专题十三 省略、强调&特殊句式(原卷版)
根据考纲要求,考生应掌握:
1. 省略要注意主语的省略、谓语或谓语的一部分省略、宾语的省略、不定式的省略、宾语从句和状语从句中的省略,以及虚拟条件句中,省略了if的虚拟条件句中(把were, had或should移至主语前),采用部分倒装。
2. 强调句用于强调陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、not…until…句型,强调句与状语从句、定语从句、祈使句的混合考查。强调句型结构为:It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。
3. 反义疑问句是由“陈述句+简略的一般问句”构成。简略的一般问句通常只用两个词:一个是肯定或否定的be动词、情态动词、助动词,另一个是人称代词。
祈使句+and/or+陈述句和反意疑问句。
一、考查强调句
【考例1】(2018·天津14) It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house ___________we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
【答案】B
【解析】考查强调句。句意:只有当汽车在我们房子前停下来我们才看到在乘客位置的莉莉。这里考查强调句,强调句型结构为:It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。本题强调时间状语only when the car pulled up in front of our house。故选B。
【考例2】(2017·天津卷11) It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.
A. who B. where C. which D. that
【答案】D
【解析】考查强调句。句意:当我回到我的公寓的时候,我第一次遇见了我的新邻居。本句中去掉It was?和空格,句意完整,所以本句是强调句型,强调的是时间状语,应用that。故选D。
【考例3】(2017·苏锡常镇高三二模 )Years may wrinkle the skin,but it is to give up enthusiasm________ wrinkles the soul.
A. who B. which C. that D. when
【答案】C
【解析】考查强调句型。句意:岁月留痕,只及皮肤;激情不再,皱起心灵。本句由but连接的两个并列分句组成,第二个分句考查了强调句型“it is+被强调部分+that+其他部分”,被强调的是to give up enthusiasm。
【考例4】(2016·天津13)You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel ____ the coach picks up tourists.
A. who B. which C. where D. that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:你等车的地点错了,大客车是在旅店接送游客的。该句为强调句,其结构是:It? is/was+强调部分+that+其余部分,如果强调部分是人,也可以用who,这句话强调的是地点状语at?the?hotel.故选?D。
【方法探究】此类试题首先要分析句子结构,确定句子主干。其次,找到被强调部分,确定强调句。
★知识链接★
一、强调句的基本结构是:It is/was+被强调部分+that+其他部分,可用来强调主语、宾语或状语。强调人时可用who作连词。
①It was Mary that/who I met in the street yesterday.(强调宾语)
昨天我在街上遇见的是玛丽。
②It was 1 who met Mary in the street yesterday.(强调主语)
昨天是我在街上遇见玛丽的。
③It was in the street that I met Mary yesterday.(强调地点状语)
昨天我是在街上遇见玛丽的。
二、强调句型的一般疑问句形式:1.句式特征:Is/Was it+被强调部分+that…;2、结合特殊疑问词构成特殊疑问句形式.句式特征:特殊疑问词+is/was it that…?3、强调句型的反意疑问句形式.句式特征为:It is/was+被强调部分+that…,isn't/wasn't it?4、强调句型的感叹句形式.句式特征为:what/how …it is(that)+主语+谓语!
5、强调句强调not until引导的状语或状语从句:It is/was not until that…,意思是“直到……才……”。例如:
What is it that he likes most?/Where was it that you met him yesterday?他最喜欢的是什么?/昨天你在哪儿见到他的?
It was not until midnight that he finished his writing.直到午夜他才完成写作。
二、“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构 和反意疑问句
【考例1】(2018·北京8) In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
A. press B. to press C. pressing D. pressed
【答案】A
【解析】考查祈使句+and/or+陈述句。当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or。该句式中的陈述句部分常用一般将来时态。故答案选选A。
【考例2】(2017·苏北四市高三一模)We believe there is no independent scientific evidence that any Internet dating site is beneficial to matching people together,________?
A.is there B.do we C. don't we D.isn't there
【答案】A
【解析】考查反意疑问句。在反意疑问句中,若陈述句为“I/We(don't)+think,believe,suppose,feel等表示意见、想法、猜测的动词+宾语从句”,简短问句的主语和谓语动词应同宾语从句的主语和谓语动词保持一致。本句中believe的主语是We,其后的简短问句的主语及谓语动词取决于从句的,由此排除B、C两项;由于从句中有否定词no,所以简短问句要用肯定式。
【方法探究】要求有学生掌握好基本句型以及相关知识的能力。
★知识链接★
英语基本句型主要有五种,分述如下:
1、S + V(主语——动词)
The baby laughed and laughed.婴儿笑啊笑。
The sun raise in the east .太阳从东方升起。
2、S + V + O(主语—动词—宾语)
She loves them very much.她很爱他们。
We can't find the owner.我们找不到失主。
3、S + V + P(主语—连系动词—表语)
He is a Chinese boy.他是一个中国孩子。
The all look fine.他们看起来都很好。
4、S + V + IO + DO(主语—动词—间接宾语—直接宾语)
She bought me a pen.她给我买了一只钢笔。
I wish you a happy birthday.我祝你生日快乐!
5、S + V + O + C(主语—动词—宾语—宾语补足语)
She named her baby John.她给孩子取名叫约翰。
Have you got everything ready? 你们一切都准备好了吗?
根据使用目的句子可分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
一、陈述句
用以肯定或否定一件事情或看法的叙述性句子叫陈述句。句末用句号,读时用降调。
1、陈述句肯定式的正常语序是主语位于谓语前。例如:
We'll meet again tomorrow .我们明天再见面。
Last week we started our trip across this country.上星期我们开始了横跨这个国家的旅行。
2、陈述句否定式的结构
(1)在连系动词 be,实义动词 have,助动词或情态动词后加not,never......等否定词构成否定式。例如:
We mustn't waste any more time.我们决不能在浪费时间了。
I've never been so afraid in all my life.在我一生中,我从来没有这么害怕过。
当谓语动词是 have“有”时,其否定式可以有两种:
Students usually have not their P.E. lessons on Monday.学生们通常在星期一没有体育课。
Students don't usually have their P.E. lessons on Monday.
(2)在行为动词前加 do (does,did)not(句中的行为动词应用原形)构成否定式。例如:
I didn't find Chinese easy at first. 起初,我发现中文不容易。
Sorry, I don't know much about him.对不起,我对他不大了解。
He doesn't like American movies very much.他很不喜欢美国电影。
(3)句中若有no,none,little,not,nobody,nothing,neither,nor,never,hardly,scarcely等否定意义的词,可构成陈述句的否定式,同时不能再用 not。例如:
I had never seen such a good match before that day! 在那天以前,我从来没有看过这么精彩的比赛!
Many of the country people could neither read nor write.许多国家的人既不会写也不会读。
There was no music or dialogue.没有音乐或者对话。
He little knows what may happen.他一点也不知道可能要发生什么。
(4)在 have 作“有”解时的否定结构中,如用 not 则在宾语前常有a (an),any,many,much等词;如用no,则不用这些词而应紧跟名词。have 不作“有”解时,通常按行为动词构成否定式。在美国英语中,have 总是按行为动词构成。例如:
They don't have any meeting in the afternoon.他们在下午没有任何会议。
二、疑问句
用来提问的句子叫疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句主要有四种:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
1、一般疑问句
1)一般疑问句的构成
陈述句的谓语动词是动词be或have,构成一般疑问句时只须颠倒主语和动词的语序。例如:
She is a nurse. (她是一名护士。) Is she a nurse? (她是一名护士吗?)
He has many friend.(他有许多朋友。) Has he many friends? / Does he have many friends? (他有许多朋友吗?)
陈述句结构是:主语+助动词+实义动词+宾语。一般疑问句结构是:助动词+主语+实义动词+宾语。例如:
The premier has been to our school. (总理去过我们的学校。)
Has the premier been to our school? (总理去过我们学校吗?)
They can do it for us.(他们做这个为我们。)
Can they do it for us? (他们能为我们做这个吗?)
陈述句的谓语动词如果是一般实义动词,构成一般问句时,要用“Do / Does / Did +主语+动词原形”构成这一结构实际上只用于“现在一般时态和过去一般时态中谓语动词为实义动词”的情况。例如:
The students read English every morning.(学生们每天早晨读英语。)
Do the students read English every morning? (学生们每天早晨读英语吗?)
She often helps them. (她经常帮助他们。)
Does she often help them? (她经常帮助他们吗?)
He bought a car last month.(他上个月买了一辆车。)
Did he buy a car last month? (他上个月买了一辆新车吗?)
2)一般疑问句的回答
一般问句要用升调。一般要求用Yes或No来回答;有时,也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词或相应的结构来回答,如:perhaps, certainly, of course, all right, I think so, surely; never, sorry, not yet, certainly not, not at all, I'm afraid not等。例如:
"Do you want to study English?"你想学英语吗? “Yes, I do."“是的,我想学。”
若表示肯定“我想学”,也可以回答:Certainly.或Of course.意为“当然”。
当回答: No, I don't.“不,我不想学” 时,还可以回答:Certainly not.(当然不想)或Not at all.(一点儿不想学)
3)一般问句的否定形式
一般问句也有否定形式,肯定回答时用“Yes, +肯定结构”;否定回答时,用“No,+否定结构”。请注意这种语境中Yes和No与汉语的译义逻辑关系。例如:
"Don't you want to stay with me? 你不愿意和我呆在一起吗?
“Yes, I do.不,我愿意。”(“No, I don't.是的,我不愿意。”)
2、特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句是以疑问代词(who, whom, what, which)、疑问形容词(which, what, whose)或疑问副词(when, where, how, why)开头。特殊疑问句一般用降调。
1)特殊疑问句的构成
如果疑问代词是问句的主语或以“疑问形容词+名词”为问句的主语,这个问句就用正常的陈述句语序。例如:
Who is your teacher? 谁是你的老师?
Which team won the championship? 哪个队赢得了冠军?
疑问句除作问句的主语或主语的定语以外,其余情况一律用“疑问词+一般疑问句”的语序。例如:
Whose is this shirt?(Whose shirt is this?)这衬衣是谁的?
Why does he often go there? 为什么他经常去那儿?
What did he tell you? 他告诉你什么?
如果疑问词是介词的宾语这个特殊疑问句就可以有两种情况:
To whom did you give the letter? 你把这封信给谁?Whom(Who) did you give the letter to?
3、选择疑问句
选择疑问句是要求从所提出的两个或多个项目中选择一个答案。朗读时,前面的项目用升调,最后一个项目用降调。选择问句有两种类型:
1)类似一般问句的类型,即“一般问句+or+省略的一般问句”。例如:
"Is it right or wrong?" "It's right."对的还是错的?它是对的。
"Do you want to go by bus or by train?" "By bus." 你想乘公共汽车还是乘火车?乘公共汽车。
"Do you want the wall painted yellow, white or green?" "White"你想把墙刷成黄色的、白色的还是绿色的?白色的。
2)类似特殊疑问句的类型,即“特殊疑问句+or+省略的特殊疑问句”。例如:
"Which coffee would you like, black or white?"“你要哪一种咖啡?清咖啡还是加牛奶的?”“清的。”
{注意}上面结构中所说的“省略”均指的是问句中相同部分的省略,选项绝对不能省略。如果句中没有重复的部分省略就是不可能的。如下面这个句子就不能写成省略的形式。
Are you a teacher now or have you not finished college yet? 你现在是教师,或是还没有大学毕业?
选择的项目可以用不同的方式提出,即所表达的意思一样而表达的方式可以不同。例如:
Is it right or wrong? (wrong前省略了"is it")
Is it right or not? (not前省略了"is it", 后省略了"right")
Is it or isn't it right? (or前省略了"right")
4、反意疑问句
反意疑问句是英语四大问句之一,它是由一个陈述句加上一个短问句构成的。
反意疑问句的基本构成形式是“陈述句+简略的一般疑问句”。如:
She often has lunch at schoo1, doesn't she?她常在学校吃午饭,不是吗?
You don't likes ports,do you?你并不喜欢体育运动,是吗?
使用反意疑问句要注意以下若干对应规则:
1)反意疑问句中问句部分的助动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系,即“肯定+否定”或“否定+肯定”。如:
You can't do it,can you?这事你做不了,是吗?
They are late for the meeting, aren’t they? 他们开会迟到了,不是吗?
2)反意疑问句中问句部分的助动词与陈述部分的动词要对应一致。如:
He has supper at home every day, doesn’t he? 他天天在家吃晚饭,不是吗?(不能用hasn't he?)
They have known the matter, haven't they? 他们已经知道了这件事,不是吗?(不能用don't they?)
3)反意疑问句中问句部分的动词在时态上应和陈述部分的时态一致。如:
They will go to town soon,won't they?很快他们就要进城,不是吗?(不能用don't they?或aren't they?)
He works very hard,doesn't he?他工作很努力,是吗?(不能用didn't he?或won't he?)
4)反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-,im-,in-,dis-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时,陈述部分要视为肯定含义。问句部分用否定形式。如:
Your father is unhappy, isn’t he? 你父亲不高兴,是吗?(不能用is he?)
The man is dishonest,isn't he?那人不诚实,是吗?(不能用is he?)
It is impossible to learn English without remembering more words,isn't it?不多记单词学好英语是不可能的,对吗?(不能用is it ?)
5)反意疑问句的陈述部分含有little,few,never,hardly,seldom等否定意义的副词时,问句部分用肯定形式。如:
She never tells a lie does she? 她从来不说谎,是吗?(不用doesn't she?)
He was seldom late,was he? 他很少迟到,是吗?(不用wasn't he?)
6)反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am…时,问句部分习惯上用aren't I?表示。如:
I am a very honest man,aren't I?我是一个老实人,不是吗?
7)反意疑问句的陈述部分为“I(We) think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句”时,问句部分的助动词及主语与that从句内的动词和主语保持一致。如:
I think出at he has done his best,hasn't he?我认为他已经尽力了,是这样的吗?
We think that English is very useful,isn't it?我们认为英语很有用,是这样吗?(不用don't we?)
8)反意疑问句的陈述部分为“I(We)don't think(believe, suppose, consider)+that从句”时,从句为否定意义,问句部分的助动词和主语仍与that从旬保持一致且用肯定形式。如:
I don't think that you cart do it,can you?我认为这事你干不了,你能干吗?(不用do I?)
We don't believe that the news is true,is it?我们认为这消息不真实,是这样的吗?(不用do we?)
9)反意疑问句的陈述部分为“非第一人称主语+think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句”时,问句部分的助动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如:
They all think that English is very important,don't they?他们都认为英语非常重要,是吗?(不用isn't it?)
He didn't think that the news was true,did he?他认为这消息不真实,是吗?(不用wasn't/was it?)
10)反意疑问句的陈述部分为“主语+said(told,reported, asked...)+that从句”时,问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如:
They said that you had finished your work,didn't they?他们说你已经做完工作了,是吗?(不用hadn't you?)
Kate told you that she would go there,didn't she?凯特告诉你她要去那儿,是吗?(不用wouldn't she?)
注意:(1)当反意疑问句是宾语从句,主语是第一人称时,反问的是从句。如:
We think they have finished their task, haven’t they? 我们认为他们已完成了他们的任务,不是吗?
(2)当反意疑问句是宾语从句,主语是第二,三人称时,反问的是主句。如:
He thought that his wife had gone to the office. didn’t he?他认为他的妻子去办公室了,不是吗?
11)陈述部分的主语为不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything时,问句部分的主语常用it。如:
Something is wrong with the computer,isn't it?电脑出故障了,是吗?
Nothing has happened to them, has it? 他们没发生什么事,是吗?
12)陈述部分的主语为不定代词somebody(someone),anybody(anyone),nobody(no one),everybody(everyone)时,问句部分的主语用he或they,这时问句助动词的数应和he或they一致。如:
Someone has taken the seat, hasn't he?有人坐了这个座位了,是吗?
Everyone has done their best in the game,haven't they?大家在游戏中都尽力了,是吗?
13)陈述部分为Let me…时,问句部分习惯上用shall I或will you。如:
Let me have a try,shall I/will you?让我试一试,好吗?
14)陈述部分为Let us…时,问句部分习惯上用will you。如:
Let us stop to rest,will you?我们停下来休息一下好吗?
15)陈述部分为Let's…时。问句部分习惯上用shall we。如:
Let's go home together,shall we?咱们一块儿回家好吗?
16)陈述部分用上述情况以外的祈使句时,问句部分一般用will you表示请求,用won't you表示委婉请求或邀请。如:
Do sit down,won't you/will you?坐下来好不好?
You feed the bird today,will you?今天你把鸟儿喂一下好吗?
Please open the window, will you/won't you?请把窗户打开一下好吗?
17)陈述部分为否定祈使句时。问句部分一般用will you。如:
Don't make any noise,will you?别吵了好不好?
18)陈述部分为“There(Here)+be+主语”时,问句部分用“动词+there(here)”。如:
There are two cakes on the plate,aren't there? 盘子上有两个蛋糕,是吗?
Here is a story about Mark Twain,isn't here?这是个关于马克·吐温的故事,是吗?
19)陈述部分为“had better+动词原形”表示建议时。问句部分用"hadn't+主语”。如:
You'd better ten him about the matter,hadn't you?你最好还是把那件事告诉他一下.好吗?
We had better do it by ourselves,hadn't we?我们最好还是自己做这件事,行吗?
20)陈述部分为"used to+主语”时,问句部分用"didn't+主语”或"usedn't+主语”。如:
He used to live in the country,didn't he/usedn't he?他以前是住在乡下的,是吗?
They used to be good friends,didn't they/usedn't they?他们曾是好朋友,不是吗?
21)陈述部分为“must(may, might)+have +V-ed"表示推测时,若句中带有明显的过去时间状语。问句部分助动词用过去时。如:
He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday,didn't he?他可能昨天把钢笔忘在教室里了,对吧?(不用mightn't he/hasn't he?)
You must have got up late this morning,didn't you?你今天早上一定起床晚了,是吗?(不用mustn't you/haven't you?)
22)陈述部分为“must(may,might)+have+V-ed"表示推测时。若句中没有带明显的过去时间状语。问句部分助动词用现在完成时形式。如:
Everyone must have known the death of the waitress,haven’t they?大家一定知道了女招待的死讯,是吗?(不用mustn't they?)
You must have worked there, haven't you?你以前一定是在那里干过,对吗?(不用mustn't you/didn't you?)
23)陈述部分的主语为从句时。问句部分的主语一般用it代替。如:
What he said is true,isn't it?(他所说的话是真的,对吗?)(不用didn't he?)
Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet,has it?我们将在哪里修大坝还没有定下来,是吗?(不用won't we?)
24)陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时。问句的主语用it代替。如:
To do one good deed is easy for a person,isn't it?一个人做一件好事并不难,是吗?
Skating is your favorite sport,isn’t it? 滑冰是你最喜欢的运动,是吗?
5、祈使句
英语句子按其使用目的来分类可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四大类型。祈使句作为这四大类型之一,有其特有的用法和表达形式。
1.祈使句的用法
1)祈使句又叫命令句,通常被用于表示命令、请求或禁止的语气。例如:
Speak a little more slowly, please! 请讲慢一点。(表请求)
Don't play football on the road! 不要在公路上踢足球。(表禁止)
Get out! 滚出去!(表命令)
2)此外,祈使句可用于表示邀请、建议、指路等。例如:
Have another moon cake, please.请再吃块月饼。(表邀请)
Be careful! It's dangerous.当心! 那很危险。(表警告)
Go along this road, and take the second turning on the right.沿着这条路往前走,路右侧第二个路口就是。(表建议)
3)祈使句也可用来表条件,常用于“祈使句+and / or +陈述句”句型中。例如:
Take more exercise and you'll feel healthy.多锻炼身体,你就会身体健康。
Hurry up, or you'll be late.快点,否则会迟到的。
2.祈使句的表达形式
1)以原形动词引起祈使句。这类句子是以原形动词开头,它的主语通常是第二人称(you),习惯上常省去,具体说来又可分为“do 型”和“be 型”两种结构。例如:
(1)“do 型”,即“行为动词原形+宾语(+其它成分)”构成。例如:
Look after them, please.请照顾好他们。Do it like this.这样做。
(2)“be 型”即由“Be+表语(+其它成分)”构成。例如:
Be quiet, boys and girls.孩子们,请安静。
Be careful, there's a dog behind you.小心你身后有一只狗。
注意:以上结构的祈使句构成否定时,常以don't置于句首构成,即:
(1)“Don't +行为动词原形+(其它成分)”。例如:
Don't worry, I can help you.别着急,我会帮助你。
Don't climb the tree, it's too high.不要爬树,那树太高了。
(2)“Don't +be+表语(+其它成分)”。例如:
Don't be late for school next time.下次上学别迟到。
Don't be at home.不要呆在家中。
2)含有let的祈使句可分为两种类型。一种是“Let+名词/代词+动词原形”结构。例如:
Let me help you.让我来帮助你。
Let him carry the box.让他搬这箱子。
Let Lin Tao clean the room.让林涛打扫房间。
这种句型从类型上分,完全属于“do 型”祈使句。它的否定式也是在let前加don't。例如:
Don't let him in.别让他进来。
Don't let the boy climb the tree.别让那个男孩爬树。
还有一种let构成的祈使句是以let's开头的,它是一种特殊形式的祈使句,它并不是“命令、请求”对方做某事,而是说话者要与对方一起去做某事,常译为“咱们......”。例如:
Let's go to the park with Tom.咱们和汤姆一起去公园吧。
Let's begin our class.咱们开始上课吧。
注意:Let's构成的祈使句的否定形式不是在前面加Don't,而是在Let's后面加not。例如:
Let's not stay here.咱们别在这儿。Let's not go there any more.咱们再别去那儿了。
因此,要注意Let's构成的祈使句并不是Let us的省略形式,它们属于两种不同形式的祈使句。这在变反意疑问句时也能看得出:“Let's......”构成的祈使句附加部分应为shall we?而“Let us”形式的祈使句的附加部分应为Will you?。例如:
Let him come here, will you? 让他近来,行吗?
Let's get there at eight, shall we? 咱们八点到那里,行吗?
3)以No开头的祈使句。这类祈使句结构为“No + V-ing”,它通常用于公共场所禁止、警告的提示语,表示“禁止做某事”。例如:
No parking! 不准停车!
No smoking, please! 请勿吸烟!
4)有时在口语中,为了表达简洁,直接用名词引起一个祈使句。例如:
One moment, please! 请稍等!Hand up! 举起手!
5)有的祈使句中出现主语,目的是为了指明向谁提出请求或命令等。例如:
Tom, listen to me.汤姆,听我说。Take a seat, Mr. Green.格林先生,请坐。
有时是为了加强语气或表示厌烦、不高兴的情绪。例如:
Don't you be late again.你可别再迟到了。(加强语气)
You get out of here.你给我滚出去。(表气愤)
三、省略
【考例1】(2018天津南开中学4月月考,13)The suggestion our teacher ????at the meeting is that students ????in time after learning.
A. made; review B. make; review
C. should make; reviewed D. made; reviewed
【答案】?A
【解析】考查虚拟语气和动词时态。句意:我们老师在会上提出的建议是学生在学完后应及时复习。our teacher ????at the meeting为省去关系代词的定语从句,根据语境可知应该用一般过去时;表示建议的名词suggestion后的表语从句用虚拟语气,其形式是“(should)+动词原形”,故选A。
【考例2】(2017天津春,15)Ten days are devoted to this training program and ????it be unsuccessful, it could be repeated later.
should B. could C. might D. would
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气和倒装。句意:这项培训项目用了十天的时间。如果不能成功的话,之后会重复进行该项目。should假如,万一,要是,常用在if条件句中。此处为省略if的虚拟条件句,把should提到句首省略了if。Should it be...=If it should be...。
【考例3】(2017江苏,22) ????not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it
【答案】B
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:没有老师们的支持,这个学生不可能克服她的困难。 根据题干中的the student could not overcome可知,语境是对现在事实的虚拟,be动词在虚拟语气中通常用were。当虚拟语气中if引导的从句省略了if时,从句部分应使用倒装结构,故选择B项。
【考例4】——Have you been to the Summer Palace?
——Perhaps not In my memory.___________,it might have been during my early childhood.
If any B. If ever C. If only D. If not
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——你去过颐和园吗?——在我记忆中或许没有,如果有的话,那可能也是在我的童年时期。 If ever,在这里是“If I have ever been to the Summer Palace"的省略形式。根据题意可知,答案选B。
【方法探究】做此类试题,我们应该熟练掌握省略的规则,能够还原被省略部分,为解题作出铺垫。针对引导词的省略应该分清从句类型,从分析从句入手确定应该省略的引导词。在英语中,省略现象在日常交际中使用得非常普遍,要重点掌握。
★知识链接★
一、简单句的省略
1、主语被省略(省略主语时,往往是一个祈使句)例如:
Thank you very much. 多谢!
Sound like a good idea.听起来好象是一个好主意。
Let's go out for a drive next Sunday.咱我们下星期天出去兜一兜风吧!
2、谓语或谓语的一部分被省略。例如:
"Are you ill?" "Yes, I am." 你生病了吗?——是的,生病了。(am后省掉了ill)
3、宾语被省略
"Where is Miss Gao?" "I don't know".高小姐在哪儿?我不知道。
"Which of the coats is better?" "It's hard to tell."“哪一件大衣好一点?”“这很难说。”
4、主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)被省略。只剩下表语、宾语或其它成分。例如:
(I'm) Sorry! 对不起!
What a nice car(it is) !多漂亮的一辆车啊!
"When did your family move here?" "Two years ago."( My family moved here two years ago.)“你家是什么时候搬到这儿的?”“两年前。”
"Have you ever been to Xi'an?" "( I have) Never (been there)." “你去过西安吗?”“从来没有。”
二、不定式符号的省略
1、在英语中, see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感官动词或短语及使役动词make, let, have等后的“宾语+不定式作宾语补足语”结构中,不定式不带to,但是这类结构变成被动语态时,其后的不定式要还原加上to。例如:
The see which plants grow higher.接着看哪种植物长的高一些。
The old man watched the children play.这老人看着孩子们玩。
2、不定式符号to后内容的省略。
在上下文中, 有时为了避免重复,表达相同意思的不定式符号to后的内容常承前省略,而只保持不定式的符号to。常见的动词有:refuse,want,intend,mean,expect,hope,like,wish,try,oblige等动词以及形容词afraid, glad, happy, willing, be able to, be going to等之后常会省略,只保留不定式符号to。例如:
---Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿意和我一起去电影院吗?
---I'd love to.我愿意。
Don't touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.除非老师允许(让你们动),任何东西都不要碰。
You may go if you want to(go).要是你想去,你可以去。
I would like to attend the meeting but I’m afraid I won't be able to.我倒愿意参加这个会,不过我恐怕去不了。
注意:如果省略的不定式中含有be,have或have been时,要保留be,have或have been。例如:
He is not the same man as he used to be.他与以前的他浑然两样。
---She hasn't done it yet.她还没有做那件事。
---She ought to have.她本来应该做完的。
3、特殊句型中不定式符号to的省略及to后内容的省略。
在"why not......""had better......" "rather than...."等特殊句型中不定式符号to常常省略,而be going to句型中不定式符号to后的内容常承前省略。例如:
Why not go for a walk? 你为什么不去散散步呢?
Since you have to stay home, why not do some reading? 既然你不得不呆在家里,为什么不读点书呢?
You'd better find an English pen friend.你最好找一位英语笔友。
注意:不定式符号to省略的其它常见现象还有:
1、介词but/except等前面有实义动词do,并表示否定意义时,其后不定式符号to可省去。
He can do nothing /except lie down and sleep.别无选择他只好躺下睡觉。
There is nothing to do but wait.只有等待。
2、would sooner, had better(best)和would rather......than......其后不定式符号to常省略。
He would sooner die than surrender.他宁死不屈。
I'd rather look after the bay than wash dished.我宁愿看婴儿也不愿洗盘子。
You'd better hurry and buy a ticket then。你最好赶快去买张票。
但:如果表示对比或在比较句型中要带to。例如:
He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.他认为重要的是学习而不是交朋友。
3、几个不定式并列时,只在第一个不定式前加to,其它不定式前的常省略to。例如:
It is very kind of you to come and see me.你来看我真实太好了。
4、不定式作表语时,主句部分有实义动词do的某种形式时to可以省去。例如:
All you do is (to) complete the form.你现在要做的是填好这张表。
三、介词的省略
在waste, busy或spent等跟-ing 时后面的前置词in 常被省略。例如:
He was busy (in) writing an important letter.他忙于写一封重要的信。
Don't waste your time (in) crying for the moon.别做这种徒劳无益的事情。
He shouldn't spend so much time (in) watching TV.他不应该花太多的时间看电视。
四、表示年龄的years old, 表示钟点的o'clock.等常常省略。例如:
Even before he was ten he became very interested in science.甚至在他十岁之前,就对科学感兴趣了。
It's five ( o'clock).现在五点钟。
五、所有格之后的名词的省略。例如:
I'm going to my uncle's (house).我要到我叔叔家去。
He asked the student to come to the teacher's (office).他叫学生来办公室。
六、独立主格结构的分词为being或having been时,可省去,意义不受影响(逻辑主语不是人称代词时)。例如:
The class (being) over, we all left the classroom.下课后,我们都离开了教室。
Tools (having been) carried, we went on our way to the field.我们扛着农具,走在去田间的路上。
七、特殊疑问句的答语中的省略(问什么答什么)。例如:
"When were you born?" "In 1982."“你是什么时候出生的?”“1982年出生的。”
"How do you usually go to school?” “On foot." “你平时怎样去上学?”“步行去”
八、在口语中常见的省略句型:
"Thanks."(=I thank you very much).多谢你。
"Not at all."(=You needn't thank me at all.)不用谢。
"(I'm) Sorry."对不起
"(You) Never mind."没关系
"Is she there?"她在那儿吗?"I think so." (=I think she is there.)我想是在那儿。
"Can You come tomorrow?"你明天能来吗?"I'm afraid not.(=I'm afraid I cannot come.)"恐怕我来不了。
See you later.(= I shall see you later.再见!
What to do next?(=What shall we do next?)我们下一步该做什么呢?
Enough!(=That's enough.)够了。
How so?(= How is it so?)怎么会这样呢?
Why so?(=Why is it so?)为什么这样呢?
Why not go at once?(=Why should you not go at once?)你为什么不马上就走呢?
九、状语从句中的省略
如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致,而且状语从句中谓语动词为be时, 可将状语从句中的主语与be动词一同省略,从而构成“v-ing / v-ed / 形容词 / 介词 /副词结构”。
Fill in the blanks with articles where (it is ) necessary.将冠词填入所需的空格处。
When (it is) completed, the car factory will bring more and more jobs to the province.当汽车工厂完工,它将给这个省带来越来越多的工作。
While(he was) waiting there, Mr. Ford was reading some old magazines.当弗瑞德先生在那儿等待的时候,看着一些旧杂志。
If (it is) carefully done, the experiment will be successful.如果你更加仔细地做,实验会成功。
Though (she was) tired, she kept working at the machine.尽管他很累,他仍然在工作。
如果从句中的-ing是表示状态的动词,就不存在省略be的问题。例如:
Although knowing English, Miss Gao talked with them in Chinese.尽管懂得英语,高小姐仍然用汉语与他们交谈。此句不能理解为: Although she was knowing English ,......
注意:状语从句省略是一种较为复杂的语言现象,常见的有以下几种:
1、时间状语
Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要当心。(when后省略了you are)
2、条件状语
He won't go to the party unless invited.除非被邀请否则他不会去参加那个晚会。(unless后省略了he is)
3、比较状语
Country music today remains much the same as before.当今的乡村音乐与过去相比有大量的相同之处。(as后省略了it was)
4、让步状语
Whether right or wrong, his opinion should be paid attention to.不论他的观点正确与否都应予以考虑。(Whether后省略了it is)
十、虚拟语气中的省略
含有if的虚拟条件句可以省去if而把助动词had, should, were提到句首构成倒装。在suggest,insist,order,demand等后面的宾语从句中谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可省略。(参阅虚拟语气)
十一、并列句中的省略
在并列句中如果后一分句有与前一分句相同的部分,就常可以省略。例如:
My father works on a farm and my mother (works) in a factory.我父亲在一家农场工作,我母亲在一家工厂工作。
Tom won the first race and George (won) the second (one).汤姆在比赛中获得第一,乔治获得第二。
如果是不相同的结构,一般不宜省略。例如可以说:The hunter was frightened and was firing at the bear.猎人吓坏了并朝熊开枪。但一般不说:The hunter was frightened and firing at the bear.
十二、复合句中的省略
1、主句中的省略
(1)主句中的省略多见于句子起首部分。
( I ) Don't know what you are going to do next.不知道你下一步要干什么?
(It's) Too good she can go with us this Sunday.这个星期天她能和我们一起去真是太好了。
(Is there) Anything more you want to say? 你还有什么要说的吗?
(2)在回答特殊疑问句时,为了避免重复,主句可以全部省略,只用从句回答。例如:
"When are you going off to Guangzhou?" "Next Thursday evening"“你打算什么时候去广州?”“下星期四的晚上。”
"What did you say?" "(He said) He had finished his homework."“他说什么?”“他已经做完了作业。”
2、从句中的省略
(1)宾语从句的省略
以which,when,where,how和why引起的宾语从句在其谓语和主句的谓语相同时,可以省略全部谓语,甚至主语也可省略仅保留一个引导词。
在I'm afraid, I believe, I expect, I think, I hope, I fear, I suppose, I trust等之后的“not”等于一个否定的that-从句;“so”等于一个肯定的that-从句。(参阅宾语从句的省略)
(2)定语从句的省略
定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词,在非正式文体中,往往省略关系副词how,when和why。此外,关系代词as后面的主语谓语结构有时也可以省略。(参阅定语从句的省略)
一、选择题(Choose the best answer)
1.(天津市耀华中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考4)--- I’ve read another book this week.
---Well, maybe ________ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
2.---What's the matter with Della?
---Well,her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party,but she still_________.
hopes to B. hopes so C.hopes not D.hopes for
3. ????no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
A. Were there B. Had there been C. If there are D. If there have been
4.It is so cold that you can’t go outside ????fully covered in thick clothes.
A. if B. unless C. once D. when
5. (2018江苏普通高校对口单招通考,8)Keep these rules in mind, ???? you are sure to be successful in the job interview.
A. and B. unless C. or D. since
6. (2018天津和平区二模,13)—Do you think I should work in that company?
— ???? If I were in your shoes, I certainly would.
A. Is that so? B. It depends. C.I don’t think so. D. Why not?
7. We are all for your suggestion that the discussion___________.
be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to put off
8. (2018天津十二校二联,15)—I forgot all about the party yesterday.
—If my secretary hadn’t reminded me, I ????, too.
did B. had C. should D. would have
9.(2018天津河西区三模,1)—Will John attend the meeting tomorrow?
— ????. If he should come tomorrow, he would have called me.
A. Go ahead B. Certainly C. That’s right D.I don’t think so
10—Where did you pick up the stamp?
—It was at the post office ________ we worked in the summer vacation.
A.that B.where C.which D.when
二、句型训练(Choose the right words in brackets)
1.(2018天津市第一中学下学期第四次月考,15)—Why didn??t you buy an iPhone 8s?It??s the most amazing phone.
—I ????(have ), but I didn’t have the money.
2.(2018北京石景山区一模,1)—How can I wake up so early?
—Set the alarm for 5:00 am., ????you will make it.
3.(江苏省启东中学2018届高三最后一模)—Have you searched the kitchen for your car key?
—No. It was in the study I remember I left it.
4.It was with the help of the local guide ________ the mountain climber was rescued.
5.I can understand why I shouldn't pay too much,Father,but if I can pay less, not save a bit of money?
三、语法填空
(宜昌市一中2018届高三11月月考)Shopping in Singapore is really a pleasure for tourists. The Great Singapore Sale___1___ (hold) every year, usually during the summer months. Singapore’s famous shopping stores welcome a great number of visitors from all over the world. ___2___ (they) shopping hours last till midnight. During this time, nice and cheap goods are ___3___sale for tourists to choose from. Tourists can also try delicious food there and experience the Singaporean night life.
Certain stores offer discounts of up to 10% or even ___4___ (high) if people use their credit cards. For tourists ___5___ hold a special Tourist Card, they can enjoy a lot of benefits, such as discounts on ___6___ (watch), jewelry and cosmetics. The card also ___7___ (give) discounts when you visit local attractions such as Singapore Zoo.
It is well worth ___8___(wander) around the different shopping districts of Singapore during this 8-week Singapore Sale. Orchard Road is ___9___(sure) the best place for shopping in the city. A large number of restaurants and clubs can be found in this area. Marina Bay includes both big departments and small shops, ___10___almost everything you would want to buy can be found here.
四、 短文改错
(黄冈市2018年高三年级9月质量检测)I still remembered I helped one of my classmates with his English one years ago. Li hua, one of my classmates, who was not good at English while I did well. One day, she asked me to help him. So from now on, whenever he had problems, he would ask me, but I was patient to explain them to him. Slowly, his English improved under my help. At same time, I found my English improved too. As the saying goes, “roses giving, fragrance in hand.” Actual, helping others is helping ourselves.
专题十三 省略、强调&特殊句式(解析版)
根据考纲要求,考生应掌握:
1. 省略要注意主语的省略、谓语或谓语的一部分省略、宾语的省略、不定式的省略、宾语从句和状语从句中的省略,以及虚拟条件句中,省略了if的虚拟条件句中(把were, had或should移至主语前),采用部分倒装。
2. 强调句用于强调陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、not…until…句型,强调句与状语从句、定语从句、祈使句的混合考查。强调句型结构为:It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。
3. 反义疑问句是由“陈述句+简略的一般问句”构成。简略的一般问句通常只用两个词:一个是肯定或否定的be动词、情态动词、助动词,另一个是人称代词。
祈使句+and/or+陈述句和反意疑问句。
一、考查强调句
【考例1】(2018·天津14) It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house ___________we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
【答案】B
【解析】考查强调句。句意:只有当汽车在我们房子前停下来我们才看到在乘客位置的莉莉。这里考查强调句,强调句型结构为:It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。本题强调时间状语only when the car pulled up in front of our house。故选B。
【考例2】(2017·天津卷11) It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.
A. who B. where C. which D. that
【答案】D
【解析】考查强调句。句意:当我回到我的公寓的时候,我第一次遇见了我的新邻居。本句中去掉It was?和空格,句意完整,所以本句是强调句型,强调的是时间状语,应用that。故选D。
【考例3】(2017·苏锡常镇高三二模 )Years may wrinkle the skin,but it is to give up enthusiasm________ wrinkles the soul.
A. who B. which C. that D. when
【答案】C
【解析】考查强调句型。句意:岁月留痕,只及皮肤;激情不再,皱起心灵。本句由but连接的两个并列分句组成,第二个分句考查了强调句型“it is+被强调部分+that+其他部分”,被强调的是to give up enthusiasm。
【考例4】(2016·天津13)You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel ____ the coach picks up tourists.
A. who B. which C. where D. that
【答案】D
【解析】句意:你等车的地点错了,大客车是在旅店接送游客的。该句为强调句,其结构是:It? is/was+强调部分+that+其余部分,如果强调部分是人,也可以用who,这句话强调的是地点状语at?the?hotel.故选?D。
【方法探究】此类试题首先要分析句子结构,确定句子主干。其次,找到被强调部分,确定强调句。
★知识链接★
一、强调句的基本结构是:It is/was+被强调部分+that+其他部分,可用来强调主语、宾语或状语。强调人时可用who作连词。
①It was Mary that/who I met in the street yesterday.(强调宾语)
昨天我在街上遇见的是玛丽。
②It was 1 who met Mary in the street yesterday.(强调主语)
昨天是我在街上遇见玛丽的。
③It was in the street that I met Mary yesterday.(强调地点状语)
昨天我是在街上遇见玛丽的。
二、强调句型的一般疑问句形式:1.句式特征:Is/Was it+被强调部分+that…;2、结合特殊疑问词构成特殊疑问句形式.句式特征:特殊疑问词+is/was it that…?3、强调句型的反意疑问句形式.句式特征为:It is/was+被强调部分+that…,isn't/wasn't it?4、强调句型的感叹句形式.句式特征为:what/how …it is(that)+主语+谓语!
5、强调句强调not until引导的状语或状语从句:It is/was not until that…,意思是“直到……才……”。例如:
What is it that he likes most?/Where was it that you met him yesterday?他最喜欢的是什么?/昨天你在哪儿见到他的?
It was not until midnight that he finished his writing.直到午夜他才完成写作。
二、“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构 和反意疑问句
【考例1】(2018·北京8) In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
A. press B. to press C. pressing D. pressed
【答案】A
【解析】考查祈使句+and/or+陈述句。当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or。该句式中的陈述句部分常用一般将来时态。故答案选选A。
【考例2】(2017·苏北四市高三一模)We believe there is no independent scientific evidence that any Internet dating site is beneficial to matching people together,________?
A.is there B.do we C. don't we D.isn't there
【答案】A
【解析】考查反意疑问句。在反意疑问句中,若陈述句为“I/We(don't)+think,believe,suppose,feel等表示意见、想法、猜测的动词+宾语从句”,简短问句的主语和谓语动词应同宾语从句的主语和谓语动词保持一致。本句中believe的主语是We,其后的简短问句的主语及谓语动词取决于从句的,由此排除B、C两项;由于从句中有否定词no,所以简短问句要用肯定式。
【方法探究】要求有学生掌握好基本句型以及相关知识的能力。
★知识链接★
英语基本句型主要有五种,分述如下:
1、S + V(主语——动词)
The baby laughed and laughed.婴儿笑啊笑。
The sun raise in the east .太阳从东方升起。
2、S + V + O(主语—动词—宾语)
She loves them very much.她很爱他们。
We can't find the owner.我们找不到失主。
3、S + V + P(主语—连系动词—表语)
He is a Chinese boy.他是一个中国孩子。
The all look fine.他们看起来都很好。
4、S + V + IO + DO(主语—动词—间接宾语—直接宾语)
She bought me a pen.她给我买了一只钢笔。
I wish you a happy birthday.我祝你生日快乐!
5、S + V + O + C(主语—动词—宾语—宾语补足语)
She named her baby John.她给孩子取名叫约翰。
Have you got everything ready? 你们一切都准备好了吗?
根据使用目的句子可分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
一、陈述句
用以肯定或否定一件事情或看法的叙述性句子叫陈述句。句末用句号,读时用降调。
1、陈述句肯定式的正常语序是主语位于谓语前。例如:
We'll meet again tomorrow .我们明天再见面。
Last week we started our trip across this country.上星期我们开始了横跨这个国家的旅行。
2、陈述句否定式的结构
(1)在连系动词 be,实义动词 have,助动词或情态动词后加not,never......等否定词构成否定式。例如:
We mustn't waste any more time.我们决不能在浪费时间了。
I've never been so afraid in all my life.在我一生中,我从来没有这么害怕过。
当谓语动词是 have“有”时,其否定式可以有两种:
Students usually have not their P.E. lessons on Monday.学生们通常在星期一没有体育课。
Students don't usually have their P.E. lessons on Monday.
(2)在行为动词前加 do (does,did)not(句中的行为动词应用原形)构成否定式。例如:
I didn't find Chinese easy at first. 起初,我发现中文不容易。
Sorry, I don't know much about him.对不起,我对他不大了解。
He doesn't like American movies very much.他很不喜欢美国电影。
(3)句中若有no,none,little,not,nobody,nothing,neither,nor,never,hardly,scarcely等否定意义的词,可构成陈述句的否定式,同时不能再用 not。例如:
I had never seen such a good match before that day! 在那天以前,我从来没有看过这么精彩的比赛!
Many of the country people could neither read nor write.许多国家的人既不会写也不会读。
There was no music or dialogue.没有音乐或者对话。
He little knows what may happen.他一点也不知道可能要发生什么。
(4)在 have 作“有”解时的否定结构中,如用 not 则在宾语前常有a (an),any,many,much等词;如用no,则不用这些词而应紧跟名词。have 不作“有”解时,通常按行为动词构成否定式。在美国英语中,have 总是按行为动词构成。例如:
They don't have any meeting in the afternoon.他们在下午没有任何会议。
二、疑问句
用来提问的句子叫疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句主要有四种:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
1、一般疑问句
1)一般疑问句的构成
陈述句的谓语动词是动词be或have,构成一般疑问句时只须颠倒主语和动词的语序。例如:
She is a nurse. (她是一名护士。) Is she a nurse? (她是一名护士吗?)
He has many friend.(他有许多朋友。) Has he many friends? / Does he have many friends? (他有许多朋友吗?)
陈述句结构是:主语+助动词+实义动词+宾语。一般疑问句结构是:助动词+主语+实义动词+宾语。例如:
The premier has been to our school. (总理去过我们的学校。)
Has the premier been to our school? (总理去过我们学校吗?)
They can do it for us.(他们做这个为我们。)
Can they do it for us? (他们能为我们做这个吗?)
陈述句的谓语动词如果是一般实义动词,构成一般问句时,要用“Do / Does / Did +主语+动词原形”构成这一结构实际上只用于“现在一般时态和过去一般时态中谓语动词为实义动词”的情况。例如:
The students read English every morning.(学生们每天早晨读英语。)
Do the students read English every morning? (学生们每天早晨读英语吗?)
She often helps them. (她经常帮助他们。)
Does she often help them? (她经常帮助他们吗?)
He bought a car last month.(他上个月买了一辆车。)
Did he buy a car last month? (他上个月买了一辆新车吗?)
2)一般疑问句的回答
一般问句要用升调。一般要求用Yes或No来回答;有时,也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词或相应的结构来回答,如:perhaps, certainly, of course, all right, I think so, surely; never, sorry, not yet, certainly not, not at all, I'm afraid not等。例如:
"Do you want to study English?"你想学英语吗? “Yes, I do."“是的,我想学。”
若表示肯定“我想学”,也可以回答:Certainly.或Of course.意为“当然”。
当回答: No, I don't.“不,我不想学” 时,还可以回答:Certainly not.(当然不想)或Not at all.(一点儿不想学)
3)一般问句的否定形式
一般问句也有否定形式,肯定回答时用“Yes, +肯定结构”;否定回答时,用“No,+否定结构”。请注意这种语境中Yes和No与汉语的译义逻辑关系。例如:
"Don't you want to stay with me? 你不愿意和我呆在一起吗?
“Yes, I do.不,我愿意。”(“No, I don't.是的,我不愿意。”)
2、特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句是以疑问代词(who, whom, what, which)、疑问形容词(which, what, whose)或疑问副词(when, where, how, why)开头。特殊疑问句一般用降调。
1)特殊疑问句的构成
如果疑问代词是问句的主语或以“疑问形容词+名词”为问句的主语,这个问句就用正常的陈述句语序。例如:
Who is your teacher? 谁是你的老师?
Which team won the championship? 哪个队赢得了冠军?
疑问句除作问句的主语或主语的定语以外,其余情况一律用“疑问词+一般疑问句”的语序。例如:
Whose is this shirt?(Whose shirt is this?)这衬衣是谁的?
Why does he often go there? 为什么他经常去那儿?
What did he tell you? 他告诉你什么?
如果疑问词是介词的宾语这个特殊疑问句就可以有两种情况:
To whom did you give the letter? 你把这封信给谁?Whom(Who) did you give the letter to?
3、选择疑问句
选择疑问句是要求从所提出的两个或多个项目中选择一个答案。朗读时,前面的项目用升调,最后一个项目用降调。选择问句有两种类型:
1)类似一般问句的类型,即“一般问句+or+省略的一般问句”。例如:
"Is it right or wrong?" "It's right."对的还是错的?它是对的。
"Do you want to go by bus or by train?" "By bus." 你想乘公共汽车还是乘火车?乘公共汽车。
"Do you want the wall painted yellow, white or green?" "White"你想把墙刷成黄色的、白色的还是绿色的?白色的。
2)类似特殊疑问句的类型,即“特殊疑问句+or+省略的特殊疑问句”。例如:
"Which coffee would you like, black or white?"“你要哪一种咖啡?清咖啡还是加牛奶的?”“清的。”
{注意}上面结构中所说的“省略”均指的是问句中相同部分的省略,选项绝对不能省略。如果句中没有重复的部分省略就是不可能的。如下面这个句子就不能写成省略的形式。
Are you a teacher now or have you not finished college yet? 你现在是教师,或是还没有大学毕业?
选择的项目可以用不同的方式提出,即所表达的意思一样而表达的方式可以不同。例如:
Is it right or wrong? (wrong前省略了"is it")
Is it right or not? (not前省略了"is it", 后省略了"right")
Is it or isn't it right? (or前省略了"right")
4、反意疑问句
反意疑问句是英语四大问句之一,它是由一个陈述句加上一个短问句构成的。
反意疑问句的基本构成形式是“陈述句+简略的一般疑问句”。如:
She often has lunch at schoo1, doesn't she?她常在学校吃午饭,不是吗?
You don't likes ports,do you?你并不喜欢体育运动,是吗?
使用反意疑问句要注意以下若干对应规则:
1)反意疑问句中问句部分的助动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系,即“肯定+否定”或“否定+肯定”。如:
You can't do it,can you?这事你做不了,是吗?
They are late for the meeting, aren’t they? 他们开会迟到了,不是吗?
2)反意疑问句中问句部分的助动词与陈述部分的动词要对应一致。如:
He has supper at home every day, doesn’t he? 他天天在家吃晚饭,不是吗?(不能用hasn't he?)
They have known the matter, haven't they? 他们已经知道了这件事,不是吗?(不能用don't they?)
3)反意疑问句中问句部分的动词在时态上应和陈述部分的时态一致。如:
They will go to town soon,won't they?很快他们就要进城,不是吗?(不能用don't they?或aren't they?)
He works very hard,doesn't he?他工作很努力,是吗?(不能用didn't he?或won't he?)
4)反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-,im-,in-,dis-等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时,陈述部分要视为肯定含义。问句部分用否定形式。如:
Your father is unhappy, isn’t he? 你父亲不高兴,是吗?(不能用is he?)
The man is dishonest,isn't he?那人不诚实,是吗?(不能用is he?)
It is impossible to learn English without remembering more words,isn't it?不多记单词学好英语是不可能的,对吗?(不能用is it ?)
5)反意疑问句的陈述部分含有little,few,never,hardly,seldom等否定意义的副词时,问句部分用肯定形式。如:
She never tells a lie does she? 她从来不说谎,是吗?(不用doesn't she?)
He was seldom late,was he? 他很少迟到,是吗?(不用wasn't he?)
6)反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am…时,问句部分习惯上用aren't I?表示。如:
I am a very honest man,aren't I?我是一个老实人,不是吗?
7)反意疑问句的陈述部分为“I(We) think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句”时,问句部分的助动词及主语与that从句内的动词和主语保持一致。如:
I think出at he has done his best,hasn't he?我认为他已经尽力了,是这样的吗?
We think that English is very useful,isn't it?我们认为英语很有用,是这样吗?(不用don't we?)
8)反意疑问句的陈述部分为“I(We)don't think(believe, suppose, consider)+that从句”时,从句为否定意义,问句部分的助动词和主语仍与that从旬保持一致且用肯定形式。如:
I don't think that you cart do it,can you?我认为这事你干不了,你能干吗?(不用do I?)
We don't believe that the news is true,is it?我们认为这消息不真实,是这样的吗?(不用do we?)
9)反意疑问句的陈述部分为“非第一人称主语+think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句”时,问句部分的助动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如:
They all think that English is very important,don't they?他们都认为英语非常重要,是吗?(不用isn't it?)
He didn't think that the news was true,did he?他认为这消息不真实,是吗?(不用wasn't/was it?)
10)反意疑问句的陈述部分为“主语+said(told,reported, asked...)+that从句”时,问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如:
They said that you had finished your work,didn't they?他们说你已经做完工作了,是吗?(不用hadn't you?)
Kate told you that she would go there,didn't she?凯特告诉你她要去那儿,是吗?(不用wouldn't she?)
注意:(1)当反意疑问句是宾语从句,主语是第一人称时,反问的是从句。如:
We think they have finished their task, haven’t they? 我们认为他们已完成了他们的任务,不是吗?
(2)当反意疑问句是宾语从句,主语是第二,三人称时,反问的是主句。如:
He thought that his wife had gone to the office. didn’t he?他认为他的妻子去办公室了,不是吗?
11)陈述部分的主语为不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything时,问句部分的主语常用it。如:
Something is wrong with the computer,isn't it?电脑出故障了,是吗?
Nothing has happened to them, has it? 他们没发生什么事,是吗?
12)陈述部分的主语为不定代词somebody(someone),anybody(anyone),nobody(no one),everybody(everyone)时,问句部分的主语用he或they,这时问句助动词的数应和he或they一致。如:
Someone has taken the seat, hasn't he?有人坐了这个座位了,是吗?
Everyone has done their best in the game,haven't they?大家在游戏中都尽力了,是吗?
13)陈述部分为Let me…时,问句部分习惯上用shall I或will you。如:
Let me have a try,shall I/will you?让我试一试,好吗?
14)陈述部分为Let us…时,问句部分习惯上用will you。如:
Let us stop to rest,will you?我们停下来休息一下好吗?
15)陈述部分为Let's…时。问句部分习惯上用shall we。如:
Let's go home together,shall we?咱们一块儿回家好吗?
16)陈述部分用上述情况以外的祈使句时,问句部分一般用will you表示请求,用won't you表示委婉请求或邀请。如:
Do sit down,won't you/will you?坐下来好不好?
You feed the bird today,will you?今天你把鸟儿喂一下好吗?
Please open the window, will you/won't you?请把窗户打开一下好吗?
17)陈述部分为否定祈使句时。问句部分一般用will you。如:
Don't make any noise,will you?别吵了好不好?
18)陈述部分为“There(Here)+be+主语”时,问句部分用“动词+there(here)”。如:
There are two cakes on the plate,aren't there? 盘子上有两个蛋糕,是吗?
Here is a story about Mark Twain,isn't here?这是个关于马克·吐温的故事,是吗?
19)陈述部分为“had better+动词原形”表示建议时。问句部分用"hadn't+主语”。如:
You'd better ten him about the matter,hadn't you?你最好还是把那件事告诉他一下.好吗?
We had better do it by ourselves,hadn't we?我们最好还是自己做这件事,行吗?
20)陈述部分为"used to+主语”时,问句部分用"didn't+主语”或"usedn't+主语”。如:
He used to live in the country,didn't he/usedn't he?他以前是住在乡下的,是吗?
They used to be good friends,didn't they/usedn't they?他们曾是好朋友,不是吗?
21)陈述部分为“must(may, might)+have +V-ed"表示推测时,若句中带有明显的过去时间状语。问句部分助动词用过去时。如:
He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday,didn't he?他可能昨天把钢笔忘在教室里了,对吧?(不用mightn't he/hasn't he?)
You must have got up late this morning,didn't you?你今天早上一定起床晚了,是吗?(不用mustn't you/haven't you?)
22)陈述部分为“must(may,might)+have+V-ed"表示推测时。若句中没有带明显的过去时间状语。问句部分助动词用现在完成时形式。如:
Everyone must have known the death of the waitress,haven’t they?大家一定知道了女招待的死讯,是吗?(不用mustn't they?)
You must have worked there, haven't you?你以前一定是在那里干过,对吗?(不用mustn't you/didn't you?)
23)陈述部分的主语为从句时。问句部分的主语一般用it代替。如:
What he said is true,isn't it?(他所说的话是真的,对吗?)(不用didn't he?)
Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet,has it?我们将在哪里修大坝还没有定下来,是吗?(不用won't we?)
24)陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时。问句的主语用it代替。如:
To do one good deed is easy for a person,isn't it?一个人做一件好事并不难,是吗?
Skating is your favorite sport,isn’t it? 滑冰是你最喜欢的运动,是吗?
5、祈使句
英语句子按其使用目的来分类可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四大类型。祈使句作为这四大类型之一,有其特有的用法和表达形式。
1.祈使句的用法
1)祈使句又叫命令句,通常被用于表示命令、请求或禁止的语气。例如:
Speak a little more slowly, please! 请讲慢一点。(表请求)
Don't play football on the road! 不要在公路上踢足球。(表禁止)
Get out! 滚出去!(表命令)
2)此外,祈使句可用于表示邀请、建议、指路等。例如:
Have another moon cake, please.请再吃块月饼。(表邀请)
Be careful! It's dangerous.当心! 那很危险。(表警告)
Go along this road, and take the second turning on the right.沿着这条路往前走,路右侧第二个路口就是。(表建议)
3)祈使句也可用来表条件,常用于“祈使句+and / or +陈述句”句型中。例如:
Take more exercise and you'll feel healthy.多锻炼身体,你就会身体健康。
Hurry up, or you'll be late.快点,否则会迟到的。
2.祈使句的表达形式
1)以原形动词引起祈使句。这类句子是以原形动词开头,它的主语通常是第二人称(you),习惯上常省去,具体说来又可分为“do 型”和“be 型”两种结构。例如:
(1)“do 型”,即“行为动词原形+宾语(+其它成分)”构成。例如:
Look after them, please.请照顾好他们。Do it like this.这样做。
(2)“be 型”即由“Be+表语(+其它成分)”构成。例如:
Be quiet, boys and girls.孩子们,请安静。
Be careful, there's a dog behind you.小心你身后有一只狗。
注意:以上结构的祈使句构成否定时,常以don't置于句首构成,即:
(1)“Don't +行为动词原形+(其它成分)”。例如:
Don't worry, I can help you.别着急,我会帮助你。
Don't climb the tree, it's too high.不要爬树,那树太高了。
(2)“Don't +be+表语(+其它成分)”。例如:
Don't be late for school next time.下次上学别迟到。
Don't be at home.不要呆在家中。
2)含有let的祈使句可分为两种类型。一种是“Let+名词/代词+动词原形”结构。例如:
Let me help you.让我来帮助你。
Let him carry the box.让他搬这箱子。
Let Lin Tao clean the room.让林涛打扫房间。
这种句型从类型上分,完全属于“do 型”祈使句。它的否定式也是在let前加don't。例如:
Don't let him in.别让他进来。
Don't let the boy climb the tree.别让那个男孩爬树。
还有一种let构成的祈使句是以let's开头的,它是一种特殊形式的祈使句,它并不是“命令、请求”对方做某事,而是说话者要与对方一起去做某事,常译为“咱们......”。例如:
Let's go to the park with Tom.咱们和汤姆一起去公园吧。
Let's begin our class.咱们开始上课吧。
注意:Let's构成的祈使句的否定形式不是在前面加Don't,而是在Let's后面加not。例如:
Let's not stay here.咱们别在这儿。Let's not go there any more.咱们再别去那儿了。
因此,要注意Let's构成的祈使句并不是Let us的省略形式,它们属于两种不同形式的祈使句。这在变反意疑问句时也能看得出:“Let's......”构成的祈使句附加部分应为shall we?而“Let us”形式的祈使句的附加部分应为Will you?。例如:
Let him come here, will you? 让他近来,行吗?
Let's get there at eight, shall we? 咱们八点到那里,行吗?
3)以No开头的祈使句。这类祈使句结构为“No + V-ing”,它通常用于公共场所禁止、警告的提示语,表示“禁止做某事”。例如:
No parking! 不准停车!
No smoking, please! 请勿吸烟!
4)有时在口语中,为了表达简洁,直接用名词引起一个祈使句。例如:
One moment, please! 请稍等!Hand up! 举起手!
5)有的祈使句中出现主语,目的是为了指明向谁提出请求或命令等。例如:
Tom, listen to me.汤姆,听我说。Take a seat, Mr. Green.格林先生,请坐。
有时是为了加强语气或表示厌烦、不高兴的情绪。例如:
Don't you be late again.你可别再迟到了。(加强语气)
You get out of here.你给我滚出去。(表气愤)
三、省略
【考例1】(2018天津南开中学4月月考,13)The suggestion our teacher ????at the meeting is that students ????in time after learning.
A. made; review B. make; review
C. should make; reviewed D. made; reviewed
【答案】?A
【解析】考查虚拟语气和动词时态。句意:我们老师在会上提出的建议是学生在学完后应及时复习。our teacher ????at the meeting为省去关系代词的定语从句,根据语境可知应该用一般过去时;表示建议的名词suggestion后的表语从句用虚拟语气,其形式是“(should)+动词原形”,故选A。
【考例2】(2017天津春,15)Ten days are devoted to this training program and ????it be unsuccessful, it could be repeated later.
should B. could C. might D. would
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气和倒装。句意:这项培训项目用了十天的时间。如果不能成功的话,之后会重复进行该项目。should假如,万一,要是,常用在if条件句中。此处为省略if的虚拟条件句,把should提到句首省略了if。Should it be...=If it should be...。
【考例3】(2017江苏,22) ????not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it
【答案】B
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:没有老师们的支持,这个学生不可能克服她的困难。 根据题干中的the student could not overcome可知,语境是对现在事实的虚拟,be动词在虚拟语气中通常用were。当虚拟语气中if引导的从句省略了if时,从句部分应使用倒装结构,故选择B项。
【考例4】——Have you been to the Summer Palace?
——Perhaps not In my memory.___________,it might have been during my early childhood.
If any B. If ever C. If only D. If not
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——你去过颐和园吗?——在我记忆中或许没有,如果有的话,那可能也是在我的童年时期。 If ever,在这里是“If I have ever been to the Summer Palace"的省略形式。根据题意可知,答案选B。
【方法探究】做此类试题,我们应该熟练掌握省略的规则,能够还原被省略部分,为解题作出铺垫。针对引导词的省略应该分清从句类型,从分析从句入手确定应该省略的引导词。在英语中,省略现象在日常交际中使用得非常普遍,要重点掌握。
★知识链接★
一、简单句的省略
1、主语被省略(省略主语时,往往是一个祈使句)例如:
Thank you very much. 多谢!
Sound like a good idea.听起来好象是一个好主意。
Let's go out for a drive next Sunday.咱我们下星期天出去兜一兜风吧!
2、谓语或谓语的一部分被省略。例如:
"Are you ill?" "Yes, I am." 你生病了吗?——是的,生病了。(am后省掉了ill)
3、宾语被省略
"Where is Miss Gao?" "I don't know".高小姐在哪儿?我不知道。
"Which of the coats is better?" "It's hard to tell."“哪一件大衣好一点?”“这很难说。”
4、主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)被省略。只剩下表语、宾语或其它成分。例如:
(I'm) Sorry! 对不起!
What a nice car(it is) !多漂亮的一辆车啊!
"When did your family move here?" "Two years ago."( My family moved here two years ago.)“你家是什么时候搬到这儿的?”“两年前。”
"Have you ever been to Xi'an?" "( I have) Never (been there)." “你去过西安吗?”“从来没有。”
二、不定式符号的省略
1、在英语中, see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感官动词或短语及使役动词make, let, have等后的“宾语+不定式作宾语补足语”结构中,不定式不带to,但是这类结构变成被动语态时,其后的不定式要还原加上to。例如:
The see which plants grow higher.接着看哪种植物长的高一些。
The old man watched the children play.这老人看着孩子们玩。
2、不定式符号to后内容的省略。
在上下文中, 有时为了避免重复,表达相同意思的不定式符号to后的内容常承前省略,而只保持不定式的符号to。常见的动词有:refuse,want,intend,mean,expect,hope,like,wish,try,oblige等动词以及形容词afraid, glad, happy, willing, be able to, be going to等之后常会省略,只保留不定式符号to。例如:
---Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿意和我一起去电影院吗?
---I'd love to.我愿意。
Don't touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.除非老师允许(让你们动),任何东西都不要碰。
You may go if you want to(go).要是你想去,你可以去。
I would like to attend the meeting but I’m afraid I won't be able to.我倒愿意参加这个会,不过我恐怕去不了。
注意:如果省略的不定式中含有be,have或have been时,要保留be,have或have been。例如:
He is not the same man as he used to be.他与以前的他浑然两样。
---She hasn't done it yet.她还没有做那件事。
---She ought to have.她本来应该做完的。
3、特殊句型中不定式符号to的省略及to后内容的省略。
在"why not......""had better......" "rather than...."等特殊句型中不定式符号to常常省略,而be going to句型中不定式符号to后的内容常承前省略。例如:
Why not go for a walk? 你为什么不去散散步呢?
Since you have to stay home, why not do some reading? 既然你不得不呆在家里,为什么不读点书呢?
You'd better find an English pen friend.你最好找一位英语笔友。
注意:不定式符号to省略的其它常见现象还有:
1、介词but/except等前面有实义动词do,并表示否定意义时,其后不定式符号to可省去。
He can do nothing /except lie down and sleep.别无选择他只好躺下睡觉。
There is nothing to do but wait.只有等待。
2、would sooner, had better(best)和would rather......than......其后不定式符号to常省略。
He would sooner die than surrender.他宁死不屈。
I'd rather look after the bay than wash dished.我宁愿看婴儿也不愿洗盘子。
You'd better hurry and buy a ticket then。你最好赶快去买张票。
但:如果表示对比或在比较句型中要带to。例如:
He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.他认为重要的是学习而不是交朋友。
3、几个不定式并列时,只在第一个不定式前加to,其它不定式前的常省略to。例如:
It is very kind of you to come and see me.你来看我真实太好了。
4、不定式作表语时,主句部分有实义动词do的某种形式时to可以省去。例如:
All you do is (to) complete the form.你现在要做的是填好这张表。
三、介词的省略
在waste, busy或spent等跟-ing 时后面的前置词in 常被省略。例如:
He was busy (in) writing an important letter.他忙于写一封重要的信。
Don't waste your time (in) crying for the moon.别做这种徒劳无益的事情。
He shouldn't spend so much time (in) watching TV.他不应该花太多的时间看电视。
四、表示年龄的years old, 表示钟点的o'clock.等常常省略。例如:
Even before he was ten he became very interested in science.甚至在他十岁之前,就对科学感兴趣了。
It's five ( o'clock).现在五点钟。
五、所有格之后的名词的省略。例如:
I'm going to my uncle's (house).我要到我叔叔家去。
He asked the student to come to the teacher's (office).他叫学生来办公室。
六、独立主格结构的分词为being或having been时,可省去,意义不受影响(逻辑主语不是人称代词时)。例如:
The class (being) over, we all left the classroom.下课后,我们都离开了教室。
Tools (having been) carried, we went on our way to the field.我们扛着农具,走在去田间的路上。
七、特殊疑问句的答语中的省略(问什么答什么)。例如:
"When were you born?" "In 1982."“你是什么时候出生的?”“1982年出生的。”
"How do you usually go to school?” “On foot." “你平时怎样去上学?”“步行去”
八、在口语中常见的省略句型:
"Thanks."(=I thank you very much).多谢你。
"Not at all."(=You needn't thank me at all.)不用谢。
"(I'm) Sorry."对不起
"(You) Never mind."没关系
"Is she there?"她在那儿吗?"I think so." (=I think she is there.)我想是在那儿。
"Can You come tomorrow?"你明天能来吗?"I'm afraid not.(=I'm afraid I cannot come.)"恐怕我来不了。
See you later.(= I shall see you later.再见!
What to do next?(=What shall we do next?)我们下一步该做什么呢?
Enough!(=That's enough.)够了。
How so?(= How is it so?)怎么会这样呢?
Why so?(=Why is it so?)为什么这样呢?
Why not go at once?(=Why should you not go at once?)你为什么不马上就走呢?
九、状语从句中的省略
如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致,而且状语从句中谓语动词为be时, 可将状语从句中的主语与be动词一同省略,从而构成“v-ing / v-ed / 形容词 / 介词 /副词结构”。
Fill in the blanks with articles where (it is ) necessary.将冠词填入所需的空格处。
When (it is) completed, the car factory will bring more and more jobs to the province.当汽车工厂完工,它将给这个省带来越来越多的工作。
While(he was) waiting there, Mr. Ford was reading some old magazines.当弗瑞德先生在那儿等待的时候,看着一些旧杂志。
If (it is) carefully done, the experiment will be successful.如果你更加仔细地做,实验会成功。
Though (she was) tired, she kept working at the machine.尽管他很累,他仍然在工作。
如果从句中的-ing是表示状态的动词,就不存在省略be的问题。例如:
Although knowing English, Miss Gao talked with them in Chinese.尽管懂得英语,高小姐仍然用汉语与他们交谈。此句不能理解为: Although she was knowing English ,......
注意:状语从句省略是一种较为复杂的语言现象,常见的有以下几种:
1、时间状语
Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要当心。(when后省略了you are)
2、条件状语
He won't go to the party unless invited.除非被邀请否则他不会去参加那个晚会。(unless后省略了he is)
3、比较状语
Country music today remains much the same as before.当今的乡村音乐与过去相比有大量的相同之处。(as后省略了it was)
4、让步状语
Whether right or wrong, his opinion should be paid attention to.不论他的观点正确与否都应予以考虑。(Whether后省略了it is)
十、虚拟语气中的省略
含有if的虚拟条件句可以省去if而把助动词had, should, were提到句首构成倒装。在suggest,insist,order,demand等后面的宾语从句中谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可省略。(参阅虚拟语气)
十一、并列句中的省略
在并列句中如果后一分句有与前一分句相同的部分,就常可以省略。例如:
My father works on a farm and my mother (works) in a factory.我父亲在一家农场工作,我母亲在一家工厂工作。
Tom won the first race and George (won) the second (one).汤姆在比赛中获得第一,乔治获得第二。
如果是不相同的结构,一般不宜省略。例如可以说:The hunter was frightened and was firing at the bear.猎人吓坏了并朝熊开枪。但一般不说:The hunter was frightened and firing at the bear.
十二、复合句中的省略
1、主句中的省略
(1)主句中的省略多见于句子起首部分。
( I ) Don't know what you are going to do next.不知道你下一步要干什么?
(It's) Too good she can go with us this Sunday.这个星期天她能和我们一起去真是太好了。
(Is there) Anything more you want to say? 你还有什么要说的吗?
(2)在回答特殊疑问句时,为了避免重复,主句可以全部省略,只用从句回答。例如:
"When are you going off to Guangzhou?" "Next Thursday evening"“你打算什么时候去广州?”“下星期四的晚上。”
"What did you say?" "(He said) He had finished his homework."“他说什么?”“他已经做完了作业。”
2、从句中的省略
(1)宾语从句的省略
以which,when,where,how和why引起的宾语从句在其谓语和主句的谓语相同时,可以省略全部谓语,甚至主语也可省略仅保留一个引导词。
在I'm afraid, I believe, I expect, I think, I hope, I fear, I suppose, I trust等之后的“not”等于一个否定的that-从句;“so”等于一个肯定的that-从句。(参阅宾语从句的省略)
(2)定语从句的省略
定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词,在非正式文体中,往往省略关系副词how,when和why。此外,关系代词as后面的主语谓语结构有时也可以省略。(参阅定语从句的省略)
一、选择题(Choose the best answer)
1.(天津市耀华中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考4)--- I’ve read another book this week.
---Well, maybe ________ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
【答案】D
【解析】考查代词。(句意为:——这一周我又读了一本书。——或许,重要的不是读了多少内容,而是读了什么内容。)这是强调句型.强调句的基本结构为:It is/was + 被强调部分(通常为主语、宾语或状语)+ that + 其它部分。(当强调主语且主语指人时,可用who代替that)
2.---What's the matter with Della?
---Well,her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party,but she still_________.
hopes to B. hopes so C.hopes not D.hopes for
【答案】A
【解析】根据语境可知,Della很希望去参加这次聚会。所以hope后应接to go to the party。但为了避免重复,常常省去不定式中的动词,保留不定式的符号to,答案为A项。
3. ????no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
A. Were there B. Had there been C. If there are D. If there have been
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气省略倒装。句意:要是没有现代化的电讯工具,我们要等上几周才能获取世界各地的新闻。 根据主句谓语结构would have可知设空处表示与现在事实相反的假设,谓语应为动词的过去式,所以排除B、C和D。在虚拟条件句中可以省略if,把were提到句首,故答案为A项。
4.It is so cold that you can’t go outside ????fully covered in thick clothes.
A. if B. unless C. once D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查状语从句的省略。句意:天太冷了,你不能出去,除非你被厚厚的衣服包裹得严严实实。if如果;once一旦;when当……时。unless除非,符合题意。unless fully covered相当于unless you are fully covered。
5. (2018江苏普通高校对口单招通考,8)Keep these rules in mind, ???? you are sure to be successful in the job interview.
A. and B. unless C. or D. since
【答案】A
【解析】考查并列连词。句意:牢记这些规则,你在求职面试中一定会成功的。此处考查典型句式“祈使句+and+一般将来时的陈述句”。此处的祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句,前后两分句之间是递进关系,故选and。
6. (2018天津和平区二模,13)—Do you think I should work in that company?
— ???? If I were in your shoes, I certainly would.
A. Is that so? B. It depends. C.I don’t think so. D. Why not?
【答案】D
【解析】考查情景交际。句意:——你认为我应该在那家公司工作吗?——为什么不呢?如果我是你,我当然会了。Why not?“为什么不呢?”符合语境。Is that so?是吗;It depends.视情况而定;I don’t think so. 我不这么认为。
7. We are all for your suggestion that the discussion___________.
be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to put off
【答案】A
【解析】在advice,demand,order,request,suggestion,proposal,requirement等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中,谓语动词要用“(should)+动词原形”构成。句意:我们都同意你把讨论延期进行的建议。
8. (2018天津十二校二联,15)—I forgot all about the party yesterday.
—If my secretary hadn’t reminded me, I ????, too.
did B. had C. should D. would have
【答案】D
【解析】考查虚拟语气的省略。句意:——昨天的聚会我全忘了。——要不是我的秘书提醒我的话,我也会的。由时间状语yesterday及从句中的hadn’t reminded可知,此处是对过去情况的虚拟,故用“would+have done”,选D。此处为省略形式,省去了have后的done。
9.(2018天津河西区三模,1)—Will John attend the meeting tomorrow?
— ????. If he should come tomorrow, he would have called me.
A. Go ahead B. Certainly C. That’s right D.I don’t think so
【答案】D
【解析】句意:——约翰明天会出席会议吗?——我不这么认为。如果他明天来,他就会打电话给我了。考查情景交际。I don’t think so“我不这么认为”符合语境。Go ahead意为“干吧,去做吧,可以”;Certainly当然,行;That’s right没错。
10—Where did you pick up the stamp?
—It was at the post office ________ we worked in the summer vacation.
A.that B.where C.which D.when
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句和强调句型。Where引导定语从句 ,在从句做地点状语,修饰先行词the post office,这是强调句的省略形式,句子补充完整是It was at the past office where we worked in the summer vacation that I picked up the stamp。强调的是整个定语从句部分。
二、句型训练(Choose the right words in brackets)
1.(2018天津市第一中学下学期第四次月考,15)—Why didn??t you buy an iPhone 8s?It??s the most amazing phone.
—I ????(have ), but I didn’t have the money.
【答案】would have
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意:——你为什么不买一部iPhone 8s?这是最棒的手机。——我本来想买来着,但我没有钱。but引出的句子相当于“if I had had the money”;此处表示对过去的虚拟,用would have done, D项为其省略形式,省去了have后的过去分词。
2.(2018北京石景山区一模,1)—How can I wake up so early?
—Set the alarm for 5:00 am., ????you will make it.
?【答案】and
【解析】考查并列连词。句意:——我怎么样才能醒那么早呢?——把闹钟设定在早上5点钟,你就可以了。该句是“祈使句+and/or+一般将来时态的陈述句”的固定句型;在这里祈使句相当于if 引导的条件状语从句(但此时去掉and/or),or或and后的分句表示结果;and表顺承递进关系,or 表转折关系,意为“否则,要不然的话”。此处前后两分句是顺承关系, 故该空应填and。
3.(江苏省启东中学2018届高三最后一模)—Have you searched the kitchen for your car key?
—No. It was in the study I remember I left it.
【答案】that
【解析】考查强调句。句意:——你已经在客厅里找钥匙了吗?——没有。我记得我把它落在了书房里了。去掉It was和该空之后,剩余部分可组合成一个完整句子:I remember I left it in the study。根据强调句的判断依据可知,这是一个强调句,故该空应填that。
4.It was with the help of the local guide ________ the mountain climber was rescued.
【答案】that
【解析】考查强调句。由于被强调的是with the help of the local guide,而并非guide, 所以用that来连接。
5.I can understand why I shouldn't pay too much,Father,but if I can pay less, not save a bit of money?
【答案】why
【解析】考查固定表达。Why not do sth?用来询问原因(有时表示一种不可理解的心情),意为“为什么;为什么不……呢”。
三、语法填空
(宜昌市一中2018届高三11月月考)Shopping in Singapore is really a pleasure for tourists. The Great Singapore Sale___1___ (hold) every year, usually during the summer months. Singapore’s famous shopping stores welcome a great number of visitors from all over the world. ___2___ (they) shopping hours last till midnight. During this time, nice and cheap goods are ___3___sale for tourists to choose from. Tourists can also try delicious food there and experience the Singaporean night life.
Certain stores offer discounts of up to 10% or even ___4___ (high) if people use their credit cards. For tourists ___5___ hold a special Tourist Card, they can enjoy a lot of benefits, such as discounts on ___6___ (watch), jewelry and cosmetics. The card also ___7___ (give) discounts when you visit local attractions such as Singapore Zoo.
It is well worth ___8___(wander) around the different shopping districts of Singapore during this 8-week Singapore Sale. Orchard Road is ___9___(sure) the best place for shopping in the city. A large number of restaurants and clubs can be found in this area. Marina Bay includes both big departments and small shops, ___10___almost everything you would want to buy can be found here.
【答案】1. is held 2. Their 3. on 4. higher 5. who/that 6. watches 7. gives 8. wandering 9. surely 10. so/and
【解析】本文介绍了新加坡一年一度的购物节。
考查时态语态。根据后文的every year可知,用一般现在时,根据意思用被动语态,故填is held。
考查代词。句意:他们的营业时间持续到午夜。根据意思可知,此处用形容词性的物主代词,their,句子开头大写。Their
考查介词。此处为固定搭配。on sale促销。on
考查比较级。此处表示更高,故用higher。
考查连词。此处为定语从句,缺少主语,而且先行词表示人,故用who/that。
考查名词单复数。此处watch意为“手表”,用复数形式,故填watches。
考查时态。文章通篇用一般现在时,此处也用一般现在时,主语是单数,故谓语用三单形式,gives。
考查动名词。be worth doing值得做……,故填wandering。
考查副词。此处为副词作状语修饰整个句子,故填surely。
考查连词。此处前后句之间是因果关系,可以填so,也可以理解为承接关系,填and。
四、 短文改错
(黄冈市2018年高三年级9月质量检测)I still remembered I helped one of my classmates with his English one years ago. Li hua, one of my classmates, who was not good at English while I did well. One day, she asked me to help him. So from now on, whenever he had problems, he would ask me, but I was patient to explain them to him. Slowly, his English improved under my help. At same time, I found my English improved too. As the saying goes, “roses giving, fragrance in hand.” Actual, helping others is helping ourselves.
【答案】1.remembered改成remember 2.years改成year 3.去掉who 4.she改成he
5. now改成then 6.but改成and 7.under改成with 8.At改成the 9.giving改成given
10. Actual改成Actually
【解析】本文是一篇故事,作者讲述了自己帮助同学李华学英语的过程和感受。
1.考查动词时态。此处表示我现在还记得一年前发生的事,指现在的行为用一般现在时,故remembered改成remember.
2.考查名词。表示“一年”,名词用单数,是one year.故years改成year.
3. 考查句子结构。句中Li hua是主语,was是其系动词,组成主系表结构。其中不包含定语从句,故去掉who.
4.考查代词。根据下文中he had problems, he would ask me和his English等信息可知李华是男孩,故she改成he.
5.考查固定短语。此处指李华让我帮忙学英语,从那以后他经常问我问题。from now on “从现在起”,“从那时起”是from then on,故now改成then.
6.考查连词。句意:李华无论什么时候有问题都会问我,我会耐心给他讲解。前后句是顺承关系,不是转折。故but改成and.
7.考查介词。表示“在某人的帮助下”是with one’s help,介词用with,故under改成with.
8.考查介词短语。句意:慢慢地,在我的帮助下,他的英语有了提高。同时,我的英语也得到提高。“同时”是at the same time,故At后加the.
9.考查过去分词。此处表示赠人玫瑰手有余香,roses和give是被动关系,指玫瑰被给,用过去分词表被动,故giving改成given.
10.考查副词。表示“事实上,实际上”单独作状语用副词,故Actual改成Actually.