专题 二十一 阅读理解之四主旨大意题&段落大意（解析版+原卷版）

专题 二十一 阅读理解之四主旨大意题
&段落大意（原卷版）

一、主旨大意题常分为两类：1）确定标题标题是文章的题目，它不是主题，但限定主题的范围，可表达主题，是对主题的提炼和浓缩，表现形式多为短语，尤其是名词短语。
2）概括全文主题主题是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表达的中心意思，有的直接出现在文中，有的需通过综合全文的内容概括归纳得出。
二、概括段落大意段落大意是指段落的中心意思。文章常由多个段落组成，共同支撑全文主题，但每段又分述不同的意思，可通过归纳、演绎等方法概括得出。
三、段落及文章整体的主题大意的理解　1）寻找主题句，确定文章主题：主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。2） 抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想：寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。3）抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心：根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。
四、阅读理解题主旨大意及段落大意解题技巧：位于段首：一般而言，以演绎法撰写的文章，主题句往往在文章的开头，即先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。位于段尾：有些文章会在开头列举事实, 然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。位于段中：有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。首尾呼应：主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现，形成前呼后应的格局。
【考例1】(2018天津夏,C)
There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.
What could be the best title of the passage?
A.3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B.A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D.3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
【答案】A　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。文章第一句为主题句,它告诉我们文章的主题为3D打印技术的新领域——食品,接下来主要介绍了这一应用的优点,也提及了它面临的挑战。故选A项。
【考例2】（2018·北京卷A）
……
Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.
What?does?the?story?mainly?tell?us?
A.?A?man?owes?his?success?to?his?family?support.
B.?A?winner?is?one?with?a?great?effort?of?will.
C.?Failure?is?the?mother?of?success.
D.?One?is?never?too?old?to?learn.
【答案】B　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a "marathon winner”.”可知，作者享受到了战胜自我的快乐，认为只要努力了就算是胜利者。故选B。
【考例3】(2018课标全国Ⅱ,C)
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.
What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children’s reading habits.
B. Quality of children’s books.
C. Children’s after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relationships.
【答案】A　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。 题干意为:“常识媒体”所做的这个报告可能是关于什么的? 根据第一段(根据周一出版的“常识媒体”的一个报告,十几岁的孩子和更小的孩子进行趣味阅读的量少多了。)可知该报告主要讲的是孩子们的阅读习惯的变化,故答案为A项。B项(儿童图书的质量)、C项(孩子们的课外活动)和D项(父母与孩子间的关系)均不是该报告的内容,故全被排除。
【考例4】(2018课标全国Ⅲ,B)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.
What is the text mainly about?
A. The rise and fall of a city. B. The gold rush in Canada.
C. Journeys into the wilderness. D. Tourism in Dawson.
【答案】A　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句话提出观点:一个城市之所以矗立在那里是有充分的原因的。后文以两个城市为例来论证这个观点。纽约市的兴起是因为它优越的地理位置。道 森市的兴起是因为这里发现了金矿,而这座城市的衰落是因为这里没有了金矿。由此可知本文主要描述了一个城市的兴起和衰落及其背后的原因。这与A项相符。B项:加拿大的淘金热。C项:踏进荒野的旅程。D项:道森的旅游业。这三项都不是主题。
【考例5】(2017课标全国Ⅱ,C)
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
……
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars. D. The designers of the Transition.
2.What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition’s First Flight
C. Pilots’ Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality
【答案】1. A　2. D
【解析】
1.考查段落大意题。第一段中详细介绍了这种能飞行的汽车的资料:两个座位、四个轮子、上个月在1,400英尺的高空飞行了8分钟、速度是大约每小时70英里、空中速度115英里以及油耗。所以第一段主要介绍了这种汽车的基本资料,答案为A项。
2.考查主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句话 “...bringing the company closer to its goal of selling
the flying car within the next year.”以及后文对这种汽车的现状和远景的详细描述可推断出本文的主题应该是:飞行汽车接近现实。所以答案为D项。A、B两项是文中的某个细节,不是主题;C项与本文内容无关。
【考例6】(2018浙江,B)
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s
jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers’ arguments: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shop-ping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don’t dispute(质疑)these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
What is the best title for the text?
A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, Pollution and Environment
C. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control
【答案】A　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。本文论述的主要内容是塑料袋好还是纸质的袋子好。因此A项符合文章主题,意为“塑料(袋)、纸(袋)还是都不用”。
【考例7】(2018天津春,C)
If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarks—a big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? Could you still find your way home? A loggerhead turtle(海龟)could.
According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic(磁力的)sense based on Earth’s magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches.
Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whales and honeybees, can detect(探测到)magnetic fields. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs.
As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what helps them figure out how to use their magnetic sense? Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea.
Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The
light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”(罗盘). He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earth’s. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic field. Then they let the newborns go.
At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed(颠倒)the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east”.
This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “correct” direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard for the turtle.
Lohmann’s work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many questions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study.
What could be the best title of the passage?
A. Experiments on Loggerheads
B. The Survival of the Sea Turtle
C. The Loggerhead’s Built-in “Compass”
D .Comparison of Loggerheads and Other Animals
【答案】C　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。通读全文可知,继首段引出主题后,文章都在讲述一种海龟是如何通过自身的磁场感应能力来辨别方向的。故答案为C。??
【考例8】(2018课标全国Ⅰ,B)
Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack,11. “We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,”she explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less
【答案】D　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章介绍了英国节目主持人Susanna Reid通过创办新节目Save Money:Good Food教给观众如何花更少的钱制作更美味的食物。故选D项。
【考例9】（2018·江苏B）
In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take
visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食）when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places. fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to
encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）.When
classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.
Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer
and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.
Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding.
high prices — don't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about ‘bad' tables," given that they're profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
What does the last paragraph talk about?
A. Tips to attract more customers.
B. Problems restaurants are faced with.
C. Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.
D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
【答案】D
【解析】考查段落大意。通读尾段可知，该段第一句“Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending — “bad tables, crowding, high prices — don’t necessarily”为该段的主题段；结合全段内容可知，该段主要论述了人们对餐馆的常见误解，故选D项。
1. （南京师范大学附属中学2018届5月模考）Thousands of free, popular children's apps available on the Google Play Store could be violating the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), according to a new, large-scale study, highlighting growing criticism of Silicon Valley's data-collection efforts. “This is a market failure，” said Serge Egelman, a co-author of the study. “What we have uncovered points out basic enforcement(执行) work that needs to be done.”
The potential violations were abundant and came in several forms, according to the study. More than 1，000 children's apps collected identifying information from kids using tracking software whose terms explicitly forbid their use for children's apps. The researchers also said nearly half the apps fail to always use standard security measures to transmit sensitive data over the Web, suggesting a violation of reasonable data-security measures laid out by COPPA.
Some of the apps in question included Disney's “Where's My Water？”， Gameloft's “Minion Rush” and Duolingo, a language learning app. The findings also suggested that app creators that had been officially recognized as COPPA-compliant(遵守) were no better than any of the other app developers at protecting children's privacy.
Disney argued that the study doesn't claim to identify any actual violations. “Protecting children's online privacy is very important to us and we are confident that our practices comply with the law，” the company said. “We have a sound COPPA compliance program, and we maintain strict data collection and use policies for Disney apps created for children and families.”
Gameloft announced that children's privacy is of “utmost importance” and is investigating the issue. “We have a very strict data-collection policy at Gameloft and always make sure that we are compliant with protection laws，” the company said.
Duolingo did not respond to requests for comment.
Although Google stated that “We are taking the researcher's report very seriously and looking into their findings”， critics of Google's app platform say the company has profited greatly from advances in data-tracking technology. “Google has basically looked the other way while it was able to generate revenues off of children's apps，” said Jeffrey Chester, the executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy. “The new, alarming report is further evidence that Google is thumbing_its_nose_at the only federal online privacy law that we have.”
The purpose of the passage is to ________．
A. charge app companies with the violation of COPPA
B. inform readers of different ways to violate child privacy laws
C. illustrate the growing criticism of app's data-collection fun_ction
D. highlight the urgency of strengthening enforcement of COPPA

2．（南京师范大学附属中学2018届5月模考）No one has a temper naturally so good, that it does not need attention and cultivation, and no one has a temper so bad, but that, by proper culture, it may become pleasant. One of the best disciplined tempers ever seen, was that of a gentleman who was naturally quick, irritable, rash, and violent; but, by taking care of the sick, and especially of mentally deranged(疯狂的) people, he so completely mastered himself that he was never known to be thrown off his guard.
There is no misery so constant, so upsetting, and so intolerable to others, as that of having a character which is your master. There are corners at every turn in life, against which we may run, and at which we may break out in impatience, if we choose.
Look at Roger Sherman, who rose from a humble occupation to a seat in the first Congress of the United States, and whose judgment was received with great respect by that body of distinguished men. He made himself master of his temper and cultivated it as a great business in life. There are one or two instances which show this part of his character in a light that is beautiful.
One day, after having received his highest honors, he was sitting and reading in his sitting room. A student, in a room close by, held a looking-glass in such a position as to pour the reflected rays of the sun directly in Mr Sherman's face. He moved his chair, and the thing was repeated. A third time the chair was moved, but the looking-glass still reflected the sun in his eyes. He laid aside his book, went to the window, and many witnesses of the rude behavior expected to see the ungentlemanly student severely punished. He raised the window gently, and then—shut the window blind!
I can not help providing another instance of the power he had acquired over himself. He was naturally possessed of strong passions, but over these he at length obtained an extraordinary control. He became habitually calm and self-possessed. Mr Sherman was one of those men who are not ashamed to maintain the forms of religion in their families. One morning he called them all together as usual to lead them in prayer to God. The “old family Bible” was brought out and laid on the table.
Mr Sherman took his seat and placed beside him one of his children, a child of his old age. The rest of the family were seated around the room, several of whom were now grown-ups. Besides these, some of the tutors of the college were boarders in the family and were present at the time. His aged mother occupied a corner of the room, opposite the place where the distinguished Judge sat.
At length, he opened the Bible and began to read. The child who was seated beside him made some little disturbance, upon which Mr Sherman paused and told it to be still. Again he continued but again he had to pause to scold the little offender, whose playful character would scarcely permit it to be still. At this time he gently tapped its ear. The blow, if blow it might be called, caught the attention of his aged mother, who now with some effort rose from the seat and tottered across the room. At length, she reached the chair of Mr Sherman, and in a moment, most unexpectedly to him, she gave him a blow on the ear with all the force she could gather. “There，” said she, “you strike your child, and I will strike mine.”
For_a_moment,_the_blood_was_seen_mounting_to_the_face_of_Mr_Sherman. But it was only for a moment and all was calm and mild as usual. He paused; he raised his glasses; he cast his eye upon his mother; again it fell upon the book from which he had been reading. Not a word escaped him; but again he calmly pursued the service, and soon sought in prayer an ability to set an example before his household which should be worthy of their imitation. Such a victory was worth more than the proudest one ever achieved on the field of battle.
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Control your temper　 B. Save your self-esteem
C. Mind your manners　 D. Treasure your Bible

3.（江苏省苏锡常镇四市2018届5月调研）
Fun is hard 10 have.
Fun is a rare jewel.
Somewhere along the line people got the modem idea that fur was there for the asking, that people deserved fun, that if we didn’t have a little fun every day, we would turn into puritans (清教徒)，
“Was it fun?” became the question that overshadowed all other questions. When the pleasure got to be the main thing, the fun fetish (迷恋) was sure to follow. Everything was supposed to be fun. If it wasn’t fun, then we were going to make it fun, or else.
Think of all the things that got the reputation of being fun. Family outings were supposed to be fun. Education was supposed to be fun. Work was supposed to be fun. Walt Disney, church and staying fit were supposed to be fun.
Fun got to be such a big thing that everybody started to look for more and more thrilling ways to supply it. One way was to step up the level of danger So that you could be sure that, no matter what, you would manage to have a little fun.
Big occasions were supposed to be fun, such as Christmas, Thanksgiving and Easter. But we ended up going through every Big Event we ever celebrated, waiting for the fun to start. So I should tell you just in case you’re worried about your fun capacity while you are sitting around waiting for the fun to start, that not much is. I don’t mean to put a damper on things. I just mean we ought to treat fun reverently. It is a mystery. It cannot be caught like a virus. It cannot be trapped like an animal. When fun comes in on little dancing feet, we probably won’t be expecting it. In fact, I bet it comes when we’re doing our duty, our job.
I remember one day, long ago, on which I had an especially good time. Pam Davis and I, aged 12, walked into a store that morning to buy some candy. She got her Bit-O-Honey. I got my malted milk balls, chocolate stars. Then we started back to her house. It was a long way to Pam’s house but every time we got weary, Pam would put her hand over her eyes, scan the horizon like a sailor and say, “We ought to reach home by nightfall,” at which point the two of us would laugh until we thought we couldn’t stand it another minute. Then after we got calm, she’d say it again. You should have been there. It was the kind of day and friendship and occasion that made me deeply regretful that I had to grow up.
It is fun.
What does the author mainly want to talk about in this passage?
A. The definition of fun. B. The importance of fun.
C. The best way to find fun. D. The common occasions to find fun.

4.（2018年江苏省南通,徐州等七市五月联考）People love spreading information and sharing opinions. You can see this online: every day, 4 million new blogs are written, 80 million new photos are uploaded and 616 million new tweets are released into cyberspace. We experience a burst of pleasure when we share our thoughts, and this drives us to communicate. It is a useful feature of our brain, because it ensures that knowledge, experience and ideas do not get buried with the person who first had them, and that as a society we benefit from the products of many minds.
Of course, in order for that to happen, merely sharing is not enough. We need to cause a reaction. Each time we share our opinions and knowledge, it is with the intention of having an impact on others. Here’s the problem, though: we approach this task from inside our own heads. But if we want to have an impact on others, we need to understand what goes on inside their head.
What determines whether you affect the way others think and behave or are ignored? You may assume that numbers and statistics are what you need to change their point of view. Well, experiments have pointed to the reality that people are not driven by facts. They are not enough to alter beliefs, and they are practically useless for motivating action. Consider climate change: there are mountains of data indicating that humans play a role in warming the globe, yet approximately 50% of the world’s population doesn’t believe it. What about health? Hundreds of studies show that exercise is good for you and people believe this to be so, yet this knowledge fails miserably at getting many to step on a treadmill (跑步机).
The problem with an approach that prioritizes information is that it ignores the core of what makes us human: our motives, our fears, our hopes, our desires, our prior beliefs. In fact, the tsunami of information we are receiving today can make us even less sensitive to data because we’ve become accustomed to finding support for absolutely anything we want to believe with a simple click of the mouse. Instead, our need for agency, our craving to be right, and a longing to feel part of a group really count. It is those motivations we need to tap into to make a change, whether within ourselves or in others.
What does the writer stress in the passage?
A. Behaviors determine our beliefs. B. Our desires shape what we believe.
C. We shouldn’t force our ideas on others. D. Too much information serves no purpose.

5.（2018年江苏省南通,徐州等七市五月联考）Manchester
My dearest daughter,
As I looked across at you sitting on the sofa watching The X Factor, I noticed that you are no longer a child, and that having just celebrated your 14th birthday, you are now a young woman starting a journey into becoming an adult woman. As I looked at you, I remembered myself at 14, and the vastly different places we are beginning this journey from.
Your identity as a mixed-race young woman, with an English father and a Pakistani mother, has already influenced how you place yourself in this world. As yet, you are unaware of the personal struggles that I took at the age of 25 to marry. How it felt when my mother refused to come to my wedding. The sharp criticisms of the Asian community that such marriages do not work out and always end in divorce. The confidence I had to grow, as we chose to live in a multicultural community, as I refused to be shamed into living in the leafier white suburbs.
Then, at the age of 30, I became your mum with all the joys and struggles this brought, as I refused the Asian traditions for a new baby’s arrival. From your birth, your life could not have been more different from mine. I was brought up on a council estate, within a tight-knit extended Muslim family, through which poverty, racism and neglect were woven. I was never given the freedoms or the opportunity to experience new things. Now, as I hear you play your piano, I am grateful that you have these opportunities.
So many doors were closed to me as a young person, and as I fought for small steps of freedom, I soon learned that it was better to do what I wanted without the knowledge of my parents, and so deceit and deception (欺骗) became woven into my life too. The pressures to obey, to be a “good Muslim” girl and keep the family honour, were choking. Behind closed doors at home, the neglect and abuse took place. It was hidden, I felt the shame, lived with the fear and suffered alongside my sister and two younger brothers. Oh, the power we thought our parents had over us! I was convinced that one day my father would indeed beat us so hard that leaving us for dead, he would, as his threats said he would, bury us in the large back garden, and tell the school he had taken us back to Pakistan for good. My sister and I longed for a different blue sky to live under.
As a daughter of immigrant parents, I carried their hopes of a better education for their children – my own veins (血管) pulsing with the hard-work ethic (道德) and need to be grateful for the opportunity of a free education. And it was education that provided me with the strength to find my own blue sky. I fought to leave home to go to university at the age of 18, and never returned to live with my parents again.
Now as you explore your mixed-race heritage, which I hope we have supported you to do with visits to Pakistan and ensuring you go to multi-cultural schools, I want you to take the very best of all that is Asian with you as you become a woman.
The struggles of identity and belonging will come but I hope that we have given you a strong foundation from which to explore these struggles. All the opportunities and freedoms that I only dreamed of as a young woman, I have offered you. I have chosen a different path of loving you as my daughter, with an unconditional love that many consider “western”.
I want you to know that although your journey has been vastly different, I am excited as I watch you standing on the threshold (门槛) of becoming a woman for all the adventures and possibilities the future holds for you.
May you fly your blue sky with grace, confidence and hope as you find your place in this beautiful and crazy world.
Loving you now and always. Mommy
Mommy writes the letter to ______.
A. reveal the sufferings she had as a teenage girl
B. criticize the social prejudice in her community
C. emphasize the importance of family support
D. encourage her daughter to pursue her dream

6.（北京中国人民大学附属中学2018届高三考前热身）Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile”. With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.
The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything, was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?
A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.
While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and the environment.
This is a lesson that rich countries can learn; When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.
So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough, It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes — all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.
The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.
Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK Lesson
B. GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health
C. Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP
D. Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being

7．（福建省闽侯第六中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）What might the future be like? Here are some predictions: things to come, things to go.
Spring Festival, the most important Chinese holiday when everyone returns home has caused headaches for millions of Chinese. More than 2 billion people travel at the same time, making getting travel tickets and the journey difficult. But in 28 years, Spring Festival travel may not be a problem at all. China plans to build more than 120,000 kilometers of railway and a fast transportation network that will serve 90% of the population by 2020.
And because most of China will be cities, people will not have to go to other places to find a job, so it will no longer be a problem.
Newspapers will come to an end in 2043. In the future, digital newspapers will be sent to personal web tools through Internet. Readers can discuss topics with journalists and editors. Information will move faster.
Oil is running out faster than expected. But scientists have found something else for oil as fuel. Coal, natural gas, solar power, nuclear power and even water can take the place of oil as sources of energy.
Schools will go electronic. Computers will be important and popular among the students. Everything will be in the computer and students will not need to bring books to school. They will find information on the Internet. A computer will be the students ‘library, schoolbag and connection to the outside world. There will be robot teachers, who will check homework on computers and communicate with the students’ parents through e-mail. And school buses will be like spaceships, comfortable and safe.
What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. Schools will go electronic B. Computers will be important
C. There will be robot teachers D. School buses will be like spaceships

8（福建省闽侯第六中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）The old man walked with a cane (拐杖) slowly into the restaurant. His poor jacket, patched (打补丁的) trousers, and worn-out shoes made him stand out from the usual Saturday morning breakfast crowd. Unforgettable were his pale blue eyes that sparkled (闪光) like diamonds, large rosy cheeks, and thin lips that held a steady smile. He walked toward a table by the window. A young waitress watched him and ran over to him, saying, “Here, Sir. Let me give you a hand with that chair.” Without a word, he smiled and nodded a thank you. She pulled the chair away from the table. Supporting him with one arm, she helped him move in front of the chair, and get comfortably seated. Then she pushed the table up close to him, and leaned his cane against the table where he could reach it. In a soft, clear voice he said, “Thank you, Miss.” “You’re welcome, Sir.” She replied. “My name is Mary. I’ll be back in a moment. If you need anything, just wave at me.”
After he had finished a hearty meal of pancakes, bacon, and hot lemon tea, Mary brought him the change, helping him up from his chair and out from behind the table. She handed him his cane, and walked with him to the front door. Holding the door open for him, she said, “Come back and see us, Sir!” He nodded a thank you and said softly with a smile, “You are very kind!”
When Mary went to clean his table, she was shocked. Under his plate she found a business card and a note written on the napkin, under which was a $ 100 bill. The note on the napkin read, “Dear Mary, I respect you very much, and you respect yourself, too. It shows by the way you treat others. You have found the secret of happiness. Your kind gestures will shine through those who meet you.”
The man she had served was the owner of the restaurant. This was the first time that she, or any of his employees, had seen him in person.
Which of the following titles goes best with the story?
A. A kind- hearted Girl B. Kindness Means Opportunities
C. An opportunity D. A Special boss

9.（湖南师范大学附属中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）Like to watch TV or play with your phone while you eat your dinner? Watch out—it could make you pile on the pounds.Not paying attention to our food makes us tend to more snacking later.
Over a series of experiments were carried out by researchers. For the first experiment,39 normal-weight young women were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: a high-distraction group, a low-distraction group, and a no-distraction group. Each person was given the same 400-calorie lunch consisting of several food items presented in a fixed order, and instructed to eat all of the items.
In the high-distraction group, the women were told to play a computer game while eating, and that they would win money if they did well. In the low-distraction group they were just told to play the game while eating; and in the third group they were just told to eat their lunch. Later in the afternoon, each participant had access to a variety of biscuits on a plate, and the amount each person ate was assessed by weighing the plate before and afterwards.
There was a significant difference between the groups. Those in the high-distraction condition ate 69 per cent more snacks than the no-distraction group, and those in the low-distraction group eating 28 per cent more (than those in the no-distraction group) .
A second experiment, involving a further 63 people, was similar, but involved watching TV (in the distraction condition) and eating soup and bread. This found that those who watched TV while eating their lunch ate 19 per cent more biscuits later on than those who had eaten their meal without any distractions.
A third experiment was also carried out, in which 45 normal-weight people were allocated to three groups. The first listened to an audio clip instructing them to imagine they were watching themselves eat—making them extremely focused on their own food intake. The second listened to a clip instructing them to imagine they were watching a celebrity—specifically David Beckham—eat (making them still focused on the food, but to a lesser degree);the third, which was the control group, just ate their lunch in silence. When all participants were given access to biscuits later, those in the self-imagining group-i.e. those who had really paid attention to what they were eating—ate far fewer than the other groups.
What would be the best title for the text?
A. Eating attentively doesn't help control appetite.
B. Attentive eating increases later snack intake.
C. Focusing on food increases later snack intake.
D. Distraction leads to more snacking later.

10. （甘肃省兰州第一中学2018届高三9月月考 ）In a shocking upset,70-year-old Republican candidate Donald Trump rode a wave to victory as voters elected him the 45th President of the United States in November,2016.
Actually, a lot of experts had predicted that Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton would come out on top. Throughout the campaign, one of Trump’s main challenges was to persuade voters that he has the attitude, knowledge and judgment to be president. In the end, he was able to attract more than enough voters to his side.
Hillary Clinton admitted the election to Trump in a phone call at around 2:30 am.“Hillary has worked very long and very hard over a long period of time,” Trump told his supporters during his victory speech.“We owe her a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country.”
Hillary Clinton delivered her speech later in the day.“We must accept this result and then look to the future,” she told her disappointed supporters.“Donald Trump is going to be our president. We owe him an open mind and the chance to lead.”
Trump’s rise to the presidency comes after a long career as a real estate developer. He built skyscrapers, resorts and golf courses. He also risked other businesses, introducing Trump Steaks, Trump Natural Spring Water, and an airline called Trump Shuttle. In 2004,he became a TV star with the reality show The Apprentice.
Now Trump and his team will have to face many difficult things. They’ll have to work to bring the country together after a divisive campaign that upset millions of Americans. Throughout the country, millions of Americans are out of work and struggling to make ends meet. The new president must also address international issues. They include the war on terrorism and the refugee crisis .Still, Trump says he sees a bright future ahead.“Every single American will have the opportunity to realize his or her fullest potential,” he told his supporters.
What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. The problems with America. B. The challenges Trump will face.
C. Trump’s ideas about his future work. D. The decisions Trump will have to make.

11.（辽宁省本溪满族自治县高级中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）Missing out on deep sleep can leave you feeling slow-acting and sensitive in the morning, but the consequences don’t necessarily end there. Over time, too little deep sleep may also do harm to your heart by contributing to high blood pressure, a new study suggests.
Healthy young and middle-aged adults spend about 25 percent of their sleeping hours in the stages known as deep sleep. This sleep stage has been shown to be important for memory and other mental performance. The new study adds to the growing evidence that deep sleep is also essential to our metabolism (新陈代谢) and heart health.
The research should be considered “exploratory”, and it doesn’t prove a direct link between sleep patterns and high blood pressure. But it suggests that wan important aspect of successful aging is the preservation of good sleep quality”. Older people tend to get less deep sleep as they age, find fighting this natural decline —through healthy sleep habits, for example—could be an “extraordinarily important strategy” for heading off high blood pressure.
Sleep problems have been linked to high blood pressure before. Sleep apnoea, a disorder in which a person wakes up struggling for breath time and time again, is strongly linked to high blood pressure, though it’s not clear whether the disorder causes high blood pressure.
Susan Redline, a professor of sleep medicine, says going to bed and waking up at the same time each day, especially keeping away from alcohol and tobacco before going to bed? and other good “sleep hygiene (卫生)” can help people sleep longer.
However, the researchers followed the men s sleep only on a single nights, and they likewise measured blood pressure just once or twice. Therefore, the study failed to rule out factors besides sleep quality, such as diet or medical conditions, which may independently contribute to high blood pressure. More research will be needed to address these shortcomings, the study notes. Nor is it clear whether habitual sleep loss has long-term effects on overall sleep quality and deep sleep.
What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. Major findings of the study. B. Some limitations of the study.
C. Different factors affecting sleep quality. D. Some possible causes of high blood pressure.

12.（辽宁省本溪满族自治县高级中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）The typical British employees can expect to spend about ￡34,000 during their whole working life on the daily costs of being in the office, including tea runs and leaving gifts for colleagues, according to research.
A survey of 2^000 office workers across the UK found that the combined cost of Christ-mas parties and dinners, cards and presents, coffees and teas, sponsorship (赞助) requests, Secret Santa and etc. totaled about ￡850 a year. Over the course of a 40-year career, that would amount to about ￡34,000, according to Nationwide Current Account, which carried out the survey.
Men generally tend to be unhappier than women about spending money at work, but women are more likely to feel pressured into paying out for work-related items. 42% of men were unhappy about spending money at work Christmas parties, compared with 34% of women. But one in five women said they felt under pressure to spend money at work Christmas parties, compared with just 12% of men,
Overall more than a quarter of people surveyed said they felt pressured when it came to contributing towards birthday and leaving gifts, with 27% of people saying this about gifts for colleagues who were leaving.
Nearly 32% said they felt pressured into contributing money to help their colleagues, charity fund raising efforts.
Alan Oliver, Nationwide’s head of external affairs, said, “Working in an office can be an expensive business, especially in big teams. Too many birthdays, retirements and charity fundraisers can take their toil on our wallets and purses. We would recommend putting in only what you can afford. Developing a regular savings habit can also help in meeting many of future life’s financial challenges.”
1. If a British man works for 30 years, the daily office costs are totally about ________.
A. ￡25,500 B. ￡34,000 C. ￡20,000 D. ￡40,000
2. Compared with men, women’s reaction to spending money at work Christmas parties is ________.
A. more satisfied B. unhappier C. more stressed D. less concerned
3. What does Alan Oliver advise office workers to do?
A. Work in big teams. B. Save money for future use.
C. Get along well with colleagues. D. Raise enough money to do charily.
4. What can be the best title for the text?
A. The Management of Personal Finance
B. Relations Among the UK Office Workers
C. Levels of Happiness of the UK Office Workers
D. The Daily Cost of the UK Employees in an Office

12. （天津市耀华中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）A few years ago, I read about an eight-year-old girl who studied elephant poaching in school and made a poster for her local grocery store. The slogan read, “Save the elephants. Don’t buy Ivory Soap, or they will die out.” What the girl had done taught me a lesson. Since then, I have looked at eight-year-olds in a different way. As an environmental educator, I used to teach eight-year-olds about the harm of elephant poaching, rainforest destruction, and global warming. I had a degree in natural science—but not in child development. What did I think I was accomplishing by putting my environmental concerns on the shoulders of kids who still believe in fairy tales?
Kids develop the fear of nature when their primary contact with the natural world is hearing bad news about the environment. If I wanted to inspire conservation action, I needed to change my ways, but now? I came across a research by psychologist Louise Chawla. She wanted to know what had gone on in the childhoods of adults who are good environmental citizens. She found two things most common. They had free time to explore the rivers or woods down the street, and they had an adult in their lives who was enthusiastic about the natural world. I understand now that what turned me into a good person today was a childhood spent playing in the field and having a dad who knew that finding a lobster under a rock was better than finding treasure.
So that’s what I was doing when I was eight years old—looking under rocks, climbing trees, and picking wild .flowers. I didn’t know a thing about the Clean Air Act that was being debated in congress at that time. I didn’t hear a lot of environmental problems. But I built a relationship with nature and I grew up to care. Now I treat my own kids like the child I was. My kids turn off the water when they brush their teeth and turn off the lights when they leave a room.
1. How did the author feel after reading about the eight-year-old girl?
A. Inspired. B. Excited. C. Worried. D. Doubtful.
2. What can be inferred from the first two paragraphs?
A. The author felt very proud of herself.
B. The author took action to save the elephants.
C. The author thought her teaching was a failure.
D. The author doubted the natural science.
3. How do children react when learning about environmental problems?
A. They tend to ignore the problems.
B. They become scared of nature.
C. They hate to learn natural science.
D. They want to help solve the problems.
4. The author mentions the research in order to show .
A. how to have a happy childhood
B. what the best way to get close to nature is
C. how to change children’s bad behavior
D. what makes children care about he environment.
5. What is mainly discussed in the passage?
A. The harm of hunting animals.
B. The causes of environmental problems.
C. The importance of encouraging kids to protect nature.
D. The right methods of developing children’s idea of nature.

13. （天津市第一中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）Plants can do arithmetic (算术), No, it’s not that they are doing quadratic equations (二次方程) or some such. It is found that plants do perform what could best be called arithmetic division overnight to help themselves make it through the night without starving.
During the day, plants feed themselves by taking energy from the sun and changing carbon dioxide into sugars and starches (淀粉). But at night, they have to rely on the starches they’ve stored up to survive till dawn returns.
Plants are found to share out their stores of starches by making adjustments to how much they consume. During the night, the mechanism inside the leaf measures the size of the starch store and guesses the length of time until dawn. Information about time comes from an internal clock. The size of the starch store is then divided by the length of time until dawn to set the correct rate of starch consumption, so that, by dawn, around 95 percent of the starches are used up. That is, even in the night, plants are still growing and producing. Understanding how plants continue to grow in the dark could help unlock new ways to increase crop production.
What’s notable is how efficiently plants share out their starch stores. It is pointed out that if the starch store is used too fast, plants will starve and stop growing during the night. If the store is used too slowly, some of it will be wasted.
However, scientists emphasize that this is not evidence for plant intelligence, but simply suggests that plants have a mechanism designed to automatically regulate how fast they bum carbohydrate (碳水化合物) at night. But it offers a window into the secret life of plants, to questions of plant sentience (感受能力) and, the ability of cooperation of plants with animals. Plants may not do math with a purpose in mind like people do. But anyone who opens the refrigerator containing only a tomato and a jar of peanut butter has to admire plant’s ability to divide their starch stores, their food, with such careful efficiency.
1. Plants perform arithmetic division overnight to .
A. regulate how fast to store sugars B. get through the night without starving
C. store the energy from the sun on time D. change carbon dioxide into starches
2. The underlined word “mechanism” in the third paragraph may refer to .
A. the colored part of a plant from which the seed or fruit develops
B. a part of the plant that has a particular purpose such as the root
C. a system of parts in a living thing that together perform a particular fun_ction
D. an organized set of ideas or theories or a particular way of doing something
3. This finding can be of great help in .
A. sports. B. industry C. agriculture D. culture
4. Form the passage, we can infer that .
A. plants often waste their stores of starches
B. using starches irregularly can be harmful to plants
C. starving plants may grow very fast at night
D. using starches too fast may make plants die suddenly
5. What might be the most suitable title for the passage?
A. Whether there is plant intelligence. B. Why plants grow quickly at night.
C. What your plant is doing at night. D. How the internal clock affects plants.

14. (江西省新余一中2018届高三全真模拟)Chinese New Year has been welcomed in Britain with its biggest ever program of events and celebrations.
From London’s Trafalgar Square to major cities across Britain, tens of thousands of British people have joined Chinese communities to celebrate the arrival of the Year of the Rooster.
In Manchester there was a Dragon Parade, led by a spectacular 54-meter long dragon, ending is Chinatown where there was traditional Chinese entertainment, more than 6,000 lanterns, street food villages and a fireworks show. Celebrations also took place in Liverpool. Birmingham, Lake District, Durham, Edinburgh. Leeds and Newcastle.
A cademic Dr. Wu Kegang said that the Chinese New Year event in Britain “is now bigger than ever and it is growing every year.”
When Wu arrived in Britain 26 years ago from Guangdong, south China, the first thing he noticed was that Chinese New Year was celebrated mainly in towns and cities with big Chinese communities. “You would go to London Chinatown and join your countrymen to celebrate, or to Chinatowns in places like Liverpool and Manchester for what were events almost exclusively held for Chinese people,” Wu recalled.
“Now it is so different, and we are seeing local communities all over the country taking part alongside their own Chinese populations,” he said. “It is clear to me that the celebrations will continue to grow in Britain. Chinese New Year has earned its place in the calendar of events in Britain, and is here to stay.”
1. Where did the Dragon Parade take place this year?
A. London. B. Manchester. C. Birmingham. D. Newcastle.
2. When Dr. Wu arrived in Britain 26 years ago, Chinese New Year was .
A. very popular all around Britain
B. celebrated mainly by Chinese communities
C. only celebrated in London, Liverpool and Manchester
D. enjoyed by local communities alongside Chinese populations
3. According to Dr. Wu, how will Chinese New Year develop in the next few years?
A. Grow more popular. B. Turn into an official holiday.
C. Get less remembered. D. Become more important than Christmas.
4. What’s the main idea of this passage?
A. How British celebrate Chinese New Year.
B. More and more British learn about Chinese culture.
C. Chinese New Year has earned its popularity in Britain.
D. Chinese communities celebrate New Year in Britain in various ways.

15. （辽宁省沈阳市东北育才学校2018届高三一模I READ mostly fiction before I was introduced to CaMalcolm Gladwell's work.
In his TED talk called "Choice, Happiness, and Spaghetti Sauce (意大利面酱)"，he used the examples of Pepsi and spaghetti sauce to argue that giving people choices makes them happy. If I had only heard his conclusion statement and missed the evidence that he employed ，I would have been wondering how he could argue such an interesting point. But he structured his argument like a detective story, with each puzzle piece contributing to the conclusion.
Fascinated，I borrowed his book Outliers: The Story of Success from the library. Each chapter had its own story and argument，and all of the arguments were about factors that contributed to an individual' s success in the world.
The depth of his research was amazing. In the first chapter，he analyzed the reasons behind the crash of Korean Air Flight 801 in 1997，which killed more than 220 people. The disaster took place partly because the co-pilot didn't point out the mistakes that the pilot was making. In South Korea，it' s disrespectful to disagree with higher ups even if they are doing something wrong.
Perhaps most interesting of all，Gladwell explained why Asians are so good at math. He said Asians get an advantage when they learn how to count because their language has fewer syllables (音节) and makes numbers easier to remember.
But Gladwell is mostly interested in answering my favorite question，"Why?” And that’s exactly why I love his works. After reading Outliers: The Story of Success and other books like it，I found myself questioning my commonly-accepted beliefs much more often. After all，why should we take anything for granted?
1. Why does the author write this article?
A. To promote some of Gladwell’s books.
B. To introduce Gladwell and his books.
C. To show how Gladwell did research for his books.
D. To explain why he enjoys Gladwell’s books.
2. How did the author feel about Gladwell’s TED talk?
A. Surprising but persuasive. B. Refreshing but puzzling.
C. Interesting but doubtful D. Funny but conclusive.
3. What can we know from the passage?
A. Eating spaghetti sauce can make you happy.
B. Carelessness caused the Korean air crash in 1997.
C. Fewer syllables give Asians an advantage in learning math.
D. The Story of Success is about Gladwell’s personal success.
4. What really makes the author fall in love with Gladwell’s works?
A. His strong arguments. B. His amazing research.
C. His detective-like stories. D. His questioning spirit.

16. （江西名校学术联盟2018届高三教学质量检测二）Naturally, parents praise their kids. They want to encourage their children every day. But when it comes to building self-esteem (自尊) in children, praise doesn’t always have a positive effect, according to a special edition of the journal Child Development. The issue, edited by Eddie and Thomas, is focused on research into how children develop a sense of self and building your child’s confidence takes different skills than you might think.
Eddie points out that children are born without a sense of self, but it doesn’t take long before some kids have a lot of confidence and may feel superior to peers, while others may carry more self-doubt and see themselves as inferior. Yet no one really understands what causes children to view themselves the way they do. Surprisingly little is known about the origins of children’s self-concept,” Eddie said.
Research has found that when kids have a warm, loving relationship with their parents, they develop higher self-esteem. However, when they are given endless praise that is inequal to their achievements, their self-esteem may drop.
Instead of lavish praise, parents should focus on warmth to build self-esteem, researchers have found—specifically, parents should show interest in their kids’ activities and share joy with them. This makes children feel noticed and valued. According to Eddie’s own research, children may develop lower self-esteem when their parents give them lots of positive and overstated praises. Too much praise can make children worry about disappointing their parents, and may lead to an unhealthy attitude toward failure. Other studies suggest that parents can teach children that failure is beneficial by encouraging kids to ask themselves: “Why didn’t I achieve the result I wanted, and what can I do to change the outcome in the future?”
Additionally, it’s important for parents to encourage the belief that kids can develop basic abilities through devotion and hard work. Kids who are praised for their effort instead of their ability are more likely to develop a growth mindset, which have a positive impact on their confidence.
1. What does the special edition of Child Development focus on?
A. When is the best time to build a child’s self-esteem.
B. What effect praise has on a child’s self-understanding.
C. How children develop their sense of self-esteem.
D. How blaming and overpraise hurt a child’s confidence.
2. How does too much praise hurt children’s self-esteem?
A. They’ll be afraid of failing and disappointing their parents.
B. They’ll have a false understanding of their ability and fail.
C. They’ll become too proud to get along with other children.
D. They’ll focus more on their advantages than their weaknesses.
3. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Children’s effort will help build their confidence.
B. Children should be taught the value of hard work.
C. Praising a child’s ability will make them happier.
D. Some parents doubt if kids can develop their abilities.
4. Which of the following is the passage mainly about?
A. Praising a child for any reason helps build his self-esteem.
B. How kids develop their sense of self-esteem differently.
C. Why some kids have more self-doubt than the others.
D. Participation and encouragement build a kid’s self-esteem.

17. （甘肃省高台一中2018届高三第五次模拟）Self-driving vehicles will rely on cameras, sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) to recognize and respond to road and traffic conditions, but sensing is the most effective for objects and movement in the neighborhood of the vehicle. Not everything important in a car’s environment will be caught by the vehicle’s camera. Another vehicle approaching at high speed on a collision （碰撞）track might not be visible until it’s too late. This is why vehicle-to-vehicle communication is undergoing rapid development. Our research shows that cars will need to be able to chat and cooperate on the road, although the technical challenges are considerable.
Applications for vehicle-to-vehicle communication range from vehicles driving together in a row, to safety messages about nearby emergency vehicles. Vehicles could alert each other to avoid collisions or share notices about passers-by and bicycles.
From as far as several hundred meters away, vehicles could exchange messages with one another or receive information from roadside units（RSUs）about nearby incidents or dangerous road conditions through 4G network A high level of A1 seems required for such vehicles, not only to self-drive from A to B, but also to react intelligently to messages received. Vehicles will need to plan, reason, strategize and adapt in the light of information received in real time and to carry out cooperative behaviors. For example, a group of autonomous vehicles might avoid a route together because of potential risks, or a vehicle could decide to drop someone off earlier due to messages received, a foreseen crowding ahead.
Further applications of vehicle-to-vehicle communication are still being researched, including how to perform cooperative behavior.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The reasons for the accidents by self-driving vehicles.
B. The research about applications for self-driving vehicles.
C. The importance of artificial intelligence of self-driving vehicles.
D. The reasons for developing communication between self-driving vehicles.
2. What does the underlined word “alert” mean in Paragraph 2?
A. Alarm. B. Condemn. C. Ignore. D. Govern.
3. What can we learn about roadside units （RSUs）?
A. They classify the vehicles on the road. B. They can improve bad road conditions.
C. They take over the passing vehicles. D. They serve as efficient information stations.
4. What is the best title for the text?
A. When do vehicles communicate?
B. The reasons why a high level of AI is important
C. Vehicle-to-vehicle communication is coming
D. What do applications for vehicle-to-vehicle communication need?

18. （江西省临川二中2018届高三1月联考）A supermarket checkout operator was praised for striking a blow for modern manners and a return to the age of politeness after refusing to serve a shopper who was talking on her mobile phone.
The supermarket manager was forced to apologize to the customer who complained she was told her goods would not be scanned unless she hung up her phone. Jo Clark, 46, said, “I don’t know what she was playing at. I couldn't believe how rude she was. When did she have the right to give me a lecture on checkout manners? I won’t be shopping there again.”
But users of social media sites and Internet forums(论坛）were very angry that store gave in and the public appeared to be supporting the angry checkout worker. “Perhaps this is a turning point for mobile phone users everywhere. When chatting, keep your eyes on people around you. That includes people trying to serve you, other road users and especially people behind you in the stairs,” said a typical post.
“It's time checkout staff fought back against these people constantly chatting on their phones. They can drive anyone crazy. It's rude and annoying. I often want to grab someone's phone and throw it as far as I can, even though I am not a checkout girl, just a passer-by,” said another.Siobhan Freegard, founder of parenting site www.Netmums.com said, “While this checkout operator doesn't have the authority to order 专题 二十一 阅读理解之四主旨大意题
&段落大意（解析版）

一、主旨大意题常分为两类：1）确定标题标题是文章的题目，它不是主题，但限定主题的范围，可表达主题，是对主题的提炼和浓缩，表现形式多为短语，尤其是名词短语。
2）概括全文主题主题是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表达的中心意思，有的直接出现在文中，有的需通过综合全文的内容概括归纳得出。
二、概括段落大意段落大意是指段落的中心意思。文章常由多个段落组成，共同支撑全文主题，但每段又分述不同的意思，可通过归纳、演绎等方法概括得出。
三、段落及文章整体的主题大意的理解　1）寻找主题句，确定文章主题：主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。2） 抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想：寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。3）抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心：根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。
四、阅读理解题主旨大意及段落大意解题技巧：位于段首：一般而言，以演绎法撰写的文章，主题句往往在文章的开头，即先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。位于段尾：有些文章会在开头列举事实, 然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。位于段中：有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。首尾呼应：主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现，形成前呼后应的格局。
【考例1】(2018天津夏,C)
There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.
What could be the best title of the passage?
A.3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B.A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D.3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
【答案】A　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。文章第一句为主题句,它告诉我们文章的主题为3D打印技术的新领域——食品,接下来主要介绍了这一应用的优点,也提及了它面临的挑战。故选A项。
【考例2】（2018·北京卷A）
……
Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.
What?does?the?story?mainly?tell?us?
A.?A?man?owes?his?success?to?his?family?support.
B.?A?winner?is?one?with?a?great?effort?of?will.
C.?Failure?is?the?mother?of?success.
D.?One?is?never?too?old?to?learn.
【答案】B　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a "marathon winner”.”可知，作者享受到了战胜自我的快乐，认为只要努力了就算是胜利者。故选B。
【考例3】(2018课标全国Ⅱ,C)
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.
What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children’s reading habits.
B. Quality of children’s books.
C. Children’s after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relationships.
【答案】A　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。 题干意为:“常识媒体”所做的这个报告可能是关于什么的? 根据第一段(根据周一出版的“常识媒体”的一个报告,十几岁的孩子和更小的孩子进行趣味阅读的量少多了。)可知该报告主要讲的是孩子们的阅读习惯的变化,故答案为A项。B项(儿童图书的质量)、C项(孩子们的课外活动)和D项(父母与孩子间的关系)均不是该报告的内容,故全被排除。
【考例4】(2018课标全国Ⅲ,B)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.
What is the text mainly about?
A. The rise and fall of a city. B. The gold rush in Canada.
C. Journeys into the wilderness. D. Tourism in Dawson.
【答案】A　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句话提出观点:一个城市之所以矗立在那里是有充分的原因的。后文以两个城市为例来论证这个观点。纽约市的兴起是因为它优越的地理位置。道 森市的兴起是因为这里发现了金矿,而这座城市的衰落是因为这里没有了金矿。由此可知本文主要描述了一个城市的兴起和衰落及其背后的原因。这与A项相符。B项:加拿大的淘金热。C项:踏进荒野的旅程。D项:道森的旅游业。这三项都不是主题。
【考例5】(2017课标全国Ⅱ,C)
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
……
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars. D. The designers of the Transition.
2.What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition’s First Flight
C. Pilots’ Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality
【答案】1. A　2. D
【解析】
1.考查段落大意题。第一段中详细介绍了这种能飞行的汽车的资料:两个座位、四个轮子、上个月在1,400英尺的高空飞行了8分钟、速度是大约每小时70英里、空中速度115英里以及油耗。所以第一段主要介绍了这种汽车的基本资料,答案为A项。
2.考查主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句话 “...bringing the company closer to its goal of selling
the flying car within the next year.”以及后文对这种汽车的现状和远景的详细描述可推断出本文的主题应该是:飞行汽车接近现实。所以答案为D项。A、B两项是文中的某个细节,不是主题;C项与本文内容无关。
【考例6】(2018浙江,B)
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s
jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers’ arguments: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shop-ping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don’t dispute(质疑)these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
What is the best title for the text?
A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, Pollution and Environment
C. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control
【答案】A　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。本文论述的主要内容是塑料袋好还是纸质的袋子好。因此A项符合文章主题,意为“塑料(袋)、纸(袋)还是都不用”。
【考例7】(2018天津春,C)
If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarks—a big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? Could you still find your way home? A loggerhead turtle(海龟)could.
According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic(磁力的)sense based on Earth’s magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches.
Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whales and honeybees, can detect(探测到)magnetic fields. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs.
As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what helps them figure out how to use their magnetic sense? Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea.
Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The
light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”(罗盘). He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earth’s. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic field. Then they let the newborns go.
At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed(颠倒)the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east”.
This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “correct” direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard for the turtle.
Lohmann’s work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many questions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study.
What could be the best title of the passage?
A. Experiments on Loggerheads
B. The Survival of the Sea Turtle
C. The Loggerhead’s Built-in “Compass”
D .Comparison of Loggerheads and Other Animals
【答案】C　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。通读全文可知,继首段引出主题后,文章都在讲述一种海龟是如何通过自身的磁场感应能力来辨别方向的。故答案为C。??
【考例8】(2018课标全国Ⅰ,B)
Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack,11. “We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,”she explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less
【答案】D　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章介绍了英国节目主持人Susanna Reid通过创办新节目Save Money:Good Food教给观众如何花更少的钱制作更美味的食物。故选D项。
【考例9】（2018·江苏B）
In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take
visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食）when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places. fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to
encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）.When
classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.
Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer
and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.
Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding.
high prices — don't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about ‘bad' tables," given that they're profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
What does the last paragraph talk about?
A. Tips to attract more customers.
B. Problems restaurants are faced with.
C. Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.
D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
【答案】D
【解析】考查段落大意。通读尾段可知，该段第一句“Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending — “bad tables, crowding, high prices — don’t necessarily”为该段的主题段；结合全段内容可知，该段主要论述了人们对餐馆的常见误解，故选D项。
1. （南京师范大学附属中学2018届5月模考）Thousands of free, popular children's apps available on the Google Play Store could be violating the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), according to a new, large-scale study, highlighting growing criticism of Silicon Valley's data-collection efforts. “This is a market failure，” said Serge Egelman, a co-author of the study. “What we have uncovered points out basic enforcement(执行) work that needs to be done.”
The potential violations were abundant and came in several forms, according to the study. More than 1，000 children's apps collected identifying information from kids using tracking software whose terms explicitly forbid their use for children's apps. The researchers also said nearly half the apps fail to always use standard security measures to transmit sensitive data over the Web, suggesting a violation of reasonable data-security measures laid out by COPPA.
Some of the apps in question included Disney's “Where's My Water？”， Gameloft's “Minion Rush” and Duolingo, a language learning app. The findings also suggested that app creators that had been officially recognized as COPPA-compliant(遵守) were no better than any of the other app developers at protecting children's privacy.
Disney argued that the study doesn't claim to identify any actual violations. “Protecting children's online privacy is very important to us and we are confident that our practices comply with the law，” the company said. “We have a sound COPPA compliance program, and we maintain strict data collection and use policies for Disney apps created for children and families.”
Gameloft announced that children's privacy is of “utmost importance” and is investigating the issue. “We have a very strict data-collection policy at Gameloft and always make sure that we are compliant with protection laws，” the company said.
Duolingo did not respond to requests for comment.
Although Google stated that “We are taking the researcher's report very seriously and looking into their findings”， critics of Google's app platform say the company has profited greatly from advances in data-tracking technology. “Google has basically looked the other way while it was able to generate revenues off of children's apps，” said Jeffrey Chester, the executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy. “The new, alarming report is further evidence that Google is thumbing_its_nose_at the only federal online privacy law that we have.”
The purpose of the passage is to ________．
A. charge app companies with the violation of COPPA
B. inform readers of different ways to violate child privacy laws
C. illustrate the growing criticism of app's data-collection fun_ction
D. highlight the urgency of strengthening enforcement of COPPA
【答案】D　
【解析】考查主旨大意题。根据第一段的What we have uncovered points out basic enforcement(执行) work that needs to be done.可知目的：为强调加强儿童网络隐私保护法的紧迫性。
2．（南京师范大学附属中学2018届5月模考）No one has a temper naturally so good, that it does not need attention and cultivation, and no one has a temper so bad, but that, by proper culture, it may become pleasant. One of the best disciplined tempers ever seen, was that of a gentleman who was naturally quick, irritable, rash, and violent; but, by taking care of the sick, and especially of mentally deranged(疯狂的) people, he so completely mastered himself that he was never known to be thrown off his guard.
There is no misery so constant, so upsetting, and so intolerable to others, as that of having a character which is your master. There are corners at every turn in life, against which we may run, and at which we may break out in impatience, if we choose.
Look at Roger Sherman, who rose from a humble occupation to a seat in the first Congress of the United States, and whose judgment was received with great respect by that body of distinguished men. He made himself master of his temper and cultivated it as a great business in life. There are one or two instances which show this part of his character in a light that is beautiful.
One day, after having received his highest honors, he was sitting and reading in his sitting room. A student, in a room close by, held a looking-glass in such a position as to pour the reflected rays of the sun directly in Mr Sherman's face. He moved his chair, and the thing was repeated. A third time the chair was moved, but the looking-glass still reflected the sun in his eyes. He laid aside his book, went to the window, and many witnesses of the rude behavior expected to see the ungentlemanly student severely punished. He raised the window gently, and then—shut the window blind!
I can not help providing another instance of the power he had acquired over himself. He was naturally possessed of strong passions, but over these he at length obtained an extraordinary control. He became habitually calm and self-possessed. Mr Sherman was one of those men who are not ashamed to maintain the forms of religion in their families. One morning he called them all together as usual to lead them in prayer to God. The “old family Bible” was brought out and laid on the table.
Mr Sherman took his seat and placed beside him one of his children, a child of his old age. The rest of the family were seated around the room, several of whom were now grown-ups. Besides these, some of the tutors of the college were boarders in the family and were present at the time. His aged mother occupied a corner of the room, opposite the place where the distinguished Judge sat.
At length, he opened the Bible and began to read. The child who was seated beside him made some little disturbance, upon which Mr Sherman paused and told it to be still. Again he continued but again he had to pause to scold the little offender, whose playful character would scarcely permit it to be still. At this time he gently tapped its ear. The blow, if blow it might be called, caught the attention of his aged mother, who now with some effort rose from the seat and tottered across the room. At length, she reached the chair of Mr Sherman, and in a moment, most unexpectedly to him, she gave him a blow on the ear with all the force she could gather. “There，” said she, “you strike your child, and I will strike mine.”
For_a_moment,_the_blood_was_seen_mounting_to_the_face_of_Mr_Sherman. But it was only for a moment and all was calm and mild as usual. He paused; he raised his glasses; he cast his eye upon his mother; again it fell upon the book from which he had been reading. Not a word escaped him; but again he calmly pursued the service, and soon sought in prayer an ability to set an example before his household which should be worthy of their imitation. Such a victory was worth more than the proudest one ever achieved on the field of battle.
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Control your temper　 B. Save your self-esteem
C. Mind your manners　 D. Treasure your Bible
【答案】A
【解析】考查主旨大意题。根据第一段：没有人天生就有好脾气，好脾气无需关注与培养；没有人天生就有坏脾气，但合适的教育环境下，坏脾气可以变好。可知整篇文章关于“脾气”，所以选择A项。
3.（江苏省苏锡常镇四市2018届5月调研）
Fun is hard 10 have.
Fun is a rare jewel.
Somewhere along the line people got the modem idea that fur was there for the asking, that people deserved fun, that if we didn’t have a little fun every day, we would turn into puritans (清教徒)，
“Was it fun?” became the question that overshadowed all other questions. When the pleasure got to be the main thing, the fun fetish (迷恋) was sure to follow. Everything was supposed to be fun. If it wasn’t fun, then we were going to make it fun, or else.
Think of all the things that got the reputation of being fun. Family outings were supposed to be fun. Education was supposed to be fun. Work was supposed to be fun. Walt Disney, church and staying fit were supposed to be fun.
Fun got to be such a big thing that everybody started to look for more and more thrilling ways to supply it. One way was to step up the level of danger So that you could be sure that, no matter what, you would manage to have a little fun.
Big occasions were supposed to be fun, such as Christmas, Thanksgiving and Easter. But we ended up going through every Big Event we ever celebrated, waiting for the fun to start. So I should tell you just in case you’re worried about your fun capacity while you are sitting around waiting for the fun to start, that not much is. I don’t mean to put a damper on things. I just mean we ought to treat fun reverently. It is a mystery. It cannot be caught like a virus. It cannot be trapped like an animal. When fun comes in on little dancing feet, we probably won’t be expecting it. In fact, I bet it comes when we’re doing our duty, our job.
I remember one day, long ago, on which I had an especially good time. Pam Davis and I, aged 12, walked into a store that morning to buy some candy. She got her Bit-O-Honey. I got my malted milk balls, chocolate stars. Then we started back to her house. It was a long way to Pam’s house but every time we got weary, Pam would put her hand over her eyes, scan the horizon like a sailor and say, “We ought to reach home by nightfall,” at which point the two of us would laugh until we thought we couldn’t stand it another minute. Then after we got calm, she’d say it again. You should have been there. It was the kind of day and friendship and occasion that made me deeply regretful that I had to grow up.
It is fun.
What does the author mainly want to talk about in this passage?
A. The definition of fun. B. The importance of fun.
C. The best way to find fun. D. The common occasions to find fun.
【答案】C
【解析】考查主旨大意题。 需要我们通读全文，同时我们还可以通过反推的方式得出答案。A：文章只在前几段提到了，这是以偏概全，不选；B：如果要写importance大概会提到对…的好处，文章几乎没有提到，不选；C：分析文章每段的前几句和最后一句，第四段： we were going to make it fun；第五段：all the things that got the reputation of being fun；第七段：it comes when we’re doing our duty, our job；第八段：列举了我个人与朋友的事例，最后第九段论证了：it was fun，可知，文章是在讲寻找fun的方式，C符合；D的common occasions与第七段big occasions矛盾，不选。故选C。
4.（2018年江苏省南通,徐州等七市五月联考）People love spreading information and sharing opinions. You can see this online: every day, 4 million new blogs are written, 80 million new photos are uploaded and 616 million new tweets are released into cyberspace. We experience a burst of pleasure when we share our thoughts, and this drives us to communicate. It is a useful feature of our brain, because it ensures that knowledge, experience and ideas do not get buried with the person who first had them, and that as a society we benefit from the products of many minds.
Of course, in order for that to happen, merely sharing is not enough. We need to cause a reaction. Each time we share our opinions and knowledge, it is with the intention of having an impact on others. Here’s the problem, though: we approach this task from inside our own heads. But if we want to have an impact on others, we need to understand what goes on inside their head.
What determines whether you affect the way others think and behave or are ignored? You may assume that numbers and statistics are what you need to change their point of view. Well, experiments have pointed to the reality that people are not driven by facts. They are not enough to alter beliefs, and they are practically useless for motivating action. Consider climate change: there are mountains of data indicating that humans play a role in warming the globe, yet approximately 50% of the world’s population doesn’t believe it. What about health? Hundreds of studies show that exercise is good for you and people believe this to be so, yet this knowledge fails miserably at getting many to step on a treadmill (跑步机).
The problem with an approach that prioritizes information is that it ignores the core of what makes us human: our motives, our fears, our hopes, our desires, our prior beliefs. In fact, the tsunami of information we are receiving today can make us even less sensitive to data because we’ve become accustomed to finding support for absolutely anything we want to believe with a simple click of the mouse. Instead, our need for agency, our craving to be right, and a longing to feel part of a group really count. It is those motivations we need to tap into to make a change, whether within ourselves or in others.
What does the writer stress in the passage?
A. Behaviors determine our beliefs. B. Our desires shape what we believe.
C. We shouldn’t force our ideas on others. D. Too much information serves no purpose.
【答案】B
【解析】考查观主旨大意题。文中未提及A选项相关的内容。B选项对应文中“our need for agency，our craving to be right, and a longing to feel part of agroup really count. It is those motivations we need to tap into to make achange”这些动机能让我们改变，因此我们的渴望才能够改变我们的想法，因此B选项正确。 C选项错误，作者提出了更好的方式，而不是不要改变他人的想法。D选项作者在文中提及了“the tsunami of information we are receiving today can make us even less sensitive to data”过多的信息是没有价值的，但是本文不仅限于此，而更是提出了解决的方法，因此D选项过于片面。
5.（2018年江苏省南通,徐州等七市五月联考）Manchester
My dearest daughter,
As I looked across at you sitting on the sofa watching The X Factor, I noticed that you are no longer a child, and that having just celebrated your 14th birthday, you are now a young woman starting a journey into becoming an adult woman. As I looked at you, I remembered myself at 14, and the vastly different places we are beginning this journey from.
Your identity as a mixed-race young woman, with an English father and a Pakistani mother, has already influenced how you place yourself in this world. As yet, you are unaware of the personal struggles that I took at the age of 25 to marry. How it felt when my mother refused to come to my wedding. The sharp criticisms of the Asian community that such marriages do not work out and always end in divorce. The confidence I had to grow, as we chose to live in a multicultural community, as I refused to be shamed into living in the leafier white suburbs.
Then, at the age of 30, I became your mum with all the joys and struggles this brought, as I refused the Asian traditions for a new baby’s arrival. From your birth, your life could not have been more different from mine. I was brought up on a council estate, within a tight-knit extended Muslim family, through which poverty, racism and neglect were woven. I was never given the freedoms or the opportunity to experience new things. Now, as I hear you play your piano, I am grateful that you have these opportunities.
So many doors were closed to me as a young person, and as I fought for small steps of freedom, I soon learned that it was better to do what I wanted without the knowledge of my parents, and so deceit and deception (欺骗) became woven into my life too. The pressures to obey, to be a “good Muslim” girl and keep the family honour, were choking. Behind closed doors at home, the neglect and abuse took place. It was hidden, I felt the shame, lived with the fear and suffered alongside my sister and two younger brothers. Oh, the power we thought our parents had over us! I was convinced that one day my father would indeed beat us so hard that leaving us for dead, he would, as his threats said he would, bury us in the large back garden, and tell the school he had taken us back to Pakistan for good. My sister and I longed for a different blue sky to live under.
As a daughter of immigrant parents, I carried their hopes of a better education for their children – my own veins (血管) pulsing with the hard-work ethic (道德) and need to be grateful for the opportunity of a free education. And it was education that provided me with the strength to find my own blue sky. I fought to leave home to go to university at the age of 18, and never returned to live with my parents again.
Now as you explore your mixed-race heritage, which I hope we have supported you to do with visits to Pakistan and ensuring you go to multi-cultural schools, I want you to take the very best of all that is Asian with you as you become a woman.
The struggles of identity and belonging will come but I hope that we have given you a strong foundation from which to explore these struggles. All the opportunities and freedoms that I only dreamed of as a young woman, I have offered you. I have chosen a different path of loving you as my daughter, with an unconditional love that many consider “western”.
I want you to know that although your journey has been vastly different, I am excited as I watch you standing on the threshold (门槛) of becoming a woman for all the adventures and possibilities the future holds for you.
May you fly your blue sky with grace, confidence and hope as you find your place in this beautiful and crazy world.
Loving you now and always. Mommy
Mommy writes the letter to ______.
A. reveal the sufferings she had as a teenage girl
B. criticize the social prejudice in her community
C. emphasize the importance of family support
D. encourage her daughter to pursue her dream
【答案】D
【解析】考查主旨大意题，由全文知道这是母亲给女儿的一封信，饱含了母亲对女儿真挚的期望，希望她能“fly your blue skywith grace, confidence and hope as you find your place in this beautiful andcrazy world.”优雅、自信和希望展翅飞翔，你在这个美丽而疯狂的世界里找到了自己的位置。因此ABC选项过于片面，D选项更符合信的目的。
6.（北京中国人民大学附属中学2018届高三考前热身）Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile”. With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.
The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything, was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?
A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.
While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and the environment.
This is a lesson that rich countries can learn; When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.
So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough, It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes — all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.
The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.
Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK Lesson
B. GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health
C. Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP
D. Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being
【答案】A
【解析】考查主旨大意题。文章在开头引用了Kennedy对于GDP的负面评价，并通过英国脱欧这个案例来引出需要考虑GDP这个评价机制的好坏，中间各段在分析英国GDP表现好，但实际英国社会现状却不好，最后在倒数第二自然段指出This is a lesson that rich countries can learn. A项概括全文，适合作为标题。故选A。
7．（福建省闽侯第六中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）What might the future be like? Here are some predictions: things to come, things to go.
Spring Festival, the most important Chinese holiday when everyone returns home has caused headaches for millions of Chinese. More than 2 billion people travel at the same time, making getting travel tickets and the journey difficult. But in 28 years, Spring Festival travel may not be a problem at all. China plans to build more than 120,000 kilometers of railway and a fast transportation network that will serve 90% of the population by 2020.
And because most of China will be cities, people will not have to go to other places to find a job, so it will no longer be a problem.
Newspapers will come to an end in 2043. In the future, digital newspapers will be sent to personal web tools through Internet. Readers can discuss topics with journalists and editors. Information will move faster.
Oil is running out faster than expected. But scientists have found something else for oil as fuel. Coal, natural gas, solar power, nuclear power and even water can take the place of oil as sources of energy.
Schools will go electronic. Computers will be important and popular among the students. Everything will be in the computer and students will not need to bring books to school. They will find information on the Internet. A computer will be the students ‘library, schoolbag and connection to the outside world. There will be robot teachers, who will check homework on computers and communicate with the students’ parents through e-mail. And school buses will be like spaceships, comfortable and safe.
What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. Schools will go electronic B. Computers will be important
C. There will be robot teachers D. School buses will be like spaceships
【答案】A
【解析】考查段落大意。根据最后一段Schools will go electronic(电子化).及下文描述，可知本段主要是说学校将电子化。故选A。
8（福建省闽侯第六中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）The old man walked with a cane (拐杖) slowly into the restaurant. His poor jacket, patched (打补丁的) trousers, and worn-out shoes made him stand out from the usual Saturday morning breakfast crowd. Unforgettable were his pale blue eyes that sparkled (闪光) like diamonds, large rosy cheeks, and thin lips that held a steady smile. He walked toward a table by the window. A young waitress watched him and ran over to him, saying, “Here, Sir. Let me give you a hand with that chair.” Without a word, he smiled and nodded a thank you. She pulled the chair away from the table. Supporting him with one arm, she helped him move in front of the chair, and get comfortably seated. Then she pushed the table up close to him, and leaned his cane against the table where he could reach it. In a soft, clear voice he said, “Thank you, Miss.” “You’re welcome, Sir.” She replied. “My name is Mary. I’ll be back in a moment. If you need anything, just wave at me.”
After he had finished a hearty meal of pancakes, bacon, and hot lemon tea, Mary brought him the change, helping him up from his chair and out from behind the table. She handed him his cane, and walked with him to the front door. Holding the door open for him, she said, “Come back and see us, Sir!” He nodded a thank you and said softly with a smile, “You are very kind!”
When Mary went to clean his table, she was shocked. Under his plate she found a business card and a note written on the napkin, under which was a $ 100 bill. The note on the napkin read, “Dear Mary, I respect you very much, and you respect yourself, too. It shows by the way you treat others. You have found the secret of happiness. Your kind gestures will shine through those who meet you.”
The man she had served was the owner of the restaurant. This was the first time that she, or any of his employees, had seen him in person.
Which of the following titles goes best with the story?
A. A kind- hearted Girl B. Kindness Means Opportunities
C. An opportunity D. A Special boss
【答案】B
【解析】考查主旨大意题。 文章讲述了一个女服务员因为自己对一个衣衫褴褛的老人的好意而获得100美元小费的故事，B选项 Kindness Means Opportunities 最为符合题意，故选B。
9.（湖南师范大学附属中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）Like to watch TV or play with your phone while you eat your dinner? Watch out—it could make you pile on the pounds.Not paying attention to our food makes us tend to more snacking later.
Over a series of experiments were carried out by researchers. For the first experiment,39 normal-weight young women were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: a high-distraction group, a low-distraction group, and a no-distraction group. Each person was given the same 400-calorie lunch consisting of several food items presented in a fixed order, and instructed to eat all of the items.
In the high-distraction group, the women were told to play a computer game while eating, and that they would win money if they did well. In the low-distraction group they were just told to play the game while eating; and in the third group they were just told to eat their lunch. Later in the afternoon, each participant had access to a variety of biscuits on a plate, and the amount each person ate was assessed by weighing the plate before and afterwards.
There was a significant difference between the groups. Those in the high-distraction condition ate 69 per cent more snacks than the no-distraction group, and those in the low-distraction group eating 28 per cent more (than those in the no-distraction group) .
A second experiment, involving a further 63 people, was similar, but involved watching TV (in the distraction condition) and eating soup and bread. This found that those who watched TV while eating their lunch ate 19 per cent more biscuits later on than those who had eaten their meal without any distractions.
A third experiment was also carried out, in which 45 normal-weight people were allocated to three groups. The first listened to an audio clip instructing them to imagine they were watching themselves eat—making them extremely focused on their own food intake. The second listened to a clip instructing them to imagine they were watching a celebrity—specifically David Beckham—eat (making them still focused on the food, but to a lesser degree);the third, which was the control group, just ate their lunch in silence. When all participants were given access to biscuits later, those in the self-imagining group-i.e. those who had really paid attention to what they were eating—ate far fewer than the other groups.
What would be the best title for the text?
A. Eating attentively doesn't help control appetite.
B. Attentive eating increases later snack intake.
C. Focusing on food increases later snack intake.
D. Distraction leads to more snacking later.
【答案】D
【解析】考查主旨大意题。这篇短文介绍通过实验证明在吃饭的时候喜欢看电视或者玩手机会让人体重增加，是因为分心会让你以后吃更多的零食。故选D.
10. （甘肃省兰州第一中学2018届高三9月月考 ）In a shocking upset,70-year-old Republican candidate Donald Trump rode a wave to victory as voters elected him the 45th President of the United States in November,2016.
Actually, a lot of experts had predicted that Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton would come out on top. Throughout the campaign, one of Trump’s main challenges was to persuade voters that he has the attitude, knowledge and judgment to be president. In the end, he was able to attract more than enough voters to his side.
Hillary Clinton admitted the election to Trump in a phone call at around 2:30 am.“Hillary has worked very long and very hard over a long period of time,” Trump told his supporters during his victory speech.“We owe her a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country.”
Hillary Clinton delivered her speech later in the day.“We must accept this result and then look to the future,” she told her disappointed supporters.“Donald Trump is going to be our president. We owe him an open mind and the chance to lead.”
Trump’s rise to the presidency comes after a long career as a real estate developer. He built skyscrapers, resorts and golf courses. He also risked other businesses, introducing Trump Steaks, Trump Natural Spring Water, and an airline called Trump Shuttle. In 2004,he became a TV star with the reality show The Apprentice.
Now Trump and his team will have to face many difficult things. They’ll have to work to bring the country together after a divisive campaign that upset millions of Americans. Throughout the country, millions of Americans are out of work and struggling to make ends meet. The new president must also address international issues. They include the war on terrorism and the refugee crisis .Still, Trump says he sees a bright future ahead.“Every single American will have the opportunity to realize his or her fullest potential,” he told his supporters.
What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. The problems with America. B. The challenges Trump will face.
C. Trump’s ideas about his future work. D. The decisions Trump will have to make.
【答案】B
【解析】考查段落大意题。根据最后一段第一句Now Trump and his team will have to face many difficult things（特朗普和他的团队将不得不面对很多困难的事情。）以及这段的其他内容可知，最后一段主要在讲特朗普将要面临的挑战。故选B。
11.（辽宁省本溪满族自治县高级中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）Missing out on deep sleep can leave you feeling slow-acting and sensitive in the morning, but the consequences don’t necessarily end there. Over time, too little deep sleep may also do harm to your heart by contributing to high blood pressure, a new study suggests.
Healthy young and middle-aged adults spend about 25 percent of their sleeping hours in the stages known as deep sleep. This sleep stage has been shown to be important for memory and other mental performance. The new study adds to the growing evidence that deep sleep is also essential to our metabolism (新陈代谢) and heart health.
The research should be considered “exploratory”, and it doesn’t prove a direct link between sleep patterns and high blood pressure. But it suggests that wan important aspect of successful aging is the preservation of good sleep quality”. Older people tend to get less deep sleep as they age, find fighting this natural decline —through healthy sleep habits, for example—could be an “extraordinarily important strategy” for heading off high blood pressure.
Sleep problems have been linked to high blood pressure before. Sleep apnoea, a disorder in which a person wakes up struggling for breath time and time again, is strongly linked to high blood pressure, though it’s not clear whether the disorder causes high blood pressure.
Susan Redline, a professor of sleep medicine, says going to bed and waking up at the same time each day, especially keeping away from alcohol and tobacco before going to bed? and other good “sleep hygiene (卫生)” can help people sleep longer.
However, the researchers followed the men s sleep only on a single nights, and they likewise measured blood pressure just once or twice. Therefore, the study failed to rule out factors besides sleep quality, such as diet or medical conditions, which may independently contribute to high blood pressure. More research will be needed to address these shortcomings, the study notes. Nor is it clear whether habitual sleep loss has long-term effects on overall sleep quality and deep sleep.
What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. Major findings of the study. B. Some limitations of the study.
C. Different factors affecting sleep quality. D. Some possible causes of high blood pressure.
【答案】B
【解析】考查段落大意题。根据最后一段的描述the study failed to rule out factors besides sleep quality,…More research will be needed to address these shortcomings…Nor is it clear whether habitual sleep loss has long-term effects on overall sleep quality and deep sleep.研究没有排除除了睡眠质量以外的因素，需要更多的研究来考虑这些缺点，而且也不清楚是否习惯性失眠会对总的睡眠质量以及深度睡眠有长期的影响。可知本段主要说的是研究的一些局限性。故选B。
12.（辽宁省本溪满族自治县高级中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）The typical British employees can expect to spend about ￡34,000 during their whole working life on the daily costs of being in the office, including tea runs and leaving gifts for colleagues, according to research.
A survey of 2^000 office workers across the UK found that the combined cost of Christ-mas parties and dinners, cards and presents, coffees and teas, sponsorship (赞助) requests, Secret Santa and etc. totaled about ￡850 a year. Over the course of a 40-year career, that would amount to about ￡34,000, according to Nationwide Current Account, which carried out the survey.
Men generally tend to be unhappier than women about spending money at work, but women are more likely to feel pressured into paying out for work-related items. 42% of men were unhappy about spending money at work Christmas parties, compared with 34% of women. But one in five women said they felt under pressure to spend money at work Christmas parties, compared with just 12% of men,
Overall more than a quarter of people surveyed said they felt pressured when it came to contributing towards birthday and leaving gifts, with 27% of people saying this about gifts for colleagues who were leaving.
Nearly 32% said they felt pressured into contributing money to help their colleagues, charity fund raising efforts.
Alan Oliver, Nationwide’s head of external affairs, said, “Working in an office can be an expensive business, especially in big teams. Too many birthdays, retirements and charity fundraisers can take their toil on our wallets and purses. We would recommend putting in only what you can afford. Developing a regular savings habit can also help in meeting many of future life’s financial challenges.”
1. If a British man works for 30 years, the daily office costs are totally about ________.
A. ￡25,500 B. ￡34,000 C. ￡20,000 D. ￡40,000
2. Compared with men, women’s reaction to spending money at work Christmas parties is ________.
A. more satisfied B. unhappier C. more stressed D. less concerned
3. What does Alan Oliver advise office workers to do?
A. Work in big teams. B. Save money for future use.
C. Get along well with colleagues. D. Raise enough money to do charily.
4. What can be the best title for the text?
A. The Management of Personal Finance
B. Relations Among the UK Office Workers
C. Levels of Happiness of the UK Office Workers
D. The Daily Cost of the UK Employees in an Office
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B
【解析】本文通过调查研究的结果，介绍英国员工花费在工作场合的日常花费。
1.考查数字计算题。根据文章第二段的内容totaled about ￡850 a year. Over the course of a 40-year career, that would amount to about ￡34,000,可知每年的花费是850英镑，在40年的工作中花费的是34000英镑。故30年的花费是25500英镑。故选A。
2.考查观点态度题。根据第三段的最后一句But one in five women said they felt under pressure to spend money at work Christmas parties, compared with just 12% of men,相比男性的12%，有20%的女性说他们感觉在工作的圣诞聚会中花钱有压力。可知女性更有压力。故选C。
3.考查细节理解题。根据文章最后一段Alan Oliver的话Developing a regular savings habit can also help in meeting many of future life’s financial challenges.养成定期存钱的习惯能帮助满足很多将来生活的经济挑战。可知Alan Oliver建议存钱以备将来之需。故选B。
4.考查主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章通过研究调查介绍英国员工花费在工作场合的日常花费，并比较男性员工和女性员工对花费的态度。故标题用The Daily Cost of the UK Employees in an Office（英国办公室员工的日常花费）合适。故选D。
12. （天津市耀华中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）A few years ago, I read about an eight-year-old girl who studied elephant poaching in school and made a poster for her local grocery store. The slogan read, “Save the elephants. Don’t buy Ivory Soap, or they will die out.” What the girl had done taught me a lesson. Since then, I have looked at eight-year-olds in a different way. As an environmental educator, I used to teach eight-year-olds about the harm of elephant poaching, rainforest destruction, and global warming. I had a degree in natural science—but not in child development. What did I think I was accomplishing by putting my environmental concerns on the shoulders of kids who still believe in fairy tales?
Kids develop the fear of nature when their primary contact with the natural world is hearing bad news about the environment. If I wanted to inspire conservation action, I needed to change my ways, but now? I came across a research by psychologist Louise Chawla. She wanted to know what had gone on in the childhoods of adults who are good environmental citizens. She found two things most common. They had free time to explore the rivers or woods down the street, and they had an adult in their lives who was enthusiastic about the natural world. I understand now that what turned me into a good person today was a childhood spent playing in the field and having a dad who knew that finding a lobster under a rock was better than finding treasure.
So that’s what I was doing when I was eight years old—looking under rocks, climbing trees, and picking wild .flowers. I didn’t know a thing about the Clean Air Act that was being debated in congress at that time. I didn’t hear a lot of environmental problems. But I built a relationship with nature and I grew up to care. Now I treat my own kids like the child I was. My kids turn off the water when they brush their teeth and turn off the lights when they leave a room.
1. How did the author feel after reading about the eight-year-old girl?
A. Inspired. B. Excited. C. Worried. D. Doubtful.
2. What can be inferred from the first two paragraphs?
A. The author felt very proud of herself.
B. The author took action to save the elephants.
C. The author thought her teaching was a failure.
D. The author doubted the natural science.
3. How do children react when learning about environmental problems?
A. They tend to ignore the problems.
B. They become scared of nature.
C. They hate to learn natural science.
D. They want to help solve the problems.
4. The author mentions the research in order to show .
A. how to have a happy childhood
B. what the best way to get close to nature is
C. how to change children’s bad behavior
D. what makes children care about he environment.
5. What is mainly discussed in the passage?
A. The harm of hunting animals.
B. The causes of environmental problems.
C. The importance of encouraging kids to protect nature.
D. The right methods of developing children’s idea of nature.
【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. D
【解析】本文讨论的是发展孩子自然观念的正确方法。
1. 考查推理判断题。根据第一段中What the girl had done taught me a lesson. Since then, I have looked at eight-year-olds in a different way.可知，作者受到八岁小女孩的鼓舞。故选A。
2. 考查推理判断题。根据第一段中I had a degree in natural science—but not in child development. What did I think I was accomplishing by putting my environmental concerns on the shoulders of kids who still believe in fairy tales?和第二段中的Kids develop the fear of nature when their primary contact with the natural world is hearing bad news about the environment. If I wanted to inspire conservation action, I needed to change my ways, but now?由此可推知，作者认为她的教学是一个失败。故选C。
3. 考查细节理解题。根据第二段第一句Kids develop the fear of nature when their primary contact with the natural world is hearing bad news about the environment.可知，在学习环境问题时孩子们对大自然变得恐惧。故选B。
4. 考查推理判断题。根据第二段中I came across a research by psychologist Louise Chawla. She wanted to know what had gone on in the childhoods of adults who are good environmental citizens. She found two things most common.可知，作者提到研究目的是为了展示是什么让孩子们关心环境。故选D。
5. 考查主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句What did I think I was accomplishing by putting my environmental concerns on the shoulders of kids who still believe in fairy tales?和最后一段的最后三句I built a relationship with nature and I grew up to care. Now I treat my own kids like the child I was. My kids turn off the water when they brush their teeth and turn off the lights when they leave a room.可知本文讨论的是发展孩子自然观念的正确方法。故选D。
13. （天津市第一中学2018届高三上学期第二次月考）Plants can do arithmetic (算术), No, it’s not that they are doing quadratic equations (二次方程) or some such. It is found that plants do perform what could best be called arithmetic division overnight to help themselves make it through the night without starving.
During the day, plants feed themselves by taking energy from the sun and changing carbon dioxide into sugars and starches (淀粉). But at night, they have to rely on the starches they’ve stored up to survive till dawn returns.
Plants are found to share out their stores of starches by making adjustments to how much they consume. During the night, the mechanism inside the leaf measures the size of the starch store and guesses the length of time until dawn. Information about time comes from an internal clock. The size of the starch store is then divided by the length of time until dawn to set the correct rate of starch consumption, so that, by dawn, around 95 percent of the starches are used up. That is, even in the night, plants are still growing and producing. Understanding how plants continue to grow in the dark could help unlock new ways to increase crop production.
What’s notable is how efficiently plants share out their starch stores. It is pointed out that if the starch store is used too fast, plants will starve and stop growing during the night. If the store is used too slowly, some of it will be wasted.
However, scientists emphasize that this is not evidence for plant intelligence, but simply suggests that plants have a mechanism designed to automatically regulate how fast they bum carbohydrate (碳水化合物) at night. But it offers a window into the secret life of plants, to questions of plant sentience (感受能力) and, the ability of cooperation of plants with animals. Plants may not do math with a purpose in mind like people do. But anyone who opens the refrigerator containing only a tomato and a jar of peanut butter has to admire plant’s ability to divide their starch stores, their food, with such careful efficiency.
1. Plants perform arithmetic division overnight to .
A. regulate how fast to store sugars B. get through the night without starving
C. store the energy from the sun on time D. change carbon dioxide into starches
2. The underlined word “mechanism” in the third paragraph may refer to .
A. the colored part of a plant from which the seed or fruit develops
B. a part of the plant that has a particular purpose such as the root
C. a system of parts in a living thing that together perform a particular fun_ction
D. an organized set of ideas or theories or a particular way of doing something
3. This finding can be of great help in .
A. sports. B. industry C. agriculture D. culture
4. Form the passage, we can infer that .
A. plants often waste their stores of starches
B. using starches irregularly can be harmful to plants
C. starving plants may grow very fast at night
D. using starches too fast may make plants die suddenly
5. What might be the most suitable title for the passage?
A. Whether there is plant intelligence. B. Why plants grow quickly at night.
C. What your plant is doing at night. D. How the internal clock affects plants.
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. C
【解析】植物会做算术！你相信吗？本文就此进行了描述。
1. 考查细节理解题。根据第一段“plants do perform what could best be called arithmetic division overnight to help themselves make it through the night without starving.”可知，植物在晚上进行数学除法，是为了能在不挨饿的情况下度过夜晚。 故选B。
2.考查词义猜测题。根据画线词所在的句子可知，mechanism在植物的叶片内（inside the leaf），有特定的机能（measures the size of the starch store and guesses the length of time until dawn），故可猜出该词的意思应该是“植物体内（执行特殊机能的）的机制”。故选C。
3. 考查细节理解题。根据第三段“Understanding how plants continue to grow in the dark could help unlock new ways to increase crop production.”可知，这个发现如果应用于实践，可能给农业带来很多收益。故选C。
4. 考查推理判断题。根据第四段“if the starch store is used too fast, plants will starve and stop growing during the night. If the store is used too slowly, some of it will be wasted.”可知，植物晚上不能胡乱地分配其储存的淀粉，否则或者挨饿，或者浪费，由此可推知，会对植物本身有害。故选B。
5. 考查标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了植物在夜间可以通过一些类似进行数学除法的方法来分配所储存的淀粉的消耗，以保证其在夜间继续生长，故“What your plant is doing at night”作标题最适合。故选C。
14. (江西省新余一中2018届高三全真模拟)Chinese New Year has been welcomed in Britain with its biggest ever program of events and celebrations.
From London’s Trafalgar Square to major cities across Britain, tens of thousands of British people have joined Chinese communities to celebrate the arrival of the Year of the Rooster.
In Manchester there was a Dragon Parade, led by a spectacular 54-meter long dragon, ending is Chinatown where there was traditional Chinese entertainment, more than 6,000 lanterns, street food villages and a fireworks show. Celebrations also took place in Liverpool. Birmingham, Lake District, Durham, Edinburgh. Leeds and Newcastle.
A cademic Dr. Wu Kegang said that the Chinese New Year event in Britain “is now bigger than ever and it is growing every year.”
When Wu arrived in Britain 26 years ago from Guangdong, south China, the first thing he noticed was that Chinese New Year was celebrated mainly in towns and cities with big Chinese communities. “You would go to London Chinatown and join your countrymen to celebrate, or to Chinatowns in places like Liverpool and Manchester for what were events almost exclusively held for Chinese people,” Wu recalled.
“Now it is so different, and we are seeing local communities all over the country taking part alongside their own Chinese populations,” he said. “It is clear to me that the celebrations will continue to grow in Britain. Chinese New Year has earned its place in the calendar of events in Britain, and is here to stay.”
1. Where did the Dragon Parade take place this year?
A. London. B. Manchester. C. Birmingham. D. Newcastle.
2. When Dr. Wu arrived in Britain 26 years ago, Chinese New Year was .
A. very popular all around Britain
B. celebrated mainly by Chinese communities
C. only celebrated in London, Liverpool and Manchester
D. enjoyed by local communities alongside Chinese populations
3. According to Dr. Wu, how will Chinese New Year develop in the next few years?
A. Grow more popular. B. Turn into an official holiday.
C. Get less remembered. D. Become more important than Christmas.
4. What’s the main idea of this passage?
A. How British celebrate Chinese New Year.
B. More and more British learn about Chinese culture.
C. Chinese New Year has earned its popularity in Britain.
D. Chinese communities celebrate New Year in Britain in various ways.
【答案】1.B 2.B 3.A 4.C
【解析】文章主要介绍了中国传统的新年庆祝活动在英国各地的举行情况，说明中国新年已经在英国的活动日历中占据了一席之地，受到了英国人的欢迎。
1.考查细节推理题。根据第三段In Manchester there was a Dragon Parade, led by a spectacular 54-meter long dragon,可知舞龙活动发生在Manchester，故选B.
2.考查细节推理题。根据第五段the first thing he noticed was that Chinese New Year was celebrated mainly in towns and cities with big Chinese communities.可知26年前，中国的新年
庆祝活动主要是在英国大的华人社区所在的城镇举行，故选B.
3.考查细节推理题。根据最后一段It is clear to me that the celebrations will continue to grow in Britain. Chinese New Year has earned its place in the calendar of events in Britain, and is here to stay.可知Dr. Wu 认为在英国中国新年的庆祝活动将继续增长，中国新年已经在英国的活动
日历中占据了一席之地，故选A.
4.考查主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了中国传统的新年庆祝活动在英国各地的举行情况，说明中国新年已经在英国的活动日历中占据了一席之地，受到了英国人的欢迎。故选C.
15. （辽宁省沈阳市东北育才学校2018届高三一模I READ mostly fiction before I was introduced to CaMalcolm Gladwell's work.
In his TED talk called "Choice, Happiness, and Spaghetti Sauce (意大利面酱)"，he used the examples of Pepsi and spaghetti sauce to argue that giving people choices makes them happy. If I had only heard his conclusion statement and missed the evidence that he employed ，I would have been wondering how he could argue such an interesting point. But he structured his argument like a detective story, with each puzzle piece contributing to the conclusion.
Fascinated，I borrowed his book Outliers: The Story of Success from the library. Each chapter had its own story and argument，and all of the arguments were about factors that contributed to an individual' s success in the world.
The depth of his research was amazing. In the first chapter，he analyzed the reasons behind the crash of Korean Air Flight 801 in 1997，which killed more than 220 people. The disaster took place partly because the co-pilot didn't point out the mistakes that the pilot was making. In South Korea，it' s disrespectful to disagree with higher ups even if they are doing something wrong.
Perhaps most interesting of all，Gladwell explained why Asians are so good at math. He said Asians get an advantage when they learn how to count because their language has fewer syllables (音节) and makes numbers easier to remember.
But Gladwell is mostly interested in answering my favorite question，"Why?” And that’s exactly why I love his works. After reading Outliers: The Story of Success and other books like it，I found myself questioning my commonly-accepted beliefs much more often. After all，why should we take anything for granted?
1. Why does the author write this article?
A