower price.
【解析】 句意：一方面，它们有助于我们开阔视野。另一方面，大多数书都以较低的价格出售。For one thing..., for another...为固定搭配，意为“一方面……另一方面……。”
【答案】 another
8．(2018·北京海淀区二模)People used to expect Shanghai Disneyland Park to offer better service than ______ of Tokyo's.
【解析】 句意：人们过去常常期待上海迪士尼乐园提供的服务比东京迪士尼乐园提供的更好。根据than可知，此句为比较级结构，将上海迪士尼乐园的服务和东京迪斯尼乐园的服务进行比较。设空处替代前面提到的不可数名词service，指同类但不同物，故应用that指代。
【答案】 that
9．(2018·安庆模拟)He admitted that when______ comes to repairing a computer，he had little knowledge of it.
【解析】 句意：他承认，当说到维修电脑时，他对此一无所知。when it comes to...意为“当说到……”，为固定句型。故填it。
【答案】 it
10．(2018·浙江杭州质检二)Exams cannot measure ______ a child has achieved so we should let students know there is much more to them than their test scores.
【解析】 句意：考试不能衡量孩子所获得的全部，因此我们应该让学生明白对他们来说有比考试分数更重要的东西。分析语境，此处应填everything，意为“一切”。
【答案】 everything
11．(2018·江西六校联考)Failure is part of our life. ______has achieved great success without lots of failures.
【解析】 句意：失败是我们生活的一部分，没有人不经历很多失败就会获得巨大成功。根据句意可知，此处表示否定意义，指“没有人”，故填Nobody。
【答案】 Nobody
12．(2018·深圳市模拟)From then on we became good friends. We had common interest in basketball and often shared ______(we) experience about photographing.
【解析】 根据语境可知，我们成了好朋友，我们都喜欢篮球，经常分享我们的摄影经验。空格处作名词experience的定语，故用形容词性物主代词。
【答案】 our
13．(2018·天水市模拟)Nowadays，______the development of technology, online shopping is becoming more and more convenient.
【解析】 考查介词。with the development of为固定搭配，意为“随着……的发展”，故填with。
【答案】 with
14．(2018·沈阳市教学质量检测)The girl loves English，so she plans to get a degree ______English.
【解析】 句意：这个女孩喜欢英语，所以她打算获得一个英语学位。此处用介词in表示“在……方面”。
【答案】 in
15．(2018·湖南岳阳一中月考)Meanwhile, those who are successful and famous have to deal with constant media attention. They are also______ huge pressure to appear young and beautiful.
【解析】 句意：同时，那些成功的知名人士不得不应对媒体的持续关注。他们也处于保持年轻漂亮的巨大压力中。under pressure 是固定短语，意为“处于压力中”。
【答案】 under
16．(2018·湖北华大联盟高三2月质检)The theory of kung fu is based ______ classical Chinese philosophy(哲学)．
【解析】 base...on/upon...为固定搭配，意为“建立在……基础上”。
【答案】 on/upon
17．(2018·平顶山市调研)Another good reason ______ reading books is that it is useful.
【解析】 在reason后面用for表示“……的原因”，故填for。
【答案】 for
18．(2018·浙江台州期末考试)It means that we cannot use some modern household items, ______ washing machines and they use too much water.
【解析】 根据“some modern household items”可知，此处表示举例，故可填like(例如)，或填including，表示“包括”。
【答案】 like/including
19．(2018·山东师大附中二模)She said her name was Miss Bai She and kindly offered to show me ______the city.
【解析】 句意：她说她名叫白蛇小姐并热心地主动提出带我参观这座城市。show sb. around sp.为固定短语，意为：带某人参观某地。
【答案】 around
20．(2018·昆明质量检测)A lack ______ water can lead to health problems such as headaches, poor physical performance, and even more serious problems.
【解析】 考查固定搭配。a lack of为固定搭配，意为“缺乏”。
【答案】 of
Ⅱ.单句改错
1. (2018·重庆重点中学九校联盟第一次联考)As is known to us that life is not a smooth journey, which is full of ups and downs. So never lose heart. __________
【解析】 题干的结构是：...is ＋过去分词＋that...，所以判断此处that引导的从句是真正的主语，而形式主语应用it。我们也可以把As is known to us理解为非限制性定语从句，意为“正如我们都知道的”，这时，句子结构应为：As is known to us，life is not a smooth journey...downs。
【答案】 As→It
2．(2018·福州市期末)My teacher told me，“Yesterday is history.Today is a gift.If you bury you in English now，you'll make it.” __________
【解析】 bury oneself in意为“专心致志于某事”，符合语境。
【答案】 you→yourself
3．(2018·广东五校联考)My friend, her hair was already wet, suddenly couldn't move or speak. __________
【解析】 句意：我的那个头发已经湿了的朋友突然间不能动也不能说话了。分析句子结构可知，My friend suddenly couldn't move or speak是主句，剩余部分为定语从句，修饰先行词friend，从句缺少关系词，关系词作定语，所以要把物主代词her改为关系代词whose。此处也可以将was删掉，构成独立主格结构。
【答案】 her→whose或删掉was
4．(2018·江西新余四中和上高二中第一次联考)Since then, I haven't made a promise that I couldn't keep it.
__________
【解析】 句意：从那时以来，我就没有许过我不能信守的诺言。从句式结构上看，that I couldn't keep 是定语从句，修饰先行词promise。关系代词that指代先行词promise作keep的宾语，所以it是多余的。
【答案】 去掉it
5．(2018·福建三校联考)According to a study, organically grown food contain 21.1 percent more iron and 27 percent more vitamin C than regular one on average. __________
【解析】 句意：根据一项研究，用有机方式种植的食物评价比普通的食物铁含量多了21.1%，维生素C含量多了27%。此处one代指前面的foods，故用复数形式ones。
【答案】 one→ones
6．(2018·哈尔滨三中模拟)What we have gained from this camp is not only knowledge, but also friendship. I hope their friendship will last forever. __________
【解析】 句意：我们从野营中获得了知识和友谊，我希望我们的友谊长存。故their改为our。
【答案】 their→our
7．(2018·江南十校模拟)During the National Day holiday，I paid a visit my grandma in the countryside. __________
【解析】 pay a visit to为固定短语，意为“参观，访问”。
【答案】 visit后加to
8. (2018·厦门一中模拟)I believe I will have a wonderful time in this summer. __________
【解析】 当名词前有this，that，last，next等修饰时，一般不再用介词。
【答案】 去掉in
9．(2018·淮南二中模拟)Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining the heavy traffic. __________
【解析】 complain about为固定短语，意为“抱怨”。
【答案】 complaining后加about
10．(2018·山东临沂一模)If you find a position at there, I'm sure you'll have a rapid improvement in both your character and ability. __________
【解析】 句意：如果你在那里找到一个职位，我确信你会在品质和能力上都会有迅速的提升。there为副词，可单独作状语，故将at删除。
【答案】 去掉at
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