【2019赢在中考】英语二轮专题解读与强化训练
专题一 名词
名词是中考考查的重点内容之一。中考对名词的考查主要以词义辨析为主，而且多为语境辨析。名词的单复数、名词所有格的用法也是中考的高频语法考点。预计2019年中考对名词的考查应集中在这几个语法考点上。
名词
一、名词的分类
类别
意义
例词
专有名词
表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词
Alice，Canada，the Great Wall
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
表示个体的人或事物的词
book，desk，table，bike，plane
集体名词
表示一群人或一些事物的词
family，class，police，team，group
不可数名词
物质名词
表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词
glass，water，air，paper，wood
抽象名词
表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词
danger，health，love，success，interest
二、可数名词单复数变化规律
情况
构成方法
例词
一般情况
加-s
cap→caps；dog→dogs；bike→bikes；driver→drivers
以字母s，sh，ch，x等结尾
加-es
bus→buses；wish→wishes；
watch→watches；box→boxes
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾
变y为i，再加-es
lady→ladies；century→centuries；
family→families；story→stories
以f或fe结尾
一般变f，fe为v，再加-es
leaf→leaves；life→lives；
half→halves；knife→knives
以o结尾
有生命的加-es，无生命的加-s，o前为元音音素时加-s
tomato→tomatoes；hero→heroes；potato→potatoes；
radio→radios；zoo→zoos；
photo→photos；piano→pianos
复合名词
将后一个词变为复数
tooth-brush→tooth-brushes；film-goer→film-goers
两部分都变复数
man doctor→men doctors；
woman teacher→women teachers
特殊名词
改变内部元音字母
foot→feet；tooth→teeth；man→men；mouse→mice
词尾加-ren
child→children
单复数同形
Chinese→Chinese；sheep→sheep；deer→deer
注意：(1)由man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是把-man改成-men。但German不是合成词，故其复数形式为直接加-s。
(2)man和woman作定语时，其本身的单复数形式与被修饰词的单复数一致。如：
a man teacher→men teachers(男老师) a woman cook→women cooks(女厨师)
三、常见不可数名词归纳及用法
1. 常见的不可数名词
物质
名词
食物
bread面包 meat肉 cheese奶酪
液体
milk牛奶 water水 wine酒 oil油
自然物体
soil土壤 sand沙子 wood木头
抽象
名词
情感
joy高兴 friendship友情 peace和平
学科
maths数学 geography地理physics物理 chemistry化学
概念
population人口 knowledge知识
2. 不可数名词量化的表示
不可数名词的多少可用以下词组来表示：
a block of一块 a bottle of一瓶 a group of一群 a pair of一组，一双，一对
a piece of一片(张，块) a pile of一堆
短语a pair(piece) of＋复数名词或不可数名词作主语时，中心词是pair(piece)，故谓语动词用单数；若短语是two pairs(pieces)of＋复数名词或不可数名词作主语，则中心词是two pairs(pieces)，谓语动词用复数。
3. 可数与不可数易混归纳
exercise(锻炼)→some exercises(练习，训练) work(工作)→works(著作)
glass(玻璃)→a glass(玻璃杯) paper(纸)→a paper(报纸，证件，试卷)
wood(木头，木材)→a wood(小树林) room(空间)→a room(房间)
life(生活)→seven lives(七条生命)
四、名词所有格
1. 表示有生命的东西的名词所有格。
（1）一般在单数或复数名词后加－'s。如：Tom's chair； the children's bedroom
（2）以－s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”。如：the students' reading room
（3）并列名词 表示各自所属时，在两个名词之后都加’s；
表示共同所属时。在最后一个名词后加's。
如：Tom and Mike's father 汤姆和迈克的父亲(俩人共有的父亲)
Tom’s and Mike’s fathers 汤姆的父亲和迈克的父亲（俩人各自的父亲）
（4）表示店铺，某人的家，私人开的诊所、餐馆等，其所有格后的名词(如shop等)可以省略。
如： at Tom’s 在汤姆家里 at the tailor's在裁缝店 at a chemist's在药店
2. 表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格，常常用“of+名词”的形式。
如：the covers of the book(s)书的封面 a photo of my family一张我家的全家福
【注意】
①表示有生命东西的名词，如果名词较长或名词的定语较长．也可用“of+名词”的形式。
如：the works of Lu Xun, Lao She and Mao Dun
the founding of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国的成立
②表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及某些惯用语中的名词，可用－'s。
如：yesterday's newspaper昨天的报纸 five minutes’ drive开车五分钟的路程
③of短语所表示的是修饰名词的具体内容或材料。
如： a map of the world 世界地图 a ring of gold 金戒指
④某些习惯用法中of短语不能替换's结构。
如： teachers' office 教师办公室 children's book 儿童读物
五、名词的句法作用
1. 名词在句子中可作主语、表语、定语、宾语或宾语补足语、位语、状语、呼语、开场白等。
2. 名词作定语时，应当注意以下几点：
（1）可数名词作定语时一般用单数。如： a ten-year-old girl 一个十岁的女孩
（2）也有复数作定语。如：sports meetings 运动会 men teachers 男老师
（3）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数取决于所修饰的名词的单复数。
如: a man worker 一个男工 some men workers 一些男工
（4）数词+名词作定语时，名词一般保留单数形式。
如：two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk一段十里的路
（5）固定词组。如：goods train货车 arms produce武器生产
customs papers海关文件 clothes brush衣刷
六、常见近义词辨析
近义词
区别
举例
family，home，house与room
“家”
family是指“家庭，家庭成员”；home侧重于家人及其住所，指家庭成员共同生活的环境或与房屋有关的家；house是指居住的房子；room表示房间，和house相比小了很多。一个house可以包括许多用途不同的room，比如kitchen，?bedroom和bathroom等。
How?many?people?are?there?in?your?family??你家有几口人？
We have only one earth.It's our common home .我们只有一个地球，它是我们的家园。
Is?your?house?big??你家的房子大吗？
She?is?watching?TV?in?the living room.?她正在客厅看电视。
noise，sound与voice
“声音”
noise意为“噪音”、“喧闹声”，常指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声；sound作“声音”，“响声”讲时，可以指人或动物发出的声音，或物体碰撞的声言。使用范围很大，大自然的任何“声音”都可以用sound；voice一般指人的声音，说话、唱歌、谈笑。sound和noise不仅指人的声音，还可以表示动物发出的声音；而voice除了有时指鸟的声音外，很少表示其它动物的声音。
The noise wakes me up. 噪音吵醒了我!
Light travels much faster than sound. 光的传播速度比声音快得多。
The girl has a beautiful voice. 那女孩嗓音很美。
question与problem
“问题”
problem 指须待解决的问题，是就困难而言的，指说话者认为难以解决的问题，它与动词?solve或settle（解决）搭配；question 指须待解答的问题，是就疑问而言的，指说话者需要寻找答案的问题，它常与动词ask或answer连用。
What's your question? Can you answer it? 你的问题是什么?你能自己回答吗?
What's your problem? Can you solve it by yourself? 你的问题(困难)是什么?你能自己解决吗?
work与job
“工作”
?job?主要指雇佣有报酬的工作，是可数名词，在口语中有时还表示已经做好的或必须要去做的事情等；而?work?指“工作”、“劳动”，是一个含义极广的常用词，它的基本意思指需要付出努力的工作或劳动，是不可数名词。有时?也指“职业”或“工作”等，但此时多指工作的性质或场所。
He has a good job in the bank.?他在银行有份不错的工作。
It took a lot of work to build a house.?造一座房子花很多劳动。
You’ve done a good job.?你做得很不错。
clothes，cloth与clothing
clothes意思是“衣服”，一般用a suit of clothes表示，clothes本身通常不与数词连用，但可以和many，these，my这类词连用；cloth是不可数名词，意思是“布料”，“一块布”应译为a piece of cloth，但一块用专门用途的布则可以用a；clothing是集合名词，是所用服装的总称，没有复数形式，后面要接单数动词。
Please put on your clothes．It's too cold．天太冷了，请穿上你的衣服。
I'd like cotton cloth，please．请给我看棉布。
This shop sells women's clothing．这家商店卖妇女服装。
class与lesson
“一节课”
在表示45分钟的“一节课”时是同义词，一般可以相互换用。当表示“第几课”时，习惯上用lesson而不用class。如果说“开始上课”，通常用class而不用lesson。class还可以作“班级”，“同学们”，“阶级”讲，而lesson无此意。lesson可以作“功课”，“教训”讲，而class则不能。lesson和class的固定搭配：do one's lessons做功课，give lessons to 给……上课，after(before)class课后(前)，in class在课堂上。
Let's read the first lesson.咱们读第一课吧。
Classes begin at 8:00 in the morning.上午8点开始上课。
Our school has fifty classes.我们学校有50个班级。
Good morning, class! 同学们，早上好!
I can help you with your lesson.我能帮你学习功课。
journey，travel，trip与tour
journey指从一地到另一地，通常指陆地上的远距离“旅行”，有时也可以表示经常走的或长或短的“路程”，只作名词；travel作“旅行、游历”解，一般表示从一地到另一地旅行这一总的概念，常指长时间、远距离的“旅行”，尤指出国旅行，可作动词和名词，其复数形式意思为“旅游笔记”、“游记”；trip 一般指时间短、距离近的“旅行、远足”，在非正式用语中可代替journey，只作名词；tour 着重指旅行线路比较曲折，常表示“（周游各地的）参观、访问、（巡回）旅游、视察、购物、演出”等意思。可作动词和名词。
It's a long journey from here to the city. 从这儿到那个城市路途遥远.
He is traveling in Africa.他在非洲旅行.
We had a trip to the coast last Saturday.上周六我们到海边旅行去了.
He visited the countries on good-will tours.他对一些国家进行了友好访问.
【注意】family 意为“家，家庭”，强调人与人之间的亲情关系。作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数；还可以表示“家庭成员”，作主语时，谓语用复数形式。
一、单项选择
( )1. (2018天津)Every year many foreign friends come to see the ________ of Tianjin, such as Tianjin Eye and Haihe River.
A. concerts B. plays C. cartoons D. sights
( )2. (2018重庆A卷)—It's hot today. Have some ________， please.
—No, thanks. I'm not thirsty at all.
A. water B. potatoes C. bread D. cakes
( )3. (2018重庆B卷)It's cold today. Take your ________ with you when you go out.
A. knife B. coat C. brush D. key
( )4. (2018河北)Your________ is very helpful. I guess I'll take it.
A. secret B. advice C. promise D. purpose
( )5. (2018河南)—Are you going out with Jade tonight?
—That's my ________. Mind your own!
A. offer B. business C. question D. chance
( )6. (2018山西)During the next few days, I decide to have a good ________ by taking a walk or seeing a movie. I really need to relax.
A. meal B. sleep C. rest
( )7. (2018 安徽)Cathy has such a good____ that she won many prizes in singing competitions last year.
A. sleep B. idea C. voice D. time
( )8. (2018江西)Some old people need a ________ because they feel lonely.
A. gift B. stick C. pet D. watch
( )9. (2018福州)—Who is the person you admire the most?
—Qian Xuesen, the Father of China's Missiles. He is the ________ of China.
A. leader B. pride C. voice
( )10. (2018武汉)—Look, the boss is angry with Alex.
—Well, he came late again. But that's no ________ to shout at him.
A. problem B. lesson C. excuse D. reason
( )11. ( 2018大连)Cambridge is famous for its ________. Many famous people studied there.
A. university B. hospital C. bank D. museum
( )12. (2018大连)It might be cool in the evening. You'd better take a(n)________．
A. umbrella B. sweater C. wallet D. camera
( )13. (2018黄冈)—Could you take out the rubbish and do the dishes, Tony?
—Sure. Mom will be mad if she sees this________， I think.
A. matter B. mess C. trouble D. difficulty
( )14. (2018滨州)—Do you know about the scientist Tu Youyou?
—Yes, she won the 2015 Nobel Prize in medicine because of her great ________．
A. surprise B. achievement C. education D. satisfaction
( )15. (2018德州)Bill will be a /an ________ to interview the football players in the coming Rio 2018 Olympics.
A. guest B. reporter C. tourist D. engineer
( )16. (2018达州)—Why did Lucy look unhappy?
—Because she was so careless that she made many spelling ________ in her homework.
A. friends B. plans C. decisions D. mistakes
( )17. (2018温州)When an earthquake happens, I think the most important safety ________ is to keep calm.
A. rule B. doubt C. condition D. problem
( )18. (2018衡阳)—The last bus has left. What should we do?
—Let's take a taxi. We have no other ________ now.
A. choice B. reason C. habit
( )19. (2018自贡)—How can I get some ________ about the 2018 Olympic Games?
—Why not search the Internet?
A. information B. experience C. practice
( )20. (2018咸宁)—Tu Youyou received the Nobel Prize for her ________ of artemisinin(青蒿素)．
—And she was the first Chinese who won the prize in science.
A. design B. thought C. invention D. discovery
( )21. (2018襄阳)—Look! So many colorful bicycles in two lines over there.
—They're for public. This ________ of green smart traffic is everywhere in Xiangyang city.
A. number B. pair C. kind D. piece
( )22. (2018东营)—Why do people never cut up the ________ on their birthdays?
—Because they are a symbol of long life.
A. eggs B. cakes C. noodles D. dumplings
( )23. (2018淮安)Lily often helps her mother do some cooking in the ________．
A. kitchen B. garden C. bathroom D. bedroom
( )24. (2018泰州)—What ________ will you get after winning the competition in the programme Stay to the end(一站到底)?
—A free trip to Bali Island.
A. award B. attention C. advice D. ability
( )25. (2018吉林)The ________ pollution is becoming more and more serious. We haven't seen blue skies for several days.
A. noise B. water C. air
( )26. (2018徐州)My cousin works for an airline. He flies planes. He is ________．
A. an inventor B. a scientist C. an explorer D. a pilot
( )27. (2018抚顺)Your English is really good. What's your ________？
A. secret B. service C. spirit D. science
( )28. (2018厦门)—The milk shake tastes good. How do you make it?
—It's easy, just follow the ________．
A. discussions B. instructions C. resolutions
( )29. (2018甘肃通用卷)People usually touch something with their ________．
A. eyes B. noses C. mouths D. fingers
( )30. (2018泉州)—The water in the glass is sweet. Did you put any ________ in it?
—Yes. I added some to it just now.
A. sugar B. salt C. oil
( )31. (2018葫芦岛)—Which city do you prefer to visit, Hangzhou or Shanghai?
—I've no idea. It's hard to make the ________．
A. report B. project C. decision D. speech
( )32. (2018 阜新)—I hear you have to get up early every morning.
—Right. It's one of the ________ in my family.
A. rules B. orders C. reasons D. experience
( )33. (2018齐齐哈尔)The mobile phone sells for ￥5000, it is much more than its real________．
A. cost B. value C. price
( )34. (2018绵阳)He was born in Germany, but he has made China his ________．
A. family B. address C. house D. home
( )35. (2018东营)Great ________ for football lovers—more than 50，000 soccer schools will be built in our country by the end of 2025.
A. news B. message C. situation D. information
( )36. (2018朝阳)I think computers are very useful. They can help us get much ______ on the Internet.
A. game B. information C. exchange D. message
( )37. (2018青岛)Nancy took her temperature and found she had a ________．
A. cough B. toothache C. cold D. fever
( )38. (2018宿迁)When the man went through the forest alone, he lost his ________ and felt afraid.
A. task B. work C. way D. job
( )39. (2018盐城)Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your _______， you must keep moving.
A. promise B. position C. balance D. ability
( )40. (2018孝感)—Mom, I will eat less fast food this year, believe me.
—If you make a ________， you must keep it.
A. joke B. noise C. mistake D. promise
( )41. (2018西宁)A smart phone makes a big ________ to our life.
A. difference B. decision C. progress D. prediction
( )42. (2018随州)Peter didn't tell his parents that he was going home because he wanted to give them a ________．
A. note B. surprise C. call D. gift
( )43. (2018苏州)Steve Jobs was full of ________ — always coming up with new ideas which led to great changes in society.
A. instruction B. invitation C. introduction D. invention
( )44. (2018扬州)—Why not buy a second-hand flat first if you don't have enough money?
—That's a good ________．
A. saying B. question C. suggestion D. decision
( )45. (2018连云港)—It's useful for the deaf people to learn sign language.
—Yes, it's a major way of ________ for them.
A. suggestion B. vacation C. production D. communication
( )46. (2018鄂州)—Could you show me the method of cooking the tasty cookies?
—Please follow the ________ on the cookbook.
A. direction B. attention C. introduction D. instruction
( )47. (2018宜宾)Yibin is one of the most beautiful ________ in Sichuan.
A. city B. cities C. citys
( )48. (2018广安)—Have you heard of Lin Zexu and Zhan Tianyou?
—Of course. They are our national ________．
A. hero B. heros C. heroes D. hero's
( )49. (2018昆明)Each couple in China can have two ________ from January 1st, 2018.
A. boy B. girl C. children D. child
( )50. ( 2018广东)The broken ________ may cut into your hand if you touch it. You should be careful.
A. glass B. glasses C. candle D. candles
( )51. (2018南宁)These ________ in beautiful dresses will have a party this evening.
A. man B. men C. woman D. women
( )52. (2018怀化)—Mum, I'm hungry. May I have some________？
—Sure. But don't eat too much.
A. hamburgers B. milks C. cake
( )53. (2018来宾)—There are many ________ about this farm.
—Yes, lots of ________ are planted on it.
A．photo; potato B．photos; potatos C．photos; potatoes D．photoes; potatoes
( )54. (2018巴中)Mickey Mouse is one of the most famous ________ in American________．
A. symbol; culture B. symbols; cultures C. symbols; culture
( )55. (2018天水)There are many websites on the Internet and there ________ a lot of useful ________ on the websites.
A. are; informations B. are; information C. is; information D. is; informations
( )55. (2018天水)It's about ________ from our school to my house.
A. 20 minutes' walk B. 20 minute's walk C. walk of 20 minutes D. 20 minutes' walks
( )56. (2018绥化)________ room is big and nice.
A. Kate's and Jane's B. Kate's and Jane C. Kate and Jane's
( )57. (2018新疆建设兵团)This is ________ bedroom. It's tidy and nice.
A. Lily's and Lucy's B. Lily and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy
( )58. (2018东营)—Are you sure this is a photo ________， the famous comedy actress?
—It surprised you, didn't it? But she was once really thin.
A. Jia Ling B. Jia Ling's C. of Jia Ling D. of Jia Ling's
( )59. (2018安顺)There'll be a ________ meeting next week, and my parents will ________ come for it.
A. parents'; all B. parents'; both C. parent's; all D. parent's; both
( )60. (2018河池)—There is an MP5 on the desk, whose is this?
—It can be my ________， she bought one yesterday.
sister B. sister's C. sisters' D. sisters
( )61. (2018武威)_____ mothers can't go to the parents' meeting because they are too busy.
A. Jack's and Paul B. Jack's and Paul's C. Jack and Paul's D. Jack and Paul
( )62. (2018重庆A卷)It's sports time. Most________ students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground.
A. boy B. boys C. boy's D. boys'
( )63. (2018绥化)Our school has fifty-six ________ teachers.
A. woman B. women C. woman's
( )64. (2018贵港)—What would you like for breakfast?
—I'd like ________．
A. tomato noodle B. tomato noodles C. tomatoes noodle D. tomatoes noodles
( )65. (2018连云港)—Yan Jiashuo, a ________ girl, has won the prize of International Master of Memory.
—Wow, she's great, isn't she?
A. ten-year-old B. ten-years-old C. ten year old D. ten years old
( )66. (2018哈尔滨)Xi Jinping, our ________ president, paid a visit to Harbin last month. How encouraging!
63 years old B. 63 years' old C. 63-year-old
二、完形填空(2018安徽)
Philip is the bravest boy I know. His friends and family are all very__1__ him.
Ten-year-old Philip was born with an__2__ which means that he is always breaking his bones(骨头)．Although he has such a serious illness, Philip__3__ playing sports. In January last year he__4__ wheelchair racing. He came second in his first__5__， and since then Philip has won every other race!
In order to look for a new challenge(挑战), Philip__6__ to take part in the London Wheelchair Marathon(马拉松)．__7__， five days before the race Philip got sick. He didn't want to__8__. He finally made up his mind to take part. Philip was given medicine by his doctor and guess what? He not only__9__it, but he also finished in first place!
Philip is very__10__ and never gives up. That's why he has been chosen to be the Bravest Child of the Month.
( )1. A. proud of B. afraid of C. angry with D. strict with
( )2. A. ability B. effort C. illness D. interest
( )3. A. stops B. avoids C. minds D. loves
( )4. A. watched B. started C. cancelled D. held
( )5. A. journey B. race C. class D. interview
( )6. A. regretted B. hated C. failed D. decided
( )7. A. Instead B. Also C. However D. First
( )8. A. give up B. sit down C. set off D. go out
( )9. A. refused B. left C. completed D. invented
( )10. A. brave B. honest C. polite D. fair
三、阅读理解(2018南京)
Rachel Carson(1907-1964) was a pioneer of the world's environmental movement through her writing about the protection of the natural world. Her 1962 book Silent Spring made her well known by many people. It describes the harmful changes in the environment of using toxic(有害的) chemicals on farmland.
Carson's career started as a biologist in the US Bureau of Fisheries. ln 1951 she published her first book, The Sea Around Us, which became a bestseller. It made her rich enough to leave her job and devote her life to writing. She was a gifted writer. Her next two books were also about the oceans and both topped the book sales lists.
Carson's book Silent Spring completely changed the way America thought about nature. It painted a bleak(荒凉的) future for the whole natural world. It led to a nationwide ban(禁止) on the use of a deadly chemical called DDT, and other toxic pesticides(农药) that farmers used for their crops. Many people say the book led to the creation of America's Environmental Protection Agency.
Since her death, Carson's name has continued to be connected with protecting the environment. There is now a yearly Rachel Carson Book Prize. Norway awards the Rachel Carson Prize to women who have made great contributions to the field of environmental protection. In 1980, 16 years after her death, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in America.
( )1. What happened to Rachel Carson in 1962?
A. She started to write books.
B. She gave up working as a biologist.
C. Her book The Sea Around Us sold well.
D. Her book Silent Spring made her famous.
( )2. What most probably made Rachel Carson leave her job?
A. She got an award.
B. She published Silent Spring.
C. The Sea Around Us brought her enough money.
D. The US government took notice of her researches.
( )3. Why is the book Silent Spring important to America's environmental protection?
A. It describes a silent spring.
B. It topped the book sales lists.
C. It changed how America thought about nature.
D. It includes all Carson's research achievements.
( )4. What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. The book Silent Spring.
B. The way America thought.
C. The US Bureau of Fisheries.
D. America's Environmental Protection Agency.
( )5. Why was Rachel Carson awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom?
A. She published the book Silent Spring.
B. She did a lot of researches for the US Bureau of Fisheries.
C. She donated much money to the Rachel Carson Book Prize.
D. She made great contributions to the environmental protection.
【2019赢在中考】英语二轮专题解读与强化训练
专题一 名词
名词是中考考查的重点内容之一。中考对名词的考查主要以词义辨析为主，而且多为语境辨析。名词的单复数、名词所有格的用法也是中考的高频语法考点。预计2019年中考对名词的考查应集中在这几个语法考点上。
名词
一、名词的分类
类别
意义
例词
专有名词
表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词
Alice，Canada，the Great Wall
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
表示个体的人或事物的词
book，desk，table，bike，plane
集体名词
表示一群人或一些事物的词
family，class，police，team，group
不可数名词
物质名词
表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词
glass，water，air，paper，wood
抽象名词
表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词
danger，health，love，success，interest
二、可数名词单复数变化规律
情况
构成方法
例词
一般情况
加-s
cap→caps；dog→dogs；bike→bikes；driver→drivers
以字母s，sh，ch，x等结尾
加-es
bus→buses；wish→wishes；
watch→watches；box→boxes
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾
变y为i，再加-es
lady→ladies；century→centuries；
family→families；story→stories
以f或fe结尾
一般变f，fe为v，再加-es
leaf→leaves；life→lives；
half→halves；knife→knives
以o结尾
有生命的加-es，无生命的加-s，o前为元音音素时加-s
tomato→tomatoes；hero→heroes；potato→potatoes；
radio→radios；zoo→zoos；
photo→photos；piano→pianos
复合名词
将后一个词变为复数
tooth-brush→tooth-brushes；film-goer→film-goers
两部分都变复数
man doctor→men doctors；
woman teacher→women teachers
特殊名词
改变内部元音字母
foot→feet；tooth→teeth；man→men；mouse→mice
词尾加-ren
child→children
单复数同形
Chinese→Chinese；sheep→sheep；deer→deer
注意：(1)由man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是把-man改成-men。但German不是合成词，故其复数形式为直接加-s。
(2)man和woman作定语时，其本身的单复数形式与被修饰词的单复数一致。如：
a man teacher→men teachers(男老师) a woman cook→women cooks(女厨师)
三、常见不可数名词归纳及用法
1. 常见的不可数名词
物质
名词
食物
bread面包 meat肉 cheese奶酪
液体
milk牛奶 water水 wine酒 oil油
自然物体
soil土壤 sand沙子 wood木头
抽象
名词
情感
joy高兴 friendship友情 peace和平
学科
maths数学 geography地理physics物理 chemistry化学
概念
population人口 knowledge知识
2. 不可数名词量化的表示
不可数名词的多少可用以下词组来表示：
a block of一块 a bottle of一瓶 a group of一群 a pair of一组，一双，一对
a piece of一片(张，块) a pile of一堆
短语a pair(piece) of＋复数名词或不可数名词作主语时，中心词是pair(piece)，故谓语动词用单数；若短语是two pairs(pieces)of＋复数名词或不可数名词作主语，则中心词是two pairs(pieces)，谓语动词用复数。
3. 可数与不可数易混归纳
exercise(锻炼)→some exercises(练习，训练) work(工作)→works(著作)
glass(玻璃)→a glass(玻璃杯) paper(纸)→a paper(报纸，证件，试卷)
wood(木头，木材)→a wood(小树林) room(空间)→a room(房间)
life(生活)→seven lives(七条生命)
四、名词所有格
1. 表示有生命的东西的名词所有格。
（1）一般在单数或复数名词后加－'s。如：Tom's chair； the children's bedroom
（2）以－s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”。如：the students' reading room
（3）并列名词 表示各自所属时，在两个名词之后都加’s；
表示共同所属时。在最后一个名词后加's。
如：Tom and Mike's father 汤姆和迈克的父亲(俩人共有的父亲)
Tom’s and Mike’s fathers 汤姆的父亲和迈克的父亲（俩人各自的父亲）
（4）表示店铺，某人的家，私人开的诊所、餐馆等，其所有格后的名词(如shop等)可以省略。
如： at Tom’s 在汤姆家里 at the tailor's在裁缝店 at a chemist's在药店
2. 表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格，常常用“of+名词”的形式。
如：the covers of the book(s)书的封面 a photo of my family一张我家的全家福
【注意】
①表示有生命东西的名词，如果名词较长或名词的定语较长．也可用“of+名词”的形式。
如：the works of Lu Xun, Lao She and Mao Dun
the founding of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国的成立
②表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及某些惯用语中的名词，可用－'s。
如：yesterday's newspaper昨天的报纸 five minutes’ drive开车五分钟的路程
③of短语所表示的是修饰名词的具体内容或材料。
如： a map of the world 世界地图 a ring of gold 金戒指
④某些习惯用法中of短语不能替换's结构。
如： teachers' office 教师办公室 children's book 儿童读物
五、名词的句法作用
1. 名词在句子中可作主语、表语、定语、宾语或宾语补足语、位语、状语、呼语、开场白等。
2. 名词作定语时，应当注意以下几点：
（1）可数名词作定语时一般用单数。如： a ten-year-old girl 一个十岁的女孩
（2）也有复数作定语。如：sports meetings 运动会 men teachers 男老师
（3）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数取决于所修饰的名词的单复数。
如: a man worker 一个男工 some men workers 一些男工
（4）数词+名词作定语时，名词一般保留单数形式。
如：two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk一段十里的路
（5）固定词组。如：goods train货车 arms produce武器生产
customs papers海关文件 clothes brush衣刷
六、常见近义词辨析
近义词
区别
举例
family，home，house与room
“家”
family是指“家庭，家庭成员”；home侧重于家人及其住所，指家庭成员共同生活的环境或与房屋有关的家；house是指居住的房子；room表示房间，和house相比小了很多。一个house可以包括许多用途不同的room，比如kitchen，?bedroom和bathroom等。
How?many?people?are?there?in?your?family??你家有几口人？
We have only one earth.It's our common home .我们只有一个地球，它是我们的家园。
Is?your?house?big??你家的房子大吗？
She?is?watching?TV?in?the living room.?她正在客厅看电视。
noise，sound与voice
“声音”
noise意为“噪音”、“喧闹声”，常指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声；sound作“声音”，“响声”讲时，可以指人或动物发出的声音，或物体碰撞的声言。使用范围很大，大自然的任何“声音”都可以用sound；voice一般指人的声音，说话、唱歌、谈笑。sound和noise不仅指人的声音，还可以表示动物发出的声音；而voice除了有时指鸟的声音外，很少表示其它动物的声音。
The noise wakes me up. 噪音吵醒了我!
Light travels much faster than sound. 光的传播速度比声音快得多。
The girl has a beautiful voice. 那女孩嗓音很美。
question与problem
“问题”
problem 指须待解决的问题，是就困难而言的，指说话者认为难以解决的问题，它与动词?solve或settle（解决）搭配；question 指须待解答的问题，是就疑问而言的，指说话者需要寻找答案的问题，它常与动词ask或answer连用。
What's your question? Can you answer it? 你的问题是什么?你能自己回答吗?
What's your problem? Can you solve it by yourself? 你的问题(困难)是什么?你能自己解决吗?
work与job
“工作”
?job?主要指雇佣有报酬的工作，是可数名词，在口语中有时还表示已经做好的或必须要去做的事情等；而?work?指“工作”、“劳动”，是一个含义极广的常用词，它的基本意思指需要付出努力的工作或劳动，是不可数名词。有时?也指“职业”或“工作”等，但此时多指工作的性质或场所。
He has a good job in the bank.?他在银行有份不错的工作。
It took a lot of work to build a house.?造一座房子花很多劳动。
You’ve done a good job.?你做得很不错。
clothes，cloth与clothing
clothes意思是“衣服”，一般用a suit of clothes表示，clothes本身通常不与数词连用，但可以和many，these，my这类词连用；cloth是不可数名词，意思是“布料”，“一块布”应译为a piece of cloth，但一块用专门用途的布则可以用a；clothing是集合名词，是所用服装的总称，没有复数形式，后面要接单数动词。
Please put on your clothes．It's too cold．天太冷了，请穿上你的衣服。
I'd like cotton cloth，please．请给我看棉布。
This shop sells women's clothing．这家商店卖妇女服装。
class与lesson
“一节课”
在表示45分钟的“一节课”时是同义词，一般可以相互换用。当表示“第几课”时，习惯上用lesson而不用class。如果说“开始上课”，通常用class而不用lesson。class还可以作“班级”，“同学们”，“阶级”讲，而lesson无此意。lesson可以作“功课”，“教训”讲，而class则不能。lesson和class的固定搭配：do one's lessons做功课，give lessons to 给……上课，after(before)class课后(前)，in class在课堂上。
Let's read the first lesson.咱们读第一课吧。
Classes begin at 8:00 in the morning.上午8点开始上课。
Our school has fifty classes.我们学校有50个班级。
Good morning, class! 同学们，早上好!
I can help you with your lesson.我能帮你学习功课。
journey，travel，trip与tour
journey指从一地到另一地，通常指陆地上的远距离“旅行”，有时也可以表示经常走的或长或短的“路程”，只作名词；travel作“旅行、游历”解，一般表示从一地到另一地旅行这一总的概念，常指长时间、远距离的“旅行”，尤指出国旅行，可作动词和名词，其复数形式意思为“旅游笔记”、“游记”；trip 一般指时间短、距离近的“旅行、远足”，在非正式用语中可代替journey，只作名词；tour 着重指旅行线路比较曲折，常表示“（周游各地的）参观、访问、（巡回）旅游、视察、购物、演出”等意思。可作动词和名词。
It's a long journey from here to the city. 从这儿到那个城市路途遥远.
He is traveling in Africa.他在非洲旅行.
We had a trip to the coast last Saturday.上周六我们到海边旅行去了.
He visited the countries on good-will tours.他对一些国家进行了友好访问.
【注意】family 意为“家，家庭”，强调人与人之间的亲情关系。作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数；还可以表示“家庭成员”，作主语时，谓语用复数形式。
一、单项选择
( )1. (2018天津)Every year many foreign friends come to see the ________ of Tianjin, such as Tianjin Eye and Haihe River.
A. concerts B. plays C. cartoons D. sights
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：每年许多外国朋友来看天津的，如天津眼和海河。concerts音乐会；plays戏剧；cartoons动画片，漫画；sights风景。根据空格后面的“天津眼和海河”可知此处指风景，故选D。
【答案】D
( )2. (2018重庆A卷)—It's hot today. Have some ________， please.
—No, thanks. I'm not thirsty at all.
A. water B. potatoes C. bread D. cakes
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“今天真热。请喝些。”“不，谢谢。我一点也不渴。”water 水；potatoes 土豆；bread 面包；cakes 蛋糕。根据句中的关键词thirsty可知答案，故选A。
【答案】A
( )3. (2018重庆B卷)It's cold today. Take your ________ with you when you go out.
A. knife B. coat C. brush D. key
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：今天很冷。当你外出时带上你的。knife刀；coat外套；brush刷子；key钥匙。根据前一句语境可知此处指的是带上衣服，故选B。
【答案】B
( )4. (2018河北)Your________ is very helpful. I guess I'll take it.
A. secret B. advice C. promise D. purpose
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你的非常有用。我想我会采纳的。secret秘密；advice建议；promise许诺，允诺；purpose目的。分析句意并结合四个选项可知，此处指你的建议非常有用，故选B。
【答案】B
( )5. (2018河南)—Are you going out with Jade tonight?
—That's my ________. Mind your own!
A. offer B. business C. question D. chance
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“今天晚上你要和杰德一起出去吗？”“那是我的。管好你自己的事吧！”offer提供，给予；business生意，事情；question问题；chance机会。根据句意和语境可知此处应是表示：那是我的事。故选B。
【答案】B
( )6. (2018山西)During the next few days, I decide to have a good ________ by taking a walk or seeing a movie. I really need to relax.
A. meal B. sleep C. rest
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在接下来的几天里，我决定通过散步或者看电影好好地。我真的需要放松。meal饭；sleep睡眠；rest休息。根据I really need to relax.可知用rest；have a good rest意为“好好休息”。故选C。
【答案】C
( )7. (2018 安徽)Cathy has such a good________ that she won many prizes in singing competitions last year.
A. sleep B. idea C. voice D. time
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：凯茜有如此好的以至于她去年在唱歌比赛中赢得了许多奖项。sleep睡眠；idea主意；voice嗓音；time时间。根据空后句意“在唱歌比赛中赢得了许多奖项”可推知她肯定有一副好嗓音。故选C。
【答案】C
( )8. (2018江西)Some old people need a ________ because they feel lonely.
A. gift B. stick C. pet D. watch
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些老人需要一个因为他们感觉孤单。gift礼物；stick木棍，棍子；pet宠物；watch手表。感觉孤独，因此需要宠物陪伴，故选C。
【答案】C
( )9. (2018福州)—Who is the person you admire the most?
—Qian Xuesen, the Father of China's Missiles. He is the ________ of China.
A. leader B. pride C. voice
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“你最钦佩的人是谁？”“中国导弹之父钱学森。他是中国的。” leader领导；pride骄傲；voice声音。根据句意可知B项正确。
【答案】B
( )10. (2018武汉)—Look, the boss is angry with Alex.
—Well, he came late again. But that's no ________ to shout at him.
A. problem B. lesson C. excuse D. reason
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“看，老板在生亚历克斯的气。”“嗯，他又迟到了。但是那不是朝他大喊的。”problem问题；lesson课；excuse借口；reason原因。 根据答语的意思可知老板朝他大喊的原因不是因为他迟到了，故选D。
【答案】D
( )11. ( 2018大连)Cambridge is famous for its ________. Many famous people studied there.
A. university B. hospital C. bank D. museum
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：剑桥以它的而闻名。许多名人在那儿学习过。university大学；hospital医院；bank银行；museum博物馆。根据关键词studied及常识可知选A。
【答案】A
( )12. (2018大连)It might be cool in the evening. You'd better take a(n)________．
A. umbrella B. sweater C. wallet D. camera
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：晚上可能会冷。你最好带一件。umbrella雨伞；sweater毛衣；wallet钱包；camera相机。根据前一句描述可知此处建议带一件保暖的衣服，故选B。
【答案】B
( )13. (2018黄冈)—Could you take out the rubbish and do the dishes, Tony?
—Sure. Mom will be mad if she sees this________， I think.
A. matter B. mess C. trouble D. difficulty
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“托尼，你可以倒垃圾和洗盘子吗？”“当然可以。我认为如果妈妈看到这么，她会生气的。”matter物质，事件；mess杂乱；trouble问题，麻烦；difficulty困难。根据上句中“倒垃圾和洗盘子”及后一句中“妈妈会生气”可知此处指很杂乱。故选B。
【答案】B
( )14. (2018滨州)—Do you know about the scientist Tu Youyou?
—Yes, she won the 2015 Nobel Prize in medicine because of her great ________．
A. surprise B. achievement C. education D. satisfaction
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“你知道科学家屠呦呦吗？”“知道，她因为伟大的获得了‘2015年诺贝尔医学奖’。”surprise惊奇，惊讶；achievement成就；education教育；satisfaction满意。根据句意可知是伟大的成就，故选B。
【答案】B
( )15. (2018德州)Bill will be a /an ________ to interview the football players in the coming Rio 2018 Olympics.
A. guest B. reporter C. tourist D. engineer
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：比尔将作为一名采访即将到来的2018里约奥运会中足球运动员们。guest客人；reporter记者；tourist游客；engineer工程师。根据“interview ”可知是记者。故选B。
【答案】B
( )16. (2018达州)—Why did Lucy look unhappy?
—Because she was so careless that she made many spelling ________ in her homework.
A. friends B. plans C. decisions D. mistakes
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“为什么露西看起来不高兴？”“因为她是如此粗心以至于她在作业中犯了很多拼写。”friends朋友；plans计划；decisions决定；mistakes错误。根据“so careless”可知表示犯错，故选D。
【答案】D
( )17. (2018温州)When an earthquake happens, I think the most important safety ________ is to keep calm.
A. rule B. doubt C. condition D. problem
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当地震发生的时候，我认为最重要的安全是保持冷静。rule规则；doubt疑惑；condition条件；problem问题。根据句意可知选A。
【答案】A
( )18. (2018衡阳)—The last bus has left. What should we do?
—Let's take a taxi. We have no other ________ now.
A. choice B. reason C. habit
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“最后一班公交车已经走了。我们该怎么办？”“让我们坐出租车吧。我们现在没有其他的。”choice选择；reason理由；habit习惯。此处指没有其他的选择。故选A。
【答案】A
( )19. (2018自贡)—How can I get some ________ about the 2018 Olympic Games?
—Why not search the Internet?
A. information B. experience C. practice
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“我怎么才能得到一些关于2018年奥林匹克运动会的 。”“为什么不上网搜索一下？”information信息；experience经验，经历；practice练习。此处指得到一些关于奥林匹克运动会的信息，故选A。
【答案】A
( )20. (2018咸宁)—Tu Youyou received the Nobel Prize for her ________ of artemisinin(青蒿素)．
—And she was the first Chinese who won the prize in science.
A. design B. thought C. invention D. discovery
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“屠呦呦因为青蒿素获得了诺贝尔奖。”“并且她是中国第一位在科学领域获得诺贝尔奖的人。”design设计；thought思想；invention发明；discovery发现。青蒿素是本来就存在的东西，因此屠呦呦是发现了青蒿素。故选D。
【答案】D
( )21. (2018襄阳)—Look! So many colorful bicycles in two lines over there.
—They're for public. This ________ of green smart traffic is everywhere in Xiangyang city.
A. number B. pair C. kind D. piece
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“看！那边有那么多彩色自行车排成两排。”“它们是公用的。这绿色智能交通工具在襄阳市随处可见。”number数字，号码；pair双；kind种类；piece条，块。分析语境可知此处指这种交通工具，故选C。
【答案】C
( )22. (2018东营)—Why do people never cut up the ________ on their birthdays?
—Because they are a symbol of long life.
A. eggs B. cakes C. noodles D. dumplings
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“在过生日时，人们为什么从来不把 切断？”“因为它们是长寿的象征。”eggs鸡蛋；cakes蛋糕；noodles面条；dumplings水饺。根据常识可知，过生日吃面条意味着长寿。故选C。
【答案】C
( )23. (2018淮安)Lily often helps her mother do some cooking in the ________．
A. kitchen B. garden C. bathroom D. bedroom
【解析】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：莉莉经常在帮助她的妈妈做饭。kitchen厨房；garden花园；bathroom洗手间；bedroom卧室。根据句中“do some cooking”可知，是在厨房做饭。故选A。
【答案】A
( )24. (2018泰州)—What ________ will you get after winning the competition in the programme Stay to the end(一站到底)?
—A free trip to Bali Island.
A. award B. attention C. advice D. ability
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“在《一站到底》的比赛中获胜之后，你将获得什么？”“一次到巴厘岛的免费旅行。”award奖励；attention注意；advice建议；ability能力。根据句意可知，此处表示“获奖”。故选A。
【答案】A
( )25. (2018吉林)The ________ pollution is becoming more and more serious. We haven't seen blue skies for several days.
A. noise B. water C. air
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：污染变得越来越严重。我们已经好几天没看见蓝天了。noise声音，噪音；water水；air空气。根据后一句“看不见蓝天”可知，本题应该是说“空气污染”。故选C。
【答案】C
( )26. (2018徐州)My cousin works for an airline. He flies planes. He is ________．
A. an inventor B. a scientist C. an explorer D. a pilot
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我的堂(表)哥(弟)在一家航空公司工作。他开飞机。(所以)他是。an inventor 一位发明家；a scientist一位科学家；an explorer一位探险家；a pilot一位飞行员。根据前句的“flies planes”可知，只有选项D符合。故选D。
【答案】D
( )27. (2018抚顺)Your English is really good. What's your ________？
A. secret B. service C. spirit D. science
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你的英语真的很好。你的是什么？secret秘密，秘诀；service接待，服务；spirit精神，勇气，意志；science科学。根据常识可知，称赞完他人学得好，接着应该是询问“秘诀”。故选A。
【答案】A
( )28. (2018厦门)—The milk shake tastes good. How do you make it?
—It's easy, just follow the ________．
A. discussions B. instructions C. resolutions
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“这个奶昔尝起来不错。你怎么做的？”“很简单，就只是按照。”discussions讨论；instructions说明书；resolutions决心，决定。follow the instructions“按照说明书”，故选B。
【答案】B
( )29. (2018甘肃通用卷)People usually touch something with their ________．
A. eyes B. noses C. mouths D. fingers
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：人们通常用他们的触摸东西。eyes眼睛；noses鼻子；mouths嘴巴；fingers手指。发出“touch”这个动作，只能是“手指”。故选D。
【答案】D
( )30. (2018泉州)—The water in the glass is sweet. Did you put any ________ in it?
—Yes. I added some to it just now.
A. sugar B. salt C. oil
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“杯子里的水是甜的。你给里面放了吗？”“是的。我刚才在里面放了一些。”sugar糖；salt盐；oil油。由常识可知，“水甜”肯定是放了“糖”。故选A。
【答案】A
( )31. (2018葫芦岛)—Which city do you prefer to visit, Hangzhou or Shanghai?
—I've no idea. It's hard to make the ________．
A. report B. project C. decision D. speech
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“你更喜欢游览哪个城市，杭州还是上海？”“我不知道。那很难做。”report报告；project项目，工程；decision决定；speech演讲。上句是选择疑问句，故此处是做决定。make the decision“做决定”，是固定短语。故选C。
【答案】C
( )32. (2018 阜新)—I hear you have to get up early every morning.
—Right. It's one of the ________ in my family.
A. rules B. orders
C. reasons D. experience
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“我听说你每天早上都不得不早起。”“是的。那是我们家的之一。”rules规则，规矩；orders命令，指示；reasons原因；experience经验，经历。结合常识可知，“早起”作为一个家庭的“规矩”最符合。故选A。
【答案】A
( )33. (2018齐齐哈尔)The mobile phone sells for ￥5000, it is much more than its real________．
A. cost B. value C. price
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这部手机卖5000元，这比它实际的贵得多。cost花费；value价值；price价格，表示价格高用high修饰，价值大用much修饰。故选B。
【答案】B
( )34. (2018绵阳)He was born in Germany, but he has made China his ________．
A. family B. address C. house D. home
【解析】考查近义名词辨析。句意：他出生在德国，但是他把中国当作他的。family家庭，家人，多指家庭成员；address地址；house房子，住宅，多指建筑物；home家，居住的地方，有感彩，有团聚、思念之含义。此处指情感意义上的家，富有感彩。故选D。
【答案】D
( )35. (2018东营)Great ________ for football lovers—more than 50，000 soccer schools will be built in our country by the end of 2025.
A. news B. message C. situation D. information
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：足球爱好者的好——到2025年末，我国将会建造超过50000个足球学校。news新闻，侧重“新”字；message消息，一般指口头或书面的消息；situation情况，状态；information信息，通常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中特别关注的消息、情报、资料等。根据语境可知，本题侧重于新闻性，故选A。
【答案】A
( )36. (2018朝阳)I think computers are very useful. They can help us get much ________ on the Internet.
A. game B. information C. exchange D. message
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我认为电脑非常有用。它们可以帮助我们从网上获得很多。game游戏；information消息，信息(不可数名词)；exchange交换；message信息；消息(可数名词)。根据句意可知，此处填“信息”；且由句前修饰词much(修饰不可数名词)可知information符合。故选B。
【答案】B
( )37. (2018青岛)Nancy took her temperature and found she had a ________．
A. cough B. toothache C. cold D. fever
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：南希量了她的体温，发现她 。cough咳嗽；toothache牙疼；cold寒冷，感冒；fever发烧，发热。根据“took her temperature”可知她发烧了，故选D。
【答案】D
( )38. (2018宿迁)When the man went through the forest alone, he lost his ________ and felt afraid.
A. task B. work C. way D. job
【解析】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当那个人独自穿越雨林时，他迷失并感到害怕。task任务；work工作；way道路；job工作。根据前一分句“穿越雨林”和后面“感到害怕”推知，他迷路了；lose one's way意为“迷路”。故选C。
【答案】C
( )39. (2018盐城)Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your _______， you must keep moving.
A. promise B. position C. balance D. ability
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：生活就像骑自行车。要保持你的，你必须不断前行。promise诺言；position位置，地位；balance平衡；ability能力。此处指“为保持平衡，必须往前移动”。故选C。
【答案】C
( )40. (2018孝感)—Mom, I will eat less fast food this year, believe me.
—If you make a ________， you must keep it.
A. joke B. noise C. mistake D. promise
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“妈妈，今年我要少吃快餐，相信我。”“如果你做出，你必须遵守。”joke笑话；noise噪音；mistake错误；promise诺言。根据语境可知妈妈说的是做出了承诺就要遵守它。故选D。
【答案】D
( )41. (2018西宁)A smart phone makes a big ________ to our life.
A. difference B. decision C. progress D. prediction
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：一部智能手机对我们的生活会产生很大的。difference差别，不同；decision决定；progress进步；prediction预测。根据句意可知智能手机对人们的生活产生很大的影响，make a difference“有影响；起作用”。故选A。
【答案】A
( )42. (2018随州)Peter didn't tell his parents that he was going home because he wanted to give them a ________．
A. note B. surprise C. call D. gift
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：彼得没有告诉父母他将要回家，因为他想给他们一个。note便条；surprise惊喜；call电话；gift礼物。give sb. a surprise“给某人一个惊喜”，故选B。
【答案】B
( )43. (2018苏州)Steve Jobs was full of ________ — always coming up with new ideas which led to great changes in society.
A. instruction B. invitation C. introduction D. invention
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：史蒂夫·乔布斯充满——他总是想出能引导社会巨大变革的新点子。instruction指南；invitation邀请；introduction介绍；invention发明。根据破折号后的解释，表明乔布斯很有创意，因此他有很多的发明。故选D。
【答案】D
( )44. (2018扬州)—Why not buy a second-hand flat first if you don't have enough money?
—That's a good ________．
A. saying B. question C. suggestion D. decision
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“如果你没有足够的钱，为什么不先买一套二手公寓呢？”“这是一个好。”saying话，格言，谚语；question问题，疑问；suggestion建议，提议；decision决定，决心，决议。上句是一个建议，后者是赞同建议。故选C。
【答案】C
( )45. (2018连云港)—It's useful for the deaf people to learn sign language.
—Yes, it's a major way of ________ for them.
A. suggestion B. vacation C. production D. communication
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“对于聋哑人来说学习手语是很有用的。”“是的，对于他们来说这是一种主要的方式。”suggestion 建议；vacation 假期；production 产量；communication 交流。此处指盲人用手语进行交流。故选D。
【答案】D
( )46. (2018鄂州)—Could you show me the method of cooking the tasty cookies?
—Please follow the ________ on the cookbook.
A. direction B. attention C. introduction D. instruction
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意“你可以向我展示制作这种可口饼干的方法吗？”“请按照食谱上的。”direction方向；attention注意；introduction介绍；instruction说明。follow the instruction“按照说明”，为固定用法。故选D。
【答案】D
( )47. (2018宜宾)Yibin is one of the most beautiful ________ in Sichuan.
A. city B. cities C. citys
【解析】考查名词单复数。句意：宜宾是四川最美丽的之一。“one of the ＋形容词最高级＋名词复数”，表示“最……之一”，city的复数是y变i加es。故选B。
【答案】B
( )48. (2018广安)—Have you heard of Lin Zexu and Zhan Tianyou?
—Of course. They are our national ________．
A. hero B. heros C. heroes D. hero's
【解析】考查名词单复数。句意“你听说过林则徐和詹天佑吗？”“当然，他们是我们的民族。”分析句意，they作主语，指代林则徐和詹天佑，因此hero用复数，正确形式为heroes，故选C。
【答案】C
( )49. (2018昆明)Each couple in China can have two ________ from January 1st, 2018.
A. boy B. girl C. children D. child
【解析】考查名词单复数。句意：在中国，从2018年1月1日起，每一对夫妇可以有两个。根据空前two可知用名词复数，选项中只有children是可数名词复数，故选C。
【答案】C
( )50. ( 2018广东)The broken ________ may cut into your hand if you touch it. You should be careful.
A. glass B. glasses C. candle D. candles
【解析】考查名词单复数。句意：如果你动它，这破碎的 可能刺进你的手。你应该小心。 glass玻璃； glasses眼镜；candle蜡烛；candles蜡烛，复数。根据句中的it可知表示单数，排除B、D；能划伤手的应该是“玻璃”，故选A。
【答案】A
( )51. (2018南宁)These ________ in beautiful dresses will have a party this evening.
A. man B. men C. woman D. women
【解析】考查名词词义与单复数。句意：这些穿着漂亮裙子的今晚要参加晚会。man男人；men是man的复数形式；woman女人；women是woman的复数形式。由“in beautiful dresses”可排除A和B；these修饰复数名词，故选D。
【答案】D
( )52. (2018怀化)—Mum, I'm hungry. May I have some________？
—Sure. But don't eat too much.
A. hamburgers B. milks C. cake
【解析】考查名词单复数。句意“妈妈，我饿了。我可以吃些吗？”“当然了。但是不要吃得太多。”hamburgers汉堡包，可数名词复数；milks，表达错误；cake蛋糕，不可数名词。由答语中的关键词“too much”可知用不可数名词。故选C。
【答案】C
( )53. (2018来宾)—There are many ________ about this farm.
—Yes, lots of ________ are planted on it.
A．photo; potato B．photos; potatos C．photos; potatoes D．photoes; potatoes
【解析】考查名词单复数。句意“这里有很多关于这个农场的照片。”“是的。这个农场上种了很多土豆。”根据many及lots of可知两空都用复数。正确书写形式分别是photos和potatoes，故选C。
【答案】C
( )54. (2018巴中)Mickey Mouse is one of the most famous ________ in American________．
A. symbol; culture B. symbols; cultures C. symbols; culture
【解析】考查名词单复数。句意：米老鼠在美国上是最有名的之一。“one of the＋形容词最高级＋复数名词”，表示“最……之一”，故第一空为复数symbols；且culture(文化)常用作不可数名词。故选C。
【答案】C
( )55. (2018天水)There are many websites on the Internet and there ________ a lot of useful ________ on the websites.
A. are; informations B. are; information C. is; information D. is; informations
【解析】考查名词单复数和主谓一致。句意：网站上有很多网页并且这里有很多有用的。information为不可数名词，故谓语动词应用单数is，故选C。
【答案】C
( )55. (2018天水)It's about ________ from our school to my house.
A. 20 minutes' walk B. 20 minute's walk C. walk of 20 minutes D. 20 minutes' walks
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：从我们学校到我家大约。在名词所有格当中，表示时间等无生命的名词所有格用's，如果是可数名词复数需用s'表示。该题中表示20分钟的路程，用20 minutes' walk。故选A。
【答案】A
( )56. (2018绥化)________ room is big and nice.
A. Kate's and Jane's B. Kate's and Jane C. Kate and Jane's
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：房间又大又漂亮。当and连接两个并列名词表示共有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加“'s”，表示单数意义；当and连接两个并列名词表示各自拥有物品时，两个名词词尾都加“'s”，表示复数意义。根据语境和is可知此处指的是二人共有的房间。故选C。
【答案】C
( )57. (2018新疆建设兵团)This is ________ bedroom. It's tidy and nice.
A. Lily's and Lucy's B. Lily and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：这是房间，它又干净又漂亮。由This is和It's可知是两人共有的房间。故选B。
【答案】B
( )58. (2018东营)—Are you sure this is a photo ________， the famous comedy actress?
—It surprised you, didn't it? But she was once really thin.
A. Jia Ling B. Jia Ling's C. of Jia Ling D. of Jia Ling's
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意“你确信这是那个著名喜剧女演员贾玲的照片吗？”“这出乎你意料了，不是吗？但她曾经确实很瘦。”a photo of Jia Ling和a photo of Jia Ling's都表示“贾玲的照片”，但是前者表示“照片上的人是贾玲本人”，而后者表示“照片属于贾玲，但是照片上的人不一定是贾玲本人”。根据答语可知照片上的人是贾玲本人，故选C。
【答案】C
( )59. (2018安顺)There'll be a ________ meeting next week, and my parents will ________ come for it.
A. parents'; all B. parents'; both C. parent's; all D. parent's; both
【解析】考查名词所有格与普通不定代词辨析。句意：下周有一场家长会，我父母都会来。家长会用复数名词所有格，parents的所有格为parents'；根据parents可知不定代词用both，故选B。
【答案】B
( )60. (2018河池)—There is an MP5 on the desk, whose is this?
—It can be my ________， she bought one yesterday.
sister B. sister's C. sisters' D. sisters
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意“桌上有个MP5，这是谁的？”“它可能是我。她昨天买了一个。”此处表示我妹妹的(MP5)，属于名词所有格，sister的所有格直接加“'s”，故选B。
【答案】B
( )61. (2018武威)_____ mothers can't go to the parents' meeting because they are too busy.
A. Jack's and Paul B. Jack's and Paul's C. Jack and Paul's D. Jack and Paul
【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：妈妈们不能去参加家长会，因为她们太忙了。A项表达有误；B项表达各自拥有的；C项表达共有的；D项不是所有格。根据空后的“mothers”以及句中的“they are...”可知表达各自的妈妈，故选B。
【答案】B
( )62. (2018重庆A卷)It's sports time. Most________ students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground.
A. boy B. boys C. boy's D. boys'
【解析】考查名词作定语。句意：现在是运动时间。一班的大多数男生正在操场上踢足球。一般情况下，合成名词的复数形式，只需将其主体词变为复数形式。故选A。
【答案】A
( )63. (2018绥化)Our school has fifty-six ________ teachers.
A. woman B. women C. woman's
【解析】考查名词作定语。句意：我们学校里有56名女老师。用woman/man作定语修饰名词，当该名词变为复数时，前后两个名词都需要变成复数形式，因此选B。
【答案】B
( )64. (2018贵港)—What would you like for breakfast?
—I'd like ________．
A. tomato noodle B. tomato noodles C. tomatoes noodle D. tomatoes noodles
【解析】考查名词作定语。句意“你早餐想吃什么？”“我想吃西红柿面条。”西红柿面条，只需将“面条”变为复数形式，“西红柿”作定语，用原形，故选B。
【答案】B
( )65. (2018连云港)—Yan Jiashuo, a ________ girl, has won the prize of International Master of Memory.
—Wow, she's great, isn't she?
A. ten-year-old B. ten-years-old C. ten year old D. ten years old
【解析】考查复合形容词作定语。句意“闫家硕，一个10岁的女孩，获得了‘国际记忆大师’称号。”“哇，她太棒了，不是吗？”“数词＋单数名词＋形容词”构成的复合形容词，词与词之间要加连字符，且其中的名词一定要使用单数形式。故选A。
【答案】A
( )66. (2018哈尔滨)Xi Jinping, our ________ president, paid a visit to Harbin last month. How encouraging!
63 years old B. 63 years' old C. 63-year-old
【解析】考查复合形容词作定语。句意：我们63岁的习近平主席，上个月访问了哈尔滨。多令人鼓舞啊！由句意可知此处修饰名词president，应该用复合形容词。故选C。
【答案】C
二、完形填空(2018安徽)
Philip is the bravest boy I know. His friends and family are all very__1__ him.
Ten-year-old Philip was born with an__2__ which means that he is always breaking his bones(骨头)．Although he has such a serious illness, Philip__3__ playing sports. In January last year he__4__ wheelchair racing. He came second in his first__5__， and since then Philip has won every other race!
In order to look for a new challenge(挑战), Philip__6__ to take part in the London Wheelchair Marathon(马拉松)．__7__， five days before the race Philip got sick. He didn't want to__8__. He finally made up his mind to take part. Philip was given medicine by his doctor and guess what? He not only__9__it, but he also finished in first place!
Philip is very__10__ and never gives up. That's why he has been chosen to be the Bravest Child of the Month.
( )1. A. proud of B. afraid of C. angry with D. strict with
( )2. A. ability B. effort C. illness D. interest
( )3. A. stops B. avoids C. minds D. loves
( )4. A. watched B. started C. cancelled D. held
( )5. A. journey B. race C. class D. interview
( )6. A. regretted B. hated C. failed D. decided
( )7. A. Instead B. Also C. However D. First
( )8. A. give up B. sit down C. set off D. go out
( )9. A. refused B. left C. completed D. invented
( )10. A. brave B. honest C. polite D. fair
【主旨大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了菲利普没有屈服于自己的疾病，反而喜欢运动并挑战轮椅马拉松比赛的故事。
【解析】考查形容词短语辨析。(be)proud of感到骄傲，以……为豪；(be)afraid of感到害怕；(be)angry with生……的气；(be)strict with对……严格。根据上句“菲利普是最勇敢的孩子”可推知，家人和朋友以他为傲。故选A。
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。ability能力；effort努力；illness疾病；interest兴趣。根据空后“他总是容易摔断骨头”及下句“他有如此严重的疾病”可推知，他生来就有疾病。故选C。
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。stops停止；avoids避免；minds介意；loves喜爱。联系上下文可知空处意为“喜爱”。故选D。
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。watched观看；started开始；cancelled 取消；held举行。根据下句“他第一次比赛获得第二名”可推知，他应是在去年一月开始了轮椅比赛。故选B。
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。journey旅行；race比赛；class班级；interview面试。根据上句“开始轮椅比赛”可推知，这里应指的是第一次比赛。故选B。
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。regretted后悔；hated讨厌；failed失败；decided决定。既然是寻找新的挑战，那么菲利普应是决定参加伦敦轮椅马拉松比赛。故选D。
【答案】D
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。Instead代替；Also并且；However 然而；First首先。上句谈到“菲利普决定参加伦敦轮椅马拉松比赛”而下句却说“赛前五天时菲利普生病了”。由此可知，上下句之间具有“转折”关系。故选C。
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。give up放弃；sit down坐下；set off出发；go out出去。根据下句“他最后下决心去参加”可推知，他不想放弃比赛。故选A。
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。refused拒绝；left离开；completed完成；invented发明。既然是比赛获得了第一名，那么他肯定是完成比赛了。故选C。
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。brave勇敢的；honest诚实的；polite有礼貌的；fair公平的。根据文章开头“Philip is the bravest boy I know.”可推知，他非常勇敢。故选A。
【答案】A
三、阅读理解(2018南京)
Rachel Carson(1907-1964) was a pioneer of the world's environmental movement through her writing about the protection of the natural world. Her 1962 book Silent Spring made her well known by many people. It describes the harmful changes in the environment of using toxic(有害的) chemicals on farmland.
Carson's career started as a biologist in the US Bureau of Fisheries. ln 1951 she published her first book, The Sea Around Us, which became a bestseller. It made her rich enough to leave her job and devote her life to writing. She was a gifted writer. Her next two books were also about the oceans and both topped the book sales lists.
Carson's book Silent Spring completely changed the way America thought about nature. It painted a bleak(荒凉的) future for the whole natural world. It led to a nationwide ban(禁止) on the use of a deadly chemical called DDT, and other toxic pesticides(农药) that farmers used for their crops. Many people say the book led to the creation of America's Environmental Protection Agency.
Since her death, Carson's name has continued to be connected with protecting the environment. There is now a yearly Rachel Carson Book Prize. Norway awards the Rachel Carson Prize to women who have made great contributions to the field of environmental protection. In 1980, 16 years after her death, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in America.
( )1. What happened to Rachel Carson in 1962?
A. She started to write books.
B. She gave up working as a biologist.
C. Her book The Sea Around Us sold well.
D. Her book Silent Spring made her famous.
( )2. What most probably made Rachel Carson leave her job?
A. She got an award.
B. She published Silent Spring.
C. The Sea Around Us brought her enough money.
D. The US government took notice of her researches.
( )3. Why is the book Silent Spring important to America's environmental protection?
A. It describes a silent spring.
B. It topped the book sales lists.
C. It changed how America thought about nature.
D. It includes all Carson's research achievements.
( )4. What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. The book Silent Spring.
B. The way America thought.
C. The US Bureau of Fisheries.
D. America's Environmental Protection Agency.
( )5. Why was Rachel Carson awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom?
A. She published the book Silent Spring.
B. She did a lot of researches for the US Bureau of Fisheries.
C. She donated much money to the Rachel Carson Book Prize.
D. She made great contributions to the environmental protection.
【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了美国著名的海洋生物学家蕾切尔·卡逊的生平事迹，她的作品《寂静的春天》开启了美国以至于全世界的环境保护事业，1980年——她去世16年后，被追授“总统自由勋章”。
【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：在1962年蕾切尔·卡逊发生了什么事情？由文章第一段第二句“Her 1962 book Silent Spring made her well known by many people.”可知，在1962年，她的作品《寂静的春天》使她出名。故选D
【解析】D
【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：是什么最可能让蕾切尔·卡逊放弃了她的工作？由文章第二段第三句“It made her rich enough to leave her job and devote her life to writing.”可知，她的书给她带来足够的钱可以让她专心写作。故选C。
【解析】C
【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：为什么《寂静的春天》对美国环境保护来说很重要？由文章第三段第一句“Carson's book Silent Spring completely changed the way America thought about nature.”可知，《寂静的春天》完全改变了美国考虑自然的方式，所以它对美国环境保护来说很重要。故选C。
【解析】C
【解析】代词指代题。题干意为：划线单词“It”在第三段指的是什么？由It前一句“Carson's book Silent Spring completely changed the way America thought about nature.”可知，It指代《寂静的春天》这本书。故选A。
【解析】A
【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：为什么蕾切尔·卡逊被授予“总统自由勋章”？从整篇文章来看，蕾切尔·卡逊改变了美国考虑环境的方式，她抵制DDT等有害化学药品，为世界环境做出了非常巨大的贡献，所以被授予“总统自由勋章”。故选D。
【解析】D
