专题 二十二阅读理解之五作者意图、态度&文章结构（解析版+原卷版）

专题 二十二 阅读理解之五作者意图、态度& 文章结构（解析版）

一、作者写文章的目的通常有三类：
1． to express one's feelings，attitude and ideas； (使读者愉悦、发笑)： 常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。
2. to affect readers； (说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务：吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众等。议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。
3. to inform readers (告知读者某些信息)： 多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章, 以及劝告性或建议性的文章。弄清其写作目的, 需要找准主题句, 把握文章主旨。
可细分为to introduce，describe，explain，inform，analyze，express，convey，argue，encourage，praise，criticize，advocate等
解题技巧及步骤
1.领悟隐含意义
“既要理解字面意思，也要理解深层含义。”这是高考对阅读理解能力测试的一项重要内容。由于某种原因，有的文章作者不能鲜明地表达自己的观点，而将其隐含在字里行间，流露于修辞手法之中。这类题要求考生对作者这种没有明确说明的事实信息和思想倾向做出合理的推断。读懂这种“言外之意，弦外之音”要求考生具有无障碍的阅读能力，"锣鼓听音"的敏锐感觉，合理推断的思维品质。做题的关键是根据题干要求，在原文中找到相关信息，并依此进行推理。
2.理清文章脉络
这类题旨在测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局做出合理的推断，或根据作者所阐述的观点或理论，对文章未涉及的现象或事例给以解释。
考生首先要仔细阅读短文，充分了解信息，才能弄清文章结构，理清文章脉络。在做出推理判断时，考生一定要依据短文内容或作者的观点，切忌主观臆断，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。?
3.抓住作者的态度和观点
做此类题目必须通过作者的用词及叙述口吻等去理解。作者的态度和观点无非就是三种（1）支持、赞同、乐观；（2）反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；（3）中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible, impossible, seem. strange。此题需要注意的是一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。在议论文中，作者的观点态度常在末段出现，但有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能作出正确的判断。熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
褒义词：supportive（支持的）；positive（积极的）optimistic（乐观的）enthusiastic（热情的）等。
贬义词：negative（否定的，消极的）ironic（讽刺的）critical（批评的）disgusted（厌恶的）disappointed（失望的）等。
中性词：indifferent（漠不关心的）uninterested（不感兴趣的）；objective（客观的）neutral中立的）等。
二、篇章结构题
首先要了解文章结构，一般说来，记叙文的语言是按时间发展顺序或因果关系排列的，常用的连接词有：then, later, after that, soon, after a while, in the end, so, as a result, because of that等。说明文常采用有三种形式：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)。 要想准确深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握文章的脉搏，特别是把握段与段之间的逻辑关系，然后分析作者采用了什么论证手段证明主题，从而正确解答试题。
【考例1】（2018·浙江卷A）
……
…But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
23. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To remember a great writer.
B. To introduce an English novel.
C. To encourage studies on culture.
D. To promote values of the Victorian age.
【答案】A
【解析】考查写作意图题。根据文中对Charles Dickens及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.可知本文是写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故选A。
【考例2】（2018·北京卷A）
……
I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.
37.?Why?did?the?author?mention?the?P.E.?class?in?his?7th?year?
A.?To?acknowledge?the?support?of?his?teacher.
B.?To?amuse?the?readers?with?a?funny?story.
C.?To?show?he?was?not?talented?in?sports.
D.?To?share?a?precious?memory.
【答案】C　
【解析】考查写作意图题。根据文章第二段中的“He later informed me that I was "not athletic””可知，作者的经历证明他在运动方面并非很有天赋。故选C。
【考例3】（2018·北京D）
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
【答案】B　
【解析】考查写作意图题。由文章的最后一段以及文章很大篇幅都在讲无人驾驶汽车的优点可知，作者对无人驾驶汽车怀有积极态度。故选B。
【考例5】（2017·全国卷Ⅱ）
……
I last saw him a few months ago. He'd been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was，and we didn't talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.
What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
A．To show his love of films. B．To remember a friend.
C．To introduce a new movie. D．To share his acting experience.
【答案】B
【解析】考查写作意图题。文章最后一句点明写作目的。朋友生病住院甚至已不在人世，但他们之间的友情不需要话语就可以珍藏怀念。
【考例6】（2017·全国卷ⅢC）
After years of heated debate, grey wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Grey wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources (来源) for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes, and completely drove away the park's beavers.
As early as 1966，biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The US Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today，the debate continues over how well the grey wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk，deer，and coyote populations are down，while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?
A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Disapproving. D．Uncaring.
【答案】B　
【解析】考查作者观点态度题。题干关键词为“the Yellowstone wolf project”，由此定位信息到文章的最后一句，由该句中的valuable可以看出，作者认为这个项目是一个有价值的实验，由此可以推断，作者对这一项目的态度是积极的。doubtful怀疑的；disapproving不赞成的；uncaring不关心的。
【考例7】（2017·天津卷D）
I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let's take a look at three types of “waits”．
The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it's full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.
A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. “Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.” I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience.
Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.
Turning one's life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn't come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.
We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you're standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you'll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don't be desperate. You're probably just as busy as the next guy.
The author supports his view by ________．
A．exploring various causes of “waits”
B．describing detailed processes of “waits”
C．analysing different categories of “waits”
D．revealing frustrating consequences of “waits”
【答案】C　
【解析】考查篇章结构题。文章的结构是总—分。文章第一段提出有三种类型的等待，然后下面几段内容一直在分析这三种等待，因此作者是通过分析不同的类型的等待来支持他自己的观点的。
【考例8】（2016·全国新课标IIIC）
If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around.
It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.
Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.
There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.
Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.
What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To show how to grow apples. B .To introduce an apple festival.
C. To help people select apples. D. To promote apple research.
【答案】B
【解析】考查写作意图题。根据第一段“if you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around. ”和最后一段“If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.”可知，作者向读者介绍了一个节日—Apple Day，并推荐人们参加这个节日，故选B。
1.（南京师范大学附属中学2018届5月模考）
To err is human. Society is suffering from an inability to acknowledge as much.
For individuals, errors are painful. The trick, then, is to err well: to recognize mistakes and learn from them. Worryingly, humanity may be getting worse at admitting its mistakes.
Few enjoy the feeling of being caught out in an error. But real trouble starts when the desire to avoid a punishment leads to a refusal to deal with contrary evidence. Economists often assume that people are sensible. When faced with a new fact, these people should update their view of the world to take better decisions in future. Yet years of economic research confirms that people frequently disregard information that conflicts with their view of the world.
Why should that be? Last year Roland Benabou, of Princeton, presented a framework for thinking about the problem. In many ways, beliefs are like other economic goods. People spend time and resources building them, and get value from them: some beliefs make owners feel good and show their public identity; other beliefs provide value by shaping behavior—for example, religious asceticism(禁欲主义) can help one avoid unhealthy habits.
Because beliefs, however, are not simply tools for making good decisions, but are treasured in their own right, new information that challenges them is unwelcome. People often engage in “motivated reasoning” to manage such challenges. Mr Benabou classifies this into three categories. “Strategic ignorance” is when a believer avoids information offering conflicting evidence. In “reality denial”， troubling evidence is rationalized(合理化)：real estate investors might make up fanciful theories for why prices should behave unusually, and supporters of a disgraced politician might claim the negative news to be fake. And lastly, in “self-signalling”， the believer creates his own tools to interpret the facts in the way he wants: an unhealthy person, for example, might decide that going for a daily run proves he is well.
“Motivated reasoning” is a cognitive bias(偏见). Not all the errors it leads to are costly: praising the performance of one's supported football team despite contradictory evidence does little harm. But when biases are broadly shared—within financial world or political parties—danger arises. Motivated reasoning helps explain why viewpoints polarize (两极分化) even as information is more easily available than ever before.[来源:学科网]
Work by Mr Benabou suggests that groupthink is highest when people within groups face a shared fate: when choosing to break from a group is unlikely to spare an individual the costs of the group's errors or bring much individual benefit. The incentive(动力) to engage in motivated reasoning is high as a result. Even as the fact on a particular issue is obvious, parties can still become increasingly polarized. That, in turn, can make it harder still for a member of one party to get any benefit from breaking from a group. Indeed, the group has an incentive to silence independent voices.
Public statements of regret are risky in a rigidly polarized world. Admissions of error can not only annoy partners but also provide opportunities for opponents. But it is rarely in the interest of those in the right to pretend that they are never wrong.
Which of the following opinions might the author agree with?
A. Denying errors is unavoidable. B. Failure to admit errors is harmful.
C. Humans are getting better at erring well. D. Wise people ignore contrary worldviews.
【答案】B
【解析】考查作者观点态度题。根据第一段：To err is human. Society is suffering from an inability to acknowledge as much人孰无过，但我们的社会却因为不能认识到这一点而受损。可知选择B项。
2.（北京中国人民大学附属中学2018届高三考前热身）What Cocktail Parties Teach Us
You’re at a party. Music is playing. Glasses are clinking. Dozens of conversations are driving up the decibel (分贝) level. Yet among all those distractions, you can tune your attention to just one voice from many. This ability is what researchers call the “cocktail-party effect.”
Scientists at the University of California in San Francisco have found where that sound-editing process occurs in the brain—in the auditory cortex (听觉皮层) just behind the ear, not in areas of higher thought. The auditory cortex boosts some sounds and turns down others so that when the signal reaches the higher brain, “it’s as if only one person was speaking alone,” says investigator Edward Chang.
These findings, published in the journal Nature last week, explain why people aren’t very good at multitasking-our brains are wired for “selective attention” and can focus on only one thing at a time. That inborn ability has helped humans survive in a world buzzing with visual and auditory stimulation (刺激). But we keep trying to push the limit with multitasking, sometimes with tragic consequences. Drivers talking on cellphones, for example, are four times as likely to get into traffic accidents as those who aren’t.
Many of those accidents are due to “inattentional blindness”, in which people can, in effect, turn a blind eye to things they aren’t focusing on. The more attention a task demands, the less attention we can pay to other things in our field of vision. Images land on our retinas (视网膜) and are either boosted or played down in the visual cortex before being passed to the brain, just as the auditory cortex filters sounds, as shown in the Nature study last week. “It’s a push-pull relationship-the more we focus on one thing, the less we can focus on others,” says Diane M. Beck, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois.
Studies over the past decade at the University of Utah show’ that drivers talking on hands-free cellphones are just as influenced as those on hands-held phones because it is the conversation, not the device that is distracting their attention. Those talking on any kind of cellphone react more slowly and miss more traffic signals than other motorists.
Some people can train themselves to pay extra attention to things that are important — like police officers learn to scan crowds for faces and conductors can listen for individual instruments within the orchestra as a whole. Many more think they can effectively multitask, but are actually shifting their attention rapidly between two things and not getting the full effect of either, experts say.
The main purpose of the passage is to .
A. compare and contrast B. inform and explain
C. argue and discuss D. examine and evaluate
【答案】
【解析】考查目的意图题。根据最后一段Some people can train themselves to pay extra attention to things that are important — like police officers learn to scan crowds for faces and conductors can listen for individual instruments within the orchestra as a whole. Many more think they can effectively multitask, but are actually shifting their attention rapidly between two things and not getting the full effect of either, experts say. 有人可以训练自己对重要的事情付出格外的注意力──就像警察学习扫描人群的面孔，以及乐团指挥可以在整个乐团中听到每件乐器的声音。专家说，更多的人则是自以为可以有效地处理多任务，但他们其实是在两件事之间迅速转移注意力，而并没有全身心地投入到其中任何一件事中。可知本文的目的是“检查和评估”，故D项正确。
3.（江苏省启东中学2018届高三最后一模）
We want our children to succeed, in school and, perhaps even more importantly, in life. But the paradox(悖论) is that our children can only truly succeed if they first learn how to fail. Consider the finding that world-class figure skaters fall over more often in practice than low-level figure skaters. At first sight this seems contradictory. Why are the really good skaters falling over the most?
The reason is actually quite simple. Top skaters are constantly challenging themselves in practice, attempting jumps that stretch their limitations. This is why they fall over so often, but it is precisely why they learn so fast. Lower-level skaters have a quite different approach. They are always attempting jumps they can already do very easily, remaining within their comfort zone. This is why they don’t fall over. In a superficial sense, they look successful, because they are always on their feet. The truth, however, is that by never failing, they never progress.
What is true of skating is also true of life. James Dyson worked through 5,126 failed prototypes(原型) for his dual cyclone vacuum before coining up with the design that made his fortune. These failures were essential to the pathway of learning. As Dyson put it: “You can’t develop new technology unless you test new ideas and learn when things go wrong. Failure is essential to invention.”
In healthcare, however, things are very different. Clinicians don’t like to admit to failure, partly because they have healthy egos(自我)(particularly the senior doctors) and partly because they fear litigation(诉讼). The consequence is that instead of learning from failure, healthcare often covers up failure. The direct consequence is that the same mistakes are repeated. According to the Journal of Patient Safety, 400,000 people die every year in American hospitals alone due to preventable error. Until healthcare learns to respond positively to failure, things will not improve.
But let us return to children. One of the major mistakes in education in the 1970s was the attempt to equip children with confidence by giving them lots of successes （setting the bar very low）. The consequence was that the ego of kids became bound up with success, and they became unable to take risks and collapsed as soon as they hit a proper challenge.
We need to flip(翻转) this approach. In a complex world, failure is inevitable. It is those individuals and institutions that have the flexibility to face up to failure, learn the lessons and adapt which eventually excel(突出).
1. The question raised in the first paragraph is to ________.
A. open up a discussion on the topic B. analyze the reason for success
C. express the author’s opposition D. doubt the abilities of the top skaters
2. Which of the following is the structure of the passage?
3. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. How we can avoid failure in life B. What we should learn from failure
C. Why failure is the key to flying high D. Where we further improve ourselves
【答案】1. A 2. A 3. C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。作者通过正反两方面的例子论证了“失败是孩子成功的必须条件”这一观点。
1. 推理判断题。由第一段中的“But the paradox（悖论）is that our children can only truly succeed if they first learn how to fail.”可知，文章的中心论点是如果孩子想要真正成功，首先就要学会失败。后面以世界级滑冰运动员摔倒的次数更多来证明这一点，最后一句提出问题：为什么好的滑冰运动员反而摔倒的次数多呢？下文对这个问题做了回答，进一步阐明了文章的中心论点。很明显，这个问题就是为了引出下文对中心论点的论述服务的。故A选项正确。
2. 文章结构题。第一段提出中心论点并以滑冰运动员为例引出第二段。第三段James Dyson为正面例子证明：成功是建立失败的基础上的。而第四和第五两段分别以医疗和20世纪七十年代的儿童教育为反例证明：不经历失败就不会获得成功和提高。最后一段再次强调中心论点。故A选项正确。
3. 标题归纳题。文章第一段即提出中心论点：the paradox（悖论）is that our children can only truly succeed if they first learn how to fail，中间几段以正反两方面的例子证明了该论点。最后一段又重新强调了该论点。很明显，文章的中心意思就是：失败是孩子真正成功的必要条件。结合选项，C选项为最佳标题。
4.（福建省闽侯第六中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）
Tired of Working in Your Country?
With over 500 instructors and 20 years of experience, we are the leader in the field of teaching foreign languages. We now have positions open in Osaka starting September/October 2018 for instructions of English, German, Spanish and French.
? Teach many different kinds of classes using the latest technology in small classes of up to 30 students.
? Accommodation, and other necessary documents will be ready before you leave.
? Applicants will teach their first language only.
? Excellent teacher training programs.
If you are young with a university degree and are willing to experience different cultures, apply now. Experience in teaching is an advantage but not specially required. Knowledge of the Japanese language is not necessary but good English skills and practical computer knowledge are basic requirements.
Apply with C.V. and send letter to:
NOVA France, Mr. Sampy (IHT 3/2)
34, Bd. Haussmann, 75009 Paris, France
Fax: 33148014804
Or visit our website: www. teachjp. com
The manager expects to meet and talk with successful applicants in Paris in June and July.
What is the purpose of the text?
A. To introduce a language school in Japan.
B. To describe working conditions in Japan.
C. To make clear the requirements for Japanese teachers.
D. To hire language teachers to work in Japan.
【答案】 D
【解析】考查写作意图题。根据We now have positions open in Osaka for instructors of English ,German ,Spanish and French.雇佣一些语言老师去日本工作。故选D。
5. （河北省五个一联盟2018届高三第二次联考）Imagine this scene: it’s blowing outside, and you snuggle (蜷伏) up on the sofa under a warm quilt, chatting and recalling with your closest friends.
That content, cosy feeling has a name in Danish —hygge. And, as Denmark recently won the title of “the happiest country in the world”, the concept of hygge is known to more and more people interested in finding ways to understand this concept.
Hygge —originally from a Norwegian word meaning well-being — doesn’t have an exact equivalent (等同物) in English. It’s often translated as coziness, or as blogger Anna West told the BBC, “coziness of the soul”. But, as professor Maren Spark explains, “Hygge was never meant to be translated. It was meant to be felt.”
Basically, hygge involves creating a warm, cosy atmosphere and enjoying it with your loved ones. Danish winters are long and dark and so achieving hygge is particularly relevant during this season. A typical Hygge activity during winter could be enjoying delicious homemade food and light-hearted conversation with friends —preferably in the warm glow of candlelight, or maybe sipping a glass of wine in the hot tub after a day spent skiing.
However, hygge isn’t only limited to the cold winter months —it can also describe that warm, fuzzy feeling you get after a walk through a forest with friends on summer’s day or a family barbecue in the park. Hygge is meant to be shared.
1. The author asks the readers to imagine the scene in the first paragraph to .
A. help the readers to calm down
B. introduce the topic of the passage
C. present the main idea of the passage
D. remind the readers of their past memories
2. What do the underlined words by Maren Spark mean?
A. The translation of the word “hygge” is not good enough.
B. Only Danish speakers know what “hygge” means.
C. “Hygge” is easy to translate but hard to feel.
D. We can get the true meaning of “hygge” by feeling it.
3. Which of the following can be best described as a “hygge” activity?
A. Skiing in the cold winter months. B. Living through long dark winters.
C. Taking afternoon tea with friends. D. Walking alone in the forest.
4. The author writes this passage to .
A. explain B. persuade C. comment D. advertise
【答案】1. B 2. D 3.C 4. A
【解析】1.考查写作意图题。Imagine this scene: it’s blowing outside, and you snuggle (蜷伏) up on the sofa under a warm quilt, chatting and recalling with your closest friends.作者描写这样惬意舒服的场景是为了引出文章的话题Hygge，选B。
2.考查推理判断题。由doesn’t have an exact equivalent (等同物) in English.可知“Hygge was never meant to be translated. It was meant to be felt.”的意思是Hygge只可意会不可言传，选D。
3.考查推理判断题。由Basically, hygge involves creating a warm, cosy atmosphere and enjoying it with your loved ones.可知Hygge意味着舒适和分享，和朋友一起喝下午茶最符合这个意境，选C。
4.考查写作意图题。文章通过举例说明丹麦语hygge的意思，并且表明Hygge只可意会不可言传，需要用心去感受。所以作者写这篇文章的目的是为了解释，选A。
6. (2017·常州高三一模)Decades ago，scientists had a much more fixed conception of the brain. They believed that how it develops when you're a kid more or less determines your brain structure for the rest of your life.
But now we know that's not true. A landmark study in 2000 looked at grey matter in London taxi drivers. The drivers had more grey matter volume in the hippocampus，a little seahorse-shaped part of the brain that deals with memory. Here was real evidence of neuroplasticity，the ability of the brain to change and form new neural(神经的)connections.
In 2010，Swedish scientists tested a group of younger(21-30)and older(65-80) adults for six months，and “did not detect any significant age-related differences in neuroplasticity of white-matter microstructure”．Translation：older brains can change too.
So what happens to the brain of an adult who learns languages? A group of adult students learning Chinese were tested over a nine-month period in 2012，during which they showed “improved white-matter quality”．White matter is what connects neural cells，so the better connected，the better you can accomplish a cognitive(认知的)task.
Still want more? Oh， alright then. Language learning builds up your “cognitive reserve”，which makes you more resistant to brain damage. If you're bilingual(双语的)，congratulations! You may have just delayed the beginning of dementia(痴呆)by several years.
If you're upset about not being quite as quick as you used to be，or your memory， there's a silver lining. You've got something going for you that no teenager has. You've learned how to learn. You know the strategies that work for you and what not to waste your time on. You have better “metacognitive skills”．Another name for this is “self-directed learning”．
A few years ago，scientists tried to test this. They got groups of older people and younger people and showed them words with points values attached，ranging from low to high. Then they allowed the subjects to review whatever they wanted. They noticed that the older subjects spent more time on the valuable words but their recall was just as good as the younger subjects. The scientists later discovered that they'd sneakily(偷偷地)reviewed the high-value words just before the test.
So，there you have it：There's absolutely no reason why you can't learn a language up to a ripe old age.
1．What is the main theme of this passage?
A．Human brain structure can develop at any age.
B．A ripe old age is no excuse for quitting language learning.
C．There is little difference in the brain ability between the young and the old.
D．Older people actually perform better in language learning than younger ones.
2．What is the structure of the passage?
3．What can we infer from this passage?
A．Grey matter is of less importance to the brain than white matter.
B．Learning another language can bring benefits to your cognitive ability.
C．Your childhood will determine your brain structure for the rest of your life.
D．Metacognitive skills have no significant influence in young people's language learning.
【答案】1. B 2. A 3.B
【解析】文章大意：本文是一篇议论文，探讨了大脑的神经可塑性与年龄之间的关系，
从而得出年龄并不是放弃语言学习的借口这个结论。
考查主旨大意。根据文章第三段第一句“In 2010，Swedish scientists tested a group of younger(21-30)and older(65-80)adults for six months，and ‘did not detect any significant age-related differences in neuroplasticity of white-matter microstructure’．”及文章第七段第四句 “They noticed that the older subjects spent more time on the valuable words but their recall was just as good as the younger subjects.” 及最后一段可知，白质微结构的神经可塑性与年龄并没有太大的关系，并且通过实验表明，在执行一系列认知任务时，老人和年轻人表现得同样出色，故可以得出这篇文章的主题是年纪大了并不是放弃语言学习的借口。
2.考查篇章结构。文章第一段简述了几十年前科学家们对于人的大脑发展错误的认知；第二段和第三段论述了科学家们通过研究发现，大脑活动的能力和形成新的神经联系的能力与年龄并没有太大的关系；第四段和第五段举例说明语言学习能够有益于认知能力的培养；第六段和第七段通过举例说明成人具备更好的认知学习策略，即自主学习技巧；最后一段进行总结，点明主题，说明年龄并不是逃避语言学习的借口。
3.考查推理判断。根据文章第四段最后两句“A group of adult students learning Chinese were tested over a nine-month period in 2012，during which they showed ‘improved white-matter quality’．White matter is what connects neural cells，so the better connected，the better you can accomplish a cognitive task.”和文章第五段中的“ Language learning builds up your ‘cognitive reserve’，which makes you more resistant to brain damage. If you're bilingual(双语的)，congratulations! You may have just delayed the beginning of dementia(痴呆)by several years.”可知，学习另一种语言有益于提高你的认知能力。
7.(2017·苏州高三一模)The spread of nomaintenance artificial lawns is threatening wildlife and rare plants，conservationists and gardening experts are warning.Gardens are an increasingly important shelter for wildlife which was forced into withdrawing from the countryside by loss of the natural homes and intensive farming. But the growth in the popularity of artificial lawns，which look like the real thing but require no cutting，watering or fertilizing，means there's no shelter in an increasing number of Britain's back gardens.
Tim Rumball，editor of Amateur Gardening magazine，said：“Artificial grass these days looks great and these days you can buy rolls of it whereas ago it was a very specialist thing.It can take people a few minutes to realize they are on an artificial lawn rather than a real one.”
Besides the impact on wildlife，a damaging impact has also been made on the wider environment because of replacing real grass.Mr Rumball said：“Lawns matter a lot.Plants change carbon dioxide into oxygen and if all the lawns are taken away in Britain you will significantly affect the carbon levels in the atmosphere.When grass grows longer，it attracts insects.If you have an artificial lawn then these insects will be reduced and the whole of the food chain will be affected，especially birds that rely on insects for their diet.”
Joy Wallis of Dorset Wildlife Trust is also concerned about the trend in artificial grass.“These days，gardens are a shelter for wildlife，” she said，“Creatures can't survive in the countryside because it is so full of chemicals.Birds get absolutely nothing from artificial grass，and they can't dig for worms or anything like that.It seems a shame that people feel they haven't got the time or the tendency to look after a lawn.”
Robert Redcliffe of Namgrass，which currently sells 10，000 square meters of artificial grass per week，says business is booming，adding，“We started five years ago in the UK and it can transform the way you use the garden.There's the obvious advantage of no cutting or watering，but also there's no mud for children or pets to walk through the house.” He disagrees that artificial grass is harmful to the environment and adds，“There are ecological benefits.In the long run the effect of artificial grass is outweighed by not having to use a lawnmower，running water or fertilizers.”
1．What can we learn from the growing trend in artificial lawns?
A．More people are fed up with the real lawns.
B．More people prefer the lower price of artificial grass.
C．More people believe artificial grass to look really better.
D．More people pay less attention to taking care of the environment.
2．What can be inferred from what Robert Redcliffe says?
A．Wildlife is likely to be threatened.
B．All enjoy the convenience of artificial lawns.
C．He focuses on keeping the balance of ecology.
D．Parents spend more time accompanying children.
3．The author's real purpose of writing the passage is to________．
A．warn the public against damaging the real lawns
B．emphasize the necessity of limiting artificial lawns
C．provide ways of protecting the living environment
D．give the reasons for the popularity of artificial lawns
【答案】1. D 2.A 3.B
【解析】文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。虽然人造草坪不需要人们花费过多的时间和
精力来维护，但是它却给野生动植物带来了极大的危害。
1.考查推理判断。文章第一段的第一句说明了人造草坪对动植物有害，而本段的最后一句则说明了人造草坪因其独特的优势而受到人们的追捧。结合这两句可知，人造草坪的盛行从侧面反映出人们缺乏对环境的关注与保护。故答案为D。
2.考查推理判断。根据最后一段中Robert Redcliffe所说的“‘There are ecological benefits.In the long run the effect of artificial grass is outweighed by not having to use a lawnmower，running water or fertilizers’”可知，Robert Redcliffe认为人造草坪有生态上的益处，从长期来看，人
造草坪的影响敌不过不使用剪草机、水或肥料的消极影响，由此可推知，他认为人造草坪可能会威胁到野生动植物。
3.考查作者意图。作者首先在文章开头点明了人造草坪的危害，然后引用各界人士的话语进一步表明了人造草坪对野生动植物的危害，故作者写作本文的目的是要强调限制人造草坪的使用的必要性。故选B项。
8.(辽宁省部分重点高中协作校高三下学期第三次联考)
Best friends may be priceless but the cost of keeping the relationship alive is ￡23,870.
According to a study, a BFF (Best Friend Forever) does not come cheap with devoted pals blowing ￡4,679 on birthday presents alone over a lifetime. And while it costs nothing to be a shoulder to cry on, big-hearted Britons go the extra mile and spend ￡168 on pick-me-ups (提神物品) to get their mate through a rocky patch(艰难时刻) like the breakup of a relationship.
There's a further ￡242 spent on presents to show how much they mean from gifts bought on holiday to treats for no reason. And distance does not break up a close friendship as BFFs spend a whopping (巨大的) ￡18,000 on travel to see each other despite being miles apart because of university, jobs and marriage.
The study by cashback site TopCashBack found on average BFFs who wed can expect ￡431 spent on them and a further ￡283 on gifts when they have children. And they can rely on their pals to help out when they move house as they will obtain ￡127 worth of housewarming presents and takeaways as well as putting in a shift with the packing and unpacking.
The survey based on a friendship lasting 40 years found more than eight in ten adults with a BFF felt their friendships were worth every penny.
TopCashBack spokesperson Natasha Smith said, “Those friendships which stand the test of time are often the most important in our lives. However, they come at a cost. From train tickets once a month to flights and a new dress for a wedding on the Italian coast, the price paid for having a best mate can soon add up. But when we asked people to compare their friendship with the monetary investment, only 14% thought their friendship was equal to their investment with the vast majority thinking it was worth more.”
1. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Ambitious. B．Generous. C．Troublesome. D．Energetic.
2. To keep the relationship, where do BFFs spend most money?
A．Buying birthday presents. B．Cheering up a friend in low spirits.
C．Paying for holiday gifts and other treats. D．Going a particular distance to visit friends.
3. What is Natasha's understanding of BFF friendship?
A．It's costly and unaffordable. B．It's expensive but worthwhile.
C．It's rewarding but hard to keep. D．It's changeable but worth possessing.
4. How is the passage developed?
A．By listing figures. B．By giving examples.
C．By analyzing causes. D．By making comparisons.
【答案】1.B 2.D 3.B 4.A
【解析】文章大意：最好的朋友也许是无价的，但维持一段友谊却是高价的。那么你知道维持一段友谊需要多少钱吗？一项研究给出了答案。
1.考查词义猜测。画线部分后的“go the extra mile and spend ￡168 on pick-me-ups(提神物品) to get their mate through a rocky patch (艰难时刻) like the breakup of a relationship”就是对它的进一步说明。此处指虽然在朋友哭泣时成为朋友的依靠并不需要花费什么，但是英国人会为朋发付出更多，他们会花168英镑来为朋友买令人振作的物品，助其度过诸如失恋等困难时期。画线部分的意思应该是“慷慨的”，故选B。
2.考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“blowing ￡4,679 on birthday presents”“spend ￡168 on pick-me-ups(提神物品)”以及第三段中的“￡242 spent on presents...from gifts bought on holiday to treats...”“spend a whopping (巨大的)￡18,000 on travel to see each other”可知，为了维持一段
友谊，花在旅途中的费用是最多的，所以选D。
3.考查观点态度。根据最后一段中的“Those friendships which stand the test of time are often the most important in our lives. However, they come at a cost.”可知，Natasha认为，经受得起时间
考验的友谊通常是我们人生中最重要的东西，但那是要付出成本的。也就是说与一生的挚友的友谊很贵但很值得。所以选B。
4.考查写作手法。根据文中的“￡23,870”“￡4,679”“￡168”“￡242”“￡18,000”等数据可知，本文作者是通过列数据的方法来行文的，故选A。
9. (2018辽宁辽南一模)
Michelin inspectors,the super secret spies of the restaurant industry,are the anonymous (匿名的) keepers of the famous Michelin star rating.They’ve been writing anonymous reports of restaurants for over 100 years.
“We say it’s a little like the CIA,” said inspector “M” with a laugh.She asked that her identity should not be revealed.“My whole life is staying under the radar,staying away from cameras,using fake names,trying to sneak in and out of restaurants quietly.”?
Along with their boss,Jean Luc Naret,the director of the Michelin Guide,about 90 inspectors around the world decide which restaurants will win the cooking equivalent (等价物) of an Oscar,the Nobel Prize and Megamillions jackpot (百万彩票) all at once.The Michelin Guide covers 23 countries,and out of the 45,000 rated restaurants,less than 100 have the top rating — only nine American restaurants carry three stars.
If the name “Michelin” brings the tires on your car to mind,you’re not too far off.The Michelin rating began in France in 1900 as a marketing trick.The Michelin brothers thought their customers would bum more rubber if given a list of hotels and restaurants to explore.
Inspector “M” admitted being an inspector leads to a lonely dining life.“Most of the time we dine alone,” she said.“It gives us the ability to really focus on the food and the atmosphere and capture the entire experience.” To cover their tracks,“M” said sometimes two inspectors will dine together and write two separate papers.It’s better than saying “table for one”,right?
“When you’re really,really into food and very crazy about food,everything else that’s going on around you isn’t so important,” she said.
1.What does the underlined words “under the radar” mean in Paragraph 2?
A. Living in danger. B. Being the focus of the media.
C. Trying to be unnoticed. D. Making programs on the radio.
2.What was the purpose of first carrying out the Michelin rating?
A. To open more hotels and restaurants.
B. To bring more convenience to drivers.
C. To make people familiar with “Michelin”.
D. To make a profit by selling more tires of a certain brand.
3.Why do two inspectors sometimes dine together?
A. They can cut the expense on the food.
B. They can protect their identities.
C. They can save trouble by sharing a paper.
D. They can talk about the food over the meal.
4.What would be the best title for the text? 　　　　　 　　　　　　　　 　　
A. M’s experience as a CIA
B. The legend of Michelin brothers
C. Michelin inspectors: food industry spies
D. Michelin—a giant in tire and restaurant industry
【答案】1.C 2. D 3.B 4. C
【解析】本文是社会文化类阅读。《米其林指南》在全球美食界具有相当的权威性。这得益于有一群为之服务的“美食侦探”,他们行踪隐秘,竭力避开公众的目光,游走于世界各地的餐厅酒店,为《米其林指南》搜罗一切美食情报。
1.考查词义猜测题。根据其后的“staying away from cameras,using fake names,trying to sneak in and out of restaurants quietly”可知,美食侦探使用假名字、避开摄像机、悄悄进入和离开饭店,都是为了尽量不引人注意。答案为C项。
2.考查意图态度题。根据第四段中的“Michelin rating began in France in 1900 as a marketing trick.The Michelin brothers thought their customers would bum more rubber if given a list of hotels and restaurants to explore.”可知,最初米其林兄弟推出《米其林指南》是一个促销策略,是为了卖出更多的米其林轮胎,从而获取利润。答案为D项。
3.考查细节理解题。根据第五段尤其是“To cover their tracks,‘M’said sometimes two inspectors will dine together and write two separate papers”可知,有时两名美食侦探一起前往一家餐厅是为了便于隐藏身份。答案为B项。
4.考查主旨大意题。根据第一段“Michelin inspectors,the super secret spies of the restaurant industry...They’ve been writing anonymous reports of restaurants for over 100 years.”可知,文章主要介绍米其林检查员,餐馆业的超级秘密间谍,是著名米其林明星评级的匿名(守卫)者。100多年来,他们一直在写餐馆的匿名报告。答案为C项。
10. 10. （“超级全能生”2019高考浙江省9月联考C）The bristlecone pine is the longest-living thing on the earth.These trees，with their strangely-shaped，wind-beaten limbs(枝干)，can live up to 5 000 years．But experts worry that a warming climate in some areas may threaten its future．
Researchers say warmer weather is permitting a similar kind of tree，the limber pine，to take over good growing places from the ancient bristlecone．They say the tree is being crowded out of mountainous
areas where it grows.
“The bristlecone pine is the oldest individually growing organism，”researchers say．They grow in high mountain forests in eastern California，Nevada and Utah． In those mountains，the trees face high winds and extreme temperatures，which leave them with twisted limbs and shapes．“Even in such tough conditions，”Brian Smithers，a researcher at the University of California，said，“the limber pine is taking all the good spots．”
The limber pine is the bristlecone’s distant relative and competitor．It can also live a long time—up to 2 000 years．And it is usually found at lower altitudes，where temperatures are warmer．However，according to a three-year study which centered on trees that have started growing in the last 50 years in California’s White Mountains，most of the trees growing at higher altitudes were limber pines．
Scientists compared the competing species to two o1d men in a very slow race up a mountainside．This race between such slow-growing trees takes thousands of years．They say climate change is causing the competition．
Smithers said the bristlecone pines are not in danger of disappearing．But he assumes they could be crowded out of some places where they have grown for thousands of years．
The researchers say the findings show how climate change can affect the two kinds of trees． The information，they say，can help scientists understand more complex forests．
1. What’s the fun_ction of Paragraph 1?
A. To introduce a topic．
B. To summarize the whole passage．
C. To describe the appearance of a tree．
D. To praise the hard work of the experts．
2. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. There will be older trees sent out of those mountains．
B. There will be more places covered with bristlecone pines．
C. There will be better limber pines replacing the ancient ones．
D. There will be fewer bristlecone pines growing in those areas．
3. According to the passage，the reason why limber pines can grow at higher altitudes is_________．
A. the high winds B. the difficult conditions
C. the changing climate D. the extreme temperatures
4. What is the researchers’ attitude towards the future of the bristlecone pine?
A. Positive． B. Concerned．
C. Enthusiastic． D. Indifferent．
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。科学家的一项研究发现：气候变暖使得柔枝松渐抢占了狐尾松的生长地。
1.推理判断题。由第一段内容可知，狐尾松是在地球上生活最长久的植物，它具有奇怪的外形，被风吹歪的树干，它可以活5000年。但是专家担心一些地区的气候变暖可能会威胁它的未来。由此可知，第一段的作用是引出话题。故A选项正确。
2.词义猜测题。由划线句子前面的the limber pine，to take over good growing places from the ancient bristlecone可知，柔枝松渐抢占了狐尾松的生长地。因此，划线句子的意思就很明确了，狐尾松正在被挤出它们生长的山区，将会有更少的狐尾松在这里生长。故D选项正确。
3.细节理解题。由第五段This race between such slow-growing trees takes thousands of years．They say climate change is causing the competition和倒数第一段中的The researchers say the findings show how climate change can affect the two kinds of trees可知，天气变化影响树木，导致了树木之间的竞争，竞争过程对于生长缓慢的树木来说会持续几千年。故C选项正确。
4.观点态度题。由整个短文可知，气候变暖使得柔枝松渐抢占了狐尾松的生长地。狐尾松生活在更高海拔的地区。Smithers认为狐尾松没有处于灭绝的境地，但几千年以后有可能被挤出生存地区。这些发现能够表明气候变暖对树木的影响，可以帮助科学家明白更加复杂的森林。故B选项正确。
专题 二十二 阅读理解之五作者意图、态度&文章结构（原卷版）

一、作者写文章的目的通常有三类：
1． to express one's feelings，attitude and ideas； (使读者愉悦、发笑)： 常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。
2. to affect readers； (说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务：吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众等。议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。
3. to inform readers (告知读者某些信息)： 多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章, 以及劝告性或建议性的文章。弄清其写作目的, 需要找准主题句, 把握文章主旨。
可细分为to introduce，describe，explain，inform，analyze，express，convey，argue，encourage，praise，criticize，advocate等
解题技巧及步骤
1.领悟隐含意义
“既要理解字面意思，也要理解深层含义。”这是高考对阅读理解能力测试的一项重要内容。由于某种原因，有的文章作者不能鲜明地表达自己的观点，而将其隐含在字里行间，流露于修辞手法之中。这类题要求考生对作者这种没有明确说明的事实信息和思想倾向做出合理的推断。读懂这种“言外之意，弦外之音”要求考生具有无障碍的阅读能力，"锣鼓听音"的敏锐感觉，合理推断的思维品质。做题的关键是根据题干要求，在原文中找到相关信息，并依此进行推理。
2.理清文章脉络
这类题旨在测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局做出合理的推断，或根据作者所阐述的观点或理论，对文章未涉及的现象或事例给以解释。
考生首先要仔细阅读短文，充分了解信息，才能弄清文章结构，理清文章脉络。在做出推理判断时，考生一定要依据短文内容或作者的观点，切忌主观臆断，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。?
3.抓住作者的态度和观点
做此类题目必须通过作者的用词及叙述口吻等去理解。作者的态度和观点无非就是三种（1）支持、赞同、乐观；（2）反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；（3）中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible, impossible, seem. strange。此题需要注意的是一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。在议论文中，作者的观点态度常在末段出现，但有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能作出正确的判断。熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
褒义词：supportive（支持的）；positive（积极的）optimistic（乐观的）enthusiastic（热情的）等。
贬义词：negative（否定的，消极的）ironic（讽刺的）critical（批评的）disgusted（厌恶的）disappointed（失望的）等。
中性词：indifferent（漠不关心的）uninterested（不感兴趣的）；objective（客观的）neutral中立的）等。
二、篇章结构题
首先要了解文章结构，一般说来，记叙文的语言是按时间发展顺序或因果关系排列的，常用的连接词有：then, later, after that, soon, after a while, in the end, so, as a result, because of that等。说明文常采用有三种形式：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)。 要想准确深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握文章的脉搏，特别是把握段与段之间的逻辑关系，然后分析作者采用了什么论证手段证明主题，从而正确解答试题。
【考例1】（2018·浙江卷A）
……
…But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
23. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To remember a great writer.
B. To introduce an English novel.
C. To encourage studies on culture.
D. To promote values of the Victorian age.
【答案】A
【解析】考查写作意图题。根据文中对Charles Dickens及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.可知本文是写于Charles Dickens诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故选A。
【考例2】（2018·北京卷A）
……
I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.
37.?Why?did?the?author?mention?the?P.E.?class?in?his?7th?year?
A.?To?acknowledge?the?support?of?his?teacher.
B.?To?amuse?the?readers?with?a?funny?story.
C.?To?show?he?was?not?talented?in?sports.
D.?To?share?a?precious?memory.
【答案】C　
【解析】考查写作意图题。根据文章第二段中的“He later informed me that I was "not athletic””可知，作者的经历证明他在运动方面并非很有天赋。故选C。
【考例3】（2018·北京D）
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
【答案】B　
【解析】考查写作意图题。由文章的最后一段以及文章很大篇幅都在讲无人驾驶汽车的优点可知，作者对无人驾驶汽车怀有积极态度。故选B。
【考例5】（2017·全国卷Ⅱ）
……
I last saw him a few months ago. He'd been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was，and we didn't talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.
What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
A．To show his love of films. B．To remember a friend.
C．To introduce a new movie. D．To share his acting experience.
【答案】B
【解析】考查写作意图题。文章最后一句点明写作目的。朋友生病住院甚至已不在人世，但他们之间的友情不需要话语就可以珍藏怀念。
【考例6】（2017·全国卷ⅢC）
After years of heated debate, grey wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Grey wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources (来源) for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes, and completely drove away the park's beavers.
As early as 1966，biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The US Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today，the debate continues over how well the grey wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk，deer，and coyote populations are down，while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?
A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Disapproving. D．Uncaring.
【答案】B　
【解析】考查作者观点态度题。题干关键词为“the Yellowstone wolf project”，由此定位信息到文章的最后一句，由该句中的valuable可以看出，作者认为这个项目是一个有价值的实验，由此可以推断，作者对这一项目的态度是积极的。doubtful怀疑的；disapproving不赞成的；uncaring不关心的。
【考例7】（2017·天津卷D）
I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let's take a look at three types of “waits”．
The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it's full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.
A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. “Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.” I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience.
Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.
Turning one's life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn't come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.
We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you're standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you'll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don't be desperate. You're probably just as busy as the next guy.
The author supports his view by ________．
A．exploring various causes of “waits”
B．describing detailed processes of “waits”
C．analysing different categories of “waits”
D．revealing frustrating consequences of “waits”
【答案】C　
【解析】考查篇章结构题。文章的结构是总—分。文章第一段提出有三种类型的等待，然后下面几段内容一直在分析这三种等待，因此作者是通过分析不同的类型的等待来支持他自己的观点的。
【考例8】（2016·全国新课标IIIC）
If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around.
It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.
Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.
There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.
Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.
What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To show how to grow apples. B .To introduce an apple festival.
C. To help people select apples. D. To promote apple research.
【答案】B
【解析】考查写作意图题。根据第一段“if you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around. ”和最后一段“If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.”可知，作者向读者介绍了一个节日—Apple Day，并推荐人们参加这个节日，故选B。
1.（南京师范大学附属中学2018届5月模考）
To err is human. Society is suffering from an inability to acknowledge as much.
For individuals, errors are painful. The trick, then, is to err well: to recognize mistakes and learn from them. Worryingly, humanity may be getting worse at admitting its mistakes.
Few enjoy the feeling of being caught out in an error. But real trouble starts when the desire to avoid a punishment leads to a refusal to deal with contrary evidence. Economists often assume that people are sensible. When faced with a new fact, these people should update their view of the world to take better decisions in future. Yet years of economic research confirms that people frequently disregard information that conflicts with their view of the world.
Why should that be? Last year Roland Benabou, of Princeton, presented a framework for thinking about the problem. In many ways, beliefs are like other economic goods. People spend time and resources building them, and get value from them: some beliefs make owners feel good and show their public identity; other beliefs provide value by shaping behavior—for example, religious asceticism(禁欲主义) can help one avoid unhealthy habits.
Because beliefs, however, are not simply tools for making good decisions, but are treasured in their own right, new information that challenges them is unwelcome. People often engage in “motivated reasoning” to manage such challenges. Mr Benabou classifies this into three categories. “Strategic ignorance” is when a believer avoids information offering conflicting evidence. In “reality denial”， troubling evidence is rationalized(合理化)：real estate investors might make up fanciful theories for why prices should behave unusually, and supporters of a disgraced politician might claim the negative news to be fake. And lastly, in “self-signalling”， the believer creates his own tools to interpret the facts in the way he wants: an unhealthy person, for example, might decide that going for a daily run proves he is well.
“Motivated reasoning” is a cognitive bias(偏见). Not all the errors it leads to are costly: praising the performance of one's supported football team despite contradictory evidence does little harm. But when biases are broadly shared—within financial world or political parties—danger arises. Motivated reasoning helps explain why viewpoints polarize (两极分化) even as information is more easily available than ever before.[来源:学科网]
Work by Mr Benabou suggests that groupthink is highest when people within groups face a shared fate: when choosing to break from a group is unlikely to spare an individual the costs of the group's errors or bring much individual benefit. The incentive(动力) to engage in motivated reasoning is high as a result. Even as the fact on a particular issue is obvious, parties can still become increasingly polarized. That, in turn, can make it harder still for a member of one party to get any benefit from breaking from a group. Indeed, the group has an incentive to silence independent voices.
Public statements of regret are risky in a rigidly polarized world. Admissions of error can not only annoy partners but also provide opportunities for opponents. But it is rarely in the interest of those in the right to pretend that they are never wrong.
Which of the following opinions might the author agree with?
A. Denying errors is unavoidable. B. Failure to admit errors is harmful.
C. Humans are getting better at erring well. D. Wise people ignore contrary worldviews.

2.（北京中国人民大学附属中学2018届高三考前热身）What Cocktail Parties Teach Us
You’re at a party. Music is playing. Glasses are clinking. Dozens of conversations are driving up the decibel (分贝) level. Yet among all those distractions, you can tune your attention to just one voice from many. This ability is what researchers call the “cocktail-party effect.”
Scientists at the University of California in San Francisco have found where that sound-editing process occurs in the brain—in the auditory cortex (听觉皮层) just behind the ear, not in areas of higher thought. The auditory cortex boosts some sounds and turns down others so that when the signal reaches the higher brain, “it’s as if only one person was speaking alone,” says investigator Edward Chang.
These findings, published in the journal Nature last week, explain why people aren’t very good at multitasking-our brains are wired for “selective attention” and can focus on only one thing at a time. That inborn ability has helped humans survive in a world buzzing with visual and auditory stimulation (刺激). But we keep trying to push the limit with multitasking, sometimes with tragic consequences. Drivers talking on cellphones, for example, are four times as likely to get into traffic accidents as those who aren’t.
Many of those accidents are due to “inattentional blindness”, in which people can, in effect, turn a blind eye to things they aren’t focusing on. The more attention a task demands, the less attention we can pay to other things in our field of vision. Images land on our retinas (视网膜) and are either boosted or played down in the visual cortex before being passed to the brain, just as the auditory cortex filters sounds, as shown in the Nature study last week. “It’s a push-pull relationship-the more we focus on one thing, the less we can focus on others,” says Diane M. Beck, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois.
Studies over the past decade at the University of Utah show’ that drivers talking on hands-free cellphones are just as influenced as those on hands-held phones because it is the conversation, not the device that is distracting their attention. Those talking on any kind of cellphone react more slowly and miss more traffic signals than other motorists.
Some people can train themselves to pay extra attention to things that are important — like police officers learn to scan crowds for faces and conductors can listen for individual instruments within the orchestra as a whole. Many more think they can effectively multitask, but are actually shifting their attention rapidly between two things and not getting the full effect of either, experts say.
The main purpose of the passage is to .
A. compare and contrast B. inform and explain
C. argue and discuss D. examine and evaluate

3.（江苏省启东中学2018届高三最后一模）
We want our children to succeed, in school and, perhaps even more importantly, in life. But the paradox(悖论) is that our children can only truly succeed if they first learn how to fail. Consider the finding that world-class figure skaters fall over more often in practice than low-level figure skaters. At first sight this seems contradictory. Why are the really good skaters falling over the most?
The reason is actually quite simple. Top skaters are constantly challenging themselves in practice, attempting jumps that stretch their limitations. This is why they fall over so often, but it is precisely why they learn so fast. Lower-level skaters have a quite different approach. They are always attempting jumps they can already do very easily, remaining within their comfort zone. This is why they don’t fall over. In a superficial sense, they look successful, because they are always on their feet. The truth, however, is that by never failing, they never progress.
What is true of skating is also true of life. James Dyson worked through 5,126 failed prototypes(原型) for his dual cyclone vacuum before coining up with the design that made his fortune. These failures were essential to the pathway of learning. As Dyson put it: “You can’t develop new technology unless you test new ideas and learn when things go wrong. Failure is essential to invention.”
In healthcare, however, things are very different. Clinicians don’t like to admit to failure, partly because they have healthy egos(自我)(particularly the senior doctors) and partly because they fear litigation(诉讼). The consequence is that instead of learning from failure, healthcare often covers up failure. The direct consequence is that the same mistakes are repeated. According to the Journal of Patient Safety, 400,000 people die every year in American hospitals alone due to preventable error. Until healthcare learns to respond positively to failure, things will not improve.
But let us return to children. One of the major mistakes in education in the 1970s was the attempt to equip children with confidence by giving them lots of successes （setting the bar very low）. The consequence was that the ego of kids became bound up with success, and they became unable to take risks and collapsed as soon as they hit a proper challenge.
We need to flip(翻转) this approach. In a complex world, failure is inevitable. It is those individuals and institutions that have the flexibility to face up to failure, learn the lessons and adapt which eventually excel(突出).
1. The question raised in the first paragraph is to ________.
A. open up a discussion on the topic B. analyze the reason for success
C. express the author’s opposition D. doubt the abilities of the top skaters
2. Which of the following is the structure of the passage?
3. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. How we can avoid failure in life B. What we should learn from failure
C. Why failure is the key to flying high D. Where we further improve ourselves


4.（福建省闽侯第六中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）
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? Teach many different kinds of classes using the latest technology in small classes of up to 30 students.
? Accommodation, and other necessary documents will be ready before you leave.
? Applicants will teach their first language only.
? Excellent teacher training programs.
If you are young with a university degree and are willing to experience different cultures, apply now. Experience in teaching is an advantage but not specially required. Knowledge of the Japanese language is not necessary but good English skills and practical computer knowledge are basic requirements.
Apply with C.V. and send letter to:
NOVA France, Mr. Sampy (IHT 3/2)
34, Bd. Haussmann, 75009 Paris, France
Fax: 33148014804
Or visit our website: www. teachjp. com
The manager expects to meet and talk with successful applicants in Paris in June and July.
What is the purpose of the text?
A. To introduce a language school in Japan.
B. To describe working conditions in Japan.
C. To make clear the requirements for Japanese teachers.
D. To hire language teachers to work in Japan.

5. （河北省五个一联盟2018届高三第二次联考）Imagine this scene: it’s blowing outside, and you snuggle (蜷伏) up on the sofa under a warm quilt, chatting and recalling with your closest friends.
That content, cosy feeling has a name in Danish —hygge. And, as Denmark recently won the title of “the happiest country in the world”, the concept of hygge is known to more and more people interested in finding ways to understand this concept.
Hygge —originally from a Norwegian word meaning well-being — doesn’t have an exact equivalent (等同物) in English. It’s often translated as coziness, or as blogger Anna West told the BBC, “coziness of the soul”. But, as professor Maren Spark explains, “Hygge was never meant to be translated. It was meant to be felt.”
Basically, hygge involves creating a warm, cosy atmosphere and enjoying it with your loved ones. Danish winters are long and dark and so achieving hygge is particularly relevant during this season. A typical Hygge activity during winter could be enjoying delicious homemade food and light-hearted conversation with friends —preferably in the warm glow of candlelight, or maybe sipping a glass of wine in the hot tub after a day spent skiing.
However, hygge isn’t only limited to the cold winter months —it can also describe that warm, fuzzy feeling you get after a walk through a forest with friends on summer’s day or a family barbecue in the park. Hygge is meant to be shared.
1. The author asks the readers to imagine the scene in the first paragraph to .
A. help the readers to calm down
B. introduce the topic of the passage
C. present the main idea of the passage
D. remind the readers of their past memories
2. What do the underlined words by Maren Spark mean?
A. The translation of the word “hygge” is not good enough.
B. Only Danish speakers know what “hygge” means.
C. “Hygge” is easy to translate but hard to feel.
D. We can get the true meaning of “hygge” by feeling it.
3. Which of the following can be best described as a “hygge” activity?
A. Skiing in the cold winter months. B. Living through long dark winters.
C. Taking afternoon tea with friends. D. Walking alone in the forest.
4. The author writes this passage to .
A. explain B. persuade C. comment D. advertise

6. (2017·常州高三一模)Decades ago，scientists had a much more fixed conception of the brain. They believed that how it develops when you're a kid more or less determines your brain structure for the rest of your life.
But now we know that's not true. A landmark study in 2000 looked at grey matter in London taxi drivers. The drivers had more grey matter volume in the hippocampus，a little seahorse-shaped part of the brain that deals with memory. Here was real evidence of neuroplasticity，the ability of the brain to change and form new neural(神经的)connections.
In 2010，Swedish scientists tested a group of younger(21-30)and older(65-80) adults for six months，and “did not detect any significant age-related differences in neuroplasticity of white-matter microstructure”．Translation：older brains can change too.
So what happens to the brain of an adult who learns languages? A group of adult students learning Chinese were tested over a nine-month period in 2012，during which they showed “improved white-matter quality”．White matter is what connects neural cells，so the better connected，the better you can accomplish a cognitive(认知的)task.
Still want more? Oh， alright then. Language learning builds up your “cognitive reserve”，which makes you more resistant to brain damage. If you're bilingual(双语的)，congratulations! You may have just delayed the beginning of dementia(痴呆)by several years.
If you're upset about not being quite as quick as you used to be，or your memory， there's a silver lining. You've got something going for you that no teenager has. You've learned how to learn. You know the strategies that work for you and what not to waste your time on. You have better “metacognitive skills”．Another name for this is “self-directed learning”．
A few years ago，scientists tried to test this. They got groups of older people and younger people and showed them words with points values attached，ranging from low to high. Then they allowed the subjects to review whatever they wanted. They noticed that the older subjects spent more time on the valuable words but their recall was just as good as the younger subjects. The scientists later discovered that they'd sneakily(偷偷地)reviewed the high-value words just before the test.
So，there you have it：There's absolutely no reason why you can't learn a language up to a ripe old age.
1．What is the main theme of this passage?
A．Human brain structure can develop at any age.
B．A ripe old age is no excuse for quitting language learning.
C．There is little difference in the brain ability between the young and the old.
D．Older people actually perform better in language learning than younger ones.
2．What is the structure of the passage?
3．What can we infer from this passage?
A．Grey matter is of less importance to the brain than white matter.
B．Learning another language can bring benefits to your cognitive ability.
C．Your childhood will determine your brain structure for the rest of your life.
D．Metacognitive skills have no significant influence in young people's language learning.

7.(2017·苏州高三一模)The spread of nomaintenance artificial lawns is threatening wildlife and rare plants，conservationists and gardening experts are warning.Gardens are an increasingly important shelter for wildlife which was forced into withdrawing from the countryside by loss of the natural homes and intensive farming. But the growth in the popularity of artificial lawns，which look like the real thing but require no cutting，watering or fertilizing，means there's no shelter in an increasing number of Britain's back gardens.
Tim Rumball，editor of Amateur Gardening magazine，said：“Artificial grass these days looks great and these days you can buy rolls of it whereas ago it was a very specialist thing.It can take people a few minutes to realize they are on an artificial lawn rather than a real one.”
Besides the impact on wildlife，a damaging impact has also been made on the wider environment because of replacing real grass.Mr Rumball said：“Lawns matter a lot.Plants change carbon dioxide into oxygen and if all the lawns are taken away in Britain you will significantly affect the carbon levels in the atmosphere.When grass grows longer，it attracts insects.If you have an artificial lawn then these insects will be reduced and the whole of the food chain will be affected，especially birds that rely on insects for their diet.”
Joy Wallis of Dorset Wildlife Trust is also concerned about the trend in artificial grass.“These days，gardens are a shelter for wildlife，” she said，“Creatures can't survive in the countryside because it is so full of chemicals.Birds get absolutely nothing from artificial grass，and they can't dig for worms or anything like that.It seems a shame that people feel they haven't got the time or the tendency to look after a lawn.”
Robert Redcliffe of Namgrass，which currently sells 10，000 square meters of artificial grass per week，says business is booming，adding，“We started five years ago in the UK and it can transform the way you use the garden.There's the obvious advantage of no cutting or watering，but also there's no mud for children or pets to walk through the house.” He disagrees that artificial grass is harmful to the environment and adds，“There are ecological benefits.In the long run the effect of artificial grass is outweighed by not having to use a lawnmower，running water or fertilizers.”
1．What can we learn from the growing trend in artificial lawns?
A．More people are fed up with the real lawns.
B．More people prefer the lower price of artificial grass.
C．More people believe artificial grass to look really better.
D．More people pay less attention to taking care of the environment.
2．What can be inferred from what Robert Redcliffe says?
A．Wildlife is likely to be threatened.
B．All enjoy the convenience of artificial lawns.
C．He focuses on keeping the balance of ecology.
D．Parents spend more time accompanying children.
3．The author's real purpose of writing the passage is to________．
A．warn the public against damaging the real lawns
B．emphasize the necessity of limiting artificial lawns
C．provide ways of protecting the living environment
D．give the reasons for the popularity of artificial lawns

8.(辽宁省部分重点高中协作校高三下学期第三次联考)
Best friends may be priceless but the cost of keeping the relationship alive is ￡23,870.
According to a study, a BFF (Best Friend Forever) does not come cheap with devoted pals blowing ￡4,679 on birthday presents alone over a lifetime. And while it costs nothing to be a shoulder to cry on, big-hearted Britons go the extra mile and spend ￡168 on pick-me-ups (提神物品) to get their mate through a rocky patch(艰难时刻) like the breakup of a relationship.
There's a further ￡242 spent on presents to show how much they mean from gifts bought on holiday to treats for no reason. And distance does not break up a close friendship as BFFs spend a whopping (巨大的) ￡18,000 on travel to see each other despite being miles apart because of university, jobs and marriage.
The study by cashback site TopCashBack found on average BFFs who wed can expect ￡431 spent on them and a further ￡283 on gifts when they have children. And they can rely on their pals to help out when they move house as they will obtain ￡127 worth of housewarming presents and takeaways as well as putting in a shift with the packing and unpacking.
The survey based on a friendship lasting 40 years found more than eight in ten adults with a BFF felt their friendships were worth every penny.
TopCashBack spokesperson Natasha Smith said, “Those friendships which stand the test of time are often the most important in our lives. However, they come at a cost. From train tickets once a month to flights and a new dress for a wedding on the Italian coast, the price paid for having a best mate can soon add up. But when we asked people to compare their friendship with the monetary investment, only 14% thought their friendship was equal to their investment with the vast majority thinking it was worth more.”
1. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Ambitious. B．Generous. C．Troublesome. D．Energetic.
2. To keep the relationship, where do BFFs spend most money?
A．Buying birthday presents. B．Cheering up a friend in low spirits.
C．Paying for holiday gifts and other treats. D．Going a particular distance to visit friends.
3. What is Natasha's understanding of BFF friendship?
A．It's costly and unaffordable. B．It's expensive but worthwhile.
C．It's rewarding but hard to keep. D．It's changeable but worth possessing.
4. How is the passage developed?
A．By listing figures. B．By giving examples.
C．By analyzing causes. D．By making comparisons.

9. (2018辽宁辽南一模)
Michelin inspectors,the super secret spies of the restaurant industry,are the anonymous (匿名的) keepers of the famous Michelin star rating.They’ve been writing anonymous reports of restaurants for over 100 years.
“We say it’s a little like the CIA,” said inspector “M” with a laugh.She asked that her identity should not be revealed.“My whole life is staying under the radar,staying away from cameras,using fake names,trying to sneak in and out of restaurants quietly.”?
Along with their boss,Jean Luc Naret,the director of the Michelin Guide,about 90 inspectors around the world decide which restaurants will win the cooking equivalent (等价物) of an Oscar,the Nobel Prize and Megamillions jackpot (百万彩票) all at once.The Michelin Guide covers 23 countries,and out of the 45,000 rated restaurants,less than 100 have the top rating — only nine American restaurants carry three stars.
If the name “Michelin” brings the tires on your car to mind,you’re not too far off.The Michelin rating began in France in 1900 as a marketing trick.The Michelin brothers thought their customers would bum more rubber if given a list of hotels and restaurants to explore.
Inspector “M” admitted being an inspector leads to a lonely dining life.“Most of the time we dine alone,” she said.“It gives us the ability to really focus on the food and the atmosphere and capture the entire experience.” To cover their tracks,“M” said sometimes two inspectors will dine together and write two separate papers.It’s better than saying “table for one”,right?
“When you’re really,really into food and very crazy about food,everything else that’s going on around you isn’t so important,” she said.
1.What does the underlined words “under the radar” mean in Paragraph 2?
A. Living in danger. B. Being the focus of the media.
C. Trying to be unnoticed. D. Making programs on the radio.
2.What was the purpose of first carrying out the Michelin rating?
A. To open more hotels and restaurants.
B. To bring more convenience to drivers.
C. To make people familiar with “Michelin”.
D. To make a profit by selling more tires of a certain brand.
3.Why do two inspectors sometimes dine together?
A. They can cut the expense on the food.
B. They can protect their identities.
C. They can save trouble by sharing a paper.
D. They can talk about the food over the meal.
4.What would be the best title for the text? 　　　　　 　　　　　　　　 　　
A. M’s experience as a CIA
B. The legend of Michelin brothers
C. Michelin inspectors: food industry spies
D. Michelin—a giant in tire and restaurant industry
10. （“超级全能生”2019高考浙江省9月联考C）The bristlecone pine is the longest-living thing on the earth.These trees，with their strangely-shaped，wind-beaten limbs(枝干)，can live up to 5 000 years．But experts worry that a warming climate in some areas may threaten its future．
Researchers say warmer weather is permitting a similar kind of tree，the limber pine，to take over good growing places from the ancient bristlecone．They say the tree is being crowded out of mountainous
areas where it grows.
“The bristlecone pine is the oldest individually growing organism，”researchers say．They grow in high mountain forests in eastern California，Nevada and Utah． In those mountains，the trees face high winds and extreme temperatures，which leave them with twisted limbs and shapes．“Even in such tough conditions，”Brian Smithers，a researcher at the University of California，said，“the limber pine is taking all the good spots．”
The limber pine is the bristlecone’s distant relative and competitor．It can also live a long time—up to 2 000 years．And it is usually found at lower altitudes，where temperatures are warmer．However，according to a three-year study which centered on trees that have started growing in the last 50 years in California’s White Mountains，most of the trees growing at higher altitudes were limber pines．
Scientists compared the competing species to two o1d men in a very slow race up a mountainside．This race between such slow-growing trees takes thousands of years．They say climate change is causing the competition．
Smithers said the bristlecone pines are not in danger of disappearing．But he assumes they could be crowded out of some places where they have grown for thousands of years．
The researchers say the findings show how climate change can affect the two kinds of trees． The information，they say，can help scientists understand more complex forests．
1. What’s the fun_ction of Paragraph 1?
A. To introduce a topic．
B. To summarize the whole passage．
C. To describe the appearance of a tree．
D. To praise the hard work of the experts．
2. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. There will be older trees sent out of those mountains．
B. There will be more places covered with bristlecone pines．
C. There will be better limber pines replacing the ancient ones．
D. There will be fewer bristlecone pines growing in those areas．
3. According to the passage，the reason why limber pines can grow at higher altitudes is_________．
A. the high winds B. the difficult conditions
C. the changing climate D. the extreme temperatures
4. What is the researchers’ attitude towards the future of the bristlecone pine?
A. Positive． B. Concerned．
C. Enthusiastic． D. Indifferent．