专题十六 定语从句（原卷版）
观近年各地高考试题，对定语从句的考查不单纯考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中，考查学生实际运用语言的能力。因此掌握这一语言现象十分重要， 。高考名词性从句考查的热点有：1.考查以that与which引导的定语从句；2.考查以who，whom与whose引导的定语从句；3.考查关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句；4对as引导定语从句的考查；5.对“介词+关系代词”的考查；6. the way作先行词时．定语从句的引导词用in which，that或者省略；7. 非限制性定语从句；.考查定语从句中的主谓一致；9.定语从句与 同位语从句之间的区别。对定语从句的考查不单纯考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中，考查考生的实际综合运用能力。
1. hat与which引导的定语从句
【考例1】(2018天津南开中学4月月考，11)—What do people normally put in a time capsule (时间舱)?
—They usually put in things ????will show people in the future ????life is like now.
what； that B. that； what C. that； that D. what； what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：—人们通常在时间舱中放什么东西?—他们通常会把向未来的人们展示 现在的生活是什么样子的东西放进去。考查名词性从句和定语从句。第一空为定语从句，先 行词为things，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用关系代词that或which；第二空为名词性从句，作show的直接宾语，宾语从句中缺动词like的宾语且指物，需用what。故答案为B。
【考例2】（江苏省扬州中学2018届第四次模考30）Young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons can’t be the only preparation for all of the situations ________ appear in the working world.
A. where B. when C. that D. what[来源：学_科_
【答案】C
【分析】选C。考点：定语从句。句意为：得到工作的年轻人可能意识到大学课程并不是唯一为出现在职场上的各种情况所作的准备。从句为定语从句修饰 situations，且从句缺主语。
【考例3】（天津市耀华中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考10）. --- How are things going， Mr. White?
--- Well， they have set out to deal with the present situation ________ they think deserves their immediate attention.
A. what B. where C. When D. which
【答案】D
【解析】试题分析：句意：——事情进展的怎么样，珍妮？——他们已经开始着手处理目前的现状，他们认为这值得引起他们的注意，下文中先行词the present situation为下文定语从句的逻辑宾语，指物，故引导词用which，选D。
【考例4】（2017·北京卷31）The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小麻烦有可能成为伟大发明的灵感。题干中，The little problems是先行词，从句中缺少宾语，因此用that引导定语从句，故答案选A。
考查以who，whom与whose引导的定语从句
【考例1】.(2018天津夏，2)Kate， ????sister I shared a room with when we were at college， has gone to work in Australia.
A.whom B. that C. whose D. her
【答案】?C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：凯特去澳大利亚工作了。大学期间我和她妹妹共住一个房间。先行词为Kate，将先行词代入定语从句后为“I shared a room with Kate’s sister when we were at college.”。由此可见，先行词与sister之间是所属关系，应用关系词whose，故答案为C项。whom指“人”，在定语从句中作宾语；that指“人”或“物”，在定语从句中作主语、宾语；her不能引导定语从句。
【考例2】(2018·南通调研)More and more people go jogging in the morning， ________ benefits for health arise from the air rich in oxygen.
A．which B．that C．whose D．who
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：越来越多的人早上去慢跑， 早晨对健康的好处来自富含氧气的空气。 先行词是morning， 定语从句中缺少benefits的定语。 在定语从句中只要缺少定语就要用whose， 因为它可指人也可指物。 故选C。
【考例3】（2017·江苏28）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme， one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是“the World Food Programme”，“世界粮食项目”的
目的之一是……，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故选C。句意：1963
年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。
【方法探究】分析定语从句需抓住两点：1.找准先行词。2.看先行词在从句中所作的成分，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语。抓住这两点，再根据句意，从而能够判断出正确的关系词。
知识链接
一、关系代词引导的定语从句：
关系代词
例句
在从句中作主语或宾语作宾语时可省略
指物
1.A plane is a machine that can fly. (作主语)
2.The noodles (that )I cooked were delicious. (作宾语)
指人
1.Who is the man that is reading the book over there? (作主语)
2.The girl (that) we say yesterday was Jim’s sister. (作宾语)
which在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)
?
指物
?
1.The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well. (作主语)
2.The songs （which） Liu Dehua sang were very popular. (作宾语)
who, whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语（如果介词放在从句后面，则whom可以省略）
?
指人
1.The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. (作主语)
2.The boy who break the window is called Roy. (作主语)
3.The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li. (作宾语)
4.Mrs White is the person to whom you should write. (作宾语)
Whose 在从句中作定语
指人或物的所有格
I like the girl whose hair is long. (作定语)
1．关系代词that和 which用法上的区别
1）关系代词that 和which都指事物时，一般可以通用。例如：
The noodles that/which I cooked were delicious.我做的那面条好极了。
2）that指人或指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，还可以作表语。作宾语或表语时，可以省略。例如：
Who is the man that is reading the book over there.在那边读书的那个人是谁？
I'm not the fool you thought me.我不是你想象的那种傻瓜。（作宾语）
She is no longer the girls she was before she went to university.她已不是上大学的她了。（作表语）
在定语从句中，作介词的宾语时，介词不能前置。试比较：
The village that she lives in is twenty kilometers away.
The village in which she lives is twenty kilometers away.她住的那村庄离这有二十公里远。
2．that指物时，一般都可以和which互换使用。但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。
1）先行词为all，something，anything，everything等不定代词时，一般用that。例如：
You should tell me all （that） you have know about.你应该把你所知道的情况都告诉我。
Here is something that my father needs.这正是我父亲需要的东西。
2）先行词被all, every, no, some, any， little, much修饰时，用that而不用which。例如：
It only remains for me to pass all the money that she had to the right person.我所要做的是只是把她所有的钱交给合法的继承人。
They go to the newspaper's own library to look up any information that they need.他们到报社自己的图书馆去查阅他们需要的资料。
There isn't much water (that is) left in the cup.茶杯里剩下太多的水。
Tom tried every means that he could to finish the job on time, but he failed.为了按时完成工作，汤姆
想尽了一切办法，但他还是失败了。
3）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，一般用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the second letter that I received from my younger sister this month.这是我这个月收到的我妹妹的第二封信。
Gone with the Wind is one of the best films that I have ever seen.《乱世佳人》是我所看过的最好的影片之一。
4）先行词被修饰only, very, same, last时用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the only note that I can find in my pocket.这是我口袋里所能找到的唯一一张票子了。
That is the very magazine that he is looking for.那正是他要找的那本杂志。
5）如果先行词是人时，引导定语从句的关系代词用who(m)或that都可以。例如：
The first person whom(=that) I visited there was Mr. Smith.我拜访的第一个人是史密斯先生。
Anyone who(=that) breaks the law will be punished违反法律的人将会受到惩罚。
6）当有两或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that，而不用引导whom, who, which。例如：
He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.他谈论他所拜访的老师和参观的学校。
7）当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that，而不用who, whom或which。例如：
Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which of us that know something about physics not know this? 我们当中了解物理知识的人谁不知道这件事情。
3．在下列情况下只宜用which，而不用that。
1）在非限定性定语从句中。例如：
The earth, which goes round the sun, is called a planet.地球围绕着太阳运转，被称为行星。
2）当关系代词前面有介词时。例如：
This is the room in which we lived last year.这就是我们去年住过的房间。
which指物，在定语从句中可作宾语或主语。作宾语时可以被省略。例如：
This is the book which I bought yesterday.这就是我昨天买的那本书。
注：关系代词which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在关系代词之前，也有时放在定语从句后面。例如：
Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.(=which(that) they had come to the island in.)附近有两只独木舟，靠着独木舟他们来到这个岛。
但which如果在定语从句中，作含有介词的短语的宾语时，介词不能前置，须放在动词之后，尽量靠近动词本身。例如：
This is the key which you are looking for.这就是你在找的那钥匙。
在定语从句中，作介词宾语的关系代词which， 在被省略的情况下，介词不能前置。例如：
I have the book you are talking about我有你们正在谈论的那本书。
4．关系代词指人时宜用who，不用that的情况
1）先行词为those，one，ones，anyone，people， all 时 。例如：
Those who are for the plan, raise your hands.赞成我们计划的人请举手。
2）当先行词后有较长的后置定语时或在被分隔的定语从句中时。例如：
A new teacher will come soon who will teach us German in the next two years.在以后两年里将教我们德语的新老师不久就到。
3）在先行词是用 -body或 -one构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词多用who。例如：
Is there anybody else who should be invited? 还要请了什么人吗？
4）先行词既有人又有物时，宜用that, 不用who或which 例如：
The Minister spoke high of the actor and his performance that he saw at the theatre.部长高度赞扬了他在剧院里看见的演员和节目。
5）当先行词是一个指人的集合名词时，如果着眼于整体用that/ which；如果着眼于各个成员时则用who。例如：
The football team, which is playing very well, will most probably place first in the league matches.踢得好的足球队将有可能位居联队的第一名。
The football team, who are having baths, will be back here for tea正在洗澡的足球队员们将回来喝茶。
考查关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句
【考例1】（南京市 2019 届高三年级学情调研21） The company needs to develop a culture people see that’s OK to take time off.
A．that B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句。首先根据选项内容初步判断为三大从句之名从或定从，横线引导从句， 主句不缺成分：定从或同位语。不是解释说明，判定为定从。顾后：定从中不缺成分找关系副词， 排除 A 与 C。瞻前：先行词是 a culture， 抽象地点名词，因此选 D。句意：这个公司需要创造一种文 化，在这种文化中，人们认为忙里偷闲也是可以的。
【考例2】(2018江苏扬州、南通、徐州等市三模，22)Our school holds seminars for students at regular intervals ????the potential of their future is explored.
when B. where C. that D. who
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们学校定期为学生举办研讨班，在那里他们可以探索自己未来的潜力。定语从句的先行词为seminars，从句中缺地点状语，故选关系副词where。本题易 误认为先行词是表时间的intervals(间隔时间)而误选关系副词when。
【考例3】（2018·江苏23） Self-driving?is?an?area?_______China?and?the?rest?of?the?world?are?on?
the?same?starting line.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。
【考例4】（江苏省启东中学2018届高三最后一模2） The Tang Dynasty is generally regarded as a golden chapter by people worldwide， ________ the Chinese civilization influenced many neighboring countries.
A. where B. when C. which D. who
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：唐朝被世界范围的人们认为是一个黄金时期，在这个时期，中国文明影响了很多临近的国家。“________ the Chinese civilization influenced many neighboring countries”是非限制性定语从句，修饰the Tang Dynasty，引导词在从句中做时间状语，故应用关系副词when引导该从句。B选项正确。
【考例5】 (2018天津十二校二联，9)Cheer up! Everyone may have periods in their lives ????everything seems tough.
A.which B. that C. where D. when
【考例】D
【解析】句意：振作起来!每个人的生活中可能都会有一切似乎都很艰难的时候。考查定语 从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为表示时间的periods，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故选关系副词when。
【方法探究】where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。
知识链接
关系副词where，when，why 的用法
1．关系副词引导的定语从句的,它和关系代词一样,具有数种作用；在从句中作状语。关系副词有三种:
1）where:在从句中作地点状语,指代地点。如place, area, house等。例如：
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
2）when:从句中作时间状语,指代时间。如day, year, the time等。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
3）why:在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。如名词reason。例如：
I don't know the reason why Mary was later for class this morning.我不知道玛丽今天早晨迟到的原因。
2．关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
【注意】在定语从句中，when或 where往往能代替某些“介词+ which”。例如：
I still remember the day when I joined the army.
I still remember the day on which I joined the army.我仍然记得我参军的那一天。
但是在下面两个句子中，应用关系代词which(that)，这是因为关系代词which(that)分别visit和forget的宾语。例如：
This is the house which (that) I visited two years ago.这是两年前我曾经参观过的房子。
October 15 is the day which I'll never forget.10月15日是我永远也不会忘记的一天。
3．但并非所有的“介词+which”都可以被when或where代替。例如：
1）当since， until， after， before + which 时，不能被when代替。例如：
I met Jack in 1980, since which I have never seen him.在1980年我见到杰克，从那时起我再没见过他。
He came back at ten, until which we worked.我们一直工作到十点钟他回来。
He went to school at 8, before which he read English.他八点钟到学校去，在此之前他读英语。
2）当 on， behind， in front of， through， from， beside， around + which 时，不能被where代替。例如：
I saw a desk on which was a book.我看见桌子上有一本书。
The house, in front of which there is a tree, is my home.前面有树的房子是我的家。
This is the window through which the thief came in.这是小偷进来的那扇窗户。
4．对as引导定语从句的考查
【考例1】(2018天津河西区三模，14)Too much fat， ????well known， is harmful to health.
A.as is B. which is C. that is D. what is
【答案】A
【解析】句意：众所周知，过多的脂肪对健康有害。考查定语从句。as is well known为固定 结构，as为关系代词，引导定语从句，指代整个主句Too much fat is harmful to health的内容，且有“正如，正像”之意，故选A。
【考例2】（天津市第一中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考14）A lot of language learning， has been discovered， is happening in the first year of life， so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it C. which D. this
【答案】A
【解析】考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：正如人们发现的，大量的语言学习是发生在人出生后的第一年，所以家长们应该在这段时期要多和孩子讲话。从结构判断此处是非限制性定语从句，排除B、D选项；as引导定语从句译成“正如，就像 ”，而which 译成“这一点，”，所以答案选A。
【考例3】(2018·盐城高三质检)The living standard of the people in China， ________ is shown in the report， has improved over the past decades.
A．what B．as C．it D．that
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：正如报告所显示的， 中国人民的生活水平在过去的几十年里已经得到了改善。 这里用as引导非限制性定语从句， 关系代词as指代主句的内容并在从句中作主语。
【方法探究】as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如……”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有as?is known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。
知识链接
关系代词as和which用法区别
1）两者都可引导非限制性定语从句，用来修饰或限制整个主句的内容，有时可以互换使用。例如：
Then, as with young birds, the time comes for the young to leave.然后，正像小鸟儿常有的情况那样，年轻人离家的时候到来了。
He was a foreigner, as/which I knew from his accent.我从他的口音就知道，他是个外国人。
2）关系代词引导的定语从句放在主句之前时，只能用as。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
3）当从句和主句语义一致时，用as；反之用 which。例如：
She has married again, as was expected.她又结婚了，这在意料之中。（语义一致）
She has married again, which was unexpected.她又结婚了，这在意料之外。（语义不一致）
4）当as在从句中作主语，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如 be known ,be said, be reported 等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般多用which作主语。例如：
She has been late again, as was expected.她又迟到了，这在意料之中。
Tom has made great progress, which delighted us.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我们很高兴。
5）as 常用在as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happened, as (it) was pointed out, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as I understand(it), as (it) appears, as has been before, as is well known, as we all can see等结构中。
6）当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用which。例如：
Anna always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.安娜总是说谎，她的父母亲发现奇怪。
7）当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，常用which引导。例如：
Mr. Li usually praises his student Mary in public, which she doesn't like at all.李先生通常当众赞扬他的学生玛丽，但她一点儿也不喜欢。
8)当先行词是专有名词或表唯一性的名词、代词时， 就只用which非限制性定语从句。例如：
Three of the man -made projects in the world are the Great wall of China, the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam ,which is also in Egypt .世界上三个人造工种是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔及阿斯旺大坝，这座大坝也在埃及。
9）用于the same…as，such…as，as…as…，so…as等结构中。as引导的定语从句采取省略形式。
He is of about the same age as you．他与你年龄大致相同。
(same是形容词，修饰名词age，age是这个定语从句as you的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词age在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于You are of about the age．)
I have never seen such a lazy man as you．我从来没见过像你这么懒的人。
(such是形容词，修饰名词词组a lazy man，整个名词词组a lazy man是这个定浯从句as you的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词a lazy man在定语从句中作表语，定语从句相当于You are a lazy man．)
Take as many(books)as you want．想拿多少书就拿多少。(第一个as是副词，修饰形容词many，形容词many修饰名词books。整个名词词组many(books)是这个定语从句as you want的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词as many(books)在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于You want many(books)
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift．这儿有一个没人能搬动的石头。
(so是副词，修饰形容词big，形容词big修饰名词a stone。名词词组a stone是这个定语从句as no man can lift的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词a stone在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于No man can lift the stone．)
注意区别以下例句：
I feel just the same as you do．我和你的感觉是一样的．(same是代词，也是先行词，as引导的定语从句直接修饰先行词the same)
I shall do it in the same way as you did．我做这件事和你的方法一样。(same是形容词，修饰名词way整个名词词组the same way是这个定语从句as you did的先行词，关系副词as代替先行词在定语从句中作状语，定
语从句相当于you did it in the some way)
The result is not such as I expected．这结果不像我所希望的那样。(such是代词，也是先行词，as引导的定语从句直接修饰先行词such，关系代词as代替先行词such在定语从旬中作宾语，相当于I expected such．)
注意：（1）as从句和that从句都属于定语从句，但是as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句的内容“相似”，即指同类的事物；that引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一的”，即同一事物。
This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday．这个包与我昨天丢的是同样的。
This is the same bag(=the very bag)that I lost yesterday．这正是我昨天丢的那个包。
（2）as代替主句，引导非限定性定语从句，在这一用法中，从句位置较灵活，可以置于句首，句中或句尾，常常译成“正像…那样”。
As we all know．he studies very hard。正如我们大家所熟知的，他学习非常努力。
As you know，water is a liquid．正如你所知道的，水是一种液体。
which也可以代替全句，但只能置于主句后，而且不含有“正如／像…那样”的意思。
As everyone liked，she painted the walls white．(She painted the walls white，as everyone liked．)正如大家喜欢的那样，她把墙刷成白色。
She painted the walls white，which satisfied everyone． 她把墙刷成白色，这使大家都很满意。
（3）as常构成下列词组
as you say正如你说的那样
as she told of正如她谈及的那样
as we(all)know正如我们都知道的那样
as is known to a11正如大家所知的那样
as is said above正如上面所说的那样
as already mentioned above正如上面所提到的那样
as is reported正如所报导的那样
对“介词+关系代词”的考查
【考例1】.（徐州市2018考前模拟33）Your notes provide the raw material on _______ your mind has to work in relation to your essay topic.[来
A. where B. when C. what D. which
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查定语从句。Your notes provide the raw material为主句，the raw material为先行词；your mind has to work on the raw material，故选择D项，代替on the raw material。
【考例2】(2018天津市第一中学下学期第四次月考，10)A good advertisement， ???? people attach positive meanings， can contribute to the sales of a product.
A.for which B. of which C. to which D. on which
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：一个好的广告会让人们赋予它积极的意义，从而促进产品的销售。定语从句中的核心结构为：attach...to...把……与……联系起来，故此处用“to+which”引导该非限制性定语从句。
【考例3】(2018·江苏启东中学质检)My uncle retired in 1998， ________ he has been devoting his time to helping poor children.
A．at which B．since when C．when D．after that
【答案】B
【解析】 考查定语从句。 后面用的是现在完成进行时， 因此引导词前加since， when在此处起关系代词的作用， 代指某个“时间点”。
【考例4】(2018·江苏高考压轴卷)I don’t know where my glasses are， ________ I can’t read anything.
A．with which B．by which C．without which D．in which
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词为glasses， 定语从句的意思为：没有眼镜， 我什么也看不成。 without没有， which在从句中作without的宾语。 故选C。
【考例5】 (2017 天津红桥区二模，15)You were rude to our classmate， ???? you should make an apology.
A.whom B. for which C. for whom D. which
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：你对我们的同学太无礼了，为此你应该道歉。make an apology to sb. for sth.为某事向某人道歉，由此可排除C项。which指代前面说的“对我们的同学无 礼”这件事，应与for连用构成“介词+which”结构来引导非限制性定语从句。
【考例6】(2016浙江，11)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears， none of ????has been proved.
A.whom B. which C. what D. that
?【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：就人类为什么哭出眼泪科学家提出来许多理论，但没有一项理论得到过证明。先行词为theories，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。
【考例7】(2016江苏，23)Many young people， most ???? were well-educated， headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A.of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those
??【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。most ????were well-educated为定语从句，先行词为many young people，指人，故排除A项；B项和D项都不能引导从句，故选C项。
【考例8】(2016浙江浙大附中高考全真模拟，8)The machine might break down someday in the future，???? ???? you can dial this number for help.
A.in that case B. in what case C. in which case D. in whose case
【答案】?C????
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这部机器在将来的某一天可能会出故障。在那种情况下，你可以拨这个号码寻求帮助。in which case=and in that case在那种情况下，故选C。
【方法探究】如果是代词+of+关系代词，注意先行词是人用whom，先行词是物用which。
知识链接
一、介词（或介词词组）+关系代词
1．在“介词（或介词词组）+关系代词”结构中，关系代词指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。注意：关系代词that和关系副词 when， where等都不能作介词的宾语。例如：
Many young people end up in a job to which they are not suited.许多年轻人最终还是干了不适合他们做的工作。
This is the piano for which I paid 5,000 yuan last month.这就是我上个月花了五千块钱买下的钢琴。
A thermometer is an instrument with which we measure temperature.温度计是我们用来测量温度的一种仪器。
2．指物的先行词在定语从句中作定语时，还可用“the+名词.+of +which”结构表达。
They live in a house, the door of which opens to the north.他们所住房屋的门是朝北开的。
The building had been repaired, the roof of which was destroyed in the fire.那座大楼曾经修复过，但在大火中，楼顶又被烧毁了。
3．先行词在定语从句中作状语时还可根据不同类型的状语，用不同的介词关系代词；作时间状语用on，in，by等表示时间的介词；作地点状语用on ，in，at等表示地点的介词；作原因状语用for；作方式状语用in，by或with等。
4．介词的选择
在“介词+关系代词”中，介词的选择受到以下三中限制：
1）以从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配；
2）以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定；
3）以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定。
二、表示“部分的词语+of+关系代词”
此时指人的关系代词用whom，指物的用which，表示部分的词语常见的 有：“数词、不定代词（all，both，none，neither） most， many， some等，以及the+最高级。”例如：
China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有上千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
There are around 100 teachers in our school, most of whom are women.我们学校大约有100名教师，他们中大多数是女教师。
It was carved in the rock and had on the outside four large stone figures, each of which was 20 meters high.这座寺庙凿雕在岩石中，外边有四尊大型石雕像，每个高20米。
By the end of the year, the total money collected had come to over 92 million dollars, all of which were sent to Africa.到年底为止，筹集到的全部款项达到9200多万美元，所有这些钱全都送往非洲了。
the way作先行词时．定语从句的引导词用in which，that或者省略。
【考例】.(2018天津南开区三模，9)WeChat has greatly changed the way ????people use mobile phones.
A./ B. which C. why D. where
?【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：微信极大地改变了人们使用手机的方式。定语从句的先行 词为表示“方式、方法”的way，且关系词在定语从句中作方式状语，故需用in which(=in the way)、关系词that或什么也不填；故答案为A。
考查非限制性定语从句
【考例1】（2018·北京5） She and her family bicycle to work， _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. who C. as D. that
【答案】A
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。
【考例2】（北京中国人民大学附属中学2018届高三考前热身6） Tourists love Beijing， offers an infinite collection of delights ranging from 6 UNESCO World Heritage Sites to food from every corner of China and beyond.
A. that B. where C. which D. who
【答案】C
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：旅游者爱北京，它提供了无穷无尽的乐趣，从联合国教科文组织的6个世界遗产，到中国各地和其他地方的食物。此处Beijing是先行词，指物，后面的非限制性定语从句缺少引导词，缺少主语，故答案为C。
【考例3】（北京市精华学校2018年高三考前测试5）They overcame some difficulties and completed the work ahead of time， ________ was something we had not expected.
A. that B. which C. it D. what
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他们克服了一些困难，提前完成了工作，这是我们没有预料到的。此句的先行词为前面的整个句子，指“他们克服了一些困难，提前完成了工作”这件事，从句缺少主语，指物，应该用which。故选B。
【考例4】(2018天津红桥区二模，11)In that supermarket on sale is a new type of computer， ????low price makes it attractive to the students from poor families.
A.whose B. that C. which D. what
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在那家超市有一种新型电脑正在出售。它价格低廉，对贫困家庭的学生很有吸引力。先行词为a new type of computer，它与空格后的low price是所属关系，故用whose引导定语从句，选A。
【考例5】(2018天津春，7)There was a long wait at the reception desk， ????everyone was checking in.
A.why B. which C. whom D. where
?【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：接待处排起了长队，大家都正在这里办理登记手续。先行词 为the reception desk，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故选关系副词where。
【方法探究】判断非限制性定语从句主要先看到句子中间有没有逗号，逗号是非限制性定语从句的标志。然后再看句子中缺不缺成份，在定语从句中从句主语宾语都不缺少时，应该考虑关系副词，所以学生需要记住这种方法。
知识链接
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句用法的区别
非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which we set at the beginning of the year.
再有一个月就能完成年初制订的销售目标。
It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. 这是一个真正令人愉快的地方，蜿蜒街道和漂亮的小屋看起来和100年前的一样。
Opposite is St.Paul's Church, where you can hear some lovely music.
对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。（先行词是St. Paul’s Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出引导词在从句中作的是地点状语。）
The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work.公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
考查定语从句中的主谓一致
【考例】【2017· 江苏】24.The publication of Great Expectations， which _______ both widely reviewed and highly praised， strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
【答案】C
【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：《远大前程》的出版获得了广泛的认可和高度的赞扬，这坐
实了狄更斯作为前沿小说家的地位。先行词是Great Expectations，“Great Expectations”是书
名，看做单数，所以定语从句的谓语也要使用单数形式；根据“strengthened”可知，说的是
过去，故选C。
选择题（Choose the best answer）
1.(2018天津河西区一模，10)We are living in an age ????QR codes(二维码)are becoming more and more popular in our daily life.
A.why B.that C.whose D.when
2.(2018天津南开区一模，7)I received a letter， ????poor spelling made me think it was written by a child.
A.which B.that C.whose D.who
3.(2018天津和平区一模，12)The foreign expert put forward a plan at yesterday’s meeting， ????all the people present spoke highly of.
A. which B. where C. whom D. when
4.(2018天津十二所重点中学高三一联，9)There is no easy way to remember prepositions， as it is one area of English ???? the rules seem very irregular.
A.that B.where C.whose D.which
5.(2018天津河东区一模，8)The president stood by a window inside the room， ????I entered， looking over the square.
A.where B.into which C.which D.that
6.(2018天津和平区三模，12)Perhaps the day will come ????people will be able to breathe clean air in cities.
A.when B.while C.as D.since
7.(2018天津南开中学4月月考，3)—What do you think of the activity organized by our school last Saturday?
—It really gave us a platform ????we learned team spirit.
that B. where C. which D. when
8.(2018天津市第一中学下学期第四次月考，10)A good advertisement， ???? people attach positive meanings， can contribute to the sales of a product.
A. for which B. of which C. to which D. on which
9.(2018天津部分区高三质量调查二，6)—How about your job-hunting， dear old brother?
—No luck. Now， I’ve reached the stage ????I don??t care what I do.
A.where B.what C.which D.why
10.(2018天津河西区二模，14)We have a learning center ????kids do independent and self-directed learning activities.
A.which B.when C.where D.whose
11.(2018天津六校二月联考，18)Recently a terrible fire broke out in America， ????the people are still suffering.
A.of whose effects B.of which effects C.from its effects D.from whose effects
12.(2018天津南开中学4月月考，11)—What do people normally put in a time capsule (时间舱)?
—They usually put in things ????will show people in the future ????life is like now.
A.what；that B.that；what C.that；that D.what；what
13.(2017 天津红桥区二模，15)You were rude to our classmate， ???? you should make an apology.
A.whom B.for which C.for whom D.which
14.(2017天津河西区二模，15)Is this the reason ????at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
15.(2017北京海淀区二模，28)We are living in an age ???? QR codes(二维码)are becoming more and more popular in our daily life.
A. why B. that C. whose D. when
16.(2017江苏南京二模，29)We are committed to creating a world free from the homeless and the hopeless， a world ???? each and every corner is a true paradise.
A. that B. which C .of which D. from where
17.(2017天津河东区二模，10)Last month， part of the Southeast Asia was struck by floods， from ???? ????effects the people are still suffering.
A. that B. whose C. which D. what
18.(2016浙江浙大附中高考全真模拟，8)The machine might break down someday in the future，???? ???? you can dial this number for help.
A. in that case B. in what case C. in which case D. in whose case
二、句型训练（Choose the right words in brackets）
1.The living standard of the people in China， ________ is shown in the report， has improved over the past decades.
2.My grandmother lived in a generation ________ women were looked down upon.
3.With the help of the collected money， subways can be built sooner and better， ________brings convenience to citizens.
4.When talking about the most popular Chinese Internet words， the first________comes into the mind may be“tu hao”．
5.The taxi driver， ________car was seriously damaged in the crash， was responsible for the accident.
6.My uncle retired in 1998， ________ he has been devoting his time to helping poor children.
7.I don’t know where my glasses are， ________ I can’t read anything.
8. Sierra Leone is a country ________ basic health facilities are lacking and many people are struggling with poverty.
9. Is this the reason ???? he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
10. The new buyer identified a dozen new sources for the material， ???????? proved to be reliable.
三、完形填空
（陕西省榆林市2018届高考模拟第一次测试）Compassion (同情心) is a desire within us to help others. With effort, we can translate compassion into ___1___. An experience last weekend showed me this is ___2___. I work part- time in a supermarket 20 meters away from a building for the elderly. These old people are our main ___3___, and it’s easy to lose ___4___ over their slowness. But last Sunday, one ___5___ gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lesson. This ___6___ man walked up to my register (收款机) with a box of biscuits. He said he was ___7___ cash, had just moved into his room, and had ___8___ in his cupboards. He asked if we could let him have the food on trust. He ___9___ to repay me the next day.
I couldn’t help ___10___ what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if he had been lucky. I had a ___11___ in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the world. I ___12___ him that I was sorry, and store rules didn’t allow me to do so. I felt stupid and ___13___ saying this, but I ___14___ my job.
Just then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke up. He looked more ___15___. He said to me, “Let me ___16___ the biscuits for him, please.”
What I had been ___17___ was pity. Pity is soft and safe and easy. Compassion, on the other hand, is ___18___ in action. I thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed, either. Then I ___19___ my pocket and paid for the biscuits myself. I did so because these two men had reached into my heart and ___20___ me compassion.
1. A. work B. action C. job D. character
2. A. right B. wrong C. true D. false
3. A. workers B. customers C. employers D. passengers
4. A. heart B. patience C. courage D. soul
5. A. aged B. disabled C. sick D. weak
6. A. well-dressed B. smartly-dressed C. poorly-dressed D. neatly-dressed
7. A. in need of B. at loss of C. out of D. lack of
8. A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing
9. A. begged B. promised C. hoped D. suggested
10. A. wondering B. realizing C. asking D. questioning
11. A. hurt B. kindness C. warmth D. injury
12. A. warned B. suggested C. told D. reminded
13. A. unnecessary B. careless C. impatient D. unkind
14. A. lost B. valued C. disliked D. gained
15. A. happy B. serious C. content D. pitiful
16. A. pay B. charge C. spend D. cost
17. A. talking B. feeling C. saying D. thinking
18. A. moving B. thinking C. caring D. touching
19. A. reached into B. opened up C. searched for D. looked for
20. A. gave B. moved C. felt D. taught
四、语法填空
（保定市2018年高考二次模拟考试）Dujiangyan is the oldest man-made water system in the world, and a wonder in the development of Chinese science._____1_____(build) over 2, 200 years ago in what is now Sichuan Province in Southwest China, this amazing engineering_____2_____(achieve) is still used today.
In ancient times, the region in which Dujiangyan now stands_____3_____(suffer) from regular floods caused by overflow from the Minjiang River.______4______(help) the victims of the flooding, Li Bing, the region governor, together with his son, decided to find a solution. Li Bing, the region governor, together with his son, decided t find a solution. Li designed a series of channels built at different levels along Mount Yulei that would take away the floodwater while leaving the river flowing naturally. ____5____(good) still, the extra water could be directed to the dry Chengdu Plain, making____6____suitable for farming.
Once the system was finished, no more floods occurred and the people were able to live ____7____(peaceful). Today, Dujiangyan is admired by scientists from around the world because of one feature. Unlike modern dams___8___ the water is blocked with a huge wall, Dujiangyan still lets water flow through the Minjiang River naturally,___9___ (enable) ecosystem(生态系统) and fish populations to exist____10____harmony.
专题十六 定语从句（解析版）
观近年各地高考试题，对定语从句的考查不单纯考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中，考查学生实际运用语言的能力。因此掌握这一语言现象十分重要， 。高考名词性从句考查的热点有：1.考查以that与which引导的定语从句；2.考查以who，whom与whose引导的定语从句；3.考查关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句；4对as引导定语从句的考查；5.对“介词+关系代词”的考查；6. the way作先行词时．定语从句的引导词用in which，that或者省略；7. 非限制性定语从句；.考查定语从句中的主谓一致；9.定语从句与 同位语从句之间的区别。对定语从句的考查不单纯考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中，考查考生的实际综合运用能力。
考查以that与which引导的定语从句
【考例1】(2018天津南开中学4月月考，11)—What do people normally put in a time capsule (时间舱)?
—They usually put in things ????will show people in the future ????life is like now.
what； that B. that； what C. that； that D. what； what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：—人们通常在时间舱中放什么东西?—他们通常会把向未来的人们展示 现在的生活是什么样子的东西放进去。考查名词性从句和定语从句。第一空为定语从句，先 行词为things，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用关系代词that或which；第二空为名词性从句，作show的直接宾语，宾语从句中缺动词like的宾语且指物，需用what。故答案为B。
【考例2】（江苏省扬州中学2018届第四次模考30）Young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons can’t be the only preparation for all of the situations ________ appear in the working world.
A. where B. when C. that D. what[来源：学_科_
【答案】C
【分析】选C。考点：定语从句。句意为：得到工作的年轻人可能意识到大学课程并不是唯一为出现在职场上的各种情况所作的准备。从句为定语从句修饰 situations，且从句缺主语。
【考例3】（天津市耀华中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考10）. --- How are things going， Mr. White?
--- Well， they have set out to deal with the present situation ________ they think deserves their immediate attention.
A. what B. where C. When D. which
【答案】D
【解析】试题分析：句意：——事情进展的怎么样，珍妮？——他们已经开始着手处理目前的现状，他们认为这值得引起他们的注意，下文中先行词the present situation为下文定语从句的逻辑宾语，指物，故引导词用which，选D。
【考例4】（2017·北京卷31）The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
A. that B. as C. where D. when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小麻烦有可能成为伟大发明的灵感。题干中，The little problems是先行词，从句中缺少宾语，因此用that引导定语从句，故答案选A。
考查以who，whom与whose引导的定语从句
【考例1】.(2018天津夏，2)Kate， ????sister I shared a room with when we were at college， has gone to work in Australia.
A.whom B. that C. whose D. her
【答案】?C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：凯特去澳大利亚工作了。大学期间我和她妹妹共住一个房间。先行词为Kate，将先行词代入定语从句后为“I shared a room with Kate’s sister when we were at college.”。由此可见，先行词与sister之间是所属关系，应用关系词whose，故答案为C项。whom指“人”，在定语从句中作宾语；that指“人”或“物”，在定语从句中作主语、宾语；her不能引导定语从句。
【考例2】(2018·南通调研)More and more people go jogging in the morning， ________ benefits for health arise from the air rich in oxygen.
A．which B．that C．whose D．who
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：越来越多的人早上去慢跑， 早晨对健康的好处来自富含氧气的空气。 先行词是morning， 定语从句中缺少benefits的定语。 在定语从句中只要缺少定语就要用whose， 因为它可指人也可指物。 故选C。
【考例3】（2017·江苏28）In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme， one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是“the World Food Programme”，“世界粮食项目”的
目的之一是……，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故选C。句意：1963
年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。
【方法探究】分析定语从句需抓住两点：1.找准先行词。2.看先行词在从句中所作的成分，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语。抓住这两点，再根据句意，从而能够判断出正确的关系词。
知识链接
一、关系代词引导的定语从句：
关系代词
例句
在从句中作主语或宾语作宾语时可省略
指物
1.A plane is a machine that can fly. (作主语)
2.The noodles (that )I cooked were delicious. (作宾语)
指人
1.Who is the man that is reading the book over there? (作主语)
2.The girl (that) we say yesterday was Jim’s sister. (作宾语)
which在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)
?
指物
?
1.The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well. (作主语)
2.The songs （which） Liu Dehua sang were very popular. (作宾语)
who, whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语（如果介词放在从句后面，则whom可以省略）
?
指人
1.The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. (作主语)
2.The boy who break the window is called Roy. (作主语)
3.The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li. (作宾语)
4.Mrs White is the person to whom you should write. (作宾语)
Whose 在从句中作定语
指人或物的所有格
I like the girl whose hair is long. (作定语)
1．关系代词that和 which用法上的区别
1）关系代词that 和which都指事物时，一般可以通用。例如：
The noodles that/which I cooked were delicious.我做的那面条好极了。
2）that指人或指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，还可以作表语。作宾语或表语时，可以省略。例如：
Who is the man that is reading the book over there.在那边读书的那个人是谁？
I'm not the fool you thought me.我不是你想象的那种傻瓜。（作宾语）
She is no longer the girls she was before she went to university.她已不是上大学的她了。（作表语）
在定语从句中，作介词的宾语时，介词不能前置。试比较：
The village that she lives in is twenty kilometers away.
The village in which she lives is twenty kilometers away.她住的那村庄离这有二十公里远。
2．that指物时，一般都可以和which互换使用。但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。
1）先行词为all，something，anything，everything等不定代词时，一般用that。例如：
You should tell me all （that） you have know about.你应该把你所知道的情况都告诉我。
Here is something that my father needs.这正是我父亲需要的东西。
2）先行词被all, every, no, some, any， little, much修饰时，用that而不用which。例如：
It only remains for me to pass all the money that she had to the right person.我所要做的是只是把她所有的钱交给合法的继承人。
They go to the newspaper's own library to look up any information that they need.他们到报社自己的图书馆去查阅他们需要的资料。
There isn't much water (that is) left in the cup.茶杯里剩下太多的水。
Tom tried every means that he could to finish the job on time, but he failed.为了按时完成工作，汤姆
想尽了一切办法，但他还是失败了。
3）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，一般用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the second letter that I received from my younger sister this month.这是我这个月收到的我妹妹的第二封信。
Gone with the Wind is one of the best films that I have ever seen.《乱世佳人》是我所看过的最好的影片之一。
4）先行词被修饰only, very, same, last时用that，而不用which。例如：
This is the only note that I can find in my pocket.这是我口袋里所能找到的唯一一张票子了。
That is the very magazine that he is looking for.那正是他要找的那本杂志。
5）如果先行词是人时，引导定语从句的关系代词用who(m)或that都可以。例如：
The first person whom(=that) I visited there was Mr. Smith.我拜访的第一个人是史密斯先生。
Anyone who(=that) breaks the law will be punished违反法律的人将会受到惩罚。
6）当有两或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that，而不用引导whom, who, which。例如：
He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.他谈论他所拜访的老师和参观的学校。
7）当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that，而不用who, whom或which。例如：
Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which of us that know something about physics not know this? 我们当中了解物理知识的人谁不知道这件事情。
3．在下列情况下只宜用which，而不用that。
1）在非限定性定语从句中。例如：
The earth, which goes round the sun, is called a planet.地球围绕着太阳运转，被称为行星。
2）当关系代词前面有介词时。例如：
This is the room in which we lived last year.这就是我们去年住过的房间。
which指物，在定语从句中可作宾语或主语。作宾语时可以被省略。例如：
This is the book which I bought yesterday.这就是我昨天买的那本书。
注：关系代词which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在关系代词之前，也有时放在定语从句后面。例如：
Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.(=which(that) they had come to the island in.)附近有两只独木舟，靠着独木舟他们来到这个岛。
但which如果在定语从句中，作含有介词的短语的宾语时，介词不能前置，须放在动词之后，尽量靠近动词本身。例如：
This is the key which you are looking for.这就是你在找的那钥匙。
在定语从句中，作介词宾语的关系代词which， 在被省略的情况下，介词不能前置。例如：
I have the book you are talking about我有你们正在谈论的那本书。
4．关系代词指人时宜用who，不用that的情况
1）先行词为those，one，ones，anyone，people， all 时 。例如：
Those who are for the plan, raise your hands.赞成我们计划的人请举手。
2）当先行词后有较长的后置定语时或在被分隔的定语从句中时。例如：
A new teacher will come soon who will teach us German in the next two years.在以后两年里将教我们德语的新老师不久就到。
3）在先行词是用 -body或 -one构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词多用who。例如：
Is there anybody else who should be invited? 还要请了什么人吗？
4）先行词既有人又有物时，宜用that, 不用who或which 例如：
The Minister spoke high of the actor and his performance that he saw at the theatre.部长高度赞扬了他在剧院里看见的演员和节目。
5）当先行词是一个指人的集合名词时，如果着眼于整体用that/ which；如果着眼于各个成员时则用who。例如：
The football team, which is playing very well, will most probably place first in the league matches.踢得好的足球队将有可能位居联队的第一名。
The football team, who are having baths, will be back here for tea正在洗澡的足球队员们将回来喝茶。
考查关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句
【考例1】（南京市 2019 届高三年级学情调研21） The company needs to develop a culture people see that’s OK to take time off.
A．that B. when C. which D. where
【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句。首先根据选项内容初步判断为三大从句之名从或定从，横线引导从句， 主句不缺成分：定从或同位语。不是解释说明，判定为定从。顾后：定从中不缺成分找关系副词， 排除 A 与 C。瞻前：先行词是 a culture， 抽象地点名词，因此选 D。句意：这个公司需要创造一种文 化，在这种文化中，人们认为忙里偷闲也是可以的。
【考例2】(2018江苏扬州、南通、徐州等市三模，22)Our school holds seminars for students at regular intervals ????the potential of their future is explored.
when B. where C. that D. who
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们学校定期为学生举办研讨班，在那里他们可以探索自己未来的潜力。定语从句的先行词为seminars，从句中缺地点状语，故选关系副词where。本题易 误认为先行词是表时间的intervals(间隔时间)而误选关系副词when。
【考例3】（2018·江苏23） Self-driving?is?an?area?_______China?and?the?rest?of?the?world?are?on?
the?same?starting line.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。
【考例4】（江苏省启东中学2018届高三最后一模2） The Tang Dynasty is generally regarded as a golden chapter by people worldwide， ________ the Chinese civilization influenced many neighboring countries.
A. where B. when C. which D. who
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：唐朝被世界范围的人们认为是一个黄金时期，在这个时期，中国文明影响了很多临近的国家。“________ the Chinese civilization influenced many neighboring countries”是非限制性定语从句，修饰the Tang Dynasty，引导词在从句中做时间状语，故应用关系副词when引导该从句。B选项正确。
【考例5】 (2018天津十二校二联，9)Cheer up! Everyone may have periods in their lives ????everything seems tough.
A.which B. that C. where D. when
【考例】D
【解析】句意：振作起来!每个人的生活中可能都会有一切似乎都很艰难的时候。考查定语 从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为表示时间的periods，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故选关系副词when。
【方法探究】where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。
知识链接
关系副词where，when，why 的用法
1．关系副词引导的定语从句的,它和关系代词一样,具有数种作用；在从句中作状语。关系副词有三种:
1）where:在从句中作地点状语,指代地点。如place, area, house等。例如：
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
2）when:从句中作时间状语,指代时间。如day, year, the time等。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
3）why:在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。如名词reason。例如：
I don't know the reason why Mary was later for class this morning.我不知道玛丽今天早晨迟到的原因。
2．关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
【注意】在定语从句中，when或 where往往能代替某些“介词+ which”。例如：
I still remember the day when I joined the army.
I still remember the day on which I joined the army.我仍然记得我参军的那一天。
但是在下面两个句子中，应用关系代词which(that)，这是因为关系代词which(that)分别visit和forget的宾语。例如：
This is the house which (that) I visited two years ago.这是两年前我曾经参观过的房子。
October 15 is the day which I'll never forget.10月15日是我永远也不会忘记的一天。
3．但并非所有的“介词+which”都可以被when或where代替。例如：
1）当since， until， after， before + which 时，不能被when代替。例如：
I met Jack in 1980, since which I have never seen him.在1980年我见到杰克，从那时起我再没见过他。
He came back at ten, until which we worked.我们一直工作到十点钟他回来。
He went to school at 8, before which he read English.他八点钟到学校去，在此之前他读英语。
2）当 on， behind， in front of， through， from， beside， around + which 时，不能被where代替。例如：
I saw a desk on which was a book.我看见桌子上有一本书。
The house, in front of which there is a tree, is my home.前面有树的房子是我的家。
This is the window through which the thief came in.这是小偷进来的那扇窗户。
4．对as引导定语从句的考查
【考例1】(2018天津河西区三模，14)Too much fat， ????well known， is harmful to health.
A.as is B. which is C. that is D. what is
【答案】A
【解析】句意：众所周知，过多的脂肪对健康有害。考查定语从句。as is well known为固定 结构，as为关系代词，引导定语从句，指代整个主句Too much fat is harmful to health的内容，且有“正如，正像”之意，故选A。
【考例2】（天津市第一中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考14）A lot of language learning， has been discovered， is happening in the first year of life， so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it C. which D. this
【答案】A
【解析】考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：正如人们发现的，大量的语言学习是发生在人出生后的第一年，所以家长们应该在这段时期要多和孩子讲话。从结构判断此处是非限制性定语从句，排除B、D选项；as引导定语从句译成“正如，就像 ”，而which 译成“这一点，”，所以答案选A。
【考例3】(2018·盐城高三质检)The living standard of the people in China， ________ is shown in the report， has improved over the past decades.
A．what B．as C．it D．that
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：正如报告所显示的， 中国人民的生活水平在过去的几十年里已经得到了改善。 这里用as引导非限制性定语从句， 关系代词as指代主句的内容并在从句中作主语。
【方法探究】as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如……”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有as?is known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。
知识链接
关系代词as和which用法区别
1）两者都可引导非限制性定语从句，用来修饰或限制整个主句的内容，有时可以互换使用。例如：
Then, as with young birds, the time comes for the young to leave.然后，正像小鸟儿常有的情况那样，年轻人离家的时候到来了。
He was a foreigner, as/which I knew from his accent.我从他的口音就知道，他是个外国人。
2）关系代词引导的定语从句放在主句之前时，只能用as。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
3）当从句和主句语义一致时，用as；反之用 which。例如：
She has married again, as was expected.她又结婚了，这在意料之中。（语义一致）
She has married again, which was unexpected.她又结婚了，这在意料之外。（语义不一致）
4）当as在从句中作主语，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如 be known ,be said, be reported 等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般多用which作主语。例如：
She has been late again, as was expected.她又迟到了，这在意料之中。
Tom has made great progress, which delighted us.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我们很高兴。
5）as 常用在as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happened, as (it) was pointed out, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as I understand(it), as (it) appears, as has been before, as is well known, as we all can see等结构中。
6）当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用which。例如：
Anna always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.安娜总是说谎，她的父母亲发现奇怪。
7）当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，常用which引导。例如：
Mr. Li usually praises his student Mary in public, which she doesn't like at all.李先生通常当众赞扬他的学生玛丽，但她一点儿也不喜欢。
8)当先行词是专有名词或表唯一性的名词、代词时， 就只用which非限制性定语从句。例如：
Three of the man -made projects in the world are the Great wall of China, the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam ,which is also in Egypt .世界上三个人造工种是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔及阿斯旺大坝，这座大坝也在埃及。
9）用于the same…as，such…as，as…as…，so…as等结构中。as引导的定语从句采取省略形式。
He is of about the same age as you．他与你年龄大致相同。
(same是形容词，修饰名词age，age是这个定语从句as you的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词age在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于You are of about the age．)
I have never seen such a lazy man as you．我从来没见过像你这么懒的人。
(such是形容词，修饰名词词组a lazy man，整个名词词组a lazy man是这个定浯从句as you的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词a lazy man在定语从句中作表语，定语从句相当于You are a lazy man．)
Take as many(books)as you want．想拿多少书就拿多少。(第一个as是副词，修饰形容词many，形容词many修饰名词books。整个名词词组many(books)是这个定语从句as you want的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词as many(books)在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于You want many(books)
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift．这儿有一个没人能搬动的石头。
(so是副词，修饰形容词big，形容词big修饰名词a stone。名词词组a stone是这个定语从句as no man can lift的先行词，关系代词as代替先行词a stone在定语从句中作宾语，定语从句相当于No man can lift the stone．)
注意区别以下例句：
I feel just the same as you do．我和你的感觉是一样的．(same是代词，也是先行词，as引导的定语从句直接修饰先行词the same)
I shall do it in the same way as you did．我做这件事和你的方法一样。(same是形容词，修饰名词way整个名词词组the same way是这个定语从句as you did的先行词，关系副词as代替先行词在定语从句中作状语，定
语从句相当于you did it in the some way)
The result is not such as I expected．这结果不像我所希望的那样。(such是代词，也是先行词，as引导的定语从句直接修饰先行词such，关系代词as代替先行词such在定语从旬中作宾语，相当于I expected such．)
注意：（1）as从句和that从句都属于定语从句，但是as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句的内容“相似”，即指同类的事物；that引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一的”，即同一事物。
This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday．这个包与我昨天丢的是同样的。
This is the same bag(=the very bag)that I lost yesterday．这正是我昨天丢的那个包。
（2）as代替主句，引导非限定性定语从句，在这一用法中，从句位置较灵活，可以置于句首，句中或句尾，常常译成“正像…那样”。
As we all know．he studies very hard。正如我们大家所熟知的，他学习非常努力。
As you know，water is a liquid．正如你所知道的，水是一种液体。
which也可以代替全句，但只能置于主句后，而且不含有“正如／像…那样”的意思。
As everyone liked，she painted the walls white．(She painted the walls white，as everyone liked．)正如大家喜欢的那样，她把墙刷成白色。
She painted the walls white，which satisfied everyone． 她把墙刷成白色，这使大家都很满意。
（3）as常构成下列词组
as you say正如你说的那样
as she told of正如她谈及的那样
as we(all)know正如我们都知道的那样
as is known to a11正如大家所知的那样
as is said above正如上面所说的那样
as already mentioned above正如上面所提到的那样
as is reported正如所报导的那样
对“介词+关系代词”的考查
【考例1】.（徐州市2018考前模拟33）Your notes provide the raw material on _______ your mind has to work in relation to your essay topic.[来
A. where B. when C. what D. which
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查定语从句。Your notes provide the raw material为主句，the raw material为先行词；your mind has to work on the raw material，故选择D项，代替on the raw material。
【考例2】(2018天津市第一中学下学期第四次月考，10)A good advertisement， ???? people attach positive meanings， can contribute to the sales of a product.
A.for which B. of which C. to which D. on which
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：一个好的广告会让人们赋予它积极的意义，从而促进产品的销售。定语从句中的核心结构为：attach...to...把……与……联系起来，故此处用“to+which”引导该非限制性定语从句。
【考例3】(2018·江苏启东中学质检)My uncle retired in 1998， ________ he has been devoting his time to helping poor children.
A．at which B．since when C．when D．after that
【答案】B
【解析】 考查定语从句。 后面用的是现在完成进行时， 因此引导词前加since， when在此处起关系代词的作用， 代指某个“时间点”。
【考例4】(2018·江苏高考压轴卷)I don’t know where my glasses are， ________ I can’t read anything.
A．with which B．by which C．without which D．in which
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。先行词为glasses， 定语从句的意思为：没有眼镜， 我什么也看不成。 without没有， which在从句中作without的宾语。 故选C。
【考例5】 (2017 天津红桥区二模，15)You were rude to our classmate， ???? you should make an apology.
A.whom B. for which C. for whom D. which
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：你对我们的同学太无礼了，为此你应该道歉。make an apology to sb. for sth.为某事向某人道歉，由此可排除C项。which指代前面说的“对我们的同学无 礼”这件事，应与for连用构成“介词+which”结构来引导非限制性定语从句。
【考例6】(2016浙江，11)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears， none of ????has been proved.
A.whom B. which C. what D. that
?【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：就人类为什么哭出眼泪科学家提出来许多理论，但没有一项理论得到过证明。先行词为theories，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。
【考例7】(2016江苏，23)Many young people， most ???? were well-educated， headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A.of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those
??【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。most ????were well-educated为定语从句，先行词为many young people，指人，故排除A项；B项和D项都不能引导从句，故选C项。
【考例8】(2016浙江浙大附中高考全真模拟，8)The machine might break down someday in the future，???? ???? you can dial this number for help.
A.in that case B. in what case C. in which case D. in whose case
【答案】?C????
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这部机器在将来的某一天可能会出故障。在那种情况下，你可以拨这个号码寻求帮助。in which case=and in that case在那种情况下，故选C。
【方法探究】如果是代词+of+关系代词，注意先行词是人用whom，先行词是物用which。
知识链接
一、介词（或介词词组）+关系代词
1．在“介词（或介词词组）+关系代词”结构中，关系代词指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。注意：关系代词that和关系副词 when， where等都不能作介词的宾语。例如：
Many young people end up in a job to which they are not suited.许多年轻人最终还是干了不适合他们做的工作。
This is the piano for which I paid 5,000 yuan last month.这就是我上个月花了五千块钱买下的钢琴。
A thermometer is an instrument with which we measure temperature.温度计是我们用来测量温度的一种仪器。
2．指物的先行词在定语从句中作定语时，还可用“the+名词.+of +which”结构表达。
They live in a house, the door of which opens to the north.他们所住房屋的门是朝北开的。
The building had been repaired, the roof of which was destroyed in the fire.那座大楼曾经修复过，但在大火中，楼顶又被烧毁了。
3．先行词在定语从句中作状语时还可根据不同类型的状语，用不同的介词关系代词；作时间状语用on，in，by等表示时间的介词；作地点状语用on ，in，at等表示地点的介词；作原因状语用for；作方式状语用in，by或with等。
4．介词的选择
在“介词+关系代词”中，介词的选择受到以下三中限制：
1）以从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配；
2）以先行词与从句中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定；
3）以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定。
二、表示“部分的词语+of+关系代词”
此时指人的关系代词用whom，指物的用which，表示部分的词语常见的 有：“数词、不定代词（all，both，none，neither） most， many， some等，以及the+最高级。”例如：
China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有上千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
There are around 100 teachers in our school, most of whom are women.我们学校大约有100名教师，他们中大多数是女教师。
It was carved in the rock and had on the outside four large stone figures, each of which was 20 meters high.这座寺庙凿雕在岩石中，外边有四尊大型石雕像，每个高20米。
By the end of the year, the total money collected had come to over 92 million dollars, all of which were sent to Africa.到年底为止，筹集到的全部款项达到9200多万美元，所有这些钱全都送往非洲了。
the way作先行词时．定语从句的引导词用in which，that或者省略。
【考例】.(2018天津南开区三模，9)WeChat has greatly changed the way ????people use mobile phones.
A./ B. which C. why D. where
?【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：微信极大地改变了人们使用手机的方式。定语从句的先行 词为表示“方式、方法”的way，且关系词在定语从句中作方式状语，故需用in which(=in the way)、关系词that或什么也不填；故答案为A。
考查非限制性定语从句
【考例1】（2018·北京5） She and her family bicycle to work， _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. who C. as D. that
【答案】A
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。
【考例2】（北京中国人民大学附属中学2018届高三考前热身6） Tourists love Beijing， offers an infinite collection of delights ranging from 6 UNESCO World Heritage Sites to food from every corner of China and beyond.
A. that B. where C. which D. who
【答案】C
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：旅游者爱北京，它提供了无穷无尽的乐趣，从联合国教科文组织的6个世界遗产，到中国各地和其他地方的食物。此处Beijing是先行词，指物，后面的非限制性定语从句缺少引导词，缺少主语，故答案为C。
【考例3】（北京市精华学校2018年高三考前测试5）They overcame some difficulties and completed the work ahead of time， ________ was something we had not expected.
A. that B. which C. it D. what
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他们克服了一些困难，提前完成了工作，这是我们没有预料到的。此句的先行词为前面的整个句子，指“他们克服了一些困难，提前完成了工作”这件事，从句缺少主语，指物，应该用which。故选B。
【考例4】(2018天津红桥区二模，11)In that supermarket on sale is a new type of computer， ????low price makes it attractive to the students from poor families.
A.whose B. that C. which D. what
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在那家超市有一种新型电脑正在出售。它价格低廉，对贫困家庭的学生很有吸引力。先行词为a new type of computer，它与空格后的low price是所属关系，故用whose引导定语从句，选A。
【考例5】(2018天津春，7)There was a long wait at the reception desk， ????everyone was checking in.
A.why B. which C. whom D. where
?【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：接待处排起了长队，大家都正在这里办理登记手续。先行词 为the reception desk，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故选关系副词where。
【方法探究】判断非限制性定语从句主要先看到句子中间有没有逗号，逗号是非限制性定语从句的标志。然后再看句子中缺不缺成份，在定语从句中从句主语宾语都不缺少时，应该考虑关系副词，所以学生需要记住这种方法。
知识链接
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句用法的区别
非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which we set at the beginning of the year.
再有一个月就能完成年初制订的销售目标。
It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. 这是一个真正令人愉快的地方，蜿蜒街道和漂亮的小屋看起来和100年前的一样。
Opposite is St.Paul's Church, where you can hear some lovely music.
对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。（先行词是St. Paul’s Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出引导词在从句中作的是地点状语。）
The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work.公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
考查定语从句中的主谓一致
【考例】【2017· 江苏】24.The publication of Great Expectations， which _______ both widely reviewed and highly praised， strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
【答案】C
【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：《远大前程》的出版获得了广泛的认可和高度的赞扬，这坐
实了狄更斯作为前沿小说家的地位。先行词是Great Expectations，“Great Expectations”是书
名，看做单数，所以定语从句的谓语也要使用单数形式；根据“strengthened”可知，说的是
过去，故选C。
选择题（Choose the best answer）
1.(2018天津河西区一模，10)We are living in an age ????QR codes(二维码)are becoming more and more popular in our daily life.
A.why B.that C.whose D.when
【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们生活在一个二维码在我们的日常生活中越来越受欢迎
的时代。定语从句结构完整，且先行词是表示时间的名词age，从句意判断定语从句缺时
间状语，故选D。
2.(2018天津南开区一模，7)I received a letter， ????poor spelling made me think it was written by a child.
A.which B.that C.whose D.who
【答案】?C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我收到一封信。这封信的拼写很差，让我觉得是一个孩子
写的。先行词a letter与poor spelling之间为所属关系，此处相当于“and the letter’s poor
spelling”，故选whose。
3.(2018天津和平区一模，12)The foreign expert put forward a plan at yesterday’s meeting， ????all the people present spoke highly of.
A. which B. where C. whom D. when
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：那位外国专家在昨天的会议上提出了一个计划。出席会议
的人都对这一计划给予了高度评价。定语从句中缺宾语，且指物，故排除whom选which。
B和D项分别作地点和时间状语，故被排除。
4.(2018天津十二所重点中学高三一联，9)There is no easy way to remember prepositions， as it is one area of English ???? the rules seem very irregular.
A.that B.where C.whose D.which
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：记介词没有捷径，因为这是英语中一个规则性很不强的地方。
先行词area为表示地点的名词，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故选关系副词where。
5.(2018天津河东区一模，8)The president stood by a window inside the room， ????I entered， looking over the square.
A.where B.into which C.which D.that
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：校长站在我进入的房间里的一扇窗户旁，看着广场。先行
词是the room，在定语从句中作entered的宾语，且此处是非限制性定语从句，故用关系代
词which引导。
6.(2018天津和平区三模，12)Perhaps the day will come ????people will be able to breathe clean air in cities.
A.when B.while C.as D.since
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：也许有一天人们能在城市里呼吸到干净的空气。先行词day
为表示时间的名词，且定语从句中缺时间状语，故选when。
7.(2018天津南开中学4月月考，3)—What do you think of the activity organized by our school last Saturday?
—It really gave us a platform ????we learned team spirit.
that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】?B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：——你觉得我们学校上周六组织的活动怎么样?——它真的给了我们一个学习团队精神的平台。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词platform为表示地点的名词，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故需用where，选B。
8.(2018天津市第一中学下学期第四次月考，10)A good advertisement， ???? people attach positive meanings， can contribute to the sales of a product.
A. for which B. of which C. to which D. on which
【答案】?C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：一个好的广告会让人们赋予它积极的意义，从而促进产品的销售。定语从句中的核心结构为：attach...to...把……与……联系起来，故此处用“to+which” 引导该非限制性定语从句。
9.(2018天津部分区高三质量调查二，6)—How about your job-hunting， dear old brother?
—No luck. Now， I’ve reached the stage ????I don??t care what I do.
A.where B.what C.which D.why
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：——你工作找得怎么样了，老弟?——运气不好。现在，我已经到了我不在乎自己做什么的地步了。先行词stage有“境地，阶段，时期”之意，此处表“境地”，相当于一个抽象地点名词，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where引导。
10.(2018天津河西区二模，14)We have a learning center ????kids do independent and self-directed learning activities.
A.which B.when C.where D.whose
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们有一个学习中心，孩子们在那里进行独立自主的学习活动。先行词a learning center 为表示地点的名词，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故需用关系副词where，答案为C。
11.(2018天津六校二月联考，18)Recently a terrible fire broke out in America， ????the people are still suffering.
A.of whose effects B.of which effects C.from its effects D.from whose effects
【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：最近，美国爆发了一场大火，人们仍在遭受它的影响。此处为非限制性定语从句，whose指代a terrible fire并限定effects，且作suffer from的宾语，故选D。
12.(2018天津南开中学4月月考，11)—What do people normally put in a time capsule (时间舱)?
—They usually put in things ????will show people in the future ????life is like now.
A.what；that B.that；what C.that；that D.what；what
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词性从句和定语从句。句意：——人们通常在时间舱中放什么东西?——他们通常会把向未来的人们展示现在的生活是什么样子的东西放进去。第一空为定语从句，先行词为things，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用关系代词that或which；第二空为名词性从句，作show的直接宾语，宾语从句中缺动词like的宾语且指物，需用what。故答案为B。
13.(2017 天津红桥区二模，15)You were rude to our classmate， ???? you should make an apology.
A.whom B.for which C.for whom D.which
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：你对我们的同学太无礼了，为此你应该道歉。make an apolo- gy to sb. for sth.为某事向某人道歉，由此可排除C项。which指代前面说的“对我们的同学无礼”这件事，应与for连用构成“介词+which”结构来引导非限制性定语从句。
14.(2017天津河西区二模，15)Is this the reason ????at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这就是他在会议上解释的他工作粗心的原因吗?考查定语从句。先行词reason在定语从句中作explained的宾语，故选A。本题易受思维定式的影响而错选D项。
15.(2017北京海淀区二模，28)We are living in an age ???? QR codes(二维码)are becoming more and more popular in our daily life.
A. why B. that C. whose D. when
【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们生活在一个二维码在日常生活中越来越受欢迎的时代。先行词是表示时间的an age(一个时代)，定语从句中缺时间状语，故选D。
16.(2017江苏南京二模，29)We are committed to creating a world free from the homeless and the hopeless， a world ???? each and every corner is a true paradise.
A. that B. which C .of which D. from where
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们致力于创造一个没有无家可归者和无望者的世界，一个每一个角落都是真正的天堂的世界。将先行词a world 代入从句后为“Each and every corner of the world is a true paradise.”。由此可知选C。
17.(2017天津河东区二模，10)Last month， part of the Southeast Asia was struck by floods， from ???? ????effects the people are still suffering.
A. that B. whose C. which D. what
【答案】B????
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：上个月，东南亚的部分地区遭受洪水袭击，洪水所带来的影响依然在折磨着那里的人们。空后的effects与先行词floods之间为所属关系，故选whose。
18.(2016浙江浙大附中高考全真模拟，8)The machine might break down someday in the future，???? ???? you can dial this number for help.
A. in that case B. in what case C. in which case D. in whose case
【答案】?C????
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这部机器在将来的某一天可能会出故障。在那种情况下，你可以拨这个号码寻求帮助。in which case=and in that case在那种情况下，故选C。
二、句型训练（Choose the right words in brackets）
1.The living standard of the people in China， ________ is shown in the report， has improved over the past decades.
【答案】as
【解析】句意：正如报告所显示的， 中国人民的生活水平在过去的几十年里已经得到了改善。 这里用as引导非限制性定语从句， 关系代词as指代主句的内容并在从句中作主语。
2.My grandmother lived in a generation ________ women were looked down upon.
【答案】when
【解析】句意：我的祖母生活在一个妇女被看不起的时代。 此处用when引导定语从句， 修饰先行词generation， when在从句中作时间状语。
3.With the help of the collected money， subways can be built sooner and better， ________brings convenience to citizens.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。 句意：有了募集的资金， 地铁可以修建得更快更优， 这为市民带来了便利。 which引导非限制性定语从句， 指代整个主句内容。
4.When talking about the most popular Chinese Internet words， the first________comes into the mind may be“tu hao”．
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。 句意：在谈到中国最受欢迎的网络用语时， 首先想到的可能是“土豪”。 句中the first 为先行词， 所以用that引导定语从句， 即that comes into the mind， may be为主句的谓语。
5.The taxi driver， ________car was seriously damaged in the crash， was responsible for the accident.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。 句意：那位出租车司机为这起事故负责， 他的车在碰撞中受损严重。 定语从句中缺少定语， 故用whose。
6.My uncle retired in 1998， ________ he has been devoting his time to helping poor children.
【答案】since when
【解析】考查定语从句。 后面用的是现在完成进行时， 因此引导词前加since， when在此处起关系代词的作用， 代指某个“时间点”。
7.I don’t know where my glasses are， ________ I can’t read anything.
【答案】without which
【解析】先行词为glasses， 定语从句的意思为：没有眼镜， 我什么也看不成。 without没有， which在从句中作without的宾语。
8. Sierra Leone is a country ________ basic health facilities are lacking and many people are struggling with poverty.
【答案】where
【解析】句意：塞拉利昂是一个基础医疗设备短缺、很多人都在与贫困做斗争的国家。先行词为a country，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。
9. Is this the reason ???? he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
【答案】/； that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这就是他在会议上解释的他工作粗心的原因吗?先行词reason在定语从句中作explained的宾语。
10. The new buyer identified a dozen new sources for the material， ???????? proved to be reliable.
【答案】most of which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：新的买家确定了十几个这种材料的新来源，事实证明其中大部分来源是可靠的。先行词为a dozen new sources，表示整体与部分，故用most of which。
三、完形填空
（陕西省榆林市2018届高考模拟第一次测试）Compassion (同情心) is a desire within us to help others. With effort, we can translate compassion into ___1___. An experience last weekend showed me this is ___2___. I work part- time in a supermarket 20 meters away from a building for the elderly. These old people are our main ___3___, and it’s easy to lose ___4___ over their slowness. But last Sunday, one ___5___ gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lesson. This ___6___ man walked up to my register (收款机) with a box of biscuits. He said he was ___7___ cash, had just moved into his room, and had ___8___ in his cupboards. He asked if we could let him have the food on trust. He ___9___ to repay me the next day.
I couldn’t help ___10___ what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if he had been lucky. I had a ___11___ in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the world. I ___12___ him that I was sorry, and store rules didn’t allow me to do so. I felt stupid and ___13___ saying this, but I ___14___ my job.
Just then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke up. He looked more ___15___. He said to me, “Let me ___16___ the biscuits for him, please.”
What I had been ___17___ was pity. Pity is soft and safe and easy. Compassion, on the other hand, is ___18___ in action. I thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed, either. Then I ___19___ my pocket and paid for the biscuits myself. I did so because these two men had reached into my heart and ___20___ me compassion.
1. A. work B. action C. job D. character
2. A. right B. wrong C. true D. false
3. A. workers B. customers C. employers D. passengers
4. A. heart B. patience C. courage D. soul
5. A. aged B. disabled C. sick D. weak
6. A. well-dressed B. smartly-dressed C. poorly-dressed D. neatly-dressed
7. A. in need of B. at loss of C. out of D. lack of
8. A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing
9. A. begged B. promised C. hoped D. suggested
10. A. wondering B. realizing C. asking D. questioning
11. A. hurt B. kindness C. warmth D. injury
12. A. warned B. suggested C. told D. reminded
13. A. unnecessary B. careless C. impatient D. unkind
14. A. lost B. valued C. disliked D. gained
15. A. happy B. serious C. content D. pitiful
16. A. pay B. charge C. spend D. cost
17. A. talking B. feeling C. saying D. thinking
18. A. moving B. thinking C. caring D. touching
19. A. reached into B. opened up C. searched for D. looked for
20. A. gave B. moved C. felt D. taught
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. D 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. D
【解析】文章讲述了作者在超市收银时，遇到一位贫穷又孤独的老人，想要一份饼干，第二天来送钱。作者虽然同情他，但还是以店里有规定，拒绝了老人的要求。这时一位看起来比前一位更可怜的人主动要为老人付账，作者同样拒绝了，自己掏钱为老人结了帐。在作者看来，帮助别人说起来容易做起来难，经过努力，我们可以将爱心转化为行动帮助别人。
考查名词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. work工作；B. action行为，行动；C. job工作；D. character性格，特征。联系下文，以及最后一段的句子Compassion, on the other hand, is ___18___ in action.可知，作者把同情转化为帮助他人的行动。故选B。
考查形容词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. right正确的；B. wrong错误的；C. true真的；D. false假的。句意：上周末的一次经历向我显示这是真的。故选C。
考查名词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. workers工人；B. customers顾客；C. employers老板，雇佣者；D. passengers乘客。联系上句I work part-time in a supermarket 20 meters away from a building for the elderly（我们的超市就在住着很多老人的建筑旁。）可知，这些老人是我们主要的顾客。故选B。
考查名词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. heart心；B. patience耐心；C. courage勇气；D. soul心灵。很明显，对于老人们的缓慢，很容易失去耐心。故选B。
考查形容词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. aged年老的；B. disabled残疾的；C. sick生病的；D. weak虚弱的。句意：但是上个星期天，一个老人似乎给我上了宝贵的一课。故选A。
考查形容词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. well-dressed穿着体面的；B. smartly-dressed衣着的；C. poorly-dressed衣衫褴褛的，穿着寒酸的；D. neatly-dressed穿着整洁的。联系下文我所表现出来的是同情，可知这是一个衣衫褴褛的老人。故选C。
考查短语辨析以及对语境的理解。A. in need of需要；B. at loss of失去；C. out of从…出来；D. lack of缺少。联系下文He asked if we could let him have the food on trust.可知，老人说他没有现金。out of cash意为“没有钱，现金不足”。故选C。
考查代词辨析以及对语境的理解。老人说他刚搬进屋里，可知他的厨柜里什么都没有。故选D。
考查动词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. begged祈求；B. promised承诺；C. hoped希望；D. suggested建议，表明，暗示。联系上句He asked if we could let him have the food on trust.可知，他承诺第二天来还钱。故选B。
考查动词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. wondering想，想知道；B. realizing意识到；C. asking问，寻求；D. questioning质疑，提问。句意：我忍不住想知道他十年前或者二十年前是哪种人，如果他幸运些的话会是什么样的。根据句意可知选A。
考查名词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. hurt伤害；B. kindness善良，仁慈；C. warmth温暖；D. injury伤害。句意：对于这种独自生活在这世界的人，我有点心痛。have a hurt in my heart心里有点痛。故选A。
考查动词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. warned警示，警告；B. suggested建议，暗示，表明；C. told告诉；D. reminded提醒。句意：我告诉他我很抱歉，商店的规则不允许我这样做。根据句意可知选C。
考查形容词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. unnecessary没必要的；B. careless粗心的；C. impatient不耐心的；D. unkind不仁慈的，不友好的。对于老人要赊账的请求，我拒绝了，所以说这些话时，我感觉很愚笨很不友好。故选D。
考查动词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. lost失去；B. valued珍视，重视；C. disliked不喜欢；D. gained收获。联系上文store rules didn’t allow me to do so.可知，虽然我感觉拒绝老人很不友好，但是我很珍视这份工作。故选B。
考查形容词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. happy快乐的；B. serious严重的，严肃的；C. content满意的；D. pitiful可怜的。联系下文What I had been ___17___ was pity.可知，站在老人身后的这个人看起来更可怜。故选D。
考查动词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. pay支付；B. charge要价，索要；C. spend花费；D. cost花费。句意：他对我说“让我来为他付饼干钱吧”。pay sth for sb为某人支付。故选A。
考查动词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. talking谈话；B. feeling感觉；C. saying说；D. thinking思考，想。句意：我感觉到的是同情。故选B。
考查动词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. moving移动；B. thinking思考；C. caring关心；D. touching触摸。联系下文我为老人付了钱，可知同情是在行动中关心。故选C。
考查动词短语辨析以及对语境的理解。A. reached into伸进，进入；B. opened up打开；C. searched for搜寻；D. looked for寻找。句意：然后我把手伸进口袋，自己付了饼干钱。根据句意可知选A。
考查动词辨析以及对语境的理解。A. gave给；B. moved移动；C. felt感觉；D. taught教。句意：我这样做是因为这两个人进入我的内心，教会了我同情。故选D。
四、语法填空
（保定市2018年高考二次模拟考试）Dujiangyan is the oldest man-made water system in the world, and a wonder in the development of Chinese science._____1_____(build) over 2, 200 years ago in what is now Sichuan Province in Southwest China, this amazing engineering_____2_____(achieve) is still used today.
In ancient times, the region in which Dujiangyan now stands_____3_____(suffer) from regular floods caused by overflow from the Minjiang River.______4______(help) the victims of the flooding, Li Bing, the region governor, together with his son, decided to find a solution. Li Bing, the region governor, together with his son, decided t find a solution. Li designed a series of channels built at different levels along Mount Yulei that would take away the floodwater while leaving the river flowing naturally. ____5____(good) still, the extra water could be directed to the dry Chengdu Plain, making____6____suitable for farming.
Once the system was finished, no more floods occurred and the people were able to live ____7____(peaceful). Today, Dujiangyan is admired by scientists from around the world because of one feature. Unlike modern dams___8___ the water is blocked with a huge wall, Dujiangyan still lets water flow through the Minjiang River naturally,___9___ (enable) ecosystem(生态系统) and fish populations to exist____10____harmony.
【答案】1. Built 2. achievement 3. suffered 4. To help 5. Better 6. it
7. peacefully 8. where 9. enabling 10. in
【解析】 本文介绍了中国古代水利工程都江堰的历史及其所起的作用。
考查非谓语。分析句子_____1_____(build) over 2, 200 years ago in what is now Sichuan Province in Southwest China, this amazing engineering…本句是省略句，其逻辑主语是主句的主语This amazing engineering，动词build与它是被动关系。根据时间状语“over 2, 200 years ago”推断出，动作已发生并表被动。故要用过去分词built。句意：2, 200多年前在现在的中国西南部的四川省，建造了这个惊人的工程。故填Built
考查名词。分析句子this amazing engineering_____2_____(achieve) is still used today.可知，本句中的achieve被形容词amazing engineering修饰，且在句子中作主语，所以要用名词形式。而achieve是动词，故用其名词形式 achievement。
考查谓语动词。句意：在古代，都江堰现在所处的地区曾遭受了来自闽江河泛滥的洪水。本句中的时间状语In ancient times，可知要用一般过去时。故用suffered。
考查目的状语。句意：为了帮助洪灾的受害者，地区州长李兵和他的儿子决定找到解决它的办法。由此可知，本句是表示目的的。故用动词不定式。
考查固定搭配。句意：沿玉里山在山的不同的高度，李设计了一系列渠道，会引走洪水，同时让河流自然流动。更好的是，多余的水可以直接送到干燥的成都平原。根据句意可知，两句话是递进关系。并且Better still,为固定搭配，意为“更好的是”，所以用good的比较级better
考查代词。更好的是，多余的水可以被引导到干燥的成都平原，使它（额外的水）适合农业灌溉。分析句子可知，本空指的是前面 the extra water多余的水，水是不可数名词，要用it，故本空填it。
考查副词辨析。分析句子no more floods occurred and the people were able to live ____7____(peaceful).可知，本句的形容词peaceful在句子中修饰动词live，修饰动词要用副词，故填 peacefully。句意：再也没发生洪水，人民能够和平地生活。
考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子Unlike modern dams___8___ the water is blocked with a huge wall可知，句中的 modern dams是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作状语，放入从句中为the water is blocked with a huge wall in modern dams,因此要用where。
考查非谓语。句意：都江堰仍然允许水自然流经闽江河，使生态系统…。分析句子Dujiangyan still lets water flow through the Minjiang River naturally,___9___ (enable) ecosystem。可知Dujiangyan still lets water flow through the Minjiang River naturally,是主句，自然而然导出下面的内容，而enable与前面的句子是主动关系，要用动词ing形式作结果状语。故运用enabling。
考查固定搭配。in hamony为固定搭配，意为“和谐无间，和谐”，故填in。句意：都江堰仍然允许水自然流经闽江河，使生态系统和鱼类和谐相处。
