专题一 名词(解析版+原卷版)

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专题一 名词 (原卷版)

名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外,还常结合其他项目一起考查,题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形式出现,考查要点主要包括:
1.考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外,高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。
2.考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。
3.考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如:shelter n.庇护,避难所→vt.保护,躲避,避难; storm n. 暴风雨, 大动荡→vi.&vt.横冲直撞, 猛攻; shoulder n. 肩,肩膀,肩部→vt.肩负,承担; trail n.小径, 痕迹→vt.追踪。
一、考查词义方面的辨析
【考例1】(2018·天津6) The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意:宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议;B. order命令;C. possibility可能性;D. invitation邀请。根据句意,故答案选C。
【考例2】(2018·江苏32)Try?to?understand?what’s?actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made.
A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意:试着去理解实际发生的事情,而不是按照你所做的假设行事。A. assignment分配;B. association交往;C. acquisition获得;D. assumption假设。根据句意,故答案选D。
【考例3】.(2018天津春,9)Can we stop the  ????of the world’s deserts and save the land that man depends so much on?
loss   B. heat   C. spread   D. defence
【答案】?C 
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:我们能阻止世界荒漠的蔓延并且保护人类赖以生存的土地吗? 由句意可知此处意为”蔓延”,故选spread。loss损失,丢失;heat热,温度,高温;defence辩护,防御。根据句意,故答案选C。
【考例4】(2016天津,10)The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight  ????of rain later tonight.
effect   B. sense   C. change   D. chance
【答案】?D 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:天气预报说今夜晚些时候天气将转阴,降雨的可能性不大。 chance可能性;effect效果;sense意识;change变化。根据句意,故答案选D。
【考例5】(2016浙江,4)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your  ????.
condition   B. income   C. credit   D. status
【答案】?C 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:按时交电费很重要,因为晚交电费可能会影响你的信誉。 credit信用,信誉;condition条件,状况;income收入;status地位,身份。根据句意,故答案选C。
二、考查搭配方面的辨析
【考例1】(南京市2018届第三次模考29)As more and morecompanies extend their global _______, it is easy to understand why new opportunities birth in various locations.
concern B. appeal C. reach D. consensus
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词辨析。A关心,B吸引,C可及之范围,D共识。句意:因为越来越多的公司开始扩展自己的国际贸易范围,因此也可以很容易的理解为什么新的机会都产生在各种地区。Extend …… reach,根据句意,故答案选C。
【考例2】(2017天津春,7)The newspaper gave an accurate   ????of what happened the night before last.
example   B. display   C. signal   D. account
?【答案】D 
【解析】考查名词固定搭配。句意:报纸对前天晚上发生的事情进行了准确的报道。give an account of sth.对……进行描述,对……进行报道。根据句意,故答案选D。
【考例3】.(2018天津河西区二模,2)No matter what you do, you should put your   ????into it.
mind   B. heart   C. brain   D. thought
【答案】B 
【解析】考查名词固定搭配。句意:不管你做什么,你都应该全身心投入。put one’s heart into全身心投入, 根据句意,故答案选B。
【方法探究】名词词义辨析应注意:①一定要读懂句子的题干的含义,对句子的理解程度对选出正确的答案有很大的帮助。②要注意短语的构成或名词与某些介词等词的固定搭配以及在不同语境下的应用。③需要特别注意受一些固定搭配的定式思维的影响。
★知识链接★
一、 名词的分类(Classification of Nouns)
英语名词主要分为专有名词(Proper Noun)和普通名词(Common Noun)两大类。
1.专有名词是指某一特定的人、地方、团体、事物、机构和概念等专有的名称,而这些实际上被认为独一无二的。专有名词的第一字母必须大写。如:
人名:Abraham Lincoln(亚伯拉罕·林肯)Karl Marx(卡尔·马克思)Einstein(爱因斯坦)
地名:China(中国)the United States(美国)
月份、星期、节日:August(八月) New Year(新年)Monday(星期一)Sunday(星期天)
政党、机构和组织:the CCTV( 中国中央电视台),the BBC World Service (英国国家广播公司国际部)United Nations(联合国)The Communist Party of China(中国共产党)
报刊名词:China Daily《中国日报》, News Weekly《新闻周刊》
2.普通名词是指一类人、事物某种物质或抽象概念的名词。如:worker,reporter,class,water,peace,discussion等。
普通名词又可以进一步分为以下四类:
1)个体名词(Individual Noun):它表示某类人或事物中的个体或表示人或事物属于某一类有单复数之分,又可称类分词(Class Noun)。如:table,factory,student,boy,等。
2)集体名词(Collective Noun):它表示若干个体(一群人或多件东西)组成的集合体有单复数之分。如:family,class,army,police等。
3)物质名词(Material Noun):表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的、无法分为个体的实物。如:air,coal,corn,land,rice,rain,fire等。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Noun):表示动作、状态、性质、情感等抽象概念的名词。如:happiness,life,important,sadness,anger等。
注意:普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。普通名词中个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,便成为可数名词(Countable Noun);而物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算,故称为不可数名词(Uncountable Noun)。区分可数名词与不可数名词在英语中是很重要的,因为只有把这两者区分开来,我们才能懂得什么时候用单数,什么时候用复数,什么时候用不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词,以及为何使用适当的数量词(如等)。但是必须注意有些名词在一种场合属于这一类,在另一种场合又属于另一类。
1、有些物质名词(不可数)也可作个体名词(可数)用,意义上有一定变化。如:
This tower is made of steel and iron.这座塔是 钢铁 造成的。
The day before yesterday he bought an iron.前天他买了个 铁熨斗。
People had to walk many kilometers in order to fetch wood.村民们要砍 木材得走许多公里的路程。
Let's go for a walk in the wood.咱们去 树林中散步吧!
2、有些抽象名词当意思转变而表示某类个体时,就成了个体名词。如:
youth(青春)——a youth(青年人) relation(关系)—— a relation(亲戚)
authority(权威) ——an authority(权威人士) power(权力,电力)—— a power(大国)
beauty(美丽)——a beauty(美人,美的东西)
3、有许多名词通常是不可数的,但在一定情况下可变为可数。如:
China produce a large variety of tea.中国生产大量的茶叶。(物质,不可数)
Yunwu is a well-known Chinese tea.云雾是一种中国有名的茶。(个体,可数)
Kate has covered it with Christmas lights.凯特用圣诞灯装饰着它(圣诞树)。
Light travels faster than sound.光比声的速度快。
4、另外有些个体名词在一定情况下也可以抽象化,成为不可数名词。如:
This school is the best one in our city.这所学校是我们市里最好的一所学校。
There's no school tomorrow.明天不上课。
IV、有许多东西在汉语里是可数的,而在英语中则不可数。如:news,housework,progress,information,homework,bread,furniture.......等。如果要表示“一件”或“一个”这类概念时就须加a piece of 这类定语。如:
a piece of news(information) 一条新闻(消息)a piece of bread 一块面包a tube of toothpaste一管牙膏 a cake of soap一块肥皂 a bottle of ink一瓶墨水 a packet of cigarettes 一盒香烟a bunch of flowers一束花 a pair of glasses一副眼镜 a piece(an article) of furniture一件家具 a suit of clothes一套衣服
二、 名词的数(Number)
英语的名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。表示抽象概念的名词和物质名词通常是不可数的,只有单数形式,前面不用不定冠词a(an)和another限定词修饰。大多数的名词为可数名词,有单数(Singular)和复数(Plural)两种形式。
1.名词复数形式的规则变化及读音变化列表如下:
类别
构成方式
读音
例词
备注
大部分名词后
加“”
a)清辅音后读[s]
bikes, cups, maps
b)浊辅音元音后读[z]
bags, dogs, seas
c)s,z,等音素后读[iz]
roses, pages
以-s, -x, -sh,ch[t]结尾的名词
加“-es”
读[iz]
classes, brushes,
boxes, matches
但-ch若发[k]则加“-s”,如
stomachs
以结尾的名词
a)y前是辅音变-y为i 加“-es”
读[i:]
parties, cities
b)y前是元音,直接加“-s”
读[z]
boys, rays
以-f, -fe结尾的名词
变-f 或 -fe 为v加-es
读[z]
leaves, wives, wolves, lives,
knives, selves. halves, shelves, thieves
少数加s;roofs,
chiefs, beliefs,
gulfs
以辅音加-o结尾的名词
加“-es”
读[z]
potatoes, tomatoes,
heroes, Negroes,
echoes
元音后s:
radios, bamboos;同时音乐及乐器名词多加-s。如:pianos, solos独唱cantos旋律trios三重唱
[注意]少数名词词尾加了-s 或 -es 后读音要浊化如:house[haus]—houses[hauziz],cloth[klCW]—clothes[kl[UTz], bath [bB:W]—baths[bB:Tz],mouth[mauW]—mouths[mauTz],(比较:months,paths等并不浊化,-ths仍发[Ws])
2.名词复数形式的不规则变化(Irregular Plurals)
1)单数名词中的元音字母发生变化。
foot—feet(脚), goose—geese(鹅), man—men (男人),mouse—mice(老鼠), , tooth—teeth(牙齿), woman—women(女人)
2)有些名词的复数形式是在词尾加上“-en”。
child—children(儿童), ox—oxen(牛)
3)有些名词的单复数形式是一样的:
aircraft(航空器), buffalo(水牛), Chinese(中国人), deer(鹿), fish(鱼), Japanese(日本人), sheep(羊), shark(鲨鱼), Swiss(瑞士人)
但表示不同种类的鱼时,可加复数词尾。如:
He doesn't like fish very much.他不喜欢吃鱼。
The paper is about some freshwater fishes.这论文是关于一些淡水鱼的。
4)一些来自拉丁文或希腊文等外来词,仍保留原来的名词复数形式。
analysis—analyses(分析) bacterium—bacteria(细菌) basis—bases(基础) crisis—crises(危机)phenomenon—phenomena 现象thesis—theses(论文)appendix—appendices(附录)
3.复合名词构成复数时,通常只将其中主体名词变为复数。
boy friend(s)男朋友 girl friend(s)女朋友editor(s)-in-chief总编 looker(s)-on旁观者son(s)-in-law女婿grandchild(ren)孙儿孙女runner(s)-up亚军passer(s)-by过路者
由man和woman表性别时(前置)构成的合成名词,两个名词全部都要变为复数。
man servant—men servants(男佣人) woman doctor— women doctors(女医生)
如果man是复合词中的末尾部分(后置)则man改为men:
army man—army men(军人) Englishman— Englishmen(英国人)
但如果像German这类词不是复合词而是一个不可分割的单词, 变复数时则在后面加
“-s”如:Germans(德国人), Romans(罗马人)
如果没有主体名词, 就在最后一个词上加复数词尾:如:
go-between go-betweens(中间人) drawback drawbacks(缺陷)grown-up grown-ups(成年人)merry-go-round merry-go-rounds(旋转木马)forget-me-not forget-me-nots(勿忘我草)
4.有些名词通常用复数形式,谓语也用复数。
1)由两个相同的部分组成的成双成对整体名称: 用a pair of 修饰
glasses(眼镜)—a (pair of) glasses,scissors(剪刀)—a (pair of) scissors, shoes(鞋子)—a pair of shoes, shorts(短裤)—a pair of shorts, trousers(裤子)—a pair of trousers,另如:stockings(长袜), tongs(夹子),compasses (两脚圆规),scales(天平)
2)以-ing 结尾的词(只能用复数形式)
belongings所有物,surroundings环境,lodgings住处,doings行为,savings储蓄,findings调查结果,shavings刨花, earnings收入:
注意:(1)以-s结尾的科学名称和疾病名称, 作为学科时看作单数。economics(经济学), mathematics(数学), politics(政治学), physics(物理学), acoustics(声学),measles(麻疹),diabetes(糖尿病)ethics(伦理学)phonetics(语音学)gymnastics(体操)optics(光学)
(2)另外有一些其它的名词常也以复数形式出现。
clothes衣服, papers文件,suburbs郊区, arms武器, fireworks烟火,overalls工作服remains残余、遗物oil-colours油画,thanks感谢, clothes衣服,riches财富,ashes灰烬,valuables珍贵物品 stairs楼梯,forces(武装)部队, goods货物, customs进口税,greens蔬菜。
5.表示抽象概念的名词和物质名词通常是不可数的。
1)有些名词只有单数形式
advice(劝告),bread(面包),cash(现金),clothing(衣服),food(食物),fruit(水果),pay(工资),furniture(家具),
homework(家庭作业),housework(家务),luggage(baggage)(行李),information(情报消息), money(金钱), damage(损失),knowledge(知识),music(音乐),population(人口),scenery(风景),traffic(交通)
2)有些名词形式上是复数,实际上算单数。news(消息), means(手段),whereabouts(下落)
3)有些集合名词形式上是单数,但却用作复数cattle(畜牲), mankind(人类), militia(民兵), police(警察), poultry(家禽), vermin(害虫), people(人民)
但集合名词machinery(机械), equipment(设备), merchandise(商品)却只用作单数, 没有复数形式。
4)大多数集合名词既可看作单数(作为整体),也可看作复数(作为集体的单个成员)。
army(军队), class(班级), audience(观众), crew(全体船员), crowd(人群), family(家庭全体成员), group(小组). committee(委员会), government(政府), public(公众),union(工会)。例如:
His family is a large one.他的家庭是一个大家庭。
Our family all have different hobbies.我们家庭成员的爱好各不相同。
A committee was investigating the charges.一个委员会正对这些指控进行调查。
The committee are divided into three groups.该委员会成员分成三个小组。
6.有些名词,其复数形式有时可以表示特别的意思。
air空气—airs(摆)架子arm手臂—arms武器condition情况、状态—conditions条件、环境custom风俗—customs海关、关税letter字母—letters文学look看—looks外表、容貌manner方式—manners礼貌colour颜色—colours旗帜、军旗regard尊敬—regards敬意、致意sense意义—senses感觉spirit精神—spirits酒精、情绪work工作—works工厂、车间、著作green草地、草场—greens蔬菜、青枝。例如:
To improve the working and living conditions is very important.改善工作和生活条件是非常重要的。
His health condition was very serious.他的健康状况非常严重。
She greeted me in a friendly manner.她很友好地和我打招呼。
His manner showed his frankness.他的态度说明了他的坦率。
注意:hair和fruit通常作不可数名词,表示总体,但如果表示若干根头发和若干种水果,则需要用这两个词的复数形式。例如:
I am going to the barber's to have my hair cut.我打算去理发店,把我的头发理一理。
Ten years had elapsed(时间过去).I found she had a few white hairs.十年过去了,我发现她有一些(几根)白头发。
三、名词的格(Case)
英语名词有三种格:主格(Nominative Case)、宾格(Objection Case)和所有格(Possessive Case)。但英语的名词除所有格有形式变化外,主格和宾格都没有形式的变化,故主格和宾格常合称为普通格(Common Case)。在此我们仅谈谈所有格。
1.名词所有格(Possessive Case)。可加's或of用来表示所有关系的名词形式叫名词所有格。
1)'s所有格的用法
(1)表示有生命的东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词在其词尾上加's放在另一个名词之前作定语。例如:
Lei Feng's Diary,雷锋日记 Mr. Li's telephone number;李先生电话号码 Tom's friends, 汤姆朋友 women's right,妇女权利my father's room.我父亲的房间
以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加“ ' ”。例如:
the workers' rest-home工人疗养院the students' reading-room学生阅览室
(2)在表示某人的“家”或“店铺”的名字时名词所有格后面常常省略它所修饰的名词。例如:
the barber's=the barber's shop 理发店at my aunt's=at my aunt's house我姑姑家
the doctor's=the doctor's office医生诊所 St.Paul's=St Paul's cathedral圣保罗教堂
(3)如果一样东西为两个或两个以上的人共有,则只在后一个名词后面加's;如果不是共有则两个名词之后都要加's。例如:
Jane and Mary's room珍妮和玛丽的房间、(共有)
Tom's and John's bike汤姆的自行车和约翰的自行车(不共有)。
(4)有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇、天体等无生命的名词及由人组成的集体名词也可加“'s”构成所有格。例如:
today's newspaper今天的报纸,ten minutes' walk二十分钟的路程,China's capital中国的首都,the country's plan国家计划,the earth's surface地球表面,the delegation's visits代表团的访问
(5)在某些习惯用语中尽管是表示无生命东西的名词,也需要用所有格。例如:
at one's wit's end智穷才竭,黔驴技穷escape from death by a hair's breadth九死一生,死里逃生a stone's throw一箭之遥at one's finger's ends了如指掌a bird's view 鸟瞰, at death's door 面临死亡;生命危在旦夕, in one's mind's eye在想象中;在心目中, keep sb. at arm's length对某人保持距离;对某人不予亲近, make a cat's paw of sb.利用某人,out of harm's way避免受损害
2)of 所有格的用法
(1)表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of 构成短语,表示所有关系。the window of the room,(房间的窗户)the cover of the book(书的封皮), the title of the film(电影的名字), the workshops of the plant(工厂的车间)
(2)指有生命东西的名词在下列情况也可用of 词组表示所有关系。
a)如果名词较长the works of Marx, Engel’s,Lenin and Stalin马恩列斯著作
b)如果名词的定语较长the name of the girl reading at the desk.在桌子旁边看书的那个女孩的名字
3)双重所有格的用法
表示兼用两种属格的后置修饰语,叫双重所有格,即of词组+所有格。表示所属物的名词前有一个不定冠词a或an、数词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词时,常用这种形式来表示所有关系。例如:
a friend of my sister's=one of my sister's friend我妹妹的朋友
a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一部戏剧)=one of Shakespeare’s play(莎士比亚的许多剧作之一)
a picture of his uncle's他叔叔的一张照片(他叔叔所有照片中的一张, 但不一定是他本人的照片)
4)'s属格, of属格及双重所有格的区别
(1)'s属格和of所有格有许多共同之处,常常可以交换使用。
Newton's laws—the laws of Newton牛顿定律 my family's story —the story of my family我家的故事 the book's title—the title of the book书的题目 China's foreign policy—the foreign policy of China中国的外交政策
(2)但在下列情况中,两者必须严格区别使用:
a)对事物类别、属性进行界定时,必须用's格。
children's stories儿童故事(不可改作stories of children)men' shoes男鞋(不可改作shoes of men)
a doctor's degree博士学位(不可改作degree of a doctor)
b)当被修饰名词后面紧跟以逗号分开的同位语时,必须用's格。
The monitor's brother, a PLA man, was here this morning.班长的兄弟,一位解放军今天早上在这儿。
Comrade Wang's sister, a singer, is a party member.王同志的姐姐,一位歌唱家是一名党员。
c)在某些习语中习惯用's格
a wolf in sheep's clothing伪君子,within a stone's throw近在咫尺,all one's life毕生,to one's joy使人高兴的是, at arm's length疏远
d)表示同位关系时,使用of 属格
the city of Beijing北京市 the ten of us 我们十个人
(3)有时of属格和双重属格在单句中意义较接近,只是侧重点略有不同。例如:
He is a friend of my father's.=He is one of my father's friends.(着重说明父亲不止一个朋友)
He is a friend of my father.=It is he who is my father's friend.(着重说明他是父亲的朋友)
但中心词是portrait, picture, printing, photograph等词时,后面用of属格指某人自己的肖像、照片等,用双重属格则表示某人所收藏的肖像、照片。
This is a picture of my father.照片上的人是我父亲。
This is a picture of my father's.这照片属于我父亲收藏。
四、名词作定语名词作定语和复合名词
1.名词所有格作定语Tom' father 汤姆的父亲 China's industry中国的工业
2.一个名词直接用作定语修饰另一个名词,它既不加形容词的词尾,也不需要任何格的变化,这样的定语叫名词定语。其用法如下:
1)表材料的名词作定语,说明被修饰的名词是什么材料制成的。例如:stone figures(石像)castor oil(蓖麻油) silk books(丝绸书) paper money(纸币)metal pots(金属锅)plastic sheets(塑料布)diamond necklace(钻石项链)gold medals(金牌)
2)表示地点的名词作定语,说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地方。例如:country music(乡村音乐)forest land(森林土地)post office(邮政局)nature park(天然公园) palace ball(宫廷舞会) space satellites(太空卫星) table cloth(桌布) street lights(街灯) city life(城市生活)school education(学校教育)
3)如果两名词构成部分与整体关系则表整体的名词可以作定语(常指物)。例如:river banks(河岸)cabbage seed(卷心菜种子) animal bones(动物骨头)cigarette ends(烟头)ocean floor(大洋底) school gate(校门口) overcoat pockets(大衣口袋)table legs(桌脚) tree branches(树枝)
当我们谈到某一特定的东西时可用结构来表达。例如:the window of the classroom教室的窗户
4)表示用途性质的名词作定语。例如:coffee cups(咖啡杯)book shore(书店) sports shoes(运动鞋)food factory(食品工厂)women police officers(女警官)boy friends(男朋友)design office(设计工作室)fruit trees(水果树)traffic lights(交通灯)
5)说明有关后一名词内容的名词可作定语。例如:forest programmes(森林规划)weight problems(体重问题)science lab(科学实验室)computer studies(电脑学习)weather report(天气预报)film industry(电影工业)wildlife project(野生动物工程)China Daily(中国日报)body language(身体语言)
6)表示泛指的时间名词作定语。例如:summer holidays(暑假)winter weather(冬天的天气)time zone(时区)evening dress(晚礼服)morning paper(晨报)Sunday edition(星期日版)rooster year stamp(鸡年邮票)night school(夜校)
注意:(1)但表示具体的时间名词作定语,则要用所有格结构来表达。例如:yesterday's news(昨天的消息)today's newspaper(今天的报纸)an hour's drive(开车一小时的路程)
(2)名词作定语时一般用单数形式,但在个别情况下也有需用复数的例如:sports meet(运动会)the United States government(美国政府)students reading-room(学生阅览室)goods train(货车)two men doctors(两个男医生),savings bank储蓄银行,commodities fair商品交易会,parks department园林处,customs house海关大楼。
主谓一致
一、选择题(Choose the best answer)
1.(2018天津河西区三模,4)More than one thousand high school students practised yoga in the school playground to relieve  ????of the coming exam.
A. pressure    B. disagreement C. courage    D. emotion

2.(2018天津和平区一模,2)—Jim’s car crashed yesterday.
—Yes, but he had the good  ????to escape injury when it happened.
A.memory   B. condition   C. impression   D. fortune

3.(2018天津部分区高三质调一,2)The police recognized the criminal from his typical facial  ????????—a scar on the forehead.
A. expression   B. feature   C. outline   D. gesture

4.(2018天津十二所重点中学高三一联,6)Jane realized her  ???? to become the first woman to run the 10,000 metres within 30 minutes.
A. achievement   B. commitment C. competition   D. ambition

5.(2018天津十二校二联,6)We have been making furniture for over 100 years, and have a worldwide   ????for quality.
Acontribution   B. qualification   C. reputation   D. institution

6.(2018天津河东区一模,2)In recent years, Chinese arts have won the   ????of a lot of people outside China.
A. reputation   B. enjoyment C. appreciation   D. entertainment

7.(2018天津南开中学4月月考,10)It’s stressed that measures to control the house price will be high on the  ????of the government.
A. altitude   B. agency C. agenda   D. accommodation

8.(2018天津市第一中学下学期第四次月考,8)Some experts fear that too-early   ???? to computers will have harmful consequences for children’s development.
A.exposure   B. extension   C. exhibition   D. expansion

9.(2018天津南开区三模,1)It is widely accepted that the stock market usually reflects a country's economic  ????.
A. fun_ction    B. performance C. cooperation    D. dependence

10.(2018江苏扬州、南通、徐州等市三模,21)Elizabeth shows great   ????in her choice of friends, so she has a lot of trustworthy companions.
A. comprehension   B. discrimination C. determination   D. consideration

11.(2018江苏南京一模,3)—Father always instructs me to do kind acts and bring more joy into the world around us.
—That’s great. Small  ????can often create huge blessings.
A.gestures   B. impacts   C. schemes   D. concepts

12.(2018江苏姜堰、溧阳、前黄高三联考,24)China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, whose positioning   ???? will reach 2.5 metres by 2020, will soon provide services to more countries.
A.accuracy   B. category   C. fun_ction   D. reference

13.(江苏省扬州中学2018届第四次模考23) — How did you enjoy the game?
— I was impressed by the energy and______ shown by the players.
A. qualification B. commitment C. investment D. privilege

14.(徐州市2018考前模拟21) If the child violates one of the contract’s rules, he may lose a(n) _______, such as talking to his friend on the phone.
A. privilege B. advantage C. honor D. benefit

15.(2018年江苏省南通,徐州等七市五月联考21.)Elizabeth shows great ______ in her choice of friends, so she has a lot of trustworthy companions.
A. comprehension B. discrimination C. determination D. consideration

二、句型训练(Choose the right words in brackets)
1.(2017天津十二所重点中学二模,10)Although war still exists on our planet, I do believe it’s possible for different ethnic groups to live together in   ????.(融洽相处)

2.(2017天津南开区三模,11)It was a difficult job for him. He had tried everything but it made little  ????(没多大的区别).

3.(2016江苏淮安高三信息卷,31)The job market has changed and our   ???? (方法,措施)to finding work must change as well.

4.(2016 浙江高考压轴卷,4)The factories are staying open all the weekend to try to meet the customers’   ???? (满足某人对某物的需求)for this product.

5.(2016江苏扬州四模,33)Lily asked me to make a   ????(做出承诺)if I was serious about our relationship.

三、完形填空
(“超级全能生”2019高考浙江省9月联考)It was the day before my daughter’s birthday. I’d just collected her from preschool when she cautioned me to____1____the elderly person walking across the car park. I was struck by her____2____and had no idea how much she really____3____it.
The following day—her birthday—we decided to buy cupcakes for her.After we____4____the cupcakes,Norah was busy standing up in the trolley(手推车),____5____waving and happily declaring, “Hi,old person! It’s my birthday today!”____6____I could stop her calling him an old person, the stone-faced man ____7____to her. His expression softened as he replied,“Well,hello, little lady! And how old are you today?”They____8____for a few minutes, he wished her a happy birthday, and we went our____9___ways.A few minutes later, Norah asked me if she could take a____10____with the old man. I agreed. We found the man a couple of shelves over, and I approached him.? When I told him Norah’s____11____,his expression changed from____12____to shocked finally to delighted. He took a step back,? steadied himself on his shopping trolley,and____13____his free hand on his chest.“A photo? With me?” he asked.“Yes, Sir,for my birthday!”Norah begged. And so he did.I____14____my iPhone, and they posed together. Norah placed her soft hand on top of his hand. He wordlessly stared at her with____15____?eyes as she kept his hand in hers. I asked his name, and he told us to call him Dan. We were____16____other shoppers, but they didn’t care.There was____17____happening in the supermarket that day, and we could all sense it.
That afternoon I____18____the story and a photo of the two of them on the Facebook. Later that night, I received a private____19____from a local reader who recognized Mr.Dan. He told me Dan’s wife had passed away six months earlier and he wanted to let me know that he was certain Dan’s heart was touched by my little girl and Dan would never forget that____20____with my daughter.
1. A. spot B. delay C. mind D. stop
2. A. selflessness B. carefulness C. loneliness D. thoughtfulness
3. A. meant B. ended C. proved D. showed
4. A. kept up B. picked up C. turned up D. put up
5. A. excitedly B. disappointedly C. calmly D. anxiously
6. A. After B. Before C. Since D. Until
7. A. turned B. referred C. appealed D. walked
8. A. hesitated B. chatted C. rested D. waited
9. A. regular B. single C. separate D. natural
10. A. picture B. walk C. rest D. break
11. A. dream B. command C. request D. suggestion
12. A. nervous B. upset C. confused D. impatient
13. A. reached B. placed C. touched D. patted
14. A. pulled out B. put down C. turned off D. glanced at
15. A. glaring B. twinkling C. sharp D. big
16. A. blocking B. delaying C. preventing D. interrupting
17. A. discount B. magic C. incident D. embarrassment
18. A. posted B. wrote C. read D. printed
19. A. note B. gift C. message D. report
20. A. connection B. combination C. construction D. contribution

四、 短文改错
(2019高考仿真模拟卷三)My new friend Tom is good at English writing. One day, I asked him how he did such well in written English. He told me that he has a habit of keep a diary every day.“You can try them, too. I'm sure you will improve your written English quickly in this way, ”he said. I thought Tom was right, but I decided to follow his advices. I started to write down something interested every day. Sometimes when I didn't know how to spell a word, I would look it up in a dictionary. When I didn’t know how to write a sentence correct, I would ask my teacher for the help. My written English has really improved a lot because that.

专题一 名词 (解析版)

名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外,还常结合其他项目一起考查,题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形式出现,考查要点主要包括:
1.考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外,高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。
2.考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。
3.考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如:shelter n.庇护,避难所→vt.保护,躲避,避难; storm n. 暴风雨, 大动荡→vi.&vt.横冲直撞, 猛攻; shoulder n. 肩,肩膀,肩部→vt.肩负,承担; trail n.小径, 痕迹→vt.追踪。
一、考查词义方面的辨析
【考例1】(2018·天津6) The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意:宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议;B. order命令;C. possibility可能性;D. invitation邀请。根据句意,故答案选C。
【考例2】(2018·江苏32)Try?to?understand?what’s?actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made.
A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意:试着去理解实际发生的事情,而不是按照你所做的假设行事。A. assignment分配;B. association交往;C. acquisition获得;D. assumption假设。根据句意,故答案选D。
【考例3】.(2018天津春,9)Can we stop the  ????of the world’s deserts and save the land that man depends so much on?
loss   B. heat   C. spread   D. defence
【答案】?C 
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:我们能阻止世界荒漠的蔓延并且保护人类赖以生存的土地吗? 由句意可知此处意为”蔓延”,故选spread。loss损失,丢失;heat热,温度,高温;defence辩护,防御。根据句意,故答案选C。
【考例4】(2016天津,10)The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight  ????of rain later tonight.
effect   B. sense   C. change   D. chance
【答案】?D 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:天气预报说今夜晚些时候天气将转阴,降雨的可能性不大。 chance可能性;effect效果;sense意识;change变化。根据句意,故答案选D。
【考例5】(2016浙江,4)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your  ????.
condition   B. income   C. credit   D. status
【答案】?C 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:按时交电费很重要,因为晚交电费可能会影响你的信誉。 credit信用,信誉;condition条件,状况;income收入;status地位,身份。根据句意,故答案选C。
二、考查搭配方面的辨析
【考例1】(南京市2018届第三次模考29)As more and morecompanies extend their global _______, it is easy to understand why new opportunities birth in various locations.
concern B. appeal C. reach D. consensus
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词辨析。A关心,B吸引,C可及之范围,D共识。句意:因为越来越多的公司开始扩展自己的国际贸易范围,因此也可以很容易的理解为什么新的机会都产生在各种地区。Extend …… reach,根据句意,故答案选C。
【考例2】(2017天津春,7)The newspaper gave an accurate   ????of what happened the night before last.
example   B. display   C. signal   D. account
?【答案】D 
【解析】考查名词固定搭配。句意:报纸对前天晚上发生的事情进行了准确的报道。give an account of sth.对……进行描述,对……进行报道。根据句意,故答案选D。
【考例3】.(2018天津河西区二模,2)No matter what you do, you should put your   ????into it.
mind   B. heart   C. brain   D. thought
【答案】B 
【解析】考查名词固定搭配。句意:不管你做什么,你都应该全身心投入。put one’s heart into全身心投入, 根据句意,故答案选B。
【方法探究】名词词义辨析应注意:①一定要读懂句子的题干的含义,对句子的理解程度对选出正确的答案有很大的帮助。②要注意短语的构成或名词与某些介词等词的固定搭配以及在不同语境下的应用。③需要特别注意受一些固定搭配的定式思维的影响。
★知识链接★
一、 名词的分类(Classification of Nouns)
英语名词主要分为专有名词(Proper Noun)和普通名词(Common Noun)两大类。
1.专有名词是指某一特定的人、地方、团体、事物、机构和概念等专有的名称,而这些实际上被认为独一无二的。专有名词的第一字母必须大写。如:
人名:Abraham Lincoln(亚伯拉罕·林肯)Karl Marx(卡尔·马克思)Einstein(爱因斯坦)
地名:China(中国)the United States(美国)
月份、星期、节日:August(八月) New Year(新年)Monday(星期一)Sunday(星期天)
政党、机构和组织:the CCTV( 中国中央电视台),the BBC World Service (英国国家广播公司国际部)United Nations(联合国)The Communist Party of China(中国共产党)
报刊名词:China Daily《中国日报》, News Weekly《新闻周刊》
2.普通名词是指一类人、事物某种物质或抽象概念的名词。如:worker,reporter,class,water,peace,discussion等。
普通名词又可以进一步分为以下四类:
1)个体名词(Individual Noun):它表示某类人或事物中的个体或表示人或事物属于某一类有单复数之分,又可称类分词(Class Noun)。如:table,factory,student,boy,等。
2)集体名词(Collective Noun):它表示若干个体(一群人或多件东西)组成的集合体有单复数之分。如:family,class,army,police等。
3)物质名词(Material Noun):表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的、无法分为个体的实物。如:air,coal,corn,land,rice,rain,fire等。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Noun):表示动作、状态、性质、情感等抽象概念的名词。如:happiness,life,important,sadness,anger等。
注意:普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。普通名词中个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,便成为可数名词(Countable Noun);而物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算,故称为不可数名词(Uncountable Noun)。区分可数名词与不可数名词在英语中是很重要的,因为只有把这两者区分开来,我们才能懂得什么时候用单数,什么时候用复数,什么时候用不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词,以及为何使用适当的数量词(如等)。但是必须注意有些名词在一种场合属于这一类,在另一种场合又属于另一类。
1、有些物质名词(不可数)也可作个体名词(可数)用,意义上有一定变化。如:
This tower is made of steel and iron.这座塔是 钢铁 造成的。
The day before yesterday he bought an iron.前天他买了个 铁熨斗。
People had to walk many kilometers in order to fetch wood.村民们要砍 木材得走许多公里的路程。
Let's go for a walk in the wood.咱们去 树林中散步吧!
2、有些抽象名词当意思转变而表示某类个体时,就成了个体名词。如:
youth(青春)——a youth(青年人) relation(关系)—— a relation(亲戚)
authority(权威) ——an authority(权威人士) power(权力,电力)—— a power(大国)
beauty(美丽)——a beauty(美人,美的东西)
3、有许多名词通常是不可数的,但在一定情况下可变为可数。如:
China produce a large variety of tea.中国生产大量的茶叶。(物质,不可数)
Yunwu is a well-known Chinese tea.云雾是一种中国有名的茶。(个体,可数)
Kate has covered it with Christmas lights.凯特用圣诞灯装饰着它(圣诞树)。
Light travels faster than sound.光比声的速度快。
4、另外有些个体名词在一定情况下也可以抽象化,成为不可数名词。如:
This school is the best one in our city.这所学校是我们市里最好的一所学校。
There's no school tomorrow.明天不上课。
IV、有许多东西在汉语里是可数的,而在英语中则不可数。如:news,housework,progress,information,homework,bread,furniture.......等。如果要表示“一件”或“一个”这类概念时就须加a piece of 这类定语。如:
a piece of news(information) 一条新闻(消息)a piece of bread 一块面包a tube of toothpaste一管牙膏 a cake of soap一块肥皂 a bottle of ink一瓶墨水 a packet of cigarettes 一盒香烟a bunch of flowers一束花 a pair of glasses一副眼镜 a piece(an article) of furniture一件家具 a suit of clothes一套衣服
二、 名词的数(Number)
英语的名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。表示抽象概念的名词和物质名词通常是不可数的,只有单数形式,前面不用不定冠词a(an)和another限定词修饰。大多数的名词为可数名词,有单数(Singular)和复数(Plural)两种形式。
1.名词复数形式的规则变化及读音变化列表如下:
类别
构成方式
读音
例词
备注
大部分名词后
加“”
a)清辅音后读[s]
bikes, cups, maps
b)浊辅音元音后读[z]
bags, dogs, seas
c)s,z,等音素后读[iz]
roses, pages
以-s, -x, -sh,ch[t]结尾的名词
加“-es”
读[iz]
classes, brushes,
boxes, matches
但-ch若发[k]则加“-s”,如
stomachs
以结尾的名词
a)y前是辅音变-y为i 加“-es”
读[i:]
parties, cities
b)y前是元音,直接加“-s”
读[z]
boys, rays
以-f, -fe结尾的名词
变-f 或 -fe 为v加-es
读[z]
leaves, wives, wolves, lives,
knives, selves. halves, shelves, thieves
少数加s;roofs,
chiefs, beliefs,
gulfs
以辅音加-o结尾的名词
加“-es”
读[z]
potatoes, tomatoes,
heroes, Negroes,
echoes
元音后s:
radios, bamboos;同时音乐及乐器名词多加-s。如:pianos, solos独唱cantos旋律trios三重唱
[注意]少数名词词尾加了-s 或 -es 后读音要浊化如:house[haus]—houses[hauziz],cloth[klCW]—clothes[kl[UTz], bath [bB:W]—baths[bB:Tz],mouth[mauW]—mouths[mauTz],(比较:months,paths等并不浊化,-ths仍发[Ws])
2.名词复数形式的不规则变化(Irregular Plurals)
1)单数名词中的元音字母发生变化。
foot—feet(脚), goose—geese(鹅), man—men (男人),mouse—mice(老鼠), , tooth—teeth(牙齿), woman—women(女人)
2)有些名词的复数形式是在词尾加上“-en”。
child—children(儿童), ox—oxen(牛)
3)有些名词的单复数形式是一样的:
aircraft(航空器), buffalo(水牛), Chinese(中国人), deer(鹿), fish(鱼), Japanese(日本人), sheep(羊), shark(鲨鱼), Swiss(瑞士人)
但表示不同种类的鱼时,可加复数词尾。如:
He doesn't like fish very much.他不喜欢吃鱼。
The paper is about some freshwater fishes.这论文是关于一些淡水鱼的。
4)一些来自拉丁文或希腊文等外来词,仍保留原来的名词复数形式。
analysis—analyses(分析) bacterium—bacteria(细菌) basis—bases(基础) crisis—crises(危机)phenomenon—phenomena 现象thesis—theses(论文)appendix—appendices(附录)
3.复合名词构成复数时,通常只将其中主体名词变为复数。
boy friend(s)男朋友 girl friend(s)女朋友editor(s)-in-chief总编 looker(s)-on旁观者son(s)-in-law女婿grandchild(ren)孙儿孙女runner(s)-up亚军passer(s)-by过路者
由man和woman表性别时(前置)构成的合成名词,两个名词全部都要变为复数。
man servant—men servants(男佣人) woman doctor— women doctors(女医生)
如果man是复合词中的末尾部分(后置)则man改为men:
army man—army men(军人) Englishman— Englishmen(英国人)
但如果像German这类词不是复合词而是一个不可分割的单词, 变复数时则在后面加
“-s”如:Germans(德国人), Romans(罗马人)
如果没有主体名词, 就在最后一个词上加复数词尾:如:
go-between go-betweens(中间人) drawback drawbacks(缺陷)grown-up grown-ups(成年人)merry-go-round merry-go-rounds(旋转木马)forget-me-not forget-me-nots(勿忘我草)
4.有些名词通常用复数形式,谓语也用复数。
1)由两个相同的部分组成的成双成对整体名称: 用a pair of 修饰
glasses(眼镜)—a (pair of) glasses,scissors(剪刀)—a (pair of) scissors, shoes(鞋子)—a pair of shoes, shorts(短裤)—a pair of shorts, trousers(裤子)—a pair of trousers,另如:stockings(长袜), tongs(夹子),compasses (两脚圆规),scales(天平)
2)以-ing 结尾的词(只能用复数形式)
belongings所有物,surroundings环境,lodgings住处,doings行为,savings储蓄,findings调查结果,shavings刨花, earnings收入:
注意:(1)以-s结尾的科学名称和疾病名称, 作为学科时看作单数。economics(经济学), mathematics(数学), politics(政治学), physics(物理学), acoustics(声学),measles(麻疹),diabetes(糖尿病)ethics(伦理学)phonetics(语音学)gymnastics(体操)optics(光学)
(2)另外有一些其它的名词常也以复数形式出现。
clothes衣服, papers文件,suburbs郊区, arms武器, fireworks烟火,overalls工作服remains残余、遗物oil-colours油画,thanks感谢, clothes衣服,riches财富,ashes灰烬,valuables珍贵物品 stairs楼梯,forces(武装)部队, goods货物, customs进口税,greens蔬菜。
5.表示抽象概念的名词和物质名词通常是不可数的。
1)有些名词只有单数形式
advice(劝告),bread(面包),cash(现金),clothing(衣服),food(食物),fruit(水果),pay(工资),furniture(家具),
homework(家庭作业),housework(家务),luggage(baggage)(行李),information(情报消息), money(金钱), damage(损失),knowledge(知识),music(音乐),population(人口),scenery(风景),traffic(交通)
2)有些名词形式上是复数,实际上算单数。news(消息), means(手段),whereabouts(下落)
3)有些集合名词形式上是单数,但却用作复数cattle(畜牲), mankind(人类), militia(民兵), police(警察), poultry(家禽), vermin(害虫), people(人民)
但集合名词machinery(机械), equipment(设备), merchandise(商品)却只用作单数, 没有复数形式。
4)大多数集合名词既可看作单数(作为整体),也可看作复数(作为集体的单个成员)。
army(军队), class(班级), audience(观众), crew(全体船员), crowd(人群), family(家庭全体成员), group(小组). committee(委员会), government(政府), public(公众),union(工会)。例如:
His family is a large one.他的家庭是一个大家庭。
Our family all have different hobbies.我们家庭成员的爱好各不相同。
A committee was investigating the charges.一个委员会正对这些指控进行调查。
The committee are divided into three groups.该委员会成员分成三个小组。
6.有些名词,其复数形式有时可以表示特别的意思。
air空气—airs(摆)架子arm手臂—arms武器condition情况、状态—conditions条件、环境custom风俗—customs海关、关税letter字母—letters文学look看—looks外表、容貌manner方式—manners礼貌colour颜色—colours旗帜、军旗regard尊敬—regards敬意、致意sense意义—senses感觉spirit精神—spirits酒精、情绪work工作—works工厂、车间、著作green草地、草场—greens蔬菜、青枝。例如:
To improve the working and living conditions is very important.改善工作和生活条件是非常重要的。
His health condition was very serious.他的健康状况非常严重。
She greeted me in a friendly manner.她很友好地和我打招呼。
His manner showed his frankness.他的态度说明了他的坦率。
注意:hair和fruit通常作不可数名词,表示总体,但如果表示若干根头发和若干种水果,则需要用这两个词的复数形式。例如:
I am going to the barber's to have my hair cut.我打算去理发店,把我的头发理一理。
Ten years had elapsed(时间过去).I found she had a few white hairs.十年过去了,我发现她有一些(几根)白头发。
三、名词的格(Case)
英语名词有三种格:主格(Nominative Case)、宾格(Objection Case)和所有格(Possessive Case)。但英语的名词除所有格有形式变化外,主格和宾格都没有形式的变化,故主格和宾格常合称为普通格(Common Case)。在此我们仅谈谈所有格。
1.名词所有格(Possessive Case)。可加's或of用来表示所有关系的名词形式叫名词所有格。
1)'s所有格的用法
(1)表示有生命的东西(特别是人或高级动物)的名词在其词尾上加's放在另一个名词之前作定语。例如:
Lei Feng's Diary,雷锋日记 Mr. Li's telephone number;李先生电话号码 Tom's friends, 汤姆朋友 women's right,妇女权利my father's room.我父亲的房间
以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加“ ' ”。例如:
the workers' rest-home工人疗养院the students' reading-room学生阅览室
(2)在表示某人的“家”或“店铺”的名字时名词所有格后面常常省略它所修饰的名词。例如:
the barber's=the barber's shop 理发店at my aunt's=at my aunt's house我姑姑家
the doctor's=the doctor's office医生诊所 St.Paul's=St Paul's cathedral圣保罗教堂
(3)如果一样东西为两个或两个以上的人共有,则只在后一个名词后面加's;如果不是共有则两个名词之后都要加's。例如:
Jane and Mary's room珍妮和玛丽的房间、(共有)
Tom's and John's bike汤姆的自行车和约翰的自行车(不共有)。
(4)有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇、天体等无生命的名词及由人组成的集体名词也可加“'s”构成所有格。例如:
today's newspaper今天的报纸,ten minutes' walk二十分钟的路程,China's capital中国的首都,the country's plan国家计划,the earth's surface地球表面,the delegation's visits代表团的访问
(5)在某些习惯用语中尽管是表示无生命东西的名词,也需要用所有格。例如:
at one's wit's end智穷才竭,黔驴技穷escape from death by a hair's breadth九死一生,死里逃生a stone's throw一箭之遥at one's finger's ends了如指掌a bird's view 鸟瞰, at death's door 面临死亡;生命危在旦夕, in one's mind's eye在想象中;在心目中, keep sb. at arm's length对某人保持距离;对某人不予亲近, make a cat's paw of sb.利用某人,out of harm's way避免受损害
2)of 所有格的用法
(1)表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of 构成短语,表示所有关系。the window of the room,(房间的窗户)the cover of the book(书的封皮), the title of the film(电影的名字), the workshops of the plant(工厂的车间)
(2)指有生命东西的名词在下列情况也可用of 词组表示所有关系。
a)如果名词较长the works of Marx, Engel’s,Lenin and Stalin马恩列斯著作
b)如果名词的定语较长the name of the girl reading at the desk.在桌子旁边看书的那个女孩的名字
3)双重所有格的用法
表示兼用两种属格的后置修饰语,叫双重所有格,即of词组+所有格。表示所属物的名词前有一个不定冠词a或an、数词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词时,常用这种形式来表示所有关系。例如:
a friend of my sister's=one of my sister's friend我妹妹的朋友
a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一部戏剧)=one of Shakespeare’s play(莎士比亚的许多剧作之一)
a picture of his uncle's他叔叔的一张照片(他叔叔所有照片中的一张, 但不一定是他本人的照片)
4)'s属格, of属格及双重所有格的区别
(1)'s属格和of所有格有许多共同之处,常常可以交换使用。
Newton's laws—the laws of Newton牛顿定律 my family's story —the story of my family我家的故事 the book's title—the title of the book书的题目 China's foreign policy—the foreign policy of China中国的外交政策
(2)但在下列情况中,两者必须严格区别使用:
a)对事物类别、属性进行界定时,必须用's格。
children's stories儿童故事(不可改作stories of children)men' shoes男鞋(不可改作shoes of men)
a doctor's degree博士学位(不可改作degree of a doctor)
b)当被修饰名词后面紧跟以逗号分开的同位语时,必须用's格。
The monitor's brother, a PLA man, was here this morning.班长的兄弟,一位解放军今天早上在这儿。
Comrade Wang's sister, a singer, is a party member.王同志的姐姐,一位歌唱家是一名党员。
c)在某些习语中习惯用's格
a wolf in sheep's clothing伪君子,within a stone's throw近在咫尺,all one's life毕生,to one's joy使人高兴的是, at arm's length疏远
d)表示同位关系时,使用of 属格
the city of Beijing北京市 the ten of us 我们十个人
(3)有时of属格和双重属格在单句中意义较接近,只是侧重点略有不同。例如:
He is a friend of my father's.=He is one of my father's friends.(着重说明父亲不止一个朋友)
He is a friend of my father.=It is he who is my father's friend.(着重说明他是父亲的朋友)
但中心词是portrait, picture, printing, photograph等词时,后面用of属格指某人自己的肖像、照片等,用双重属格则表示某人所收藏的肖像、照片。
This is a picture of my father.照片上的人是我父亲。
This is a picture of my father's.这照片属于我父亲收藏。
四、名词作定语名词作定语和复合名词
1.名词所有格作定语Tom' father 汤姆的父亲 China's industry中国的工业
2.一个名词直接用作定语修饰另一个名词,它既不加形容词的词尾,也不需要任何格的变化,这样的定语叫名词定语。其用法如下:
1)表材料的名词作定语,说明被修饰的名词是什么材料制成的。例如:stone figures(石像)castor oil(蓖麻油) silk books(丝绸书) paper money(纸币)metal pots(金属锅)plastic sheets(塑料布)diamond necklace(钻石项链)gold medals(金牌)
2)表示地点的名词作定语,说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地方。例如:country music(乡村音乐)forest land(森林土地)post office(邮政局)nature park(天然公园) palace ball(宫廷舞会) space satellites(太空卫星) table cloth(桌布) street lights(街灯) city life(城市生活)school education(学校教育)
3)如果两名词构成部分与整体关系则表整体的名词可以作定语(常指物)。例如:river banks(河岸)cabbage seed(卷心菜种子) animal bones(动物骨头)cigarette ends(烟头)ocean floor(大洋底) school gate(校门口) overcoat pockets(大衣口袋)table legs(桌脚) tree branches(树枝)
当我们谈到某一特定的东西时可用结构来表达。例如:the window of the classroom教室的窗户
4)表示用途性质的名词作定语。例如:coffee cups(咖啡杯)book shore(书店) sports shoes(运动鞋)food factory(食品工厂)women police officers(女警官)boy friends(男朋友)design office(设计工作室)fruit trees(水果树)traffic lights(交通灯)
5)说明有关后一名词内容的名词可作定语。例如:forest programmes(森林规划)weight problems(体重问题)science lab(科学实验室)computer studies(电脑学习)weather report(天气预报)film industry(电影工业)wildlife project(野生动物工程)China Daily(中国日报)body language(身体语言)
6)表示泛指的时间名词作定语。例如:summer holidays(暑假)winter weather(冬天的天气)time zone(时区)evening dress(晚礼服)morning paper(晨报)Sunday edition(星期日版)rooster year stamp(鸡年邮票)night school(夜校)
注意:(1)但表示具体的时间名词作定语,则要用所有格结构来表达。例如:yesterday's news(昨天的消息)today's newspaper(今天的报纸)an hour's drive(开车一小时的路程)
(2)名词作定语时一般用单数形式,但在个别情况下也有需用复数的例如:sports meet(运动会)the United States government(美国政府)students reading-room(学生阅览室)goods train(货车)two men doctors(两个男医生),savings bank储蓄银行,commodities fair商品交易会,parks department园林处,customs house海关大楼。
主谓一致
一、选择题(Choose the best answer)
1.(2018天津河西区三模,4)More than one thousand high school students practised yoga in the school playground to relieve  ????of the coming exam.
A. pressure    B. disagreement C. courage    D. emotion
【答案】?A 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:一千多名高中生在学校操场上练习瑜伽以缓解即将到来的考试的压力。pressure”压力”符合句意。disagreement分歧,意见不合,不一致;courage勇气; emotion情感。根据句意,故答案选A。
2.(2018天津和平区一模,2)—Jim’s car crashed yesterday.
—Yes, but he had the good  ????to escape injury when it happened.
A.memory   B. condition   C. impression   D. fortune
?【答案】?D 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:——吉姆的车昨天撞了。——是的,但他很幸运在碰撞过程中没有受伤。fortune幸运;memory记忆;condition状态,状况;impression印象。根据句意,故答案选D。
3.(2018天津部分区高三质调一,2)The police recognized the criminal from his typical facial  ????????—a scar on the forehead.
A. expression   B. feature   C. outline   D. gesture
【答案】B 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:警察从罪犯典型的面部特征认出了他。他前额上有一道伤疤。feature特征,特点;expression表情;outline轮廓;gesture手势,姿势,姿态。根据句意,故答案选B。
4.(2018天津十二所重点中学高三一联,6)Jane realized her  ???? to become the first woman to run the 10,000 metres within 30 minutes.
A. achievement   B. commitment C. competition   D. ambition
【答案】?D 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:简实现了她成为第一个在30分钟内跑完10,000米的女性的理想。ambition追求,夙愿,理想;achievement成就;commitment承诺,投入;competition竞争,比赛。根据句意,故答案选D。
5.(2018天津十二校二联,6)We have been making furniture for over 100 years, and have a worldwide   ????for quality.
Acontribution   B. qualification   C. reputation   D. institution
?【答案】C 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:我们生产家具已有100多年的历史,因质量而在世界范围内享有盛誉。reputation名声,名誉;contribution贡献;qualification资格;institution制度,制定。根据句意,故答案选C。
6.(2018天津河东区一模,2)In recent years, Chinese arts have won the   ????of a lot of people outside China.
A. reputation   B. enjoyment C. appreciation   D. entertainment
【答案】C 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:近年来,中国艺术赢得了许多国外人士的赞赏。appreciation 欣赏;reputation名誉,名声;enjoyment享受,乐趣;entertainment娱乐。根据句意,故答案选C。
7.(2018天津南开中学4月月考,10)It’s stressed that measures to control the house price will be high on the  ????of the government.
A. altitude   B. agency C. agenda   D. accommodation
【答案】?C 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:需要强调的是采取措施控制房价是政府的当务之急。be high on the agenda是当务之急,是最重要的待办事项。根据句意,故答案选C。
8.(2018天津市第一中学下学期第四次月考,8)Some experts fear that too-early   ???? to computers will have harmful consequences for children’s development.
A.exposure   B. extension   C. exhibition   D. expansion
【答案】A 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:一些专家担心过早接触电脑会对孩子的成长产生有害的影响。exposure暴露,接触;extension延长,延伸,延期;exhibition展览;expansion扩大,扩张。根据句意,故答案选A。
9.(2018天津南开区三模,1)It is widely accepted that the stock market usually reflects a country's economic  ????.
A. fun_ction    B. performance C. cooperation    D. dependence
【答案】?B 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:人们普遍认为,股市通常反映一个国家的经济状况。performance”表现”符合句意。fun_ction功能,作用;cooperation合作;dependence依赖,依靠。根据句意,故答案选B。
10.(2018江苏扬州、南通、徐州等市三模,21)Elizabeth shows great   ????in her choice of friends, so she has a lot of trustworthy companions.
A. comprehension   B. discrimination C. determination   D. consideration
【答案】B 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:伊丽莎白在选择朋友上有着很强的辨别力,所以她有很多值得信赖的同伴。discrimination鉴别力,辨别力,识别力;comprehension理解,理解力;determination决心,决定;consideration考虑。根据句意,故答案选B。
11.(2018江苏南京一模,3)—Father always instructs me to do kind acts and bring more joy into the world around us.
—That’s great. Small  ????can often create huge blessings.
A.gestures   B. impacts   C. schemes   D. concepts
【答案】?A 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:——父亲总是教导我做善事,给我们周围的世界带去更多的快乐。——好极了。小小的举动往往能带来巨大的幸运。gesture表示,姿态,举动;impact作用,影响;scheme规划,方案;concept观念,概念。根据句意,故答案选A。
12.(2018江苏姜堰、溧阳、前黄高三联考,24)China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, whose positioning   ???? will reach 2.5 metres by 2020, will soon provide services to more countries.
A.accuracy   B. category   C. fun_ction   D. reference
【答案】A 
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意:中国北斗卫星导航系统的定位精度到2020年将达到2.5米。它将很快向更多的国家提供服务。accuracy精确度,准确性;category种类,类别;fun_ction功能,作用;reference参考。根据句意,故答案选A。
13.(江苏省扬州中学2018届第四次模考23) — How did you enjoy the game?
— I was impressed by the energy and______ shown by the players.
A. qualification B. commitment C. investment D. privilege
【答案】B
【解析】 名词词义辨析。句意为:----你喜欢这个比赛吗?——我对运动员所展现出的活力及奉献精神印象深刻。commitment n投入,奉献,承诺,.委托,义务,责任;花费,犯罪;investment n投资,投入privilege n荣幸,优惠,特权,优待qualification n资格,学历,合格证。根据句意,故答案选B。
14.(徐州市2018考前模拟21) If the child violates one of the contract’s rules, he may lose a(n) _______, such as talking to his friend on the phone.
A. privilege B. advantage C. honor D. benefit
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意为:如果孩子违反了合同的规定,他可能会失去一个_________,比如跟朋友在电话里聊天。 A特权;B好处;C荣誉;D好处。根据句意,故答案选A。
15.(2018年江苏省南通,徐州等七市五月联考21.)Elizabeth shows great ______ in her choice of friends, so she has a lot of trustworthy companions.
A. comprehension B. discrimination C. determination D. consideration
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词辨析。A理解B辨别力C决心D考虑;体谅,根据句意:伊丽莎白在选择朋友的时候展现出了巨大的辨别力,所以她有很多值得信任的伙伴。根据句意,故答案选B。
二、句型训练(Choose the right words in brackets)
1.(2017天津十二所重点中学二模,10)Although war still exists on our planet, I do believe it’s possible for different ethnic groups to live together in   ????.(融洽相处)
?【答案】 live together in harmony融洽相处。
2.(2017天津南开区三模,11)It was a difficult job for him. He had tried everything but it made little  ????(没多大的区别).
?【答案】 make little difference没多大的区别
3.(2016江苏淮安高三信息卷,31)The job market has changed and our   ???? (方法,措施)to finding work must change as well.
【答案】?approach to……的方法
4.(2016 浙江高考压轴卷,4)The factories are staying open all the weekend to try to meet the customers’   ???? (满足某人对某物的需求)for this product.
?【答案】? meet one’s demand for sth.”满足某人对某物的需求”
5.(2016江苏扬州四模,33)Lily asked me to make a   ????(做出承诺)if I was serious about our relationship.
?【答案】make a compromise 做出承诺
三、完形填空
(“超级全能生”2019高考浙江省9月联考)It was the day before my daughter’s birthday.I’d just collected her from preschool when she cautioned me to____1____the elderly person walking across the car park.I was struck by her____2____and had no idea how much she really____3____it.
The following day—her birthday—we decided to buy cupcakes for her.After we____4____the cupcakes,Norah was busy standing up in the trolley(手推车),____5____waving and happily declaring,“Hi,old person!It’s my birthday today!”____6____I could stop her calling him an old person,the stone-faced man ____7____to her.His expression softened as he replied,“Well,hello,little lady!And how old are you today?”They____8____for a few minutes,he wished her a happy birthday,and we went our____9____ways.A few minutes later,Norah asked me if she could take a____10____with the old man.I agreed.We found the man a couple of shelves over,and I approached him.? When I told him Norah’s____11____,his expression changed from____12____to shocked finally to delighted.He took a step back,? steadied himself on his shopping trolley,and____13____his free hand on his chest.“A photo?With me?”he asked.“Yes,Sir,for my birthday!”Norah begged.And so he did.I____14____my iPhone,and they posed together.Norah placed her soft hand on top of his hand.He wordlessly stared at her with____15____?eyes as she kept his hand in hers.I asked his name,and he told us to call him Dan.We were____16____other shoppers,but they didn’t care.There was____17____happening in the supermarket that day,and we could all sense it.
That afternoon I____18____the story and a photo of the two of them on the Facebook.Later that night,I received a private____19____from a local reader who recognized Mr.Dan.He told me Dan’s wife had passed away six months earlier and he wanted to let me know that he was certain Dan’s heart was touched by my little girl and Dan would never forget that____20____with my daughter.
1. A. spot B. delay C. mind D. stop
2. A. selflessness B. carefulness C. loneliness D. thoughtfulness
3. A. meant B. ended C. proved D. showed
4. A. kept up B. picked up C. turned up D. put up
5. A. excitedly B. disappointedly C. calmly D. anxiously
6. A. After B. Before C. Since D. Until
7. A. turned B. referred C. appealed D. walked
8. A. hesitated B. chatted C. rested D. waited
9. A. regular B. single C. separate D. natural
10. A. picture B. walk C. rest D. break
11. A. dream B. command C. request D. suggestion
12. A. nervous B. upset C. confused D. impatient
13. A. reached B. placed C. touched D. patted
14. A. pulled out B. put down C. turned off D. glanced at
15. A. glaring B. twinkling C. sharp D. big
16. A. blocking B. delaying C. preventing D. interrupting
17. A. discount B. magic C. incident D. embarrassment
18. A. posted B. wrote C. read D. printed
19. A. note B. gift C. message D. report
20. A. connection B. combination C. construction D. contribution
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. A
【解析】
这是一篇记叙文。女儿注意到一个上了年纪的人走过停车场,因此劝我小心。后来又在超市遇到了他(Dan),女儿主动向他打招呼,他们谈了几分钟。后来在女儿的请求下,他们合影了。Dan由面无表情到最后变得开心,正如看到帖子认出Dan的人说的那样,Dan在失去妻子后心灵受到了触动,他肯定不会忘记拍照这一时刻。
考查动词辨析。 A. spot发现; B. delay耽误,延 ; C. mind介意,留心; D. stop停止。句意:女儿注意到有一个上了年纪的人走过停车场,因此提醒我小心。小女孩只有发现了一个老人走过停车场,才会提醒作者注意。故C切题。
考查名词辨析。A. selflessness无私; B. carefulness仔细; C. loneliness孤独; D. thoughtfulness体贴,思虑。句意:我被她的体贴所打动。前文小女孩已经提醒作者小心,所以作者觉得女儿很体贴。故D选项切题。
考查动词辨析。A. meant意味着,意; B. ended结束; C. proved证明; D. showed显示,表明。句意:我不知道她到底是什么意思。根据句意,故A选型切题。
考查动词短语辨析。A. kept up 保持,继续,使不低落,不落后; B. picked up捡起,买; C. turned up调大,出现; D. put up张贴,搭建。句意:我们买(pick up)了杯形蛋糕。由前文we decided to buy cupcakes for her可知,母女两人去买蛋糕,在买完蛋糕之后又看到了老人。故B选项切题。
考查副词辨析。 A. excitedly兴奋地; B. disappointedly失望地; C. calmly冷静地; D. anxiously焦急地。句意:Norah站在手推车里,兴奋地向他挥手。由连词and之后的happily(高兴地)可知,女儿见到老人后很兴奋。故A选项切题。
考查连词辨析。A. After在……以后; B. Before还未来得及……就; C. Since自从……以来; D. Until直到……。句意:我还未来得及阻止她喊他老人,面无表情的男士转向她。根据句意,故B选项切题。
考查动词辨析。A. turned转向; B. referred参考,提到,涉及到; C. appealed吸引; D. walked走,散步。句意:我还未来得及阻止她喊他老人,面无表情的男士转向她。小女孩喊他老人,所以老人转向了小女孩。故A选项切题。
考查动词辨析。A. hesitated犹豫; B. chatted闲谈,交谈; C. rested休息; D. waited等候,等待。句意:他们进行了几分钟的交谈。根据句意,故B选项切题。
考查形容词辨析。A. regular有规律的,定期的; B. single 单个的; C. separate 各自的; D. natural自然的。句意:他们交谈了几分钟,他祝她生日快乐,接下来各走各的路。由下文I approached him 我靠近他。可知,之前他们是分开了,故C选项切题。
考查名词辨析。A. picture图片,相片; B. walk 散步; C. rest休息; D. break间歇,间断。句意:Norah问我她是否可以和他合影。由下文That afternoon I____18____the story and a photo of the two of them on the Facebook 可知,作者把照片发到脸谱网。可以判断出之前他们是合影了。故A选项切题。
考查名词辨析。A. dream梦,梦想; B. command命令; C. request要求,请求; D. suggestion建议。句意:当我告诉他Norah的请求时,他的表情由感到困惑变为感到震惊,最后变为高兴。由上文小女孩对妈妈的话”Norah asked me if she could take a____10____with the old man”可知,这是孩子的一个小小的要求。故C选项切题。
考查形容词辨析。A. nervous紧张的; B. upset不安的; C. confused感到困惑的; D. impatient不耐心的。句意:当我告诉他Norah的请求时,他的表情由感到困惑变为感到震惊,最后变为高兴。这里在表示老年人的一个心理和表情上的变化,起初是不明白为什么小女孩要和自己合影。故C选项切题。
考查动词辨析。A. reached到达,伸手够; B. placed放置; C. touched接触,触摸; D. patted拍。句意:他把手放置在胸部。表示老人想确认一下是要和自己照相吗。故B选项切题。
考查动词短语辨析。 A. pulled out掏出,拉出,拔出来; B. put down放下; C. turned off 关掉; D. glanced at瞥。句意:我掏出手机准备拍照,他们摆造型。作者为小女孩和老人照相,所以要先掏出手机。故A选项切题。
考查形容词辨析。 A. glaring瞪视; B. twinkling闪烁的,闪闪发亮的; C. sharp 尖的,锋利的; D. big大的。句意:当她把他的手放在她的手里时,他无言地用闪亮的眼睛盯着她。由下文he was certain Dan’s heart was touched by my little girl 可知,老人被小女孩打动了。所以判断出老人闪烁的眼睛正是他被感动地表现之一。故B选项切题。
考查动词辨析。A. blocking阻塞,堵塞; B. delaying延误; C. preventing阻止; D. interrupting打断。句意:他们阻挡了其他的购物者,但是他们不介意。两人的合影挡住了其他人购物。故A选项切题。
考查名词辨析。 A. discount打折; B. magic 魔力; C. incident事变,小事; D. embarrassment尴尬。句意:那天在超市有魔力般的事情发生,我们都感觉到了。根据小题16和短文大意,故B选项切题。
考查动词辨析。A. posted 邮寄,发(帖子); B. wrote写; C. read读; D. printed印刷。句意:那天下午,我把故事和照片发到了Facebook上。根据句意,故A选项切题。
考查名词辨析。 A. note纸条; B. gift礼物; C. message信儿,信息; D. report报告。句意:我收到了一个来自于当地的辨认出Mr.Dan的读者的信息。由上文小题18可知,有人回复了作者发的帖子,作者收到了信息。故C选项切题。
考查名词辨析。A. connection联系,连接; B. combination结合; C. construction建设; D. contribution贡献。句意:我的女儿触动了Dan的心灵,Dan将永远不会忘记他和我女儿之间的联系。根据短文大意,故A选项切题。
四、短文改错My new friend Tom is good at English writing.One day,I asked him how he did such well in written English.He told me that he has a habit of keep a diary every day.“You can try them,too.I'm sure you will improve your written English quickly in this way,”he said.I thought Tom was right,but I decided to follow his advices.I started to write down something interested every day.Sometimes when I didn't know how to spell a word,I would look it up in a dictionary.When I didn’t know how to write a sentence correct,I would ask my teacher for the help.My written English has really improved a lot because that.
【答案】
1. such改为so 2. has改为had 3. keep改为keeping 4. them改为it 5. but改为so/and
6. advices改为advice 7. interested改为interesting 8. correct改为correctly 9.去掉定冠词the 10.在because后加of
【解析】
1. 考查副词。such是形容词,修饰名词作定语;so是副词,修饰形容词、副词或动词作状语,well此处是副词。故such改为so。
2. 考查动词时态。主句用一般过去时,宾语从句遵循主从句时态一致原则,从句也用过去时态。故has改为had。
3. 考查动名词。介词后跟名词、动名词或代词作宾语。故keep改为keeping。
4. 考查代词。根据语境可知,此处指代上文提到的“记日记的习惯”,habit是单数,用代词it。故them改为it。
5. 考查连词。句意:我认为Tom是对的,于是我决定听从他的建议。前后文是并列关系或者因果关系,不是转折关系。故but改为so/and。
6. 考查名词。advice“建议”,是不可数名词。故advices改为advice。
7. 考查形容词。现在分词变化来的形容词表示被修饰语的特征;过去分词变化来的形容词表示被修饰语的感受。这里修饰something,说明事物的特征,故interested改为interesting。
8. 考查副词。修饰动词用副词作状语,修饰动词write用副词correctly。故correct改为correctly。
9. 考查冠词。ask sb. for help表示“向某人寻求帮助”,help是不可数名词,根据语境可知,此处表示泛指。故去掉定冠词the。
10. 考查介词。because是连词,连接句子。because of是介词短语,后跟名词作宾语。此处后面只有代词that,故在because后加of。