2019届高三英语二轮复习课件：第一部分 语法专题 第一节 名词和冠词(共71张PPT)

课件71张PPT。 第一节　名词和冠词
名　词
考点一　名词的数
名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有复数形式。
可数名词单复数的变化规则
(1) 可数名词复数的规则变化
(2) 名词复数的不规则变化
(3)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks, congratulations , wishes, greetings, shoes, trousers, works(著作；工厂), manners(礼貌), instructions(操作说明), directions(用法说明), papers(试卷， 文件), times(时代)等。
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1. —Where did you two have your ________(stomach) examined?
—At the doctor's. We were examined by two famous ________(German).
2．(2018·淄博二模)The ___________(equip) for disabled people should be within easy reach in public places.
3．Though we are now out of danger, the broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.___________
stomachsGermansequipmentgreat前加a考点二　名词构词法
常考的名词后缀
[对点演练]——单句语法填空
1．(2018·天津卷)The __________(possible) that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
2．(2018·湖南浏阳二、五、六中三校联考)My _____________(appoint)was at five and I still had twenty minutes to spare.
3．(2018·江西红色七校联考)To the citizens in Hangzhou, the best part of it is that it will give us the chance to watch world?class matches and _____________(compete) close to home.
possibilityappointmentcompetitions考点三　名词的格
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1.Last night we went to the barber's, where I met a friend of my _________(brother).
2.(江西卷)The girls' shoes were covered with mud，so I asked them to take them off before they got into Tom car. ___________
3.(2018·洛阳统一考试)Once I broke a neighbor window.Seeing nobody around, I ran away immediately. _____________________
brother'sTom→Tom'sneighbor→neighbor's 冠　词
考点一　不定冠词
不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。
1．不定冠词的基本用法
(1)用作可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。
◆(2018·滨海七校联考)Jane's grandmother had wanted to write a children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in the way.
多年来，简的奶奶想写一本有关儿童的书，但总是被这样或那样的原因阻碍了。
(2)表示数量“一”，但不强调数量概念；或表示“任何一个”。
◆(北京卷)Later that morning, Dario suggested that they write a letter to their neighbors and apologize for their playing.
那天上午晚些时候，达里奥建议他们应该给邻居们写一封信，为他们弹钢琴这件事道歉。
(3)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”相当于a certain。
◆(四川卷)Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be a Beethoven.
Brian在创作音乐上极有才华，他很有可能成为一个像贝多芬那样的人才。
2．不定冠词的活用
(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。
◆(北京卷)First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get a second chance to make a first impression.
最初的印象最持久。毕竟， 你不可能有机会给别人再留下一个第一印象。
(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, comfort, honour等。
◆(山东卷)Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge, collection, understanding等后面加of...时， 前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a(n) (good) knowledge of...“精通……”；have a (clear/good) understanding of...“了解……”。
◆(2018·烟台模拟)If you don't have a good knowledge of English, it's out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.
如果你不能精通英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！
3．用于固定搭配中
all of a sudden突然地；as a matter of fact事实上；at a loss不知所措；困惑；pay a visit to参观；拜访；be/go on a diet节食；give sb. a lift让某人搭便车；have a gift for在……方面有天赋；have a word with与……谈话；make a fool of 愚弄；in a hurry匆忙地；in a way从某种意义上说；keep an eye on 留意；留神；make a living谋生；a waste of...浪费；once in a while偶尔； as a result/consequence 因此
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1．(2018·贵州黔东南州第一次联考)From the aspects of culture and history, the Great Wall is ___ ancient masterpiece that you can fully enjoy.
2.(2018·山东临沭一中月考)Li Hua has __ good knowledge of English and this will be an advantage over others in finding __ proper job.
3．(2018·河北石家庄高三模拟)One thing we can do to help solve this problem is to walk or use bicycle when possible. _______________
anaa在bicycle前加a考点二　定冠词
1．定冠词的基本用法
(1)指双方都知道的人或物，或特指的人或物的名词前。
◆(重庆卷)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.
我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。
(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。
◆(2018·佛山一中模拟)Soldiers came to rescue those buried under the ruins, and the government provided food，clothes and shelters for the homeless.
士兵们来营救那些被埋在废墟下的人，政府为无家可归者提供食物、衣服和庇护所。
(3)在最高级或序数词前面或由only, very, same等修饰的名词前面用定冠词the。
◆(陕西卷)As is known to all，the People's Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.
众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
(4)用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词(day/hour/dozen等)”结构中， 表示“按……计算”。但size, weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。◆Apples are sold by weight and coal is sold by the ton.
苹果按重量出售，煤炭按吨出售。
(5)用于“动词(hit, strike, pull, take等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋表示身体部位的名词”结构中， 其中的the不可用物主代词代替。
◆hit sb. on the head 打某人的头
◆pull /take sb. by the hand 拉/抓住某人的手
◆strike sb.in the face 打某人的脸
2．用于固定搭配中
at the moment 此刻，目前；by the way顺便说一下；in the way 阻碍；挡路；go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧；in the distance在远处；in the habit of有……的习惯；make the most/ best of 充分利用；not in the least 一点也不；on the contrary与此相反；on the other hand另一方面；the other day 几天之前；to tell (you) the truth (跟你)说实话；to the point中肯， 切题；take the place of 代替；for the time being 暂时
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1．(2018·陕西西安一中期中)Today, the Long March for us is to achieve the “Two Centenary Goals”as well as ____Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation(复兴)．
2.①Qingdao is __ most beautiful coastal city and I believe I will come for __ second time.
② Xiamen is _____ most beautiful coastal city I have ever seen so that I will come again.
theaathe3．(2018·江西南昌联考)They only eat what they like and never touch food they don't like even if they really need it for their health. ____________
考点三　零冠词
1．零冠词的基本用法
(1)用于不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前。
◆(福建卷)Human life is regarded as part of nature and , as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.
food前加the人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。
◆(江西卷)The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.
史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。
(2)名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词等限定词作定语时不用冠词。
◆(广东卷)Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years!
一些科学家甚至说我们可以活到130岁！
(3) 表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词作表语、同位语或补语时， 其前通常用零冠词。
◆(四川卷)Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
(4) 用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词，及球类、棋类和学科名词前。
◆Of all the subjects，I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.
在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解许多过去的有益的知识。
2．用于固定搭配中
at dawn/dusk/night/noon在黎明/黄昏/夜晚/中午；on/ catch fire着火；by mistake错误地；by chance/accident碰巧；in history在历史上； under repair在维修中；hand in hand 手拉手；do harm to对……有害；on purpose故意地； in place在正确位置； in danger在危险中； make room for为……让出空间；in return作为回报；at present 目前；ahead of time 提前；in advance 提前；lose heart 灰心；out of control失控
[对点演练]——单句改错
1．(2018·四川成都外国语月考)I don't think the experiment is failure. At least we have gained an experience for future success.____________________________________
2．(2018·福建福州十三中期中) George couldn't remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was Sunday because everybody was at the church.
__________________________________
3．How are you? Today I've got a wonderful news to tell you. _______
在failure前加a；去掉experience前的an在Sunday前加a；去掉church前的the去掉aⅠ.单句语法填空
1. (2018·河北衡水中学联考)After several______(day), I got my watch back and it was still working.
【解析】 句意：几天后，我把手表拿回来了，它还在工作。day为可数名词，其前有several修饰，应用复数形式
【答案】 days
2. (2018·河南中原名校第一次联考)It thinks that Singlish may hurt people's______(able) to speak standard English and make it hard for them to communicate with foreigners.
【解析】 句意：它认为新加坡式的英语可能会伤及人们说标准英语的能力，使他们很难与外国人交流。设空处前有名词所有格people's修饰，应用名词。
【答案】 ability
3. (2018·浙江五校联考)In order to understand the role and fun_ction of belief in our society, one way is to compare the ______(different) between a society with belief and a society without it.
【解析】 句意：为了理解信念在我们社会中的作用和功能，一个方法就是比较一个有信念的社会和一个无信念的社会的差异。设空处前有定冠词修饰，应用名词；根据句意，此处指不止一个差异，应用名词复数形式。
【答案】 differences
4. (2018·湖北百所重点学校联考)The Theater District is a popular tourist ______(attract) in New York City.
【解析】 句意：剧院区是纽约一个很受欢迎的旅游胜地。设空处作is的表语，其前有不定冠词a及popular tourist修饰，应用名词单数。
【答案】 attraction
5．(2018·湖北衡水中学月考)Mount Vesuvius had not erupted for centuries，the people of Pompeii felt that they were in______(safe)．
【解析】 句意：维苏威火山几个世纪以来都没有爆发过，所以庞培的人们感觉他们是安全的。in safety意为“安全”，是固定短语。
【答案】 safety
6．(2018·河南豫北名校联考)There is also new evidence that green tea can help to destroy bacteria in our bodies. It is especially effective at ridding bacteria of your ______(tooth) and keep them healthy!
【解析】 句意：也有新的证据表明绿茶可以帮助消灭我们体内的细菌。它在去除牙齿上的细菌，保持牙齿健康方面尤其有效！根据常识可知，人的牙齿有很多颗，故空格处用所给名词的复数形式。
【答案】 teeth
7．(2018·河南豫西南部分示范高中月考)There are ______(style) of music that can drive you unquestionably crazy.
【解析】 句意：此处表示有一些音乐风格无疑能让你疯狂。There be句型中，主语为be后面的名词，此处be动词为are，故空格处应用所给名词的复数形式。
【答案】 styles
8．(2018·山东烟台期中)Firstly, these countries have highly diversified groups of residents from different cultural ____(background)．
【解析】 句意：首先，这些国家有来自不同文化背景的高度多元化的居民群体。background作“出身背景”讲时，为可数名词，由句中different可知，此处指“不同的文化背景”，故填所给名词的复数形式。
【答案】 backgrounds
9．(2018·山东滕州一中检测)Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is an important part of Chinese culture. Great ______(success) have been made in many areas through TCM cures.
【解析】 句意：中医是中国文化的重要组成部分。中医疗法在许多领域已经取得了巨大的成功。success在此处为抽象名词具体化，表示成功的事物，为可数名词。根据空后的have可知，此处应用所给名词的复数形式。
【答案】 successes
10．(2018·江西新余期中)Sometimes there's so much work for you to deal with and you feel it's beyond your ability to fulfil it. Actually, you can take ______(measure) to help yourself.
【解析】 句意：有时候，你有太多的工作要处理，而你觉得完成它超出了你的能力。事实上，你可以采取措施来帮助自己。measure作“措施，方法”讲时，为可数名词，take measures to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“采取措施做某事”，故此处应用复数形式。
【答案】 measures
11．(2018·湖南长沙长郡中学调研)But much like other sports events, a lot of professional______(compete) rule the triathlon field.
【解析】 根据语境中a lot of和professional可知本空用提示词的名词形式competitor表示“参赛者”，动词rule决定要用复数形式。
【答案】 competitors
12．(2018·四川南充一诊)One discovery I made about giving something away is that it is almost possible to give anything away in his world, and the return often comes in ______unexpected way.
【解析】 此处表示“回报经常以一种出乎意料的方式出现”。way作“方法，方式”讲时，是可数名词，且此处表示“一种……的方式”，unexpected的发音以元音音素开头，所以要用an。
【答案】 an
13．(2018·陕西汉中第一次检测)She did not sleep well, and got tired easily during______day.
【解析】 句意：她睡眠不好，白天易疲劳。固定搭配 during the day表示“白天”。
【答案】 the
14. (2018·辽宁大连旅顺口区第二次联考)It is also worth remembering that London is also famous as one of______ best live music venues(举办地点) in the world.
【解析】 句意：伦敦也以世界上最佳现场音乐举办地点之一而闻名，这一点也值得记忆。根据句意可知，best在此处是good的最高级，形容词最高级前要用定冠词。
【答案】 the
15．(2018·山东临沂期中)To this beautiful, culturally remarkable island, people's recognition is ______honor.
【解析】 句意 ：对这座富有文化底蕴的美丽小岛来说，人们的认可是一种荣誉。honor通常用作抽象名词，表示“荣誉”，但此处抽象名词具体化，故honor前面需用不定冠词，表示“一种荣誉”。
【答案】 an
16．(2018·山东淄博一中期中)The Laba Festival was also______ time for the ancient Chinese to pray to heaven and earth that there would be a bountiful harvest.
【解析】 句意：腊八节也是古代中国人向天地祈祷有一个好收成的时间。此处表示“一段时间”，所以前面要用不定冠词。“不定冠词＋形容词＋time”表示“一段……的时间”。
【答案】 a
17．(2018·四川成都诊断)I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2017.It is so attractive that I decided to go there for ______second time next year.
【解析】 句意：2017年夏天我第一次去杭州旅游。那里如此迷人，我决定明年再去一次。a second time表示“又一次，再一次”，故填a。
【答案】 a
18．(2018·长沙一模)After work, he learned to play______guitar. He liked living on the farm, for the life was simple.
【解析】 考查冠词或物主代词。guitar为乐器，需在其前加定冠词the。因为guitar和主语he是所属关系，故也可以用形容词性物主代词his。
【答案】 the/his
19．(2018·洛阳统一考试)I could only tell him ______ truth. Instead of scolding, he praised my honesty and then encouraged me to apologize to our neighbor.
【解析】 考查冠词。tell the truth为固定词组搭配，故用定冠词the。
【答案】 the
20．(2018·南昌市一模)We should take ______active attitude to our studies, and try to get a mark that is true as well as good.
【解析】 attitude表示“态度”为可数名词，表示泛指时单数名词前应加不定冠词，active的发音以元音音素开头，故其前应加an。
【答案】 an
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2018·吉林长春外国语学校期中)I will be fully occupied in preparing for an importance lecture coming the day after tomorrow. __________
【解析】 句意：我将忙着准备后天的一个重要的演讲。根据该句中的名词lecture可知，应用形容词修饰lecture，表示“重要的演讲”。
【答案】 importance→important
2．(2018·江西临川期中)The professor began the class with an amusing English story, which attracted our attentions at once.__________
【解析】 句意：教授以一个有趣的英语故事开始了这节课，这立刻吸引了我们的注意力。attract one's attention“吸引某人的注意力”，是固定短语，其中的attention为不可数名词。
【答案】 attentions→attention
3．(2018·湖北武汉高三调考)We were very happy to help each other and have lots of funs. __________
【解析】 fun是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
【答案】 funs→fun
4．(2018·河南洛阳期中)Holding an empty box in his hand，he asked passers-by for money. Unluckily, I had no changes on me.__________
【解析】 change表示“改变，变化”时，既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词；表示“零钱”时，是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
【答案】 changes→change
5. (2018·武汉武昌区调研)Considering my case，my teacher offered me several detailed approach and advised me to set a short?term goal to improve my math.__________
【解析】 考查名词的数。approach作“方法”讲时，是可数名词；由前面的several可知，应用复数形式。
【答案】 approach→approaches
6．(2018·长沙一模)When the boy sang a song with his guitar, all the judge were astonished by his talent.
__________
【解析】 考查名词的数。根据该句中的all和谓语动词were可知，所有的评委都对他的天赋感到惊讶，故用复数形式。
【答案】 judge→judges
7．(2018·襄阳市模拟)Studying at an university in the UK has been a good experience for me. __________
【解析】 university虽然是以元音字母开头，但却是以辅音音素开头，故其前的不定冠词应用a。
【答案】 an→a
8．(2018·辽宁五校期末联考)It is indeed a remarkable thing for you to have achieved such great a success.__________
【解析】 success可以用作抽象名词，此处achieve success意为“获得成功”，把great success看成名词短语故而去掉a。
【答案】 删除第二个a
9．(2018·烟台市模拟)He went running every morning and played the basketball every afternoon. __________
【解析】 球类活动前不加冠词，故去掉basketball前面的the。
【答案】 去掉the
10．(2018·湖北省四地七校联考)Knocked unconscious, the person was sent to a nearest hospital immediately.
__________
【解析】 形容词最高级前应加定冠词，故把a改为the。
【答案】 a→the