专题十九 阅读理解之二推理题判断题（解析版+原卷版）

专题十九 阅读理解之二推理题判断题
（原卷版）

推理判断题通常要求考生不仅要理解原文的文字信息，而且还要进行一定的判断和推理，并以此推断出文章的隐含意义。推理判断题属于主观性很强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措辞、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。此时应特别注意：当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时，不要误认为是在问“你”的想法。
考点一 考查细节推断
细节推断要求考生根据文章内容，推断具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生要把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，然后作出判断。题干中常出现infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示）.conclude（作出结论），assume（假定，设想）等词。主要设题方式有：
It can be inferred from the passage that________.
The author strongly suggests that________
It can be concluded from the passage that________.
The writer implies but not directly states that________
The writer/author indicates/implies/suggests that________
The writer talked about. .. Because he thought________
考点二 考查写作意图推断
写作意图推断要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。主要设题方式有：
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
The purpose of the text is to get more people to__________
The writer of the story wants to tell us that____________
The fact... Is mentioned by the author to show__________
The author writes the last paragraph in order to________________
考点三 考查观点态度推断
观点态度推断题考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度。这就要求考生在正确理解文章大意的基础上，对观点或者态度倾向进行分析、识
别，关注作者对人物心理或者细节的描写，对文章所交代的人或者事情进行评判。主要设题方式有:
The attitude of the author towards something is______________
The writer of the passage seems to think that________________
What's the author's opinion on... ?
What do we know about sb. in the passage?
Somebody can be said___________.
What does the author think about... ?
考点四 考查文章来源和读者对象推断
推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身具备的常识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、
小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号人座，选出正确的答案。举几个例子：1）.报纸前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。 2）.广告因其用词和格式特殊，客易辨认。3）.产品说明器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用 。需要指出的是：有时命题者为了增加试题的难度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出现，这时需要根据文章的题材内容进行推断。如果内客是发布新闻，最可能是出现在报纸上；如果是科普读物，可能是出自科普 杂志上。
主要设题方式有：
This passage would be most likely to be found in____________
The passage is probably taken out of _____________
Where does this text probably come from?
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from?
The text is intended for_________________.
考点五 考查隐含意义的推断
对隐含意义的推测是阅读理解中难度较大的一类考点。所谓推断隐含意义，就是要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出合乎情理的推理与判断，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。对隐含意义的推测属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解，同学们在做这类题目时，一定要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措辞、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感彩的词句，然后利用自己的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。
主要设题方式有：
1．Which of the following might have happened afterwards?
2．The paragraph(following the passage) will most probably be_________.
3．We can conclude from the passage that_________.
4．Which of the following conclusions can we draw from the passage?
推理判断题的五大技巧：
1．抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住某一段话中的关键信息，如关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断。做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文的基础上，整合与题目相关的信息，综合推理判断，确定最佳结论。
3．利用语境的褒贬性进行推断。几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，它反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好这一点，就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。
4．根据文章的结论推断作者的态度。作者的思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词。
5．根据上下文的逻辑得出结论。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
【考例1】(2018天津夏,D)词数:367
Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的)to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and re-quires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked a-head. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷)many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a “ruby-crowned kinglet” and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.
The pressures of “time” and “destination” are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. “Oh, a few birds,” they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.
1.According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more　　????.
A. anxious to do wonders B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits D. eager to explore the world around them
2.What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?
A. To avoid jumping to conclusions. B. To stop complaining all the time.
C. To follow the teacher’s advice. D. To admit mistakes honestly.
3.The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they　　????.
A. are very patient in their observation B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care only about the names of birds D. question the accuracy of the field guides
4.Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.
B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
5.In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should　　????.
A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C. open our mind to new things and ideas
D. try our best to protect nature
【答案】1. D 2. A 3.C 4.B
【解析】文章大意：研究发现,与孩子相比,成人对周围事物的感知能力更差。如何才能唤醒这种感知能力呢?文章举例说明并对此给出了答案。
1.D　考查推理判断题。根据第二段中孩子和成年人的对比可知,大部分人在孩提时代更善于观察,每天都充满魅力、新奇与惊奇,好奇心使我们每个人都具有一种天生的感知能力。但是那些对小时候的我们来说很明显的差别变得模糊了,我们对新刺激、新观点变得麻木了。由此 可推断,与成年人相比,在好奇心的驱使下,孩子更渴望去探索周围的世界。
2.A　考查推理判断题。本段开头指出,要唤醒关注周围环境的意识首先不要预测自己会看到什么、会感受到什么,这会妨碍我们的感知能力。而且作者用实际的例子证明了这个观点,故推断出A项符合作者的观点,意为“要避免贸然下结论”。
3.C　考查细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知,野鸟观察者只关心鸟的名字,不再关注鸟本身和鸟的行为。由此可见C项正确,意为“只关心鸟的名字”。
4.B　考查细节理解题。倒数第二段开头提到,“时间”和“目的地”的压力进一步阻止人们去关注周围的环境。根据倒数第二段的最后一句可知,远足者们一心想要到达目的地,故B项符合文章内容,意为“他们专注于及时赶到营地”。
5.A　推理判断题。根据最后一段的最后两句可知,下次你散步时,无论在什么地方,都应该欣赏各种景色,倾听各种声音,接受各种感觉,带着这种心境漫步,你会为生活开辟新领域。由此可知A项符合文章内容,作者建议我们充实感官来感受世界的奇迹。
【考例2】(2018天津春,B)词数:385
With a satisfied smile, Keisha finished the last sentence of her English essay about one of her heroes, Rosa Parks, an important figure in the Civil Rights Movement.
“Keisha,” her mother shouted from downstairs. “It’s almost 4:15.”
“Don’t worry. I wont be late.” Keisha pulled down a storybook from her bookshelf,as she al-ways read to the nursing home s residents. And on an impulse(一时心血来潮), she added her English notebook as well.
As Keisha came running in the door, the manager told her, “We have a new resident this week,
Mrs. Ruby Watson. She’s still adjusting to her new surroundings. You’ll find her in Room 28. And by the way, Keisha, good luck.”
Keisha walked down the hallway at a quick pace. As she entered Room 28, she met two sharp brown eyes staring at her doubtfully.
“I’m Keisha Jackson, a volunteer,” Keisha explained. “I come here to help pass the time with residents, or read to them, or,...” Keisha started stammering(结巴)as Mrs.Watson continued to stare at her.
“I didn’t request anyone to keep me company,” Mrs.Watson interrupted. “I’m alone most of the time, and that’s how I prefer it.”
“I brought along some funny stories,” Keisha said hesitantly.
“I’m not in the mood for funny stories,” Mrs. Watson replied angrily. “What else do you have?”
Nervously, Keisha opened her notebook to her essay. She read the title aloud, “Rosa Parks:A Woman of Courage and Conviction(信念).” She glanced at Mrs. Watson to see how she might
react, but to her surprise, Mrs. Watson’s face relaxed and her eyes shone. “Read to me about Rosa,” Mrs. Watson said.
Keisha read how Rosa Parks’ refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in 1955 inspired the protest that became a turning point in the struggle for civil rights.
“I walked with Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King,” Mrs. Watson said with pride. “That was the greatest moment of my life because...” She paused.
“Because...you were a woman of courage and conviction too.”
Sitting up straighter, Mrs. Watson said, “Yes, I was and I still am. Thank you for reminding me, Keisha. Next Thursday, I will tell you my story.”
1.Why did Keisha take her English notebook along?
A. Her mother asked her to take it. B. She would hand it in on her way.
C. She might read her essay to someone. D. The manager wanted to read her essay.
2.Why did the manager wish Keisha good luck before she visited Mrs. Watson?
A. Mrs. Watson could be difficult. B. Mrs. Watson was in poor health.
C. Keisha was feeling nervous. D. Keisha was a shy person.
3.Mrs. Watson’s eyes (Para. 10) suggested that she was　　????.
A. amused　　 B. puzzled　　 C. annoyed　　 D. interested
4.What effect did Keisha’s essay have on Mrs. Watson?
A. It aroused her curiosity in volunteer work.
B. It built up her expectation for more visitors.
C. It awoke her pride in her struggle for civil rights.
D. It changed her attitude to the Civil Rights Movement.
5.Readers may find this story inspiring because　　????.
A. a girl enjoys learning about her heroes
B. a girl helps someone feel appreciated
C. a woman overcomes hardship by herself
D. a woman gathers the courage for life
【答案】1. C 2. A 3.D 4 C 5.B
【解析】文章大意：本文为记叙文。讲述了一个女孩通过读自己的论文让一个刚进入养老院的老太太对自己的过往经历充满了自豪感的故事。
1.C　细节理解题。由第一段可知,她对自己写的论文很满意。由第三段中的Keisha pulled down a storybook from her bookshelf, as she always read to the nursing home’s residents. And on an impulse, she added her English notebook as well.可知,她有和别人分享自己写的论文的冲动,故选C。
2.A　推理判断题。由下文起初老太太对待女孩的态度及女孩与那位老太太的对话中老太太说话的语气可推知答案。
3.D　推理判断题。由第十段中的but to her surprise, Mrs. Watson’s face relaxed and her eyes shone.“Read to me about Rosa,” Mrs. Watson said.可推知答案。
4.C　推理判断题。根据文中倒数第三段中的Mrs. Watson said with pride. “That was the greatest moment of my life because...”可知,她想起了之前为民权斗争的经历而产生了自豪感,故答案为C。
5.B　主旨大意题。文章主要讲了女孩让老太太对自己的过往经历充满了自豪感
【考例3】（2018·全国II C）
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.
According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 4 percent respectively today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.
28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children’s reading habits. B. Quality of children’s books.
C. Children’s after-class activities. D. Parent-child relationships.
29. Where can you find the data that best supports "children are reading a lot less for fun"?
A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3.
C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5.
30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?
A. E-books are of poor quality. B. It could be a waste of time.
C. It may harm children’s health. D. E-readers are expensive.
31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?
A. Act as role models for them. B. Ask then to write book reports.
C. Set up reading groups for them. D. Talk with their reading class teachers.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. C 31. A
【解析】文章大意：据本周一公布的a Common Sense Media report报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告的内容。
28. 推理判断题。题干问的是这篇报道可能是关于什么内容。根据整篇文章，我们可以看出这篇报道讲述了孩子们阅读的乐趣，孩子们阅读的时间，孩子们阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响。A项意为：孩子们的阅读习惯；B项意为：孩子们所读书籍的质量；C项意为：孩子们的课后活动；D项意为：父母与孩子的关系。故选A。
29. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 4 percent respectively today.可知，很少为乐趣而阅读的人的比例已经分别从1984年的13岁的8%和17岁的9%上升到现在的22%和4%。也就是说，为乐趣而读书的人越来越少了。故选B。
30．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.可知，许多家长仍然限制电子阅读，主要是由于担心看一些电子屏幕的时间越来越多，也就是担心会伤害孩子们的健康。故答案选C。
31. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.可知，有明显的证据表明，父母为孩子们做榜样并为孩子们作重要指导能培养孩子的阅读习惯。也即是说，父母可以通过给孩子们作榜样来鼓励孩子们阅读的。故选A。
【考例4】（2018·全国II D）
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones. B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers. D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C
【解析】文章大意：这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。
32.考查段落大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象？在公共场合（比如在电梯里、在银行排队或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。由此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机；B项意为：在公共场合的不适当行为；C项意为：陌生人之间缺少沟通；D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故答案选C。
33. 考查推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。
34. 考查推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。
35. 考查主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。
【考例5】（2018·天津D）
Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的）to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.
The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.
51. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ____________.
A. anxious to do wonders B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits D. eager to explore the world around them
52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?
A. To avoid jumping to conclusions. B. To stop complaining all the time.
C. To follow the teacher’s advice. D. To admit mistakes honestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they __________.
A. are very patient in their observation B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care only about the names of birds D. question the accuracy of the field guides
54. Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.
B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
55. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should __________.
A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C. open our mind to new things and ideas
D. try our best to protect nature
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. A
【解析】本文是一篇散文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
51. 考查推理判断题。根据文章第二段Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults.可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选D。
52. 考查推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选A。
53. 考查细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。
54. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。
55. 考查推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
1.(2018天津高三下学期第二次联考,D)
American students often have to take out loans to help pay for their education. Some students are very interested in the cost of undergraduate and graduate study in the United States. The first thing we should know is that the prices are different from school to school. The private colleges and universities generally cost more than public ones. Another thing to keep in mind is that not all students pay the “published price” of a school. Financial aid and scholarships may reduce the cost.
The average published price for undergraduate study at a four-year public college was about seven thousand dollars. That was for students from “in state”. Students from other states as well as international students paid an average of more than eighteen thousand dollars. This is the bad news—international students often have to pay the highest prices. And these averages were only for tuition fees (学费). Food, housing, books and supplies can add ten to twelve thousand dollars a year. The College Board says the average tuition at a private college was about twenty-six thousand dollars.
Many students save money by starting their education at a two-year public college, also known as a community college. The average tuition this year was about two thousand five hundred dollars.
A few American colleges provide a free education, including the military and Merchant Marine academies. They accept some foreign students. Berea College is a small Christian school in Berea, Kentucky, that pays all first-year costs for its foreign students. But they are expected to pay one thousand dollars a year after that. Summer jobs are provided to help meet this cost.
Costs for graduate study in the United States also differ from school to school, and even from pro-gram to program. Here too, public universities charge more for out-of-state tuition. For example, at the University of Kentucky, out-of-state graduate tuition averaged about eighteen thousand dollars this year. In-state was about nine thousand.
1.The passage is mainly about 　　????.
A. how much an undergraduate or graduate needs to pay for studying in the United States
B. how an undergraduate or graduate can choose a suitable program or college in the USA
C. how much a foreign undergraduate or graduate needs to pay for studying in the USA
D. why so many undergraduates and graduates are studying in the USA
2.Generally speaking, the annual cost of a foreign college student in a public college in the USA is　　????.
A.36~40 thousand dollars B.17~19 thousand dollars
C.3 thousand dollars D.28~30 thousand dollars
3.A foreign student who chooses Berea College is able to 　　????.
A. get more career opportunities during summer vacations
B. reduce the cost of receiving education in the USA a lot
C. have the chance to get along with world-famous professors
D. earn a great deal of money when at college
4.What should an American graduate do in order to save money according to the passage?
A. He should choose a public university in his own state.
B. He should choose those public universities that are not famous.
C. He should avoid changing his major at college.
D. He should try to do some part-time jobs.
5.What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The college tuition in America is higher than that in other countries.
B. The higher the tuition is, the better the college is in the USA.
C. Not all the parents in the USA will pay their children’s tuition of college.
D. Some American students have to drop out of college because of the high tuition.

2. （安徽省皖南八校2018届高三第二次联考）In high school I was very shy, content to hang around with my small group of friends and to concentrate on my courses. I was quickly labeled a “brain.” I did so well that by the end of senior year I had perfect grades and enough college credits to give up an entire quarter of coursework.
But in early June of senior year, the principal called me into office. He asked me to give a speech at gradation. I gaped(目瞪口呆地凝视)at him, my heart thumping. This was the reward for my hard work? I mumbled something and fled the office, blaming myself for staying away from physics, a subject sure to have broken up my perfect record.
I finally agreed to a compromise. I would share the honor with five other students. I agreed to introduce my friend Judy, who would then give her own, full-length speech.
Graduation day soon arrived. I’d been practicing my speech for days, and I had it memorized. The first half hour of the ceremony passed in a blur, and then my moment came. My name was announced. I managed to reach the podium without falling down. I faced my classmates. My voice trembled a little, but mostly it was clear and strong. But within seconds, I was done and heading back to my seat. I accomplished something I’d never dreamed of—I spoke in front of hundreds of people.
Although I didn’t realize it at the time, the successful completion of that speech gave me the confidence to participate in class at college, to give verbal reports, and to eventually break free of my shyness. I never would have chosen to give a speech at graduation-or ever. But I’m glad I did. I no longer hesitate when I’m faced with the prospect of doing something I dread. I know it may very well turn out to be one of my shining moments.
1. Why was the writer called a “brain”?
A. She was a bookworm all the time. B. She was the head of her small group.
C. She was the most intelligent student. D. She did more coursework for good grades.
2. What can we infer from the second paragraph?
A. She ruined her health by studying hard B. She got the reward beyond expectation
C. She was grateful for giving a speech D. She wasn’t good at physics at school
3. How did the author feel at the beginning of the graduation speech?
A. Scared. B. Moved. C. Excited. D. Embarrassed.
4. What did the speech bring to the author at last?
A. She had nothing to fear in life. B. She got rid of her sense of shyness.
C. She won enough college credits. D. She desired to become a speaker.

3. （山东师范大学附中2018届高三第五次模拟）A boy shivers in the harsh Oslo winter, wrapping his arms around himself on a bus stop bench. He isn’t wearing a coat and temperatures in the Norwegian capital regularly plunge to -10℃ during winter.
A heartbreaking scene, but the actions of the ordinary people who witnessed the dilemma of 11 year old Johannes Lonnestad Flaaten are both joyous and inspiring.
A young blonde woman who sat next to the boy and noticed him rubbing his arms. She immediately asked him: “Don't you have a jacket?” “No, someone stole it”, he replied. She questioned him and discovered he was on a school trip and was told to meet his teacher at the bus stop. She asked him the name of his school and where he was from as she selflessly draped(挂上) her own coat around his shoulders. Later, another older woman at first gave him her scarf, then wrapped him in her large padded jacket. Throughout the day, more and more people offered Johannes their gloves and even the coats off their backs as they waited for their bus.
Johanne's dilemma was a hidden camera experiment by Norwegian charity SOS Children's Village as part of their winter campaign to gather donations to send much-needed coats and blankets to help Syrian children get through the winter. Many of the refugees (难民）have left their homes without winter clothing.
"People should care as much about children in Syria as they care about this boy," Synne Ronning, the information head of SOS Children`s Villages Norway, told The Local. She also noted that the child was a volunteer who was never in any danger during the filming.
1. According to the text, how can we describe the experiment?
A. Practical. B. Dangerous. C. Inspiring. D. Voluntary.
2. What do we know about the young blonde woman?
A. She thought the boy was lying at first. B. She was not sure of what the boy said.
C. She gave the boy a hand in the end. D. She cared very little about others.
3. What can we learn from Synne Ronning's words in Paragragh 5?
A. People have done much to help children in Syria.
B. The boy was only well protected in the filming.
C. There should be more volunteers involved.
D. Children in Syria deserve to be cared for.

4. （广东省广州市2018届高三调研）Paloma sat at a computer in the school library. She stared at the blank screen and the blinking cursor. She rummaged around in her backpack for a rubber band, and then she pulled her hair into a thick ponytail. Paloma looked at the computer screen. It was still blank. She sighed and flipped through her notebook to reread the assignment Mr. Molina had given the class three weeks ago. It was due in just two days, and Paloma knew that she couldn’t procrastinate any longer.
Write a creative short story using an experience that you have had recently, Paloma read. Your story should include two examples of figurative language.
Paloma and her family had recently taken a trip along North Carolina’s coast. They had visited four different lighthouses, and Paloma wondered what it would be like to live in a lighthouse. She knew that before lighthouses were automated, they were run by a lighthouse keeper who lived on the premises. Paloma thought she’d love to be a lighthouse keeper. Without thinking about it any longer, Paloma began to write the story.
I sat with my cat Sadie curled on my lap and looked out the window at the crashing waves. The heavy rain beat against my lighthouse like a thousand footsteps racing up and down the walls. I held Sadie closer, and she let out a small meow of displeasure. I knew that the coming storm could not be too dangerous if Sadie was still acting normally. I had read that animals can sense changes in weather and will seek shelter from a tornado or hurricane. I was relying on Sadie’s calmness to get me through my first hurricane on the island.
I knew that my lighthouse was sturdily built. It had survived more than one hundred years’ worth of hurricanes and tropical storms. There was no reason to believe that it couldn’t survive another. I looked up at the staircase that spiraled above me and worried as I felt the tower sway slightly in a gust of wind.
Paloma stopped and reread what she had just written. She smiled to herself in delight, saved her story, and then settled into her chair to continue writing. She wasn’t sure what was going to happen next, but she knew that if she kept going, the story would continue to tell itself. Paloma couldn’t wait to find out where it would take her.
1. Why is Paloma feeling anxious at the beginning of the passage?
A. She hasn’t much time left to do her writing task.
B. She doesn’t know the details of her writing task.
C. She has completely forgotten about her writing task.
D. She doesn’t know what is wrong with her computer.
2. What is the inspiration for Paloma’s story idea?
A. Her cat. B. Her teacher. C. Her trip. D. Her dream.
3. In Paloma’s story, how does the lighthouse keeper decide if the storm is dangerous?
A. By listening to the weather report.
B. By watching the crashing waves.
C. By observing the cat’s behaviour.
D. By measuring the movement of the lighthouse.
4. As described in the final paragraph, how does Paloma feel after she has written the first part of her story?
A. Confused. B. Excited. C. Relieved. D. Determined.

5.(河北衡水中学2018届高三八模)Journey to Mecca: In the Footsteps of Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta is considered one of the world’s greatest travellers. During the 14th century, he travelled about 75, 000 miles in search of knowledge and for the love of travel. To share the learning and research so highly valued by Islamic (伊斯兰教的) culture, the ruler of Morocco, Abu Inan Faris, wanted Ibn Battuta’s worldwide travels recorded and published when he returned home to Morocco after almost 30 years. Ibn Juzayy, a Moroccan Court Secretary, was appointed to write down Ibn Battuta’s experiences. His travel journal, The Rihla, documents this extraordinary achievement. It gives us a first-hand account of life in the 14th-century Muslim world. The original book, handwritten in Arabic, can be viewed today at the National Library in Paris.
The early 14th century was a favorable age for a Muslim traveller. It was nearing the end of the Golden Age of Islam, one of the great explosions of scientific and cultural achievements in world history. Caravans and sea lanes created transportation and communication networks that spread across continents, including Europe, Africa and Asia. Towns and cities were regularly visited by merchants, traders, doctors, artists, craftsmen, scholars and pilgrims (朝圣者) carrying goods and ideas. All of these promoted the exchange of goods and ideas on a scale not seen previously in world history. As an educated man with professional legal skills, Ibn Battuta enjoyed kindness, companionship and offers of employment throughout the Islamic world.
Journey to Mecca describes the 5, 000-mile journey Ibn Battuta made in 132 and 133 from his hometown Tangier, Morocco, to reach Mecca, in what is now the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, to make the pilgrimage. During this dangerous and awesome 18-month pilgrimage, he met many hindrances as he was attacked by robbers, troubled by thirst, and forced to go back to his route due to war along the Red Sea. Joining the legendary Damascus Caravan with thousands of pilgrims leaving for Mecca, he completed the final section of what would be his first of six journeys to Mecca.
The goal of the film, Journey to Mecca, was to tell the remarkable story of Ibn Battuta and to promote a better understanding of Islam in the West, said the producers.
1. We can conclude that Abu Inan Faris probably thought Ibn Battuta’s travel experiences ________.
A. precious B. questionable C. mysterious D. ridiculous
2. What can we learn about Ibn Battuta from the text?
A. He wrote the travel journal, The Rihla, by himself.
B. He travelled all the way with the legendary Damascus Caravan during his first journey.
C. He was a very successful businessman.
D. He had to overcome varieties of difficulties while traveling.
3. The underlined word “hindrances” in Paragraph 3 can best be replaced by “________”.
A. tricks B. friends C. barriers D. opportunities
4. In which section of a newspaper can we possibly find this passage?
A. History. B. Travel. C. Economy. D. Entertainment.

6.（黑龙江省双鸭山一中2018届高三上期末）Somewhere between 40,000 and 110,000 tons of plastic waste produced by Americans ends up in the ocean, according to a study published in the journal Science.
It’s difficult to point out where all that waste comes from, and researchers think that much or most of it probably comes from the nation’s seriously-populated coasts. But there’s also evidence that the nation’s inland waterways serve as a passage for plastic to travel thousands of miles into the oceans.
While researchers have documented plastic and human trash floating in the world’s oceans, there has been relatively little attention paid to plastics in rivers, streams and lakes. “To my knowledge, no one has studied particular routes, with the exception of places like L.A, and Baltimore Harbor where there are measures in place to prevent trash in rivers from entering the ocean.” said Kara Lavender Law, an oceanographer.
The few studies that exist, however, suggest that it may be a huge problem. A 2011 study of two southern California urban rivers—including Santa Ana River—found that every square meter of water contained from 12 to 819 pieces larger than 4.75 millimeters. Another survey of the Meuse River, which flows 575 miles through France. Belgium and the Netherlands to the North Sae, found that it contained 70,000 pieces of plastics per square meter of water, about 500 of which were roughly an inch or bigger in size.
If there’s anything positive in this, it’s you that can do something, at least on a personal level, to reduce the amount of plastic that goes into the oceans. “Put trash where it goes.” said Jenna Jambeck, an associate professor of environmental engineering at the University of Georgia. “Use reusable items—bags, cups and bottles—to reduce waste.”
Finally, Jambeck urges people to pick up litter along waterways, and record it with a phone app called the Marine Debris Tracker. The data you provide can help scientists to get a better handle on the trash problem.
1. According to the text, the least polluted place might be _____.
A. Meuse River B. Baltimore Harbor C. The North Sea D. Santa Ana River
2. How does the author prove plastic waste in rivers is a huge problem?
A. By referring to experts’ views. B. By following time order.
C. By making comparisons. D. By listing statistics.
3. What does Jenna Jambeck advise us to do?
A. Make use of plastic items. B. Stay positive about the oceans’ future.
C. Start from small things to deal with waste. D. Reduce the size of waste we throw away.
4. What can we do by using the Marine Debris Tracker?
A. Provide some data for scientists to use.
B. Recycle some wasted items.
C. Call on more people to pick up litter.
D. Make picking up litter a daily routine.

7. （甘肃省高台一中2018届高三第五次模拟）I’ve worked part time since taking early retirement ten years ago, I was inspired by an older friend. We worked for the same company, and he retired two years before I was also considered “spare”, as some companies call it.
Soon after I left work, we had lunch together. First, he assured me that there was life after work. Then he relited his own experience. He didn’t want to take another full-time job, so he turned his daughter's old bedroom into a home office. He arranged for some consulting work from our old company, and he picked up more projects from other contacts. Soon he was working 20 to 30 hours a week. He wasn't making as much money. His kids were grown-up, so he didn’t need as much income. “As soon as I left that job,” he told me, “my back problems went away. I started to eat better and get more exercise, I make half as much money, but I feel twice as good, and I’m twice as happy.”
I decided to follow a similar track. At the time, my younger child almost finished college, so my parental responsibilities were winding down. We sold our old house and moved into a townhouse. I went to work for myself. And the result? Today I, too, make less money. But we make ends meet. And I feel twice as good and twice as happy.
Our experience isn't for everybody. But a lot of people have retired early and lived to tell the tale, which proves it possible. Jack another friend, was a salesman for a communication firm. He had a long distance to work and did a lot of traveling. He decided to leave the corporate world, in part because he had health problems and he wanted to spend more time with his family. Later, he quit his job with flexible hours and was restored to his health. And now he has found a part-time job, and he, together with his family, is leading a more relaxing life.
1. How did the author and his friends feel about their retired life?
A. It's busy but wealthy. B. It's flexible but tiring.
C. It’s healthy and happy. D. It’s relaxing and wasteful
2. What did the writer’s friend try to tell him at lunch that day?
A. He regretted not leaving his job earlier.
B. He lived a much better life after retiring.
C. Made more money if after finding a new job.
D. His life was not easy for him after losing his job.
3. Before Jack left his last job, he .
A. lived a busy life B. used to find part-time jobs
C. over travelled with his family D. worked hard as a real travel agent
4. What does the author mainly confirm by writing the text?
A. Health is more important than work.
B. Young people generally live an exhausting life.
C. More retired people are paying attention to health.
D. It may be a good choice for people who retire early to do a part-time job.

8. （全国名校大联考2018届高三新课标仿真四）If you want to convince the boss that you deserve a pay rise or promotion, the solution could be simple — eat the same food as they do. Psychologists have discovered managers are much more likely to instantly trust us if we choose the same dishes as them.
During experiments, discussions over wages and work conditions were much more successful if both sides chose to snack on the same treats. And shoppers were much more likely to buy a product advertised on TV by someone eating a similar kind of food to them at the time.
The reason is thought to be so-called similarity attraction theory — where people tend to like others who have similar tastes or habits to themselves. But this is believed to be one of the first studies highlighting the role of food in this relationship. Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust.
In a test, participants were told to watch TV — where someone pretending to be a member of the public praised a certain product. The volunteers were given Kit Kat bars to nibble, while the TV people ate either a Kit Kat or grapes as they talked.
The results showed viewers were much more likely to express an interest in buying the product if the TV showed the other person eating a Kit Kat too.
The researchers added, “Although similarity in food consumption is not a sign of whether two people will get along, we find consumers treat this as such. They feel more trusting of those who consume as they do. It means people can immediately begin to feel friendship and develop a bond, leading to smoother transactions from the start.”
Harley Street psychologist Dr. Lucy Atcheson said it was already known that wearing similar clothes could instantly create trust. But this was the first report that food had the same effect. She said, “This is really interesting. It makes sense as people feel they have the common ground and can trust the other person. Thai means negotiations are more likely to the successful.”
1. According to the passage, customers are likely to buy a product from a dealer who ________.
A. advertises his products on TV
B. reduces the price of his products
C. has the same taste as them
D. pays attention to the quality of his products
2. The experiments conducted by researchers at Chicago University show that ________.
A. food plays an important role in earning people’s trust
B. bosses like employees that have the same taste as them
C. people who have similar tastes to their boss’s earn more
D. people have less interest in buying products advertised on TV
3. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. People who eat similar food are more likely to trust each other.
B. People will get along with each other if they like to eat similar things.
C. The effect of wearing similar clothes hasn’t been proved by researchers.
D. People are more likely to make friends with those wearing the same clothes as them.
4. Which of the following sayings can be an example of the similarity attraction theory?
A. Honesty is the best policy.
B. All good things come to an end.
C. Birds of a feather flock together.
D. Where there is a will, there is a way.

9. （2018届高三晋豫省际大联考四）The last thing Caitlin Hipp would have expected as she prepared to turn 28 years old was to be living at hone with her parents. All she’s ever wanted to do is to become an elementary school teacher. And she’s been working through her teaching certifications for four years after obtaining an education degree from Bowling Green State University in Ohio, US.
Hipp has racked up $100,000 in student loan debt and isn’t able to earn enough through working as a part-time skating instructor and restaurant server to live anywhere other than home.
The Pew Research Center recently reported that 2014 was a milestone in the evolving living arrangements of young adults in the US. For the first time since 1880, adults aged 18 to 34 became more likely to be living with a parent than to be living on their own. Before 2014, the most common living arrangement for young adults was to be living in their own property as part of a couple.
UBS Financial Services, a Swiss global financial services company, released a report that even suggests one reason for the growing number of young adults still living at home could be that their family doesn’t want them to leave.
The report shows that 74 percent of millennials(千禧一代)get some kind of financial support from their parents after college. It finds that millennials have redefined the ties that combine parents and children. “Millennials see their parents as peers, friends and guiders. Nearly three quarters talked with their parents more than once a week during college. In return, their parents happily provide financial support well into adulthood, helping fund everything for them.”
Stuart Hoffman, chief economist for the PNC Financial Group in the US, said although job growth for millennials since 2014 has improved, which doesn’t necessarily mean that millennials are starting to fly the nest. He said, “There’s no doubt it has held back household formation and purchases on things people spend money on related to household formation and child-rearing,” Hoffman explained. “But they are probably traveling more and eating out more if they don’t have a house expense or marriage. I don’t know if it represents a change in moral values. But it’s much more common for adult children to live in their parent’s homes because it’s becoming part of the culture.”
1. Why does Caitlin Hipp have to live at home with her parents?
A. Because she can’t afford to live on her own
B. Because she doesn’t want to live anywhere other than home
C. Because she wants to obtain more degrees
D. Because she wants to be an elementary school teacher
2. What can we learn about young adults aged 18 to 34 before 2014?
A. They didn’t have the freedom to arrange their living
B. They would rather live with their parents than live by themselves
C. They started to fly the nest as more jobs were provided
D. They preferred to live away from their parents
3. What conclusion can we draw from the report released by the Swiss company?
A. Children living with parents is becoming part of the culture
B. The majority of millennials refuse to get financial help from parents
C. Most millennials are building closer relationship with their parents
D. Young people tend to live at home because of fewer job opportunities
4. What’s Stuart Hoffman’s attitude towards this trend?
A. Indifferent B. Subjective
C. Objective D. Negative

10.(重庆市重点中学九校联盟2018届高三第一次联考)The dangers of sitting all day are obvious. Researchers have shown that remaining sitting for extended periods of time (like at your 9-to-5 desk job) can do harm to your health. While exercise is a big part of reducing the harmful effects of sitting, it was unclear how many gym periods were needed to help – until now.
A new study, published in The Lancet, shows the ideal formula for reducing the negative effects of a sedentary（久坐的）job. Instead of a fixed number of hours spent exercising, the ratio（比率）depends on how much you sit: people who work a typical eight-hour day should spend at least one hour each day moving. If you sit six hours a day, you should spend half an hour exercising. The research also indicates that the exercise doesn’t have to be all once – or rigorous（严格的）. It can be spread throughout the day and be as simple as walking.
The team behind the study analyzed data from a pool of a million adults over the age of 45 in Western Europe, the United States, and Australia. Using previous data, the researchers examined data from 16 published studies and used it to determine how much exercise is required to compensate for sitting. Their recommended daily exercise goal is higher than previous advice but not necessarily less achievable, given it can be completed throughout the day.
Fitting in an hour of exercise a day sounds especially discouraging if you have a desk job, but there are plenty of workouts you can complete before and after work. Even if it means taking a 10-minute walk during lunch, your body will thank you in the long run.
1. The underlined words “compensate for” can be best replaced by ________.
A. make up for B. break away from C. give up D. take the place of
2. According to the new study, good news for the people working long hours at desk is that ________.
A. workouts may reduce the harm of sitting for long
B. the harm of sitting for long has been proved
C. they don’t have to exercise as long as suggested previously
D. the time spent on exercise is flexible
3. What can be inferred from the article?
A. The best form of workouts is walking.
B. The longer you exercise, the better.
C. The new exercise goal is practical though higher.
D. A desk job makes it impossible to exercise regularly.
4. The second paragraph is developed mainly ________.
A. by example B. by process C. by comparison D. by contrast


专题十九 阅读理解之二推理题判断题
（解析版）

推理判断题通常要求考生不仅要理解原文的文字信息，而且还要进行一定的判断和推理，并以此推断出文章的隐含意义。推理判断题属于主观性很强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措辞、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。此时应特别注意：当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时，不要误认为是在问“你”的想法。
考点一 考查细节推断
细节推断要求考生根据文章内容，推断具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生要把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，然后作出判断。题干中常出现infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示）.conclude（作出结论），assume（假定，设想）等词。主要设题方式有：
It can be inferred from the passage that________.
The author strongly suggests that________
It can be concluded from the passage that________.
The writer implies but not directly states that________
The writer/author indicates/implies/suggests that________
The writer talked about. .. Because he thought________
考点二 考查写作意图推断
写作意图推断要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。主要设题方式有：
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
The purpose of the text is to get more people to__________
The writer of the story wants to tell us that____________
The fact... Is mentioned by the author to show__________
The author writes the last paragraph in order to________________
考点三 考查观点态度推断
观点态度推断题考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度。这就要求考生在正确理解文章大意的基础上，对观点或者态度倾向进行分析、识
别，关注作者对人物心理或者细节的描写，对文章所交代的人或者事情进行评判。主要设题方式有:
The attitude of the author towards something is______________
The writer of the passage seems to think that________________
What's the author's opinion on... ?
What do we know about sb. in the passage?
Somebody can be said___________.
What does the author think about... ?
考点四 考查文章来源和读者对象推断
推测文章的来源或者读者对象要求读者本身要具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身具备的常识结合起来。比如读者本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、
小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号人座，选出正确的答案。举几个例子：1）.报纸前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。 2）.广告因其用词和格式特殊，客易辨认。3）.产品说明器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用 。需要指出的是：有时命题者为了增加试题的难度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出现，这时需要根据文章的题材内容进行推断。如果内客是发布新闻，最可能是出现在报纸上；如果是科普读物，可能是出自科普 杂志上。
主要设题方式有：
This passage would be most likely to be found in____________
The passage is probably taken out of _____________
Where does this text probably come from?
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from?
The text is intended for_________________.
考点五 考查隐含意义的推断
对隐含意义的推测是阅读理解中难度较大的一类考点。所谓推断隐含意义，就是要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出合乎情理的推理与判断，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。对隐含意义的推测属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解，同学们在做这类题目时，一定要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措辞、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感彩的词句，然后利用自己的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。
主要设题方式有：
1．Which of the following might have happened afterwards?
2．The paragraph(following the passage) will most probably be_________.
3．We can conclude from the passage that_________.
4．Which of the following conclusions can we draw from the passage?
推理判断题的五大技巧：
1．抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住某一段话中的关键信息，如关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断。做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文的基础上，整合与题目相关的信息，综合推理判断，确定最佳结论。
3．利用语境的褒贬性进行推断。几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，它反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好这一点，就能在把握主旨大意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。
4．根据文章的结论推断作者的态度。作者的思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词。
5．根据上下文的逻辑得出结论。逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
【考例1】(2018天津夏,D)词数:367
Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的)to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and re-quires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked a-head. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷)many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a “ruby-crowned kinglet” and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.
The pressures of “time” and “destination” are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. “Oh, a few birds,” they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.
1.According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more　　????.
A. anxious to do wonders B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits D. eager to explore the world around them
2.What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?
A. To avoid jumping to conclusions. B. To stop complaining all the time.
C. To follow the teacher’s advice. D. To admit mistakes honestly.
3.The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they　　????.
A. are very patient in their observation B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care only about the names of birds D. question the accuracy of the field guides
4.Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.
B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
5.In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should　　????.
A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C. open our mind to new things and ideas
D. try our best to protect nature
【答案】1. D 2. A 3.C 4.B
【解析】文章大意：研究发现,与孩子相比,成人对周围事物的感知能力更差。如何才能唤醒这种感知能力呢?文章举例说明并对此给出了答案。
1.D　考查推理判断题。根据第二段中孩子和成年人的对比可知,大部分人在孩提时代更善于观察,每天都充满魅力、新奇与惊奇,好奇心使我们每个人都具有一种天生的感知能力。但是那些对小时候的我们来说很明显的差别变得模糊了,我们对新刺激、新观点变得麻木了。由此 可推断,与成年人相比,在好奇心的驱使下,孩子更渴望去探索周围的世界。
2.A　考查推理判断题。本段开头指出,要唤醒关注周围环境的意识首先不要预测自己会看到什么、会感受到什么,这会妨碍我们的感知能力。而且作者用实际的例子证明了这个观点,故推断出A项符合作者的观点,意为“要避免贸然下结论”。
3.C　考查细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知,野鸟观察者只关心鸟的名字,不再关注鸟本身和鸟的行为。由此可见C项正确,意为“只关心鸟的名字”。
4.B　考查细节理解题。倒数第二段开头提到,“时间”和“目的地”的压力进一步阻止人们去关注周围的环境。根据倒数第二段的最后一句可知,远足者们一心想要到达目的地,故B项符合文章内容,意为“他们专注于及时赶到营地”。
5.A　推理判断题。根据最后一段的最后两句可知,下次你散步时,无论在什么地方,都应该欣赏各种景色,倾听各种声音,接受各种感觉,带着这种心境漫步,你会为生活开辟新领域。由此可知A项符合文章内容,作者建议我们充实感官来感受世界的奇迹。
【考例2】(2018天津春,B)词数:385
With a satisfied smile, Keisha finished the last sentence of her English essay about one of her heroes, Rosa Parks, an important figure in the Civil Rights Movement.
“Keisha,” her mother shouted from downstairs. “It’s almost 4:15.”
“Don’t worry. I wont be late.” Keisha pulled down a storybook from her bookshelf,as she al-ways read to the nursing home s residents. And on an impulse(一时心血来潮), she added her English notebook as well.
As Keisha came running in the door, the manager told her, “We have a new resident this week,
Mrs. Ruby Watson. She’s still adjusting to her new surroundings. You’ll find her in Room 28. And by the way, Keisha, good luck.”
Keisha walked down the hallway at a quick pace. As she entered Room 28, she met two sharp brown eyes staring at her doubtfully.
“I’m Keisha Jackson, a volunteer,” Keisha explained. “I come here to help pass the time with residents, or read to them, or,...” Keisha started stammering(结巴)as Mrs.Watson continued to stare at her.
“I didn’t request anyone to keep me company,” Mrs.Watson interrupted. “I’m alone most of the time, and that’s how I prefer it.”
“I brought along some funny stories,” Keisha said hesitantly.
“I’m not in the mood for funny stories,” Mrs. Watson replied angrily. “What else do you have?”
Nervously, Keisha opened her notebook to her essay. She read the title aloud, “Rosa Parks:A Woman of Courage and Conviction(信念).” She glanced at Mrs. Watson to see how she might
react, but to her surprise, Mrs. Watson’s face relaxed and her eyes shone. “Read to me about Rosa,” Mrs. Watson said.
Keisha read how Rosa Parks’ refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in 1955 inspired the protest that became a turning point in the struggle for civil rights.
“I walked with Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King,” Mrs. Watson said with pride. “That was the greatest moment of my life because...” She paused.
“Because...you were a woman of courage and conviction too.”
Sitting up straighter, Mrs. Watson said, “Yes, I was and I still am. Thank you for reminding me, Keisha. Next Thursday, I will tell you my story.”
1.Why did Keisha take her English notebook along?
A. Her mother asked her to take it. B. She would hand it in on her way.
C. She might read her essay to someone. D. The manager wanted to read her essay.
2.Why did the manager wish Keisha good luck before she visited Mrs. Watson?
A. Mrs. Watson could be difficult. B. Mrs. Watson was in poor health.
C. Keisha was feeling nervous. D. Keisha was a shy person.
3.Mrs. Watson’s eyes (Para. 10) suggested that she was　　????.
A. amused　　 B. puzzled　　 C. annoyed　　 D. interested
4.What effect did Keisha’s essay have on Mrs. Watson?
A. It aroused her curiosity in volunteer work.
B. It built up her expectation for more visitors.
C. It awoke her pride in her struggle for civil rights.
D. It changed her attitude to the Civil Rights Movement.
5.Readers may find this story inspiring because　　????.
A. a girl enjoys learning about her heroes
B. a girl helps someone feel appreciated
C. a woman overcomes hardship by herself
D. a woman gathers the courage for life
【答案】1. C 2. A 3.D 4 C 5.B
【解析】文章大意：本文为记叙文。讲述了一个女孩通过读自己的论文让一个刚进入养老院的老太太对自己的过往经历充满了自豪感的故事。
1.C　细节理解题。由第一段可知,她对自己写的论文很满意。由第三段中的Keisha pulled down a storybook from her bookshelf, as she always read to the nursing home’s residents. And on an impulse, she added her English notebook as well.可知,她有和别人分享自己写的论文的冲动,故选C。
2.A　推理判断题。由下文起初老太太对待女孩的态度及女孩与那位老太太的对话中老太太说话的语气可推知答案。
3.D　推理判断题。由第十段中的but to her surprise, Mrs. Watson’s face relaxed and her eyes shone.“Read to me about Rosa,” Mrs. Watson said.可推知答案。
4.C　推理判断题。根据文中倒数第三段中的Mrs. Watson said with pride. “That was the greatest moment of my life because...”可知,她想起了之前为民权斗争的经历而产生了自豪感,故答案为C。
5.B　主旨大意题。文章主要讲了女孩让老太太对自己的过往经历充满了自豪感
【考例3】（2018·全国II C）
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.
According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 4 percent respectively today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.
28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children’s reading habits. B. Quality of children’s books.
C. Children’s after-class activities. D. Parent-child relationships.
29. Where can you find the data that best supports "children are reading a lot less for fun"?
A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3.
C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5.
30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?
A. E-books are of poor quality. B. It could be a waste of time.
C. It may harm children’s health. D. E-readers are expensive.
31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?
A. Act as role models for them. B. Ask then to write book reports.
C. Set up reading groups for them. D. Talk with their reading class teachers.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. C 31. A
【解析】文章大意：据本周一公布的a Common Sense Media report报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告的内容。
28. 推理判断题。题干问的是这篇报道可能是关于什么内容。根据整篇文章，我们可以看出这篇报道讲述了孩子们阅读的乐趣，孩子们阅读的时间，孩子们阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响。A项意为：孩子们的阅读习惯；B项意为：孩子们所读书籍的质量；C项意为：孩子们的课后活动；D项意为：父母与孩子的关系。故选A。
29. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 4 percent respectively today.可知，很少为乐趣而阅读的人的比例已经分别从1984年的13岁的8%和17岁的9%上升到现在的22%和4%。也就是说，为乐趣而读书的人越来越少了。故选B。
30．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.可知，许多家长仍然限制电子阅读，主要是由于担心看一些电子屏幕的时间越来越多，也就是担心会伤害孩子们的健康。故答案选C。
31. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.可知，有明显的证据表明，父母为孩子们做榜样并为孩子们作重要指导能培养孩子的阅读习惯。也即是说，父母可以通过给孩子们作榜样来鼓励孩子们阅读的。故选A。
【考例4】（2018·全国II D）
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones. B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers. D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C
【解析】文章大意：这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。
32.考查段落大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象？在公共场合（比如在电梯里、在银行排队或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。由此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机；B项意为：在公共场合的不适当行为；C项意为：陌生人之间缺少沟通；D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故答案选C。
33. 考查推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。
34. 考查推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。
35. 考查主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。
【考例5】（2018·天津D）
Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的）to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.
The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.
51. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ____________.
A. anxious to do wonders B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits D. eager to explore the world around them
52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?
A. To avoid jumping to conclusions. B. To stop complaining all the time.
C. To follow the teacher’s advice. D. To admit mistakes honestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they __________.
A. are very patient in their observation B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care only about the names of birds D. question the accuracy of the field guides
54. Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.
B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
55. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should __________.
A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C. open our mind to new things and ideas
D. try our best to protect nature
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. A
【解析】本文是一篇散文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
51. 考查推理判断题。根据文章第二段Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults.可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选D。
52. 考查推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选A。
53. 考查细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。
54. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。
55. 考查推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
1.(2018天津高三下学期第二次联考,D)
American students often have to take out loans to help pay for their education. Some students are very interested in the cost of undergraduate and graduate study in the United States. The first thing we should know is that the prices are different from school to school. The private colleges and universities generally cost more than public ones. Another thing to keep in mind is that not all students pay the “published price” of a school. Financial aid and scholarships may reduce the cost.
The average published price for undergraduate study at a four-year public college was about seven thousand dollars. That was for students from “in state”. Students from other states as well as international students paid an average of more than eighteen thousand dollars. This is the bad news—international students often have to pay the highest prices. And these averages were only for tuition fees (学费). Food, housing, books and supplies can add ten to twelve thousand dollars a year. The College Board says the average tuition at a private college was about twenty-six thousand dollars.
Many students save money by starting their education at a two-year public college, also known as a community college. The average tuition this year was about two thousand five hundred dollars.
A few American colleges provide a free education, including the military and Merchant Marine academies. They accept some foreign students. Berea College is a small Christian school in Berea, Kentucky, that pays all first-year costs for its foreign students. But they are expected to pay one thousand dollars a year after that. Summer jobs are provided to help meet this cost.
Costs for graduate study in the United States also differ from school to school, and even from pro-gram to program. Here too, public universities charge more for out-of-state tuition. For example, at the University of Kentucky, out-of-state graduate tuition averaged about eighteen thousand dollars this year. In-state was about nine thousand.
1.The passage is mainly about 　　????.
A. how much an undergraduate or graduate needs to pay for studying in the United States
B. how an undergraduate or graduate can choose a suitable program or college in the USA
C. how much a foreign undergraduate or graduate needs to pay for studying in the USA
D. why so many undergraduates and graduates are studying in the USA
2.Generally speaking, the annual cost of a foreign college student in a public college in the USA is　　????.
A.36~40 thousand dollars B.17~19 thousand dollars
C.3 thousand dollars D.28~30 thousand dollars
3.A foreign student who chooses Berea College is able to 　　????.
A. get more career opportunities during summer vacations
B. reduce the cost of receiving education in the USA a lot
C. have the chance to get along with world-famous professors
D. earn a great deal of money when at college
4.What should an American graduate do in order to save money according to the passage?
A. He should choose a public university in his own state.
B. He should choose those public universities that are not famous.
C. He should avoid changing his major at college.
D. He should try to do some part-time jobs.
5.What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The college tuition in America is higher than that in other countries.
B. The higher the tuition is, the better the college is in the USA.
C. Not all the parents in the USA will pay their children’s tuition of college.
D. Some American students have to drop out of college because of the high tuition.
【答案】1.A 2.D 3. B 4.A 5.C
【解析】文章大意：本文为说明文。介绍了美国本科教育和研究生教育的学费问题。
1.A　考查主旨大意题。由首段第一、二句American students often have to take out loans to help pay for their education. Some students are very interested in the cost of undergraduate and gradu-ate study in the United States.可知,本文说的是美国本科生和研究生的学费问题。
2.D　考查细节理解题。由第二段第三句Students from other states as well as international students
paid an average of more than eighteen thousand dollars.和第五、六句And these averages were only for tuition fees. Food, housing, books and supplies can add ten to twelve thousand dollars a year.通过简单的计算可知,答案选D。
3.B　考查推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的关键词a free education和Berea College is a small Christian school in Berea, Kentucky, that pays all first-year costs for its foreign students.可推知,外国学生选择该校可以省钱,故选B。
4.A　考查推理判断题。由第一段倒数第三句及第二段的描述可知,为了省钱应选择本州内的公立大学。故选A。
5.C　考查推理判断题。由首段首句“美国学生不得不经常贷款”和第三段首句“很多学生通过上两年制的公立学院省钱”可推知选C。
2. （安徽省皖南八校2018届高三第二次联考）In high school I was very shy, content to hang around with my small group of friends and to concentrate on my courses. I was quickly labeled a “brain.” I did so well that by the end of senior year I had perfect grades and enough college credits to give up an entire quarter of coursework.
But in early June of senior year, the principal called me into office. He asked me to give a speech at gradation. I gaped(目瞪口呆地凝视)at him, my heart thumping. This was the reward for my hard work? I mumbled something and fled the office, blaming myself for staying away from physics, a subject sure to have broken up my perfect record.
I finally agreed to a compromise. I would share the honor with five other students. I agreed to introduce my friend Judy, who would then give her own, full-length speech.
Graduation day soon arrived. I’d been practicing my speech for days, and I had it memorized. The first half hour of the ceremony passed in a blur, and then my moment came. My name was announced. I managed to reach the podium without falling down. I faced my classmates. My voice trembled a little, but mostly it was clear and strong. But within seconds, I was done and heading back to my seat. I accomplished something I’d never dreamed of—I spoke in front of hundreds of people.
Although I didn’t realize it at the time, the successful completion of that speech gave me the confidence to participate in class at college, to give verbal reports, and to eventually break free of my shyness. I never would have chosen to give a speech at graduation-or ever. But I’m glad I did. I no longer hesitate when I’m faced with the prospect of doing something I dread. I know it may very well turn out to be one of my shining moments.
1. Why was the writer called a “brain”?
A. She was a bookworm all the time. B. She was the head of her small group.
C. She was the most intelligent student. D. She did more coursework for good grades.
2. What can we infer from the second paragraph?
A. She ruined her health by studying hard B. She got the reward beyond expectation
C. She was grateful for giving a speech D. She wasn’t good at physics at school
3. How did the author feel at the beginning of the graduation speech?
A. Scared. B. Moved. C. Excited. D. Embarrassed.
4. What did the speech bring to the author at last?
A. She had nothing to fear in life. B. She got rid of her sense of shyness.
C. She won enough college credits. D. She desired to become a speaker.
【答案】1.C 2 . D 3.A 4.B
【解析】1.考查推理判断题。根据第一段concentrate on my courses. I did so well that by the end of senior year I had perfect grades and enough college credits to give up an entire quarter of coursework.可知作者上学时学习努力，成绩很好，是最聪明努力的学生。所以被成为“brain”，故选C。
2.考查推理判断题。根据第二段blaming myself for staying away from physics, a subject sure to have broken up my perfect record.可知作者的物理成绩不好，打破了她的完美记录。故选D。
3.考查推理判断题。根据第四段I managed to reach the podium without falling down. I faced my classmates. My voice trembled a little, but mostly it was clear and strong.可知毕业演讲开始的时候作者脚步不稳，声音发抖，非常害怕。故选A。
4.考查推理判断题。根据最后一段the successful completion of that speech gave me the confidence to participate in class at college, to give verbal reports, and to eventually break free of my shyness.可知这次演讲给了作者在大学里参加课堂，发表口头报告的信心，并最终摆脱羞怯。故选B。
3. （山东师范大学附中2018届高三第五次模拟）A boy shivers in the harsh Oslo winter, wrapping his arms around himself on a bus stop bench. He isn’t wearing a coat and temperatures in the Norwegian capital regularly plunge to -10℃ during winter.
A heartbreaking scene, but the actions of the ordinary people who witnessed the dilemma of 11 year old Johannes Lonnestad Flaaten are both joyous and inspiring.
A young blonde woman who sat next to the boy and noticed him rubbing his arms. She immediately asked him: “Don't you have a jacket?” “No, someone stole it”, he replied. She questioned him and discovered he was on a school trip and was told to meet his teacher at the bus stop. She asked him the name of his school and where he was from as she selflessly draped(挂上) her own coat around his shoulders. Later, another older woman at first gave him her scarf, then wrapped him in her large padded jacket. Throughout the day, more and more people offered Johannes their gloves and even the coats off their backs as they waited for their bus.
Johanne's dilemma was a hidden camera experiment by Norwegian charity SOS Children's Village as part of their winter campaign to gather donations to send much-needed coats and blankets to help Syrian children get through the winter. Many of the refugees (难民）have left their homes without winter clothing.
"People should care as much about children in Syria as they care about this boy," Synne Ronning, the information head of SOS Children`s Villages Norway, told The Local. She also noted that the child was a volunteer who was never in any danger during the filming.
1. According to the text, how can we describe the experiment?
A. Practical. B. Dangerous. C. Inspiring. D. Voluntary.
2. What do we know about the young blonde woman?
A. She thought the boy was lying at first. B. She was not sure of what the boy said.
C. She gave the boy a hand in the end. D. She cared very little about others.
3. What can we learn from Synne Ronning's words in Paragragh 5?
A. People have done much to help children in Syria.
B. The boy was only well protected in the filming.
C. There should be more volunteers involved.
D. Children in Syria deserve to be cared for.
【答案】1. C 2. C 3. D
【解析】1.考查细节理解题。根据第二段A heartbreaking scene, but the actions of the ordinary people who witnessed the dilemma of 11 year old Johannes Lonnestad Flaaten are both joyous and inspiring.根据课文可知，实验是令人受鼓舞的。故选C。
2.考查推理判断题。根据第三段中She asked him the name of his school and where he was from as she selflessly draped(挂上) her own coat around his shoulders.可知金色碧发的年轻女士最后帮助了这个男孩。故选C。
3.考查推理判断题。根据第五段第一句"People should care as much about children in Syria as they care about this boy," Synne Ronning,可知Syria的孩子值得被关注。故选D。
4. （广东省广州市2018届高三调研）Paloma sat at a computer in the school library. She stared at the blank screen and the blinking cursor. She rummaged around in her backpack for a rubber band, and then she pulled her hair into a thick ponytail. Paloma looked at the computer screen. It was still blank. She sighed and flipped through her notebook to reread the assignment Mr. Molina had given the class three weeks ago. It was due in just two days, and Paloma knew that she couldn’t procrastinate any longer.
Write a creative short story using an experience that you have had recently, Paloma read. Your story should include two examples of figurative language.
Paloma and her family had recently taken a trip along North Carolina’s coast. They had visited four different lighthouses, and Paloma wondered what it would be like to live in a lighthouse. She knew that before lighthouses were automated, they were run by a lighthouse keeper who lived on the premises. Paloma thought she’d love to be a lighthouse keeper. Without thinking about it any longer, Paloma began to write the story.
I sat with my cat Sadie curled on my lap and looked out the window at the crashing waves. The heavy rain beat against my lighthouse like a thousand footsteps racing up and down the walls. I held Sadie closer, and she let out a small meow of displeasure. I knew that the coming storm could not be too dangerous if Sadie was still acting normally. I had read that animals can sense changes in weather and will seek shelter from a tornado or hurricane. I was relying on Sadie’s calmness to get me through my first hurricane on the island.
I knew that my lighthouse was sturdily built. It had survived more than one hundred years’ worth of hurricanes and tropical storms. There was no reason to believe that it couldn’t survive another. I looked up at the staircase that spiraled above me and worried as I felt the tower sway slightly in a gust of wind.
Paloma stopped and reread what she had just written. She smiled to herself in delight, saved her story, and then settled into her chair to continue writing. She wasn’t sure what was going to happen next, but she knew that if she kept going, the story would continue to tell itself. Paloma couldn’t wait to find out where it would take her.
1. Why is Paloma feeling anxious at the beginning of the passage?
A. She hasn’t much time left to do her writing task.
B. She doesn’t know the details of her writing task.
C. She has completely forgotten about her writing task.
D. She doesn’t know what is wrong with her computer.
2. What is the inspiration for Paloma’s story idea?
A. Her cat. B. Her teacher. C. Her trip. D. Her dream.
3. In Paloma’s story, how does the lighthouse keeper decide if the storm is dangerous?
A. By listening to the weather report.
B. By watching the crashing waves.
C. By observing the cat’s behaviour.
D. By measuring the movement of the lighthouse.
4. As described in the final paragraph, how does Paloma feel after she has written the first part of her story?
A. Confused. B. Excited. C. Relieved. D. Determined.
【答案】1. A 2.C 3.C 4.B
【解析】文章大意：本文是记叙文。主要讲述帕洛玛想要根据自己的经历来写一个故事。
1.考查推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“It was due in just two days, and Paloma knew that she couldn’t procrastinate any longer.” 她只有短短两天，她知道她不能再耽搁。分析句意可知，她没有多少时间。分析选项可知A。
2.考查推理判断题。根据第二段可知要写一个故事，“.Write a creative short story using an experience that you have had recently, Paloma read根据你自己的经历来写故事，第三段的内容可知，Paloma 想到自己和家人一起最近在北卡罗莱纳海岸旅行。于是开始写故事了，由此可推断出她的故事的想法是来源于她的旅行。分析选项可知C项符合题意，故选C。
3.考查推理判断题 。根据第四段最后部分“I knew that the coming storm could not be too dangerous if Sadie was still acting normally. I had read that animals can sense changes in weather and will seek shelter from a tornado or hurricane. I was relying on Sadie’s calmness to get me through my first hurricane on the island.”我知道如果Sadie仍然表现正常，即将到来的风暴不会太危险。我读到过动物能感知天气的变化，并能躲避龙卷风或飓风。我是靠Sadie的冷静让我渡过我在岛上的第一次飓风。分析可知Paloma是靠观察她的猫行为来判断风暴是否危险的。分析选项可知C符合题意。故选C。
4.考查推理判断题。根据最后一段“Paloma stopped and reread what she had just written. She smiled to herself in delight,…Paloma couldn’t wait to find out where it would take her” Paloma停下来重读自己刚刚写的。她高兴地笑了…。Paloma迫不及待想知道这个故事如何发生。分析句意可知她非常激动。分析选项可知B项（Excited ）符合题意。
5.(河北衡水中学2018届高三八模)Journey to Mecca: In the Footsteps of Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta is considered one of the world’s greatest travellers. During the 14th century, he travelled about 75, 000 miles in search of knowledge and for the love of travel. To share the learning and research so highly valued by Islamic (伊斯兰教的) culture, the ruler of Morocco, Abu Inan Faris, wanted Ibn Battuta’s worldwide travels recorded and published when he returned home to Morocco after almost 30 years. Ibn Juzayy, a Moroccan Court Secretary, was appointed to write down Ibn Battuta’s experiences. His travel journal, The Rihla, documents this extraordinary achievement. It gives us a first-hand account of life in the 14th-century Muslim world. The original book, handwritten in Arabic, can be viewed today at the National Library in Paris.
The early 14th century was a favorable age for a Muslim traveller. It was nearing the end of the Golden Age of Islam, one of the great explosions of scientific and cultural achievements in world history. Caravans and sea lanes created transportation and communication networks that spread across continents, including Europe, Africa and Asia. Towns and cities were regularly visited by merchants, traders, doctors, artists, craftsmen, scholars and pilgrims (朝圣者) carrying goods and ideas. All of these promoted the exchange of goods and ideas on a scale not seen previously in world history. As an educated man with professional legal skills, Ibn Battuta enjoyed kindness, companionship and offers of employment throughout the Islamic world.
Journey to Mecca describes the 5, 000-mile journey Ibn Battuta made in 132 and 133 from his hometown Tangier, Morocco, to reach Mecca, in what is now the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, to make the pilgrimage. During this dangerous and awesome 18-month pilgrimage, he met many hindrances as he was attacked by robbers, troubled by thirst, and forced to go back to his route due to war along the Red Sea. Joining the legendary Damascus Caravan with thousands of pilgrims leaving for Mecca, he completed the final section of what would be his first of six journeys to Mecca.
The goal of the film, Journey to Mecca, was to tell the remarkable story of Ibn Battuta and to promote a better understanding of Islam in the West, said the producers.
1. We can conclude that Abu Inan Faris probably thought Ibn Battuta’s travel experiences ________.
A. precious B. questionable C. mysterious D. ridiculous
2. What can we learn about Ibn Battuta from the text?
A. He wrote the travel journal, The Rihla, by himself.
B. He travelled all the way with the legendary Damascus Caravan during his first journey.
C. He was a very successful businessman.
D. He had to overcome varieties of difficulties while traveling.
3. The underlined word “hindrances” in Paragraph 3 can best be replaced by “________”.
A. tricks B. friends C. barriers D. opportunities
4. In which section of a newspaper can we possibly find this passage?
A. History. B. Travel. C. Economy. D. Entertainment.
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D
【解析】1.考查推理判断题。根据文章中the ruler of Morocco, Abu Inan Faris, wanted Ibn Battuta’s worldwide travels recorded and published when he returned home to Morocco after almost 30 years.可以判断出，摩洛哥的统治者认为Ibn Battutah的世界环游经历是珍贵的、值得记录和出版。A. precious珍贵的；B. questionable 令人质疑的；C. mysterious 神秘的；D. ridiculous 可笑的。故选A。
2.考查推理判断题。根据During this dangerous and awesome 18-month pilgrimage, he met many hindrances as he was attacked by robbers, troubled by thirst, and forced to go back to his route due to war along the Red Sea.可以判断出，Ibn Batutaa前往麦加朝圣途中克服了很多艰险。故选D。
3.考查词义猜测题。根据as he was attacked by robbers, troubled by thirst, and forced to go back to his route due to war along the Red Sea.可以判断出，Ibn Batutaa前往麦加朝圣途中经历了很多艰险，遇到了很多困难障碍。A. tricks 诡计；B. friends 朋友；C. barriers 障碍；D. opportunities 机会。故选C。
4.考查推理判断题。根据文章中名人介绍、电影简介可以判断出，我们能在报纸的娱乐版面找到此文章。故选D。
6.（黑龙江省双鸭山一中2018届高三上期末）Somewhere between 40,000 and 110,000 tons of plastic waste produced by Americans ends up in the ocean, according to a study published in the journal Science.
It’s difficult to point out where all that waste comes from, and researchers think that much or most of it probably comes from the nation’s seriously-populated coasts. But there’s also evidence that the nation’s inland waterways serve as a passage for plastic to travel thousands of miles into the oceans.
While researchers have documented plastic and human trash floating in the world’s oceans, there has been relatively little attention paid to plastics in rivers, streams and lakes. “To my knowledge, no one has studied particular routes, with the exception of places like L.A, and Baltimore Harbor where there are measures in place to prevent trash in rivers from entering the ocean.” said Kara Lavender Law, an oceanographer.
The few studies that exist, however, suggest that it may be a huge problem. A 2011 study of two southern California urban rivers—including Santa Ana River—found that every square meter of water contained from 12 to 819 pieces larger than 4.75 millimeters. Another survey of the Meuse River, which flows 575 miles through France. Belgium and the Netherlands to the North Sae, found that it contained 70,000 pieces of plastics per square meter of water, about 500 of which were roughly an inch or bigger in size.
If there’s anything positive in this, it’s you that can do something, at least on a personal level, to reduce the amount of plastic that goes into the oceans. “Put trash where it goes.” said Jenna Jambeck, an associate professor of environmental engineering at the University of Georgia. “Use reusable items—bags, cups and bottles—to reduce waste.”
Finally, Jambeck urges people to pick up litter along waterways, and record it with a phone app called the Marine Debris Tracker. The data you provide can help scientists to get a better handle on the trash problem.
1. According to the text, the least polluted place might be _____.
A. Meuse River B. Baltimore Harbor C. The North Sea D. Santa Ana River
2. How does the author prove plastic waste in rivers is a huge problem?
A. By referring to experts’ views. B. By following time order.
C. By making comparisons. D. By listing statistics.
3. What does Jenna Jambeck advise us to do?
A. Make use of plastic items. B. Stay positive about the oceans’ future.
C. Start from small things to deal with waste. D. Reduce the size of waste we throw away.
4. What can we do by using the Marine Debris Tracker?
A. Provide some data for scientists to use.
B. Recycle some wasted items.
C. Call on more people to pick up litter.
D. Make picking up litter a daily routine.
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A
【解析】1.考查推理判断题。根据with the exception of places like L.A, and Baltimore Harbor where there are measures in place to prevent trash in rivers from entering the ocean.” said Kara Lavender Law, an oceanographer.得知巴尔的摩海湾因为采取一系列阻挠垃圾排入海中的措施所受的污染较轻。故选B。
2.考查细节理解题。根据第四段The few studies that exist, however, suggest that it may be a huge problem. A 2011 study of two southern California urban rivers—including Santa Ana River—found that every square meter of water contained from 12 to 819 pieces larger than 4.75 millimeters. Another survey of the Meuse River, which flows 575 miles through France. Belgium and the Netherlands to the North Sae, found that it contained 70,000 pieces of plastics per square meter of water, about 500 of which were roughly an inch or bigger in size.得知作者通过列举数据来表明塑料制品给河流带来的巨大的问题。故选D。
3.考查推理判断题。根据If there’s anything positive in this, it’s you that can do something, at least on a personal level, to reduce the amount of plastic that goes into the oceans.得知Jenna Jambeck建议我们从一点一滴做起来处理垃圾问题。故选C。
4.考查推理判断题。根据and record it with a phone app called the Marine Debris Tracker. The data you provide can help scientists to get a better handle on the trash problem.得知海洋废弃物追踪器软件收集的数据可以帮助科学家更好的解决垃圾问题。故选A。
7. （甘肃省高台一中2018届高三第五次模拟）I’ve worked part time since taking early retirement ten years ago, I was inspired by an older friend. We worked for the same company, and he retired two years before I was also considered “spare”, as some companies call it.
Soon after I left work, we had lunch together. First, he assured me that there was life after work. Then he relited his own experience. He didn’t want to take another full-time job, so he turned his daughter's old bedroom into a home office. He arranged for some consulting work from our old company, and he picked up more projects from other contacts. Soon he was working 20 to 30 hours a week. He wasn't making as much money. His kids were grown-up, so he didn’t need as much income. “As soon as I left that job,” he told me, “my back problems went away. I started to eat better and get more exercise, I make half as much money, but I feel twice as good, and I’m twice as happy.”
I decided to follow a similar track. At the time, my younger child almost finished college, so my parental responsibilities were winding down. We sold our old house and moved into a townhouse. I went to work for myself. And the result? Today I, too, make less money. But we make ends meet. And I feel twice as good and twice as happy.
Our experience isn't for everybody. But a lot of people have retired early and lived to tell the tale, which proves it possible. Jack another friend, was a salesman for a communication firm. He had a long distance to work and did a lot of traveling. He decided to leave the corporate world, in part because he had health problems and he wanted to spend more time with his family. Later, he quit his job with flexible hours and was restored to his health. And now he has found a part-time job, and he, together with his family, is leading a more relaxing life.
1. How did the author and his friends feel about their retired life?
A. It's busy but wealthy. B. It's flexible but tiring.
C. It’s healthy and happy. D. It’s relaxing and wasteful
2. What did the writer’s friend try to tell him at lunch that day?
A. He regretted not leaving his job earlier.
B. He lived a much better life after retiring.
C. Made more money if after finding a new job.
D. His life was not easy for him after losing his job.
3. Before Jack left his last job, he .
A. lived a busy life B. used to find part-time jobs
C. over travelled with his family D. worked hard as a real travel agent
4. What does the author mainly confirm by writing the text?
A. Health is more important than work.
B. Young people generally live an exhausting life.
C. More retired people are paying attention to health.
D. It may be a good choice for people who retire early to do a part-time job.
【答案】1. C 2. B 3.A 4.D
【解析】1.考查细节理解题。由I started to eat better and get more exercise, I make half as much money, but I feel twice as good, and I’m twice as happy.”和Today I, too, make less money. But we make ends meet. And I feel twice as good and twice as happy.可知作者和他的朋友感觉退休后的生活健康又快乐，选C。
2.考查推理判断题。由“As soon as I left that job,” he told me, “my back problems went away. I started to eat better and get more exercise, I make half as much money, but I feel twice as good, and I’m twice as happy.”可知在那天吃午饭时，作者的朋友想要告诉他，在退休之后，自己过上了一种更好的生活，选B。
3.考查推理判断题。由He had a long distance to work and did a lot of traveling.可推断出Jack在离开他的最后一份工作前，过着一种忙碌的生活，选A。
4.考查推理判断题。由I’ve worked part time since taking early retirement ten years ago.和And now he has found a part-time job, and he, together with his family, is leading a more relaxing life.可推断出退休早的人做一份兼职工作是一个很好的选择，选D。
8. （全国名校大联考2018届高三新课标仿真四）If you want to convince the boss that you deserve a pay rise or promotion, the solution could be simple — eat the same food as they do. Psychologists have discovered managers are much more likely to instantly trust us if we choose the same dishes as them.
During experiments, discussions over wages and work conditions were much more successful if both sides chose to snack on the same treats. And shoppers were much more likely to buy a product advertised on TV by someone eating a similar kind of food to them at the time.
The reason is thought to be so-called similarity attraction theory — where people tend to like others who have similar tastes or habits to themselves. But this is believed to be one of the first studies highlighting the role of food in this relationship. Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust.
In a test, participants were told to watch TV — where someone pretending to be a member of the public praised a certain product. The volunteers were given Kit Kat bars to nibble, while the TV people ate either a Kit Kat or grapes as they talked.
The results showed viewers were much more likely to express an interest in buying the product if the TV showed the other person eating a Kit Kat too.
The researchers added, “Although similarity in food consumption is not a sign of whether two people will get along, we find consumers treat this as such. They feel more trusting of those who consume as they do. It means people can immediately begin to feel friendship and develop a bond, leading to smoother transactions from the start.”
Harley Street psychologist Dr. Lucy Atcheson said it was already known that wearing similar clothes could instantly create trust. But this was the first report that food had the same effect. She said, “This is really interesting. It makes sense as people feel they have the common ground and can trust the other person. Thai means negotiations are more likely to the successful.”
1. According to the passage, customers are likely to buy a product from a dealer who ________.
A. advertises his products on TV
B. reduces the price of his products
C. has the same taste as them
D. pays attention to the quality of his products
2. The experiments conducted by researchers at Chicago University show that ________.
A. food plays an important role in earning people’s trust
B. bosses like employees that have the same taste as them
C. people who have similar tastes to their boss’s earn more
D. people have less interest in buying products advertised on TV
3. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. People who eat similar food are more likely to trust each other.
B. People will get along with each other if they like to eat similar things.
C. The effect of wearing similar clothes hasn’t been proved by researchers.
D. People are more likely to make friends with those wearing the same clothes as them.
4. Which of the following sayings can be an example of the similarity attraction theory?
A. Honesty is the best policy.
B. All good things come to an end.
C. Birds of a feather flock together.
D. Where there is a will, there is a way.
【答案】1. C 2.A 3.A 4.C
【解析】1.考查推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句shoppers were much more likely to buy a product advertised on TV by someone eating a similar kind of food to them at the time.可知，顾客很可能从味道相同的经销商那里购买产品。故选C。
2.考查细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust.可知美国Chicago University研究表明食物在赢得人们的信任方面起着重要的作用。故选A。
3.考查推理判断题。根据最后一段中this was the first report that food had the same effect. She said, “This is really interesting. It makes sense as people feel they have the common ground and can trust the other person. Thai means negotiations are more likely to the successful.”可知，吃相似食物的人更容易信任对方。故选A。
4.考查推理判断题。根据每条谚语的意思A. Honesty is the best policy. 诚实为上策。B. All good things come to an end. 天下没有不散的筵席。C. Birds of a feather flock together. 人以群分 物以类聚。D. Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。可知C项符合题意。
9. （2018届高三晋豫省际大联考四）The last thing Caitlin Hipp would have expected as she prepared to turn 28 years old was to be living at hone with her parents. All she’s ever wanted to do is to become an elementary school teacher. And she’s been working through her teaching certifications for four years after obtaining an education degree from Bowling Green State University in Ohio, US.
Hipp has racked up $100,000 in student loan debt and isn’t able to earn enough through working as a part-time skating instructor and restaurant server to live anywhere other than home.
The Pew Research Center recently reported that 2014 was a milestone in the evolving living arrangements of young adults in the US. For the first time since 1880, adults aged 18 to 34 became more likely to be living with a parent than to be living on their own. Before 2014, the most common living arrangement for young adults was to be living in their own property as part of a couple.
UBS Financial Services, a Swiss global financial services company, released a report that even suggests one reason for the growing number of young adults still living at home could be that their family doesn’t want them to leave.
The report shows that 74 percent of millennials(千禧一代)get some kind of financial support from their parents after college. It finds that millennials have redefined the ties that combine parents and children. “Millennials see their parents as peers, friends and guiders. Nearly three quarters talked with their parents more than once a week during college. In return, their parents happily provide financial support well into adulthood, helping fund everything for them.”
Stuart Hoffman, chief economist for the PNC Financial Group in the US, said although job growth for millennials since 2014 has improved, which doesn’t necessarily mean that millennials are starting to fly the nest. He said, “There’s no doubt it has held back household formation and purchases on things people spend money on related to household formation and child-rearing,” Hoffman explained. “But they are probably traveling more and eating out more if they don’t have a house expense or marriage. I don’t know if it represents a change in moral values. But it’s much more common for adult children to live in their parent’s homes because it’s becoming part of the culture.”
1. Why does Caitlin Hipp have to live at home with her parents?
A. Because she can’t afford to live on her own
B. Because she doesn’t want to live anywhere other than home
C. Because she wants to obtain more degrees
D. Because she wants to be an elementary school teacher
2. What can we learn about young adults aged 18 to 34 before 2014?
A. They didn’t have the freedom to arrange their living
B. They would rather live with their parents than live by themselves
C. They started to fly the nest as more jobs were provided
D. They preferred to live away from their parents
3. What conclusion can we draw from the report released by the Swiss company?
A. Children living with parents is becoming part of the culture
B. The majority of millennials refuse to get financial help from parents
C. Most millennials are building closer relationship with their parents
D. Young people tend to live at home because of fewer job opportunities
4. What’s Stuart Hoffman’s attitude towards this trend?
A. Indifferent B. Subjective
C. Objective D. Negative
【答案】1. A 2.D 3. C 4.C
【解析】1.考查推理判断题。根据最后一段The last thing Caitlin Hipp would have expected as she prepared to turn 28 years old was to be living at home with her parents.可知，因为她负担不起独自生活。故选A。
2.考查推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Before 2014, the most common living arrangement for young adults was to be living in their own property as part of a couple.可知，他们宁愿远离父母生活。故选D。
3.考查推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Millennials see their parents as peers, friends and guiders. Nearly three quarters talked with their parents more than once a week during college. In return, their parents happily provide financial support well into adulthood, helping fund everything for them.”可知，大多数千禧一代和他们的父母正建立更紧密的关系。故选C。
4.考查推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句I don’t know if it represents a change in moral values. But it’s much more common for adult children to live in their parent’s homes because it’s becoming part of the culture.”可知，作者的态度是客观的。故选C。
10.(重庆市重点中学九校联盟2018届高三第一次联考)The dangers of sitting all day are obvious. Researchers have shown that remaining sitting for extended periods of time (like at your 9-to-5 desk job) can do harm to your health. While exercise is a big part of reducing the harmful effects of sitting, it was unclear how many gym periods were needed to help – until now.
A new study, published in The Lancet, shows the ideal formula for reducing the negative effects of a sedentary（久坐的）job. Instead of a fixed number of hours spent exercising, the ratio（比率）depends on how much you sit: people who work a typical eight-hour day should spend at least one hour each day moving. If you sit six hours a day, you should spend half an hour exercising. The research also indicates that the exercise doesn’t have to be all once – or rigorous（严格的）. It can be spread throughout the day and be as simple as walking.
The team behind the study analyzed data from a pool of a million adults over the age of 45 in Western Europe, the United States, and Australia. Using previous data, the researchers examined data from 16 published studies and used it to determine how much exercise is required to compensate for sitting. Their recommended daily exercise goal is higher than previous advice but not necessarily less achievable, given it can be completed throughout the day.
Fitting in an hour of exercise a day sounds especially discouraging if you have a desk job, but there are plenty of workouts you can complete before and after work. Even if it means taking a 10-minute walk during lunch, your body will thank you in the long run.
1. The underlined words “compensate for” can be best replaced by ________.
A. make up for B. break away from C. give up D. take the place of
2. According to the new study, good news for the people working long hours at desk is that ________.
A. workouts may reduce the harm of sitting for long
B. the harm of sitting for long has been proved
C. they don’t have to exercise as long as suggested previously
D. the time spent on exercise is flexible
3. What can be inferred from the article?
A. The best form of workouts is walking.
B. The longer you exercise, the better.
C. The new exercise goal is practical though higher.
D. A desk job makes it impossible to exercise regularly.
4. The second paragraph is developed mainly ________.
A. by example B. by process C. by comparison D. by contrast
【答案】1. A 2. D 3.C 4.A