专题十五 名词性从句（原卷版）
名词性从句是高中阶段的一个重要语法项目，是学生们学习的一个难点，也是高考的考查要点。能够灵活分析句子成分是高考中名词性从句题得分的关键。高考名词性从句常考的有：
1.主语从句引导词的判断；2.表语从句的引导词的判断；3.宾语从句引导词的判断；4同位语从句引导词的判断；5.特殊疑问词+一ever引导的名词性从句。考查的热点主要是连接代词what的用法和that在同位语从句中的用法。
一、考查主语从句
【考例1】(2018天津部分区高三质调一，5) ????was most important to her， she told me， was to keep healthy.
It B. This C. What D. As
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：她告诉我说，对她而言最重要的是保持健康。she told me是插入语，what引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语。故答案选C。
【考例2】(2018北京海淀区一模，5) ???? leaves the classroom last should turn off the lights.
Which B. Who C. Whichever D. Whoever
【答案】?D
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：任何最后离开教室的人都应该关灯。设空处为主语从句，从句中缺主语且句中有“无论是谁”之意，故答案选D。
【考例3】（北京市精华学校2018年高三考前测试8）________ they’ve managed to get everything finished so quickly is not clear to us.
A. Which B. What C. That D. How
【答案】D
【解析】考查主语从句连接词。句意：他们是怎么如此快速地把一切做完的我们还不清楚。主语从句不缺少主语、宾语和定语，因此AB不选；that在主语从句中无意义；空格处是表示方式，故答案选D。
【考例4】(2017 天津红桥区二模，13)You oughtnt to have gone out without a coat yesterday. It wasn’t surprising ????you caught a cold.
whether B. why C. how D. that
【答案】?D????
【解析】考查主语从句。句意：你昨天本不应该不穿外套就出去的。你感冒了并不奇怪。it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。主语从句结构、意思完整，故答案选that。
【考例5】（2016·北京24.）Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps.
A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever
【答案与解析】C。考查主语从句。helps是谓语，“________?you can do”是主语部分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，表示“任何事情”，因此用whatever引导，故答案选C。
【考例6】（2016·江苏21）It is often the case ______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
A. why B. what C. as D. that
【答案】D考查主语从句。句意：通常对于那些心存希望的人来说一切皆有可能。此句中It为形式主语，that?从句为真正的主语。故答案选D。
【方法探究】做此类试题最重要的是能够熟练分析句子成分，如果能够找到真正的主语，那么就先判断it为形式主语，然后可再带回到原句中通过题意来进行验证。it作形式主语有几个固定的句型，只要能熟练掌握这几个句型，那么就更能较准确地解决这类题型。
★知识链接★
主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语。引导主语从句的词有连词that， whether； 连接代词who， what， which； 连接副词when， where， how， why等。
That the earth goes round the sun is known to us a11．(=It is known to us all that the earth goes round the sun．)地球绕太阳转是众所周知的。
Whether he's coming or not doesn't matter too much．他是否要来关系不大。
When and where he was born is a secret．他生于何时何地是个秘密。
注意：从句多数情况由it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句之后。
it作形式主语常常构成It+be+形容词(obvious，true，good，wonderful，certain，possible，etc．)+that的句型。例如：
It is certain that Chinese people can overcome any difficulty．中国人民一定能克服任何困难。
如果形容词是necessary，important，natural，strange等，that引导的主语从句还要用虚拟语气的形式，结构用“should+动词原形”。
②it作形式主语还可构成It+be+名词词组(a pity，no surprise，no wonder，an honor，etc．)+that的句型。例如：
It is no wonder that he was taken ill，considering that he had been overworking for years．难怪他生病了，考虑到他已经超负荷工作多年。
③it作形式主语还可以构成It+be+过去分词(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，ordered，etc．)+that的结构。例如：
It is reported that the police will soon look into the case of two missing children．据报道，警察很快就会调查这个案子的两个失踪的孩子。
④it作形式主语可以构成：It+ seems／appears／happens(不及物动词)+that…．例如：
It seems that he enjoys pop music very much．他似乎非常喜欢流行音乐。
⑤it用作形式主语与it强调句型的区别。上述句型中，it作形式主语则that引导的从句是真正的主语；而it强调句结构中，如果把it is…that去掉，句子结构仍然完整。例如下面就是一个典型的强调句型：
It was not until midnight that he finished his work．
二、考查表语从句
【考例1】(2018天津春，10)He studied hard and later became a well-known writer， which was ????his father had expected.
why B. how C. that D. what
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：他学习很努力，后来成了一位著名作家，实现了父亲的夙愿。此处考查表语从句的引导词，引导词在从句中作宾语，故答案选what。
【考例2】(2018北京，11)Without his support， we wouldn’t be ???? we are now.
A .how B. when C. where D. why
【答案】C
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。根据句意可知，设空处意为“情形，情况，形势”，应用where引导，在从句中作表语。故答案选C。
【考例3】(2018北京，15)This is ???? my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
how B. which C. that D. what
【答案】D
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：这就是父亲教给我的——总是面对困难并寄予最大的希望。 根据句意可知，表语从句中taught me后缺少直接宾语——“教会了我什么”， 故答案选what。
【考例4】(2018江苏，21)By boat is the only way to get here， which is ????we arrived.
where B. when C. why D. how
【答案】?D
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：坐船是到达这里的唯一方式，这也是我们如何到达这里的。which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，其中设空处引导的是表语从句，结合语境和By boat可知，此处表达的是到达这里的方式，所以要用how引导。故答案选D。
【考例5】(2017天津河西区一模，7)—I called your office at about ten this morning， but there was no reply.
—Oh， that was probably ????I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital.
when B. why C. what D. that
【答案】?A
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：——今天早上大约十点我给你办公室打电话了，但是没有人接。——哦，那个时候我可能正在探望一个生病住院的朋友。hat指代前面提到的时间，此处应用when引导表语从句。故答案选A。
【方法探究】名词性从句作表语，引导词很丰富，同样要排除思维定式，不要以为只有that可以引导此类从句。
★知识链接★
表语从句在句子中作表语，引导表语从句的关联词有：从属连词：that，whether，as，as if等，其中as和as if是表语从句特有，而其他名词性从句所不具有的；连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which等；连接副词：where，when，how，why等。
The problem is that we can't afford (to buy) the big house.问题是我们买不起这座大房子。
The question is whether it is worth doing or not.问题是这值不值得干。
What I mean is which song you like best.我的意思是说你最喜欢哪一首歌。
The question is when we'll complete the work.问题是我们什么时候完成这项工程。
②表语从句位于主句中的系动词后面，英文中的系动词除了系动词be外还包括表示特征和状态的系动词appear，feel，seem，look等；表示状态变化的系动词become，come，fall，go， turn等；表示状态延续的continue，keep，remain等。例如：
It looked as if it hasn't been used following the instructions.这看上去好象没有按照说明来洗。
It seems as if some of the people were sick? 看起来有些人像是在生病？
He was sent to the hospital. That’s because he was ill.?他被送到医院，是因为他生病了。
注意：why，because和that引导表语从句的区别
why引导表语从句时，强调结果，前一个句子是造成这种结果的原因。because引导表语从句时，强调原因，有这个原因才导致前一个句子的结果。试比较：
He was ill yesterday. That’s why he didn't attend the meeting.他昨天生病了，所以未能参加会议（表示生病的结果是他没能参加会议）
He didn't attend the meeting. That's because he was ill yesterday.他没有参加会议，是因为他昨天生病了（表示他没能参加会议的原因是病了）
当主语是reason时，后面的表语从句的引导词只能是that。例如：
The reason why he is absent is that he is ill.他缺席的原因是他生病了。
三、考查宾语从句
【考例1】(2018天津河北区二模，8)We must find out ????Karl is coming， so we can book a room for him.
when B. how C. where D. why
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来，这样我们就能为他预订一个房间了。when什么时候；how 表方式；where 表地点；why 表原因。从语义判断设空处为“何时来”，故答案选A。
【考例2】（天津市耀华中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考3.）Sometimes the message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of others ________actually understand.
A. what B. why C. how D. which
【答案】A
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：你想通过话语传达的信息也许正与其他人实际理解的相反。介词 of 后的宾语从句中的 understand 后缺少宾语且表示物，用 what。故答案选A，
【考例3】 (2017天津夏，4)She asked me ????I had returned the books to the library， and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A．when B. where C. whether D. what
【答案】??C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认我还没有归还。 根据题干可知，设空处引导宾语从句。根据句意，应用whether“是否”，故答案C。
【考例4】(2017北京，26)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing ????she was heading.
why B. where C. how D. when
【答案】?B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：简在绿树成荫的街道上漫无目的地走着，不知道她要去哪里。设空处引导宾语从句，宾语从句中缺少地点状语成分，故用where引导，故答案选B。
【考例5】(2017江苏，26)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20， half of???? ????it used to charge.
A．that B. which C. what D. how
【答案】?C
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：我们选择这家宾馆是因为这里住一晚上的价格降到了20美元，这是其之前要价的一半。逗号后面是$20的同位语，charge后面缺少宾语，故用what引导。故答案选B。
【考例6】(2017天津河东区二模，14)When we are in trouble， they really want to know ????do to help us.
A. what can they B. how can they C. how they can D. what they can
【答案】D
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：当我们遇到麻烦时，他们真的想知道他们能做些什么来帮助我们。本题考查两点：一是名词性从句的语序——陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语”；二是what与how的用法区别：how to do sth.(how表示方式)， what to do(what作动词do的宾语)。故答案选D。
【考例7】(2017天津十二所重点中学一模，7)The Chinese people are hopeful about ???? 2017 will bring for their families and the country.
how B. which C. what D. that
【答案】??C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：中国人民对2017年将给他们的家庭和国家带来的东西充满希望。bring sth. for sb.为某人带来某物，从句中缺宾语且意为“什么”，故答案选what。
【考例8】(2017天津十二所重点中学二模，4)What surprised us most is that he doesn’t know ???? the differences between the two books lie.
that B. what C. which D. where
?【答案】?D
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：最让我们吃惊的是，他不知道这两本书的区别在哪里。宾语从句中缺地点状语，故答案选where。
【方法探究】此类试题应该能够准确分析句子成分，能够识别出真正的宾语和补足语。同时，应该突破思维定式，因为真正的宾语从句不仅仅是由that引导的，还可能是when，where，if，whether等引导的。
★知识链接★
1.宾语从句在复合句中，作主句的宾语。它可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句可以由连词that，whether，if；代词who，whose，which，what；和副词when，where，how，why等引导。
I know that he's doing his best.我知道他正在尽力去做。
Do you know what time their plane leaves Beijing? 你知道他们的飞机什么时候离开北京吗？
We don't know when we arrive.我们不知道什么时候到达。
Sorry， I don't know whose this watch is.对不起，我不知道这块表是谁的。
I've completely forgotten who took me to (the) hospital.我完全忘了是谁把我送进医院的。
2.当谓语动词为think，make，find，consider，feel，hear等后接复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）时，为了平衡句子结构或避免句子结构的混乱，常用 it作 形式宾语，而将真正的宾语从句后置，从而形成“主语+ 谓语动词（think等）+ it + 宾语补足语+从句”结构。例如：
I made it clear that I would have no time to do that tomorrow.我已讲明了明天我没有时间做那件事。
We think it wrong that he didn't help her.我们觉得他没有帮助她是不对的。
【注意】在下面三种情况下，也需要 it 作形式宾语：
1）某些表示“喜怒哀乐”的动词如 like， enjoy， love， hate 等，往往不直接跟宾语从句，特别是that 引导的宾语从句；若要接宾语从句，从句前须跟一个形式宾语 it 。例如：
I don't like it that he's so careless.我不喜欢他那么粗心。
I hate it when people ask me for money.我讨厌别人向我要钱。
2）由于 that -从句一般不能直接作介词宾语，所以介词后若接 that 引导的宾语从句，就必须先接一个形式宾语 it 。因此，英语中一些由动词和介词构成的短语动词，在接 that 从句时，必须用形式宾语 it 。例如：
You may depend on it that I shall always help you.尽管放心，我会随时帮助你的。
We'll see to it that she gets home early.我们要保证使她早到家。
He insisted on it that he was innocent.他坚持说自己是无辜的。
3）英语中有些动词与其后的介词短语构成的固定词组，这些词若跟宾语从句，也必须先要跟 it 作形式宾语，it 要置于动词与介词短语之间。这类词组常见的有：leave sth.to......（由某人决定、委托）owe sth. to sb.（归功于、多亏）等。例如：
I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.我让你自己判断这事是否该做。
We owe it to you that there wasn't a serious accident.多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。
注意： whether和if引导宾语从句之间的区别
whether与if都能引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，二者通常可以互换。例如：
Lily asked if/whether she liked it.莉莉问她是否喜欢它。
但语义有点区别：
whether强调犹豫和选择，多见于书面语中；if 只限于条件，常用于口语。例如：
Write and tell me whether I'm to come. 请写信告诉我，我是否该来。
Write and tell me if I'm to come. 如果我该来，请写信告诉我（相当于说：若我不必来，那就不用费心写信给我了。）
whether可引导各种名词性从名和让步状语从句，if 只能引导宾语从句和条件状语从句。
由if引导的从句，首先要弄清楚是宾语从句，还是条件状语从句，然后再确定时态。若是引导条件状语从句，谓语动词应用一般现在（过去）时代替一般将来（过去将来）时。例如：
If you don't go soon， you’ll be late.如果你不马上去就会迟到。
当if引导一个非真实条件句时，从句的谓语动词应用过去式（如果是be， 则不论主语的人
称和数，一律用were），主句谓语动词用“would+动词原形”。例如：
If everyone in the country knew first aid， many lives would be saved.如果每个国民都懂得急救
（的知识），许多生命就会得以挽救。
whether和if都可以与or no连用。但if与or not之间常需要用词语隔开，而whether与or not
可连用，也可隔开。例如：
Can you tell me whether or not the train has left?(=Can you tell me whether the train has left or
not?)告诉我火车是否离开了吗?
I don't care if your car breaks down or not .我不在乎你的汽车是否坏了。
4）下列情况，只用whether作引导词：
引导主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、让步状语从句。例如：
Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.他来不来与我无关。
I am in doubt whether I ought to give this plan my approval..我决定不了是否该同意这项划。
What I want to know is whether you can help me.我想知道的是你是否能帮助我。
Whether we go or stay， the result is the same.不管我们是走还是留，其结果是一样的。
5）与不定式连用：例如：I don't know whether to accept or
refuse.我不知道是该接受还是该拒绝。
6）在介词后作介宾。例如：
I am not interested in whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢那项计划。
四、考查同位语从句
【考例1】(2018天津和平区三模，14)Father made a promise ????he would buy me a new dictionary if Ipassed the examination.
A. whether B. if C. that D. which
【答案】C
【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：父亲答应我，如果我通过考试，他会给我买一本新词典。此处为名词性从句作名词promise的同位语；同位语从句中句子结构和句意完整，故需用that引导，故答案选C。
【考例2】(2016天津，11)The manager put forward a suggestion ????we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。根据句意可知此处应用that引导同位语从句说明suggestion的内容。that引导同位语从句时只起连接作用，不作成分。故答案选B。
【方法探究】做此类题的关键是能从宏观上判别从句类型，找到其中的抽象名词并能很好地理解句意，看看从句是否是对这一名词内容的解释、说明。即使中间间隔着谓语和其他的句子成分，也要能很好地判断出是同位语从句。
★知识链接★
在名词的后面，对前面的名词进行进一步解释或说明该名词的具体内容的从句叫同位语从句。引导词主要是：连接词that，间或用why，where等，其引导词在从句中不担当任何成分，也没有词汇意义。
1．同位语从句前面的名词往往是需要进一步解释说明其具体内容的。如：news，fact，idea，hope，wish．promise．reason．doubt，belief，suggestion，advice，question，probability等。如：
We heard the news that our team had won.我们听说了我们队获胜的消息。
He didn't give the answer why he was late.他还未回答他为什么迟到的这个问题。
Have you any idea why he was so rude? 你知不知道他为什么如此粗鲁？
2.分隔的同位语从句，就是名词与从句之间有其他内容。如：
The story goes that William Teller killed the tyrant with an arrow．传说威廉·泰尔用箭射死了暴君。
They had no idea at all where he had gone．他们根本不知道他到哪里去了。
注意：同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
（1）定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如：
We heard the news that he had told her．我们听到了他告诉她的消息。
→We heard the news that he had won the game．我们听到消息，他赢得了比赛。
（2）定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可做主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句中只起连接作用，不做任何句子成分。例如：
A plane is a machine that can fly．飞机是一种能飞的机器。(定语从句)
→The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced．必须面对事实，他们没有完成工作。(同位语从句)
（3）同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系，二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”结构来表示。例如：
一The news that he won the first place is true．他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。
上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示，则是：
→The news came that he won the first place．消息是他赢得了冠军。
（4）由when，why，where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词，但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。例如：
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．我仍然记得初来北京的那天。(定语从句，表时间)
→ I have no idea when she will be back．我不知道她何时回来。(同位语从句)
→This is the house where I lived two years ago．这是我两年前住的房子。(定语从句，表地点)
→ The question where we shall have a meeting isn't decided．我们到什么地方去开会，这个问题还没有决定。(同位语从句)
特殊疑问词+-ever引导的名词性从句
【考例1】(2018天津夏，9)The gold medal will be awarded to ????wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever B. wherever C. whoever D. whatever
【答案】?C
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：这块金牌将颁发给这场自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。 “ ????wins the first place in the bicycle race”为宾语从句，该从句缺少主语，且设空处表示“任何人”，填whoever，相当于anyone who。故答案选C。
【考例2】(2018天津市第一中学五月月考，14)The manager has offered a reward of $5，000 to ????has the ability to finish the task ahead of schedule.
those B. whoever C. who D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：经理拿出了五千美元的奖金给有能力提前完成任务的人。宾语从句作介词to的宾语，从句中缺主语且有“无论是谁”之意，故排除who选whoever。故答案选B。
【考例3】(2018北京朝阳区一模，7)Don’t forget to send ????attended the conference a follow-up e-mail.
however B. whatever C. whoever D. wherever
【答案】?C
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：别忘了给参加会议的人发送一封后续的电子邮件。考send后面应该是一个宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，意为“无论是谁”，故答案选C。
【考例4】(2017北京，23)Every year， ????makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A．whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
【答案】?B???
【解析】考查主语从句。句子缺少主语成分，再结合具体意思，"无论谁做的风筝漂亮都会获奖"，确定whoever．该句式等于Anyone who makes the most beautiful?kite will win a…whomever在句子里不能充当主语；whatever是无论什么；whichever是无论哪一个都不符合题意。故答案选B。
【考例5】(2017天津河东区一模，7)The store said if the melons didn??t sell at the asking price within two weeks， it would sell them to ???? offers the most money.
A. who B. whoever C. no matter who D. whomever
【答案】?B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：商店说如果甜瓜两个星期内不能以要价卖出，它会把它们卖给出钱最多的人。此处whoever=anyone who，故答案选B。
【方法探究】重点掌握(一)“疑问词+一ever"与一般疑问词在用法上的区别和联系；(二)“疑问词+一ever"与“no matter+疑问词”在用法上的区别和联系。
★知识链接★
①此类题的误区之一在于疑问词的选择上。许多学生在此问题上总是作出误判。解题的关键在于句意的理解，只要是能翻译成“无论谁”或“无论什么”就用“疑问词+一ever"，否则就可以选择一般的疑问词。例如：Whoever wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way．和who gave him away to the police is still unknown．两个句子分别选用了whoever和who，但翻译上有很大差别。
②此类题的另一个难点在于“疑问词+一ever"既可用在名词性从句中又可用在状语从句中；“no matter+疑问词”只能用在让步状语从句中并且能和“疑问词+一ever"这种形式互换使用。
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1.（南京市 2019 届高三年级学情调研）It is very encouraging to see Beijing 2022 is using its potential to maximize the use of existing stadiums.
A．How B. why C. when D. whether
2.（徐州市2018考前模拟30） It may only be through repeated experiments _______ a baby will come to accept the idea _______ other people can have different views from what he or she has.
A. how； which B. how； that C. that； that D. which； which
3．（北京市精华学校2018年高三考前测试10）Sorry I’m so late， but you cannot imagine ________ great trouble I took to find your house.
A. which B. how C. what D. that
4．(2018天津河西区三模，5)—Have you heard that SpaceX sent a Tesla car into space?
—Yes. ????they have achieved is amazing.
Where B. What C. That D. How
5.(2018天津十二校二联，12)Many things in the countryside， like the fresh air and peaceful envi-ronment， are ????people living in big cities can’t enjoy.
which B. where C. what D. that
6.(2018天津河西区一模，14)They have quite a few suggestions about ????the service can be improved.
that B. why C. how D. what
7.(2018天津南开区一模，14) ????the author wants to express in the book is the love and care for her family.
What B. That C. When D. Why
8. .(2018天津十二所重点中学高三一联，12)A proposal was put forward at the meeting ????the new cement plant shouldn’t be built near the school.
when B. where C. that D. which
9. .(2018天津河东区一模，11)Jane’ s success lies in the fact ????she is so co-operative and eager to learn from others.
that B. which C. when D. why
10．(2018天津滨海新区七所重点学校毕业联考，28)There are various things on sale， so you can choose ????interests you.
A. whoever B. no matter who C. whatever D. no matter what
11. (2018江苏南京、盐城二模，26)The palace has been restored to resemble ????it was during the time of Emperor Qianlong.
what B. that C. which D. how
12. (2018天津红桥区二模，13)I’d like to start my own business—that‘s ????I’d do if I had the money.
why B. when C. which D. what
13. (2018天津河西区二模，13) ????is willing to volunteer in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics is welcome to join us.
Whatever B. Whoever C. Whenever D. Wherever
14. (2018天津市第一中学五月月考，5)I’m concerned about most is ????we can collect a huge amount of money in such a short time.
That； how B. What； if C. What； how D. As； whether
15. (2018第三次全国大联考江苏卷，29)Up till now， there has been no scientific evidence about ???? ???? caused the death of dinosaurs.
A. what is it that B. what it was that C. it was what D. what is it
16. （江苏省扬州中学2018届第四次模考25） Pleasure in one’s heart and a smile on his lips is a sign _______ the person has a pretty good grasp of life.
A. that B. where C. which D. what
17. (2018江苏南通、泰州一调，32)I suspect ????Emily was lying when she described the incident， for I know her well.
whether B. that C. what D. how
18. (2018江苏苏北四市高三一调，23)Save your apology for ????you really make everything a mess.
unless B. once C. when D. though
19. (2018北京海淀区二模，2)I need help now! I have to fix a leaking pipe in my bathroom but I’m not sure ????to begin.
what B. which C. where D. when
20.(2017天津南开区三模，13) ????is known to us is that tobacco contains nicotine and other harmful substances， so you should give up smoking.
As B. It C. What D. Which
二、句型训练（Choose the right words in brackets）
1.It is unknown to the public ________ the air crash occurred in the mountainous area yesterday.
2. This still leaves the question of ________ local public services should be improved in the next five years.
3.We have offered him the position, but I don’t have the slightest idea________ he will accept it.
4.The teachers in the school are very kind. It doesn’t matter ________ you have studied there for a short or a long time.
5.________ surprised us most, I think, was that as an expert, he didn’t even know ________ the problem lay.
6.As I was thinking about this event later on, I wondered ________ the young man didn't just perform this act of kindness himself.
7. Therefore, it is advisable ________ you should value and treat them with care.
8.The ending was ________ the insects disappeared from the whole zone.
9. The expert's argument ________ the increasing number of cars is the main cause of the rising PM2.5 readings has got much support from the public.
10. We agreed to accept ________ they thought was the best professor in the college.
三、语法填空
（2018-2019辽宁省部分重点高中高三联考）I will never forget that at the age of nine I was asked to deliver a speech entitled A challenge in My Life before the whole class!
You can imagine how___1___(terrible)shy I was the moment I thought of that—with so many eyes___2___(fix) upon me. I could do nothing but___3___(prepare) for it, though. First, I was to draft the speech, which was just a piece of cake for me, a good writer. But the hardest part___4___(lie)in my oral presentation from my memory, for to read from the paper was not allowed. The real moment began ____5____ I stood on the platform with my legs trembling and my mind blank. But my ____6____ (listen) were waiting patiently without any signs of rushing me. Gradually I found myself back, giving out my speech tongue-tiedly. After ____7____ seemed to be a hundred years ,I found my audience applauding…I made it! From then on, my fear of talking before ___8___ big audience disappeared. Actually with my confidence building up, I now turn out to be a great speaker. Looking back, I know the greatest difficulty on our way ____9____ success is our fear. Overcome it,___10___ you will be able to achieve your goals.
四、短文改错
（保定市2018年高考二次模拟考试）The summer job is very much popular among some university students. Long before the end of a school year, students start their summer vacation job search. They send letters to businesses, going to job interviews, and ask our friends and relations for help. By June the students usually had found jobs and then they begin preparing enter the world of work.
Reasons for wanting a summer job differs from student to student. Some students work to pay their school expenses, some work to gain experience or just to fun. Salesmen or waiters are two of the most common job that students try to find.
专题十五 名词性从句（解析版）
名词性从句是高中阶段的一个重要语法项目，是学生们学习的一个难点，也是高考的考查要点。能够灵活分析句子成分是高考中名词性从句题得分的关键。高考名词性从句常考的有：
1.主语从句引导词的判断；2.表语从句的引导词的判断；3.宾语从句引导词的判断；4同位语从句引导词的判断；5.特殊疑问词+一ever引导的名词性从句。考查的热点主要是连接代词what的用法和that在同位语从句中的用法。
一、考查主语从句
【考例1】(2018天津部分区高三质调一，5) ????was most important to her， she told me， was to keep healthy.
It B. This C. What D. As
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：她告诉我说，对她而言最重要的是保持健康。she told me是插入语，what引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语。故答案选C。
【考例2】(2018北京海淀区一模，5) ???? leaves the classroom last should turn off the lights.
Which B. Who C. Whichever D. Whoever
【答案】?D
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：任何最后离开教室的人都应该关灯。设空处为主语从句，从句中缺主语且句中有“无论是谁”之意，故答案选D。
【考例3】（北京市精华学校2018年高三考前测试8）________ they’ve managed to get everything finished so quickly is not clear to us.
A. Which B. What C. That D. How
【答案】D
【解析】考查主语从句连接词。句意：他们是怎么如此快速地把一切做完的我们还不清楚。主语从句不缺少主语、宾语和定语，因此AB不选；that在主语从句中无意义；空格处是表示方式，故答案选D。
【考例4】(2017 天津红桥区二模，13)You oughtnt to have gone out without a coat yesterday. It wasn’t surprising ????you caught a cold.
whether B. why C. how D. that
【答案】?D????
【解析】考查主语从句。句意：你昨天本不应该不穿外套就出去的。你感冒了并不奇怪。it为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。主语从句结构、意思完整，故答案选that。
【考例5】（2016·北京24.）Your support is important to our work. ________ you can do helps.
A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever
【答案与解析】C。考查主语从句。helps是谓语，“________?you can do”是主语部分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，表示“任何事情”，因此用whatever引导，故答案选C。
【考例6】（2016·江苏21）It is often the case ______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
A. why B. what C. as D. that
【答案】D考查主语从句。句意：通常对于那些心存希望的人来说一切皆有可能。此句中It为形式主语，that?从句为真正的主语。故答案选D。
【方法探究】做此类试题最重要的是能够熟练分析句子成分，如果能够找到真正的主语，那么就先判断it为形式主语，然后可再带回到原句中通过题意来进行验证。it作形式主语有几个固定的句型，只要能熟练掌握这几个句型，那么就更能较准确地解决这类题型。
★知识链接★
主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语。引导主语从句的词有连词that， whether； 连接代词who， what， which； 连接副词when， where， how， why等。
That the earth goes round the sun is known to us a11．(=It is known to us all that the earth goes round the sun．)地球绕太阳转是众所周知的。
Whether he's coming or not doesn't matter too much．他是否要来关系不大。
When and where he was born is a secret．他生于何时何地是个秘密。
注意：从句多数情况由it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句之后。
it作形式主语常常构成It+be+形容词(obvious，true，good，wonderful，certain，possible，etc．)+that的句型。例如：
It is certain that Chinese people can overcome any difficulty．中国人民一定能克服任何困难。
如果形容词是necessary，important，natural，strange等，that引导的主语从句还要用虚拟语气的形式，结构用“should+动词原形”。
②it作形式主语还可构成It+be+名词词组(a pity，no surprise，no wonder，an honor，etc．)+that的句型。例如：
It is no wonder that he was taken ill，considering that he had been overworking for years．难怪他生病了，考虑到他已经超负荷工作多年。
③it作形式主语还可以构成It+be+过去分词(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，ordered，etc．)+that的结构。例如：
It is reported that the police will soon look into the case of two missing children．据报道，警察很快就会调查这个案子的两个失踪的孩子。
④it作形式主语可以构成：It+ seems／appears／happens(不及物动词)+that…．例如：
It seems that he enjoys pop music very much．他似乎非常喜欢流行音乐。
⑤it用作形式主语与it强调句型的区别。上述句型中，it作形式主语则that引导的从句是真正的主语；而it强调句结构中，如果把it is…that去掉，句子结构仍然完整。例如下面就是一个典型的强调句型：
It was not until midnight that he finished his work．
二、考查表语从句
【考例1】(2018天津春，10)He studied hard and later became a well-known writer， which was ????his father had expected.
why B. how C. that D. what
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：他学习很努力，后来成了一位著名作家，实现了父亲的夙愿。此处考查表语从句的引导词，引导词在从句中作宾语，故答案选what。
【考例2】(2018北京，11)Without his support， we wouldn’t be ???? we are now.
A .how B. when C. where D. why
【答案】C
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。根据句意可知，设空处意为“情形，情况，形势”，应用where引导，在从句中作表语。故答案选C。
【考例3】(2018北京，15)This is ???? my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
how B. which C. that D. what
【答案】D
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：这就是父亲教给我的——总是面对困难并寄予最大的希望。 根据句意可知，表语从句中taught me后缺少直接宾语——“教会了我什么”， 故答案选what。
【考例4】(2018江苏，21)By boat is the only way to get here， which is ????we arrived.
where B. when C. why D. how
【答案】?D
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：坐船是到达这里的唯一方式，这也是我们如何到达这里的。which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，其中设空处引导的是表语从句，结合语境和By boat可知，此处表达的是到达这里的方式，所以要用how引导。故答案选D。
【考例5】(2017天津河西区一模，7)—I called your office at about ten this morning， but there was no reply.
—Oh， that was probably ????I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital.
when B. why C. what D. that
【答案】?A
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：——今天早上大约十点我给你办公室打电话了，但是没有人接。——哦，那个时候我可能正在探望一个生病住院的朋友。hat指代前面提到的时间，此处应用when引导表语从句。故答案选A。
【方法探究】名词性从句作表语，引导词很丰富，同样要排除思维定式，不要以为只有that可以引导此类从句。
★知识链接★
表语从句在句子中作表语，引导表语从句的关联词有：从属连词：that，whether，as，as if等，其中as和as if是表语从句特有，而其他名词性从句所不具有的；连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which等；连接副词：where，when，how，why等。
The problem is that we can't afford (to buy) the big house.问题是我们买不起这座大房子。
The question is whether it is worth doing or not.问题是这值不值得干。
What I mean is which song you like best.我的意思是说你最喜欢哪一首歌。
The question is when we'll complete the work.问题是我们什么时候完成这项工程。
②表语从句位于主句中的系动词后面，英文中的系动词除了系动词be外还包括表示特征和状态的系动词appear，feel，seem，look等；表示状态变化的系动词become，come，fall，go， turn等；表示状态延续的continue，keep，remain等。例如：
It looked as if it hasn't been used following the instructions.这看上去好象没有按照说明来洗。
It seems as if some of the people were sick? 看起来有些人像是在生病？
He was sent to the hospital. That’s because he was ill.?他被送到医院，是因为他生病了。
注意：why，because和that引导表语从句的区别
why引导表语从句时，强调结果，前一个句子是造成这种结果的原因。because引导表语从句时，强调原因，有这个原因才导致前一个句子的结果。试比较：
He was ill yesterday. That’s why he didn't attend the meeting.他昨天生病了，所以未能参加会议（表示生病的结果是他没能参加会议）
He didn't attend the meeting. That's because he was ill yesterday.他没有参加会议，是因为他昨天生病了（表示他没能参加会议的原因是病了）
当主语是reason时，后面的表语从句的引导词只能是that。例如：
The reason why he is absent is that he is ill.他缺席的原因是他生病了。
三、考查宾语从句
【考例1】(2018天津河北区二模，8)We must find out ????Karl is coming， so we can book a room for him.
when B. how C. where D. why
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来，这样我们就能为他预订一个房间了。when什么时候；how 表方式；where 表地点；why 表原因。从语义判断设空处为“何时来”，故答案选A。
【考例2】（天津市耀华中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考3.）Sometimes the message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of others ________actually understand.
A. what B. why C. how D. which
【答案】A
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：你想通过话语传达的信息也许正与其他人实际理解的相反。介词 of 后的宾语从句中的 understand 后缺少宾语且表示物，用 what。故答案选A，
【考例3】 (2017天津夏，4)She asked me ????I had returned the books to the library， and I admitted that I hadn’t.
A．when B. where C. whether D. what
【答案】??C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了，我承认我还没有归还。 根据题干可知，设空处引导宾语从句。根据句意，应用whether“是否”，故答案C。
【考例4】(2017北京，26)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing ????she was heading.
why B. where C. how D. when
【答案】?B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：简在绿树成荫的街道上漫无目的地走着，不知道她要去哪里。设空处引导宾语从句，宾语从句中缺少地点状语成分，故用where引导，故答案选B。
【考例5】(2017江苏，26)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20， half of???? ????it used to charge.
A．that B. which C. what D. how
【答案】?C
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：我们选择这家宾馆是因为这里住一晚上的价格降到了20美元，这是其之前要价的一半。逗号后面是$20的同位语，charge后面缺少宾语，故用what引导。故答案选B。
【考例6】(2017天津河东区二模，14)When we are in trouble， they really want to know ????do to help us.
A. what can they B. how can they C. how they can D. what they can
【答案】D
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：当我们遇到麻烦时，他们真的想知道他们能做些什么来帮助我们。本题考查两点：一是名词性从句的语序——陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语”；二是what与how的用法区别：how to do sth.(how表示方式)， what to do(what作动词do的宾语)。故答案选D。
【考例7】(2017天津十二所重点中学一模，7)The Chinese people are hopeful about ???? 2017 will bring for their families and the country.
how B. which C. what D. that
【答案】??C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：中国人民对2017年将给他们的家庭和国家带来的东西充满希望。bring sth. for sb.为某人带来某物，从句中缺宾语且意为“什么”，故答案选what。
【考例8】(2017天津十二所重点中学二模，4)What surprised us most is that he doesn’t know ???? the differences between the two books lie.
that B. what C. which D. where
?【答案】?D
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：最让我们吃惊的是，他不知道这两本书的区别在哪里。宾语从句中缺地点状语，故答案选where。
【方法探究】此类试题应该能够准确分析句子成分，能够识别出真正的宾语和补足语。同时，应该突破思维定式，因为真正的宾语从句不仅仅是由that引导的，还可能是when，where，if，whether等引导的。
★知识链接★
1.宾语从句在复合句中，作主句的宾语。它可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句可以由连词that，whether，if；代词who，whose，which，what；和副词when，where，how，why等引导。
I know that he's doing his best.我知道他正在尽力去做。
Do you know what time their plane leaves Beijing? 你知道他们的飞机什么时候离开北京吗？
We don't know when we arrive.我们不知道什么时候到达。
Sorry， I don't know whose this watch is.对不起，我不知道这块表是谁的。
I've completely forgotten who took me to (the) hospital.我完全忘了是谁把我送进医院的。
2.当谓语动词为think，make，find，consider，feel，hear等后接复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）时，为了平衡句子结构或避免句子结构的混乱，常用 it作 形式宾语，而将真正的宾语从句后置，从而形成“主语+ 谓语动词（think等）+ it + 宾语补足语+从句”结构。例如：
I made it clear that I would have no time to do that tomorrow.我已讲明了明天我没有时间做那件事。
We think it wrong that he didn't help her.我们觉得他没有帮助她是不对的。
【注意】在下面三种情况下，也需要 it 作形式宾语：
1）某些表示“喜怒哀乐”的动词如 like， enjoy， love， hate 等，往往不直接跟宾语从句，特别是that 引导的宾语从句；若要接宾语从句，从句前须跟一个形式宾语 it 。例如：
I don't like it that he's so careless.我不喜欢他那么粗心。
I hate it when people ask me for money.我讨厌别人向我要钱。
2）由于 that -从句一般不能直接作介词宾语，所以介词后若接 that 引导的宾语从句，就必须先接一个形式宾语 it 。因此，英语中一些由动词和介词构成的短语动词，在接 that 从句时，必须用形式宾语 it 。例如：
You may depend on it that I shall always help you.尽管放心，我会随时帮助你的。
We'll see to it that she gets home early.我们要保证使她早到家。
He insisted on it that he was innocent.他坚持说自己是无辜的。
3）英语中有些动词与其后的介词短语构成的固定词组，这些词若跟宾语从句，也必须先要跟 it 作形式宾语，it 要置于动词与介词短语之间。这类词组常见的有：leave sth.to......（由某人决定、委托）owe sth. to sb.（归功于、多亏）等。例如：
I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.我让你自己判断这事是否该做。
We owe it to you that there wasn't a serious accident.多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。
注意： whether和if引导宾语从句之间的区别
whether与if都能引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，二者通常可以互换。例如：
Lily asked if/whether she liked it.莉莉问她是否喜欢它。
但语义有点区别：
whether强调犹豫和选择，多见于书面语中；if 只限于条件，常用于口语。例如：
Write and tell me whether I'm to come. 请写信告诉我，我是否该来。
Write and tell me if I'm to come. 如果我该来，请写信告诉我（相当于说：若我不必来，那就不用费心写信给我了。）
whether可引导各种名词性从名和让步状语从句，if 只能引导宾语从句和条件状语从句。
由if引导的从句，首先要弄清楚是宾语从句，还是条件状语从句，然后再确定时态。若是引导条件状语从句，谓语动词应用一般现在（过去）时代替一般将来（过去将来）时。例如：
If you don't go soon， you’ll be late.如果你不马上去就会迟到。
当if引导一个非真实条件句时，从句的谓语动词应用过去式（如果是be， 则不论主语的人
称和数，一律用were），主句谓语动词用“would+动词原形”。例如：
If everyone in the country knew first aid， many lives would be saved.如果每个国民都懂得急救
（的知识），许多生命就会得以挽救。
whether和if都可以与or no连用。但if与or not之间常需要用词语隔开，而whether与or not
可连用，也可隔开。例如：
Can you tell me whether or not the train has left?(=Can you tell me whether the train has left or
not?)告诉我火车是否离开了吗?
I don't care if your car breaks down or not .我不在乎你的汽车是否坏了。
4）下列情况，只用whether作引导词：
引导主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、让步状语从句。例如：
Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.他来不来与我无关。
I am in doubt whether I ought to give this plan my approval..我决定不了是否该同意这项划。
What I want to know is whether you can help me.我想知道的是你是否能帮助我。
Whether we go or stay， the result is the same.不管我们是走还是留，其结果是一样的。
5）与不定式连用：例如：I don't know whether to accept or
refuse.我不知道是该接受还是该拒绝。
6）在介词后作介宾。例如：
I am not interested in whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢那项计划。
四、考查同位语从句
【考例1】(2018天津和平区三模，14)Father made a promise ????he would buy me a new dictionary if Ipassed the examination.
A. whether B. if C. that D. which
【答案】C
【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：父亲答应我，如果我通过考试，他会给我买一本新词典。此处为名词性从句作名词promise的同位语；同位语从句中句子结构和句意完整，故需用that引导，故答案选C。
【考例2】(2016天津，11)The manager put forward a suggestion ????we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：经理提出一个建议，我们应该有个助手。有太多的工作要做。根据句意可知此处应用that引导同位语从句说明suggestion的内容。that引导同位语从句时只起连接作用，不作成分。故答案选B。
【方法探究】做此类题的关键是能从宏观上判别从句类型，找到其中的抽象名词并能很好地理解句意，看看从句是否是对这一名词内容的解释、说明。即使中间间隔着谓语和其他的句子成分，也要能很好地判断出是同位语从句。
★知识链接★
在名词的后面，对前面的名词进行进一步解释或说明该名词的具体内容的从句叫同位语从句。引导词主要是：连接词that，间或用why，where等，其引导词在从句中不担当任何成分，也没有词汇意义。
1．同位语从句前面的名词往往是需要进一步解释说明其具体内容的。如：news，fact，idea，hope，wish．promise．reason．doubt，belief，suggestion，advice，question，probability等。如：
We heard the news that our team had won.我们听说了我们队获胜的消息。
He didn't give the answer why he was late.他还未回答他为什么迟到的这个问题。
Have you any idea why he was so rude? 你知不知道他为什么如此粗鲁？
2.分隔的同位语从句，就是名词与从句之间有其他内容。如：
The story goes that William Teller killed the tyrant with an arrow．传说威廉·泰尔用箭射死了暴君。
They had no idea at all where he had gone．他们根本不知道他到哪里去了。
注意：同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
（1）定语从句是形容词性从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词性从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如：
We heard the news that he had told her．我们听到了他告诉她的消息。
→We heard the news that he had won the game．我们听到消息，他赢得了比赛。
（2）定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可做主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句中只起连接作用，不做任何句子成分。例如：
A plane is a machine that can fly．飞机是一种能飞的机器。(定语从句)
→The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced．必须面对事实，他们没有完成工作。(同位语从句)
（3）同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系，二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”结构来表示。例如：
一The news that he won the first place is true．他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。
上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示，则是：
→The news came that he won the first place．消息是他赢得了冠军。
（4）由when，why，where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词，但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。例如：
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．我仍然记得初来北京的那天。(定语从句，表时间)
→ I have no idea when she will be back．我不知道她何时回来。(同位语从句)
→This is the house where I lived two years ago．这是我两年前住的房子。(定语从句，表地点)
→ The question where we shall have a meeting isn't decided．我们到什么地方去开会，这个问题还没有决定。(同位语从句)
特殊疑问词+-ever引导的名词性从句
【考例1】(2018天津夏，9)The gold medal will be awarded to ????wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever B. wherever C. whoever D. whatever
【答案】?C
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：这块金牌将颁发给这场自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。 “ ????wins the first place in the bicycle race”为宾语从句，该从句缺少主语，且设空处表示“任何人”，填whoever，相当于anyone who。故答案选C。
【考例2】(2018天津市第一中学五月月考，14)The manager has offered a reward of $5，000 to ????has the ability to finish the task ahead of schedule.
those B. whoever C. who D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：经理拿出了五千美元的奖金给有能力提前完成任务的人。宾语从句作介词to的宾语，从句中缺主语且有“无论是谁”之意，故排除who选whoever。故答案选B。
【考例3】(2018北京朝阳区一模，7)Don’t forget to send ????attended the conference a follow-up e-mail.
however B. whatever C. whoever D. wherever
【答案】?C
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：别忘了给参加会议的人发送一封后续的电子邮件。考send后面应该是一个宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，意为“无论是谁”，故答案选C。
【考例4】(2017北京，23)Every year， ????makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A．whatever B. whoever C. whomever D. whichever
【答案】?B???
【解析】考查主语从句。句子缺少主语成分，再结合具体意思，"无论谁做的风筝漂亮都会获奖"，确定whoever．该句式等于Anyone who makes the most beautiful?kite will win a…whomever在句子里不能充当主语；whatever是无论什么；whichever是无论哪一个都不符合题意。故答案选B。
【考例5】(2017天津河东区一模，7)The store said if the melons didn??t sell at the asking price within two weeks， it would sell them to ???? offers the most money.
A. who B. whoever C. no matter who D. whomever
【答案】?B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：商店说如果甜瓜两个星期内不能以要价卖出，它会把它们卖给出钱最多的人。此处whoever=anyone who，故答案选B。
【方法探究】重点掌握(一)“疑问词+一ever"与一般疑问词在用法上的区别和联系；(二)“疑问词+一ever"与“no matter+疑问词”在用法上的区别和联系。
★知识链接★
①此类题的误区之一在于疑问词的选择上。许多学生在此问题上总是作出误判。解题的关键在于句意的理解，只要是能翻译成“无论谁”或“无论什么”就用“疑问词+一ever"，否则就可以选择一般的疑问词。例如：Whoever wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way．和who gave him away to the police is still unknown．两个句子分别选用了whoever和who，但翻译上有很大差别。
②此类题的另一个难点在于“疑问词+一ever"既可用在名词性从句中又可用在状语从句中；“no matter+疑问词”只能用在让步状语从句中并且能和“疑问词+一ever"这种形式互换使用。
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1.（南京市 2019 届高三年级学情调研）It is very encouraging to see Beijing 2022 is using its potential to maximize the use of existing stadiums.
A．How B. why C. when D. whether
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查名词性从句。根据句子的意思，看到北京如何发挥自己的潜能以最大化利用现有 体育馆是非常鼓舞人心的，故答案选 A。
2.（徐州市2018考前模拟30） It may only be through repeated experiments _______ a baby will come to accept the idea _______ other people can have different views from what he or she has.
A. how； which B. how； that C. that； that D. which； which
【答案】C
【解析】考查同位语从句及强调句，可先假设第一个空为强调句，去除it is…that剩下的句子为through repeated experiments a baby will come to accept the idea为完整的句子，故第一个空填that，可排除ABD项。故答案选C。
3．（北京市精华学校2018年高三考前测试10）Sorry I’m so late， but you cannot imagine ________ great trouble I took to find your house.
A. which B. how C. what D. that
【答案】C
【解析】考查宾语从句的连接词。句意：对不起，我迟到了，但是你无法想象我找到你家有多么麻烦。此处修饰great trouble表示你无法想象我找到你家有多麻烦。trouble为名词，用what感叹，不用how。故答案选C。
4．(2018天津河西区三模，5)—Have you heard that SpaceX sent a Tesla car into space?
—Yes. ????they have achieved is amazing.
Where B. What C. That D. How
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：—你听说SpaceX把一辆特斯拉汽车送入太空了吗?—听说了。他们所取得的成就是惊人的。主语从句中缺动词achieved的宾语且指物， 用what，故答案选B。
5.(2018天津十二校二联，12)Many things in the countryside， like the fresh air and peaceful envi-ronment， are ????people living in big cities can’t enjoy.
which B. where C. what D. that
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：农村的许多东西，如新鲜空气和宁静的环境，都是住在大城市里的人所不能享受的。此处为表语从句，从句中缺动词enjoy的宾语且指物，故答案选what。
6.(2018天津河西区一模，14)They have quite a few suggestions about ????the service can be improved.
that B. why C. how D. what
【答案】?C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：关于如何改进服务，他们有不少建议。从句意判断宾语从句中缺的是方式状语，故答案选C。
7.(2018天津南开区一模，14) ????the author wants to express in the book is the love and care for her family.
What B. That C. When D. Why
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：作者想在书中表达的是对家人的爱和关心。t hat在从句中只起连接作用不作成分；when在从句中作时间状语；why在从句中作原因状语。此处为主语从句，从句中缺宾语，故答案选A。
8. .(2018天津十二所重点中学高三一联，12)A proposal was put forward at the meeting ????the new cement plant shouldn’t be built near the school.
when B. where C. that D. which
【答案】C
【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：会上提出了一项建议，即新水泥厂不应该建在学校附近。分析句子结构可知，设空处应为同位语从句的引导词，从句的结构、意思完整， 用that引导。故答案选C。
9. .(2018天津河东区一模，11)Jane’ s success lies in the fact ????she is so co-operative and eager to learn from others.
that B. which C. when D. why
【答案】A
【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：简的成功在于她很乐于合作，并且渴望向别人学习。句中从句作名词fact的同位语，成分完整，用that引导，故答案选A。
10．(2018天津滨海新区七所重点学校毕业联考，28)There are various things on sale， so you can choose ????interests you.
A. whoever B. no matter who C. whatever D. no matter what
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：有各种各样的东西出售，所以你可以选择任何你感兴趣的东西。 “no matter+疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，“疑问词+-ever”既可引导让步状语从句也可引导名词性从句。设空处是choose后面的宾语从句，B、D两项只能引导让步状语从句，故被排除；设空处在从句中作主语且指物，故排除A，故答案选C。
11. (2018江苏南京、盐城二模，26)The palace has been restored to resemble ????it was during the time of Emperor Qianlong.
what B. that C. which D. how
【答案】?A
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：这座宫殿已经复原到了乾隆皇帝时期的样子。resemble 为及物动词(与……相似)，故其后为宾语从句，从句中缺表语且指物，用what引导。故答案选A。
12. (2018天津红桥区二模，13)I’d like to start my own business—that‘s ????I’d do if I had the money.
why B. when C. which D. what
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：我想自己创业——如果我有钱的话，我会这么做的。表语 从句“ ?I’d do”中缺少动词do的宾语且指事， 需用what，故答案选D。
13. (2018天津河西区二模，13) ????is willing to volunteer in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics is welcome to join us.
Whatever B. Whoever C. Whenever D. Wherever
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：欢迎任何愿意参加2022年北京冬奥会志愿服务的人加入我们的行列。主语从句?is willing to volunteer in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics中，缺主语、指人且有“无论是谁”之意， 此处whoever(=anyone who)，故答案选B。
14. (2018天津市第一中学五月月考，5)I’m concerned about most is ????we can collect a huge amount of money in such a short time.
That； how B. What； if C. What； how D. As； whether
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：我最关心的是我们如何在这么短的时间内筹集到一大笔钱。
句子的主干为主系表结构；系动词is前为主语从句，从句中缺介词about的宾语，故用what； 表语从句中缺方式状语， 用how引导。故答案选C。
15. (2018第三次全国大联考江苏卷，29)Up till now， there has been no scientific evidence about ???? ???? caused the death of dinosaurs.
A. what is it that B. what it was that C. it was what D. what is it
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：到目前为止，还没有科学证据表明是什么导致了恐龙的灭亡。名词性从句用陈述句语序，强调句型的特殊疑问句形式作宾语，语序为“特殊疑问词+it+be+that...”，故答案选B。
16. （江苏省扬州中学2018届第四次模考25） Pleasure in one’s heart and a smile on his lips is a sign _______ the person has a pretty good grasp of life.
A. that B. where C. which D. what
【答案】A
【解析】考查同位语从句。句意为：心中的快乐和唇上的笑意是一个人了解生活的真谛的标志。sign后从句解释说明sign的具体内容。且同位语从句中不缺成分不缺任何含义，故答案选that。
17. (2018江苏南通、泰州一调，32)I suspect ????Emily was lying when she described the incident， for I know her well.
whether B. that C. what D. how
【答案】?B???
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：我怀疑埃米莉在描述这件事时说了谎，因为我很了解她。suspect“怀疑，猜想”，一般用法为I suspect that...。名词性从句结构、意思完整，用that引导。故答案选B。
18. (2018江苏苏北四市高三一调，23)Save your apology for ????you really make everything a mess.
unless B. once C. when D. though
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：把你的道歉留到当你真的把一切弄得一团糟的时候吧。从句子结构判断，此处为介词后的宾语从句，when“当……的时候”引导宾语从句，符合句意和逻辑。故答案选C。
19. (2018北京海淀区二模，2)I need help now! I have to fix a leaking pipe in my bathroom but I’m not sure ????to begin.
what B. which C. where D. when
【答案】?C????
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：我现在需要帮助!我必须修理浴室里漏水的管道，但我不知道从哪里下手。从句意判断是“摸不着头脑，不知从哪里(where)下手”，故答案选C。
20.(2017天津南开区三模，13) ????is known to us is that tobacco contains nicotine and other harmful substances， so you should give up smoking.
As B. It C. What D. Which
【答案】?C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：我们都知道烟草含有尼古丁和其他有害物质，所以你应该戒烟。本句中第一个分句为主系表结构：主语为主语从句What is known to us(what在从句中作主语)；is为系动词；that引导表语从句。本题易忽略第二个is，认为it为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语，从而错选B。故答案选C。
二、句型训练（Choose the right words in brackets）
1.It is unknown to the public ________ the air crash occurred in the mountainous area yesterday.
【答案】how
【解析】考查主语从句。句意：人们不知道昨天在山区的这起飞机坠毁事故是怎么发生的。 It为形式主语，后面的从句为真正的主语。根据句意可知，此处应使用how表示事故发生的方式。
2. This still leaves the question of ________ local public services should be improved in the next five years.
【答案】how
【解析】句意：这还留下一个问题， 那就是， 在接下来的五年里如何改进当地的公共服务。 本空需要连词引导宾语从句作介词of的宾语， 连词在从句中作方式状语， 因此用连接副词how引导这个从句。
3.We have offered him the position, but I don’t have the slightest idea________ he will accept it.
【答案】whether
【解析】句意：我们给他提供了这个职位， 但是我一点儿都不知道他是否会接受这个职位。 根据“I don’t have the slightest idea”可知， 此处表示不确定，且连词在从句中不充当成分， 故选whether表示“是否”。 if也可表示“是否”但一般不引导同位语从句。
4.The teachers in the school are very kind. It doesn’t matter ________ you have studied there for a short or a long time.
【答案】whether
【解析】考查主语从句。 句意：这个学校的老师非常友好， 你在那里学习的时间是短还是长都没有关系。 根据连词or就很容易判断出这里是whether...or“是……还是……”结构。
5.________ surprised us most, I think, was that as an expert, he didn’t even know ________ the problem lay.
【答案】What; where
【解析】句意：我认为最使我们吃惊的是作为一个专家他甚至不知道问题出在哪里。 第一空what引导主语从句， 且在从句中作主语； 第二空用where引导宾语从句， where在从句中作状语。
6.As I was thinking about this event later on, I wondered ________ the young man didn't just perform this act of kindness himself.
【答案】why
【解析】句意：后来我思考此事时，我对这个年轻人为什么不亲自做这件善事感到困惑。“________ the young man didn't just perform this act of kindness himself”为宾语从句，该从句缺少原因状语，故用why引导。
7. Therefore, it is advisable ________ you should value and treat them with care.
【答案】that
【解析】句意：因此人们建议你应该珍惜、谨慎对待它们是明智的。“________ you should value and treat them with care”为主语从句，该从句不缺任何成分，故用that引导。
8.The ending was ________ the insects disappeared from the whole zone.
【答案】that
【解析】句意：结局就是昆虫从整个地区消失了。that在其引导的表语从句中虽不作成分，但不能省略。
9. The expert's argument ________ the increasing number of cars is the main cause of the rising PM2.5 readings has got much support from the public.
【答案】that
【解析】此处为同位语从句，解释说明argument的内容；因从句不缺少成分，且句意完整，故用that引导。
10. We agreed to accept ________ they thought was the best professor in the college.
【答案】whoever
【解析】句意：我们同意接受他们认为在本所大学中最好的任何教授。whoever＝anyone who。
三、语法填空
（2018-2019辽宁省部分重点高中高三联考）I will never forget that at the age of nine I was asked to deliver a speech entitled A challenge in My Life before the whole class!
You can imagine how___1___(terrible)shy I was the moment I thought of that—with so many eyes___2___(fix) upon me. I could do nothing but___3___(prepare) for it, though. First, I was to draft the speech, which was just a piece of cake for me, a good writer. But the hardest part___4___(lie)in my oral presentation from my memory, for to read from the paper was not allowed. The real moment began ____5____ I stood on the platform with my legs trembling and my mind blank. But my ____6____ (listen) were waiting patiently without any signs of rushing me. Gradually I found myself back, giving out my speech tongue-tiedly. After ____7____ seemed to be a hundred years ,I found my audience applauding…I made it! From then on, my fear of talking before ___8___ big audience disappeared. Actually with my confidence building up, I now turn out to be a great speaker. Looking back, I know the greatest difficulty on our way ____9____ success is our fear. Overcome it,___10___ you will be able to achieve your goals.
【答案】1. terribly 2. fixed 3. prepare 4. lay 5. when/as 6. listeners
7. what 8. a 9. to 10. and
【解析】本文讲述了作者九岁时在全班的一次演讲，当时的心情、表现及对以后成长的重要性。
考查副词。此处修饰形容词shy用副词，指非常害羞。故填terribly.
考查过去分词。此处是with的复合结构，其中eyes与fix是被动关系，用过去分词表被动。故填fixed.
考查动词形式。表示“除了做什么，别的做不了”是could do nothing but do.动词用原形，故填动词原形prepare.
考查动词时态。全文是一般过去时，此处也用过去时。故填lay.
考查连词。句意：当我站在讲台上双腿颤抖脑子一片空白时，真正的时刻开始了。when引导时间状语从句，故填when/as.
考查名词。由my修饰用名词，与后面谓语动词were一致名词用复数，指我的听众们。故填listeners.
考查代词。句意：似乎经过了一百年，我发现我的观众在鼓掌。介词After后是宾语从句，在从句中做主语，指演讲这件事。故填what.
考查冠词。
考查介词。表示“通往成功之路”是on one’s way to success，介词用to.故填to.
考查连词。句意：克服它，你就能实现目标。前后句是并列关系，用and连接。故填and.
四、短文改错
（保定市2018年高考二次模拟考试）The summer job is very much popular among some university students. Long before the end of a school year, students start their summer vacation job search. They send letters to businesses, going to job interviews, and ask our friends and relations for help. By June the students usually had found jobs and then they begin preparing enter the world of work.
Reasons for wanting a summer job differs from student to student. Some students work to pay their school expenses, some work to gain experience or just to fun. Salesmen or waiters are two of the most common job that students try to find.
【答案】
1.去掉much 2.a改为the 3.going改为go 4.our改为their 5.had改为have
6.enter前添加to 7differs改为differ 8.to改为for 9.or改为and 10.job改为jobs
【解析】本文讲述暑期工在大学生中非常流行，他们以各种方式找暑期工作。找暑期工作的原因很多。有的是为了钱，有的为了获得经验，还有的是为了好玩。其中最常见的工作是推销员和服务员。
考查副词。句意：暑期工在一些大学生中很受流行。much为副词，一般修饰形容词和副词的比较级，而popular为原级，不能被much修饰，故去掉。
考查冠词。早在学年结束前，学生就开始找暑假工作。分析句子Long before the end of a school year,…可知，本句中的a school year是特指的那个学年。故把a 改为the.
考查谓语动词。他们给企业写求职信，去面试，向他们的朋友和亲戚寻求帮助。分析句子They send letters to businesses, going to job interviews, and ask our friends and relations for help.可知，本句中的 send letters … going to…, and ask …这三个动词是并列的谓语动词，因此going 要改为go。.
考查人称代词。分析上一句可知，学生向他们的（their）朋友和亲戚寻求帮助，而不是我们的(our)朋友，故把our改为their。
考查谓语动词的时态。根据文章可知，本句叙述的是客观事实，故把had found改为have found.
考查固定用法。prepare to do sth，为固定搭配，意为准备做某事。本句之意为：到六月份，那时他们开始为暑期打工作准备。
考查主谓一致。分析句子Reasons for wanting a summer job differs from student to student可知，本句的主语为reasons为复数，故谓语动词不能用单数，所以要用复数形式。故把differs改为differ
考查固定搭配。for fun，为固定搭配，意为“为了好玩，开玩笑地”。有些学生工作是为了获得经验或只是为了好玩。故把.to改为for
考查连词。学生们想找到的最常见的工作是推销员和服务员这两种工作。分析句子Salesmen or waiters are two…可知，Salesmen 和 waiters是两种最常见的工作，二者是并列关系的，在此为“和”，故把or改为and.
考查名词的数。分析句子可知，这是两种最常见的工作，是复数，故job要用复数，故把job改为jobs
