译林牛津高一英语模块3 Unit 3 Back to the past知识点讲解教案

模块 3
Unit 3 Back to the past

重点单词
1. ruin n. U 毁灭，崩溃，毁坏； C 废墟，遗迹
vt. 使毁坏；毁灭；使变成废墟
【常见搭配】
in ruins 成为废墟 come／go to ruin 毁灭，崩溃 fall into/in ruin 灭亡，荒废 bring … to ruin 使……毁灭，使……没落

◆ Years of fighting left the country in ruins. 多年的战乱使得这个国家满目疮痍。
◆ After the hurricane, the area has fallen into ruin. 飓风过后，这个地区就荒废了。
【词义辨析】
ruin 强调该物的使用价值遭到破坏。常用于抽象的借喻中，指人生、名声等破灭。
destroy 多指彻底毁坏，不能修复。也可指希望、计划等破坏。
damage 指伤害人或物而使之失去价值、功能或正常的外观。常指可以修复的损坏。

【即时演练】
选词填空 (ruin/ destroy/ damage)
1) His digital camera got ________ when it fell to the ground, but later he had it repaired.
2) The dirty marks have _________ the white shirt.
3) All my hopes were _________ by his letter of refusal.
【答案】 1. damaged 2. ruined 3. destroyed
2. expression n. 表达，表现；表情；说法，措辞
express vt. 表达；快运 n. 快车；快递 adj. 快递的；直达的
【常见搭配】
wear a delighted/ sad expression 面带愉快/悲伤的表情 beyond/ past expression 无法形容 express sth. to sb. 对某人表达…… express oneself 表达自己的意见，表示态度

◆ The expression on his face suggests that he is very angry.
他脸上的表情表明他非常生气。
When he came in, he wore a sad expression on his face.
当他进来时，他的脸上流露出一种忧伤的表情。
◆ Her beauty is beyond expression. 她美得无法形容。
【即时演练】
（安徽安庆一中等三校2014届高三12月联考）
It is very important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the ______ in language learning.
A. situation B. expression C. comprehension D. translation
【解析】句意：在语言学习中对我们来说根据语境使用一个单词或词组是非常重要的。situation“环境；状况”；expression“表达；表情”；comprehension“理解，理解力”；translation“翻译”。
【答案】A
3. basis n. 基础，根据
base n. 底部；根基 vt. 以……为基础
【常见搭配】
establish/ lay the basis of/ for … 建立……的基础 form the basis for … 成为……的基础 on the basis of 以……为基础 base … on … 把……为……的基础 be based on … 以……为基础

【名师点拨】
be based on = be anchored in“以……为基础”。
【即时演练】
A: 用常见搭配中的词组填空
1. ____________________ those facts, we can reach the following conclusion.
2. The report figures ____________________ from six different European cities.
3. This article will ____________________ our discussion.
【答案】1. On the basis of 2. is based on 3. form the basis for
B: 单选
(2012江苏卷) _______ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret
it sooner or later.
A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base
【解析】句意：如果你把重要决定更多地建立在情感而不是理性基础上，你迟早会后悔的。根据句中无连词可判断，应用非谓语；主语you与base之间是主动关系，故排除A；根据句意可知，逗号前内容表示条件，故用现在分词形式。
【答案】B
4. judge v. 判决；（对……）下判断
judgment n. 判断；意见；判断力；判决
【常见搭配】
judge … (by …) （根据……）下判断 judge … (to be) n./ adj. 认为……是…… judging from/ by 由……判断 make a judgment on/ about/ of 对……下判断 in one’s judgment 依某人看来

【即时演练】
A: 完成句子
1. ____________________ what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是个诚实的人。
2. ____________________, it was unwise to solve the problem in this way.
依她看来，你用这种方法解决这问题是不明智的。
3. You can’t ____________________. 你不可以貌取人。
4. We ____________________ tell him. 我们认为最好告诉他。
【答案】1. Judging from 2. In her judgment 3. judge a man by his appearance
4. judge it (to be) better to
B: 单选
（福建省福州市2013届高三上学期期末质检）
Although __________ to be the best in a recent science competition, the students remain hardworking.
A. judged B. judging C. judge D. having judged
【解析】句意：尽管被认为是在最近的理科竞赛中最棒的，这些学生仍然努力学习。judge n. to be “认为……是……”；the students与judge之间是被动关系，故用judged。本句是省略句，完整结构为Although they are judged to be the best in a recent science competition。
【答案】A
5. declare vt. 宣布，宣告，宣称；声明，断言
【常见搭配】
declare + … +(to be)+ adj. ／n. 宣布……(是)…… declare that 宣称…… declare against 声明反对 declare for 声明赞成 declare war on／against 向……宣战

◆ They will declare the results of the election soon.
他们将很快公布选举的结果。
◆ The referee declared him (to be) the winner of the fight.
裁判宣布他为该项比赛的胜利者。
◆ He declared that he was in love with her. 他声称他已爱上她。
【词义辨析】
declare 指公开场合表明对某事物的态度或指官方或权威者公开而郑重地宣布某事。
announce 指发布公众感兴趣的事，内容有知识性或权威性，如商品、生产、喜讯等消息。

【即时演练】
（郑州四中2014届高三第三次调研）
Much as he ________ he has a good command of English, he sometimes feels it hard to find an appropriate version for some Chinese idioms.
A. complains B. declares C. confirms D. claims
【解析】句意：尽管他声称他英语很好，他有时觉得为一些中国习语找到一个恰当的对应翻译很难。claim“声称”；complain“抱怨”；declare“宣告；声明”；confirm“确认”。
【答案】D
重要短语
1. take over 接管；接任；占据
◆ The firm has been taken over by an American conglomerate.
该公司已被美国一企业集团接管。
Would you like me to take over the driving for a while?
你愿意让我替你开一会儿车吗?
【相关拓展】
take on 雇用，聘用；开始显现，承担（任务等） take out 拿出，拔掉，去掉 take in 收留；包括；吸收；改小(衣服)；欺骗 take back 撤销，收回 take apart 拆开；猛烈抨击 take away 拿走，带走，使消失 take down 拿下，记录下 take...for… 以为(某人或某物)是…… take to 爱；喜欢；嗜好；沉迷于 take up 拿起；占(地方)；费(时间)；开始从事；开始学

【即时演练】
（2011陕西卷）Some insects ______ the colour of their surroundings to protect themselves.
A. take in B. take off C. take on D. take out
【解析】句意：一些昆虫呈现出它们周围的颜色来保护自己。take on“呈现；承担”；take in“吸收，欺骗”；take off“起飞；脱去”
【答案】C
2. turn out 结果（是）…… + adv./ adj.; + (to be)/ that
◆ Despite our worries everything turned out well. 尽管我们都很担心，结果一切都顺利。
◆ You never know how your children will turn out! 你不会知道你的孩子们结果如何！
◆ It turned out that she was a friend of my sister’s. 她原来是我姐姐的朋友。
◆ The job turned out to be harder than we thought. 这工作要比我们想象的艰难。
【相关拓展】
turn away 回绝；把……打发走 turn down 关小，调低；拒绝 turn into 使变成；翻译成 turn off 关掉 turn on 开，打开 turn over 打翻，翻转 turn to 翻到，转向；求助于；变成 turn up 出现，露面；放大，调高；卷起

【即时演练】
（2011江苏卷）— You look upset. What’s the matter？
— I had my proposal _______ again.
A. turned over B. turned on C. turned off D. turned down
【解析】句意：“你看上去不高兴。怎么回事？”“我的建议又被拒绝了。”turn down“拒绝”；turn over“翻转”；turn on“打开”；turn off“关掉”。
【答案】D
3. cut down 砍倒，砍伐；减少……的量，缩减；使（人）降价；缩短衣服的长度
◆ Deserts are also created because people cut down trees and dig up grass.
人们伐树掘草也会造成土壤沙漠化。
◆ With the prices rising, we can’t cut down our expenses any more.
随着物价不断上涨，我们不能再削减费用了。
◆ I managed to cut the shopkeeper down to $100 for the watch.
我跟店主杀价，终于把这手表降到100美元。
【相关拓展】
cut in 插嘴，插队 cut off 切除，砍掉；断绝，切断；隔绝，使……孤立 cut out 切下，剪下；删除；戒除 cut up 切碎，剁碎；折磨某人

【即时演练】
（盐城市2013届高三年级摸底）
— Do you know why Michael resigned from the board?
— He held out for higher wages, but was ___________ in the end.
A. put down B. broke down C. cut down D. turned down
【解析】句意：“你知道麦克为什么从委员会辞职了？”“他要求更高的工资，但被拒绝了。”turn down“拒绝”；put down“镇压”；break down“捣毁；出故障”；cut down“砍倒；缩减”。
【答案】D
4. no doubt 无疑地，很可能地
◆ She is an honest girl and no doubt what she said is true.
她是个诚实的女孩，毫无疑问她所说的是真的。
【相关拓展】
There is no doubt about/ that … 对……毫无疑问 have no doubt about… 对……好不怀疑 be in doubt 不肯定，不确定 without/ beyond doubt 毋容置疑

【即时演练】
A: 完成下列句子
1. _________________________ the boxes were then put on a train for Beijing.
毫无疑问，这些箱子后来被装上火车运往了上海。
2. He is sure to come and I ______________________ it.
他肯定会来，对此我毫无疑问。
【答案】1. There is no doubt that 2. have no doubt about
B: 单选
（2011全国II）— So you gave her your phone?
— ______she said she'd return it to me when she could afford her own.
A. My pleasure B. Not exactly C. No doubt D. All right
【解析】句意：“那么你给她你的电话了？”“不完全是，她说当她能买得起时会把它还给我。” not exactly“不完全是”；my pleasure“不客气”；no doubt“确实地，必定地”；all right“没问题”。
【答案】B
5. think of …as … = think … to be … 认为……是……
◆ I think of him as a happy person with lots of friends.
= I think him to be a happy person with lots of friends.
我认为他是个有许多朋友快乐的人。
【相关拓展】
“认为……是……”的其它词组：
regard … as … judge … to be… look on … as … see … as … consider … to be… consider … as … acknowledge … to be/ as …

【即时演练】
The version _____ to be closest to the author’s original now belongs to a national museum in Paris.
A. is thought B. thought C. being thought D. thinking
【解析】句意：被认为最接近作者原作的那个版本现在属于法国的一家国家博物馆。句中主语是the version，谓语是belongs to。thought to be closest to the author’s original是定语，修饰the version。
【答案】B
6. in memory of 为纪念……
◆ He founded the charity in memory of his late wife.
他创办了这一慈善事业以纪念他已故的妻子。
【相关拓展】
in honour of 为向……表示敬意；为纪念……；为祝贺…… in praise of 称赞……；赞美…… in favour of 支持……；赞成……；有利于…… in charge of 负责 in spite of 尽管 in need of 需要 in terms of 关于，从……来讲 in search of 寻找 in possession of 拥有

【即时演练】
（苏锡常镇四市2014届高三第二次调研）
The record about the massacre (大屠杀) is fairly clear and beyond dispute ______ those activities the Japanese soldiers were involved in.
A. in memory of B. with assistance of C. with respect to D. in place of
【解析】句意：关于大屠杀的记录是相当清晰的，关于日本士兵所参与的那些活动是毫无争议的。with respect to“关于……一事”；in memory of“为了纪念……”；with assistance of“协助”；in place of“代替”。
【答案】C
7. have a word with sb. 和某人讲句话
◆ Mr. Black, can I have a word with you about the plan?
布兰克先生，我能与你有关这个计划谈句话吗？
【相关拓展】
have words with sb. 与某人争论 in a word 总而言之 in other words 换句话说 word for/ by word 一字一字地，逐字 Words failed me. 我说不出话来。 Word came that … 消息传来……

【即时演练】
（余姚三中2013届高三第一次月考）
We’re all ready to put it into operation. ______, we’re going to take action as fast as possible.
A. In total B. In general C. In other words D. In conclusion
【解析】句意： 我们都已准备好把它付诸于实施。换句话说，我们尽快采取措施。in other words“换句话说”；in total“总共”；in general“一般地，概括地”；in conclusion“总之”。
【答案】C
句型解剖
1. It is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 400.
据信，从公元200年到公元400年，它已被沙尘暴逐渐吞没。
此句型是“sb./ sth. is believed to do…结构，在这一结构中，动词不定式可以用一般式to do，进行式to be doing或完成式to have done。
The passengers on the plane were believed to have been killed in the air crash.
人们认为飞机上的乘客已在空难中死去。
【相关拓展】
此句型可转换为“It is believed that …”。此类句型还有
It is reported/ proved that … 据报导/ 证明…… It is known that… 众所周知…… It is supposed/ thought/ hoped that … 人们猜测/ 认为/ 希望…… It is suggested that… 人们建议…… It is required / requested that… 据要求……

◆ It was said that he had failed in the exam again.
= He is said to have failed in the exam again. 据说他考试又没及格。
【名师点拨】
在It is suggested/ ordered/ required that…等表示“建议、命令、要求”的句型中，that 从句中的谓语动词用 (should)+ 动词原形。
It is required that the article (should) be handed in before Friday.
文章要求在星期五之前交上。
【即时演练】
In this country it is required that anyone who _______ recently come here ______ to pass this kind of test.
A. has; has B. has; had C. have; have D. has; have
【解析】句意：在这个国家，人们被要求最近到这里来的任何人必须通过这种考试。who后引导的是定语从句，先行词为anyone，故用has；该句是it is required that的句型，句中谓语部分应用(should)+动词原形，故用have。
【答案】D