专题八 动词时态&语态（原卷版）
动词的时态和语态问题仍然是高考考查的重点，同时也是很多同学学习起来比较吃力的语法现象。英语有十六种时态，但常考的主要有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时及完成进行时等。语态一般不单独设题，通常结合时态进行综合考查。高考中对动词时态的考查热点主要有：(1)一般现在时和现在进行时表示将来；(2)将来时表示计划和安排；(3)过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的假设；(4)完成时的进行时；(5)固定句型中的时态分布。动词的语态是历年高考的重点，也是高考的必考点。高考主要以语法填空、短文改错等形式对被动语态这一考点进行考查，动词的语态在语法填空和短文改错中是必考点。同时一般把动词的语态和时态放在一起考查.今后时态和语态还将是高考中的重点和难点所在。
一、考查一般现在时及被动语态
【考例1】 (2018天津和平区三模，5)A Midsummer Night’s Dream ????at the Theatre Royal on 19th June， and then tours throughout Scotland.
A. opens B. is opened C. will open D. will be opened
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：《仲夏夜之梦》于6月19日在皇家剧院首演，然后在苏格兰巡演。表示动作按照计划发生，用一般现在时表将来。由后面的tours也可知，设空处应使用一般现在时。open表示“开始公映，开始公演”，是不及物动词，故排除表被动的B项，故答案选A。
【考例2】（北京中国人民大学附属中学2018届高三考前热身8） Rent usually up in the summer， when college graduates are moving out of their dormitories and seeking for new places to move in.
A. will go B. goes C. has gone D. went
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：租金通常在夏天上涨，在那时大学毕业生走出宿舍，寻找新的居住的地方。根据usually可知句子用一般现在时态，再根据句子主语Rent，故答案选B。
【考例3】（南京师范大学附属中学2018届5月模考26） —Have you heard of yesterday's gas explosion?
—Yes. Only two of the 35 miners at the scene ________ to have made it out safely.
A. have thought B. are thought C. had thought D. were thought
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态语态。根据be thought to have done的用法可排除A，C；同时此用法已经表示为过去时了，故答案选B。
【考例4】（2017·北京卷33.）People______ better access to health care than they used to， and they’re living longer as a result.
A. will have B. have C. had D. had had
【答案】B
【解析】句意：人们有着比过去更好的医疗保险，结果他们更长寿。与过去对比是现在，所以than前一句话是用现在的时间，而且后一句用的就是现在时态，所以前面也用现在时态，故答案选B。
【考例5】（2017·江苏卷31.）He’s been informed that he _______ for the scholarship because of his academic background.
A. hasn’t qualified B. hadn’t qualified
C. doesn’t qualify D. wasn’t qualifying
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：他已经被告知由于教育背景的原因而没有资格获得奖学金。qualify for sth达标，获得参赛资格。由于条件不满足而没有资格做某事，是客观事实，故答案选C。
★知识链接★
1. 一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态、特征。句中常用every day／year，often，usually，never，sometimes，always等时间状语。
We always care for each other and help each other.我们一直相互关心相互照顾。
2. 表示客观真理；格言、谚语；书报的标题、小说、戏剧、图、文等的介绍。
Light travels faster than sound.光比声音传播的快。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
3. 一般现在时的替代用法：在由 when， after， before， until， till， as soon as， the minute / second / moment， the next time 等引导的时间状语中或由 if， so / as long as， once， even if， although， whether…or…， in case， whatever， whenever， wherever 等引导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I'll come to help you if I'm free tomorrow.如果我明天有空的话，我将帮助你。
I'll telephone you as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就打电话给你。
When they leave school， they will go back to the country.他们离校将去农村。
注意：（1）表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. （2）在make sure (certain)， see to it， mind， care， matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 ?So long as he works hard， I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. ? 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。 （3）在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中， 若主句是一般将来时， 从句通常用一般现在时。 ?The harder you study， the better results you will get.
二、考查现在进行时及被动语态
【考例1】（2018·天津13）My washing machine ___________this week， so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
A. was repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态。句意：这周我的洗衣机正在修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。根据后句so I have to wash my clothes by hand.可知，洗衣机正在修，故用现在进行时态的被动语态。故答案选C。
【考例2】(2018天津部分区高三质调一，14)—Hello， I ???? to ask if I can book a flight ticket to Hainan tomorrow?
—Sorry， we’ve already sold out.
A. phone B. will phone C. am phoning D. have phoned
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——你好，我打电话是想问一下我能预订一张明天去海南的机票吗?——对不起，机票我们已经售罄。由句意可知打电话是“此时正在发生的事”，故用现在进行时，故答案选C。
【考例3】(2017天津和平区一模，6)—Are we about to have dinner?
—Yes， it ???? in the dining room.
A. serves B. is serving C. is being served D. has been serving
【答案】 C
【解析】句意：—我们准备吃饭吗?—是的，餐厅里正在上饭。考查动词时态和语态。由语境可知说的是现在的事，答句中的it指dinner，serve表示“端上”，饭是“被端上桌的”，故需用被动语态，四个选项中只有C项为被动语态，故答案为C。
【考例4】(2016江苏高考押题卷一，31)Look， what a mess in the room!You ???? things about.
A. have always thrown B. are always throwing
C. always throw D. will always throw
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：看，房间一团糟!你总是把东西四处乱丢。此处考查带有感彩的be always doing“总是……”结构，既可以表示表扬也可以表示抱怨之意，此处表示抱怨。 故答案选B。
【方法探究】从时间上看“现在时刻”，着眼于描述动作。
★知识链接★
现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，或现阶段一直进行的动作(说话时未必正在做)。
They are talking about the coming weekend.他们正在谈论即将到来的周末。
现在进行时的特殊几种用法：
1）现在进行时可用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有一个表示将来的时间状语）用于这种情况的动词主要有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，play，have，wear， get（to）等。例如：
Bob is coming with me to the airport.鲍勃将同我一道到机场来。
We're having a holiday next Monday.我们将在下星期一放假。
2）be + dying ，表示“病危”“即将死亡”。例如：
He is dying.他快要死了。
3）现在进行时还可表示一个经常性动作或状态。这时，或是为了表示一种感情（如赞叹、埋怨、厌烦、批评、不满等）或是为了强调情况的暂时性。这时，可以与always， often等副词连用。例如：
How are you feeling today? 你今天觉得怎么样？ （这比How do you feel today?更显得亲切些。）
She is always thinking of helping others.她总是想着帮助别人。（表示“赞扬”）
He is always borrowing money.他老是向别人借钱。（表示“厌烦”）
He is walking to work， because his bike is being repaired.他现在走着上班，因为他的自行车在修理。（表示暂时情况）
4）有些表状态的动词不能用于进行时的动词。
这一类通常是表示感觉、感情、存在、从属、思维等的动词。如：
（1）表示感觉的动词：see， hear，smell，taste，feel， notice， look， seem， appear；
（2）表示感情的动词：hate， love， fear， like， want， wish， prefer， refuse，forgive；
（3）表示存在状况：be， exist， remain，stay， obtain；
（4）表示占有与从属：have， possess， own， contain，belong， consist of，form；
（5）表示思考、理解understand， know， believe， think， doubt， forget， remember
5）在由while引起的状语从句中，动词通常要用进行时（现在进行时、过去进行时等）。例如：
While you are resting， I will read you today's news.当你休息的时候，我看你今天的报纸。
While I was having my breakfast the morning post came.当我正在吃早饭的时候，早班邮件送来了。
6）如果句中有look， listen等提示语，其后应考虑使用现在进行时。例如：
Look! The children are flying kites over there.看！孩子们正在那边放风筝。
Listen! Han Mei is singing an English song in the classroom.听！韩梅正在教室里唱英语歌。
三、考查现在完成时及被动语态
【考例1】（南京市 2019 届高三年级学情调研）The founding of Shanghai Cooperation Organization， which widely recognized and praised， aims to build friendly international relations.
A．was B. were C. has been D. had been
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态语态。句子给出的时态背景是aims一般现在时，根据句子的意思分析，要排 除一般过去时，并且该动作也不存在“过去的过去”即过去完成时，因此 D 也排除，选 C 现在完成时， 表示到现在为止“已经是……”。故答案选C。
【考例2】（2018·北京7.）China’s high-speed railways _________ from 9，000 to 25，000 kilometers in the past few years.
A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9，000公里增长到25，000公里。该句时间状语为in the past few years。中国高速铁路的增长是从过去一直到现在几年里的情况，故该句应用现在完成时态。故答案选B。
【考例3】（2018·江苏30.）I?was?sent?to?the?village?last?month?to?see?how?the?development?plan
______ in?the?past two years.
A. had?been?carried?out B. would be carried out
C. is?being?carried?out D. has been carried out
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态。句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。根据句中时间状语last month和in the past two years可知用过去完成时。故答案选A。
【考例4】（北京市精华学校2018年高三考前测试4）—Why did you come by taxi?
—My car broke down last week and I still it repaired.
A. didn’t have B. hadn’t had C. haven’t had D. won’t have
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态：句意：--你为什么乘出租车来？--我的车上个星期坏了，我还没请人修呢。说明是到说话的时候还没有修，是现在的结果，用现在完成时，故答案选C。
【考例5】(2018天津南开区一模，15)Oh， my God! The ceiling ????in and the kitchen is flooded. Come quickly， Jack!
A. fell B. had fallen C. has fallen D. was falling
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：哦，天哪!天花板掉了，厨房被淹了。快点，杰克!语境表明此处说的是和“现在”有关的事，排除表示过去的A、B、D三项。故答案选C。
★知识链接★
现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作到现在已完成，或过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
①表示动作在过去发生，但其动作现已完成，但对现在仍有影响。强调对现在造成直接的影响，有完成型和延续型两种。
I have just had my breakfast．我刚刚吃过早饭。
He has left his keys in his office．So he can't enter now．(因此，他现在进不去。)
②表示发生在过去的动作到现在为止已经完成或者一直延续到现在。常和下面的时间状语连用，如：these days，lately，recently，for a long time，for ages，since July，yet，still，ever，already，so far，up to now，in the past few years等词连用。例如：
We haven't seen much of each other these days．
I have known Li Lei for over five years．
Tom has lived in China since 2001．从2001年起汤姆一直住在中国。
Have you finished your work today? 今天你已干完你的工作了吗?
③现在完成时还可用在“时间、条件”状语从句中，表示将来的，比主句的动作早完成的动作。
Don't open the door until the bus has stopped．车停稳才开门。(即：车没停稳不要开门。)
If it has stopped snowing，we'll go to the park．
④have，has been和have／has gone的区别：前者表示“到过某地”(表示某人的经历)；后者表示“去了某地”(人现在不在这儿)。
I have been to the library.我刚从图书馆回来了。
I have gone to the library.他到图书馆去了。（总之，现在她不在这儿。）
⑤现在完成时可与 since连用， since后加时间点或一般过去时态。
He has never been to see him since he has been ill.他生病以来他从没来看过他。
I haven't seen him since I've been back. 我回来后还没有见过他。
⑥It(This)is the first(second)time that……从句常用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I've heard her sing.这是我第一次听她唱歌。
It is the second time we've met each other.这是我们第二次见面了。
⑦"It/This is the best/worst/most interesting+名词+that..."结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。
It is the best film I've ever seen.这是我所看过的最好的一部电影。
四、考查现在完成进行时及被动语态
【考例1】（2018年江苏省南通，徐州等七市五月联考28）Senior 3 students in our school are motivated to study harder and evaluated on a monthly basis to find out how they ______.
A. have been learning B. will learn C. had learnt D. learned
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态语态。句意：我们学校高三的学生被鼓励要努力学习并且他们每个月都会有评估他们之前学的怎么样。have 表达的是过去，并且延伸到现在，D的learnt表示的是过去的动作，现在已经停止，不符合语境。故答案选A。
【考例2】(2018天津河西区三模，6)A report on food safety in Beijing ????on January 15th， 2018 and it has received positive reviews.
A. published B. was published C. has published D. has been published
【答案】?B
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：在北京一篇关于食品安全的报道于2018年1月15日发表。它得到了积极的评价。主语A report和谓语动词publish之间为被动关系，故需用被动语态；由时间状语on January 15th， 2018可知，此处说的是过去发生的事，需用一般过去时；故答案为B。
【考例3】（2016·北京23） —Excuse me， which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars. We ________ here for more than two hours.
A. waited B. wait C. would be waiting D. have been waiting
【答案】D。
【解析】考查时态。句意：——打扰了，你们在等哪一部电影？——《星球大战》，我们已经在这儿等了两个多小时了。“for+时间段”与完成时连用，根据语境可知，说话的时候仍然在等，因此用现在完成进行时，故答案选D。
.【考例4】（2016·江苏29）Dashan， who_________crosstalk， the Chinese comedic tradition， for decades， wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
A. will be learning B. is learning C. had been learning D. has been learning
【答案】D。
【解析】考查时态。句意：大山，一直潜心研究中国的传统戏剧--相声好几十年，想把相声和西方的脱口秀结合起来。根据句中的时间状语for?decades可知应该使用完成时，所以排除A和B两项；由句意"一直潜心研究中国的传统戏剧--相声好几十年"和常识可知，大山研究中国的相声还在进行中，所以用现在完成进行时；故答案选D。
【方法探究】既然是关于时态的问题，那就应该首先从时间状语或状语从句入手，在熟练把握时态结构构成的情况下，结合题干的含义就可以选择出正确的答案。
★知识链接★
现在完成进行时主要表示动作开始于过去某时，一直持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。也就是说，现在完成进行时除了表示动作“已完成”的概念外，也可表示动作“未完成还可能继续”的概念。
I've been waiting for an hour．but he still hasn’t come． 我已经等了一个小时，但他还没有来。
Be careful! The worker has been painting the door．(强调“油漆尚未干”。)
The worker has painted the door．(油漆可能已干。)
五、考查一般过去时及被动语态
【考例1】（2018·北京1） —Hi， I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around?
—Hello， Peter. I’m Bob. I just _________ on Monday.
A. start B. have started C. started D. had started
【答案】C。
【解析】考查时态。句意：—嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。—你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一刚刚开始住在这儿。根据两人谈话内容可知，Bob现在在这儿，他开始(start)住在这儿是发生在周一的事情，周一是一个过去的时间，该句应用一般过去时态，故答案选C。
【考例2】(2018天津十二校二联，8)—Have you played the piano for a long time?
—Yes，since I ????the Aiqin Club.
A. joined B. joins C. had joined D. has joined
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——你弹钢琴很久了吗?——是的，自从我加入了爱琴俱乐部以来。由since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，表示“自……以来”。 故答案选A。
【考例3】(2018北京丰台区一模，3)A splendid eight-minute show on Beijing ????at the closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics.
A. staged B. will be staged C. had staged D. was staged
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：在2018年冬季奥运会闭幕式上，上演了精彩绝伦的“北京八分钟”。根据at the closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics 可知，时间为过去；句子主语A splendid eight-minute show 与stage 之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态，故答案选D。
【考例4】(2018天津春，8)I jumped with joy the moment I ????my driver’s license in the mail.
A. receive B. received C. had received D. would receive
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：收到我驾照的邮件后，我高兴得跳了起来。the moment(=as soon as)“一……就……”，引导时间状语从句，表示两个动作先后发生，即从句动作发生后主句动作随即发生，故答案选B。
【考例5】（北京市精华学校2018年高三考前测试9）—You know quite a lot about the fashion show.
—Well，Cathy ________ it to me during lunch.
A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. will introduce
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你对这次时装表演知道得真多。——是的，Cathy在吃午饭时给我介绍过了。从对话的语境可以判断吃午饭时为过去时间，所以用过去时。故答案选B。
【考例6】（2017·北京卷24） —______ that company to see how they think of our product yesterday?
—Yes. They are happy with it.
A. Did you call B. Have you called C. Will you call D. Were you calling
【答案】A。
【解析】句意：--你昨天有没有给那家公司打电话问问他们对我们的产品感觉怎么样？--打了，他们此刻正用得很开心。空格所在题干有一个很明显的时间状语yesterday，发生在过去，肯定用过去式，故答案选A。
★知识链接★
1. 表示过去发生的事、存在的状态或反复发生的动作。常和表示过去的时间连用。
1）yesterday及相关短语 如：yesterday morning/afternoon/evening?昨天上午/下午/晚上。
2）“last+?时间状语”构成的短语。如：last night/month/spring/year?昨晚/上个月/去年春天/去年。
3）?“一段时间+ago”组成的短语。
如：three days ago?三天以前??four years ago四年以前。??4）“介词+?时间名词”组成的短语。如：in 1999?在1999年；on the morning of December 25th??在12月25号早上。
I went to school at 7：00 yesterday morning.我昨天早晨七点去上学。
She was not at home last night.她昨晚八点没在家。
2. 过去发生的连惯性动作、经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态。
He often had lunch at school last month.他上个月经常在学校吃午饭。
3. 在时间、条件、让步等从句中表示“过去的将来”。
He?asked?me?if?I?would?stay?here.??他问我是否要待在这儿。
If?I?had?a?chance?to?study?abroad，?I?would?study?at?Harvard?University.?如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去哈佛大学。?
六、考查过去进行时及被动语态
【考例1】（2018·北京4）Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
A. is working B. was working C. has worked D. had worked
【答案】B。
【解析】考查时态。句意：Susan已经辞去了高薪工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。Susan辞职发生在她当志愿者之前，had quit时过去完成时态，过去完成时通俗的说就是“过去的过去”，且结合时间状语when I visited her last year可知，Susan做志愿者的是过去的某个时间段发生的情况，故用过去进行时，故答案选B。
【考例2】(2018天津河西区一模，7)—I dropped by at 6：00 pm yesterday but failed to see you at your house.
—I ????in a gym at that time.
A. was exercising B. am exercising C. have exercised D. had exercised
?【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——我昨天下午6点来过，但没能在你家见到你。——当时我正在健身房锻炼。此处表示“在过去特定的时间点(下午六点)正在发生的事”，故用过去进行时，故答案选A。
【考例3】(2018天津十二所重点中学高三一联，8)—Dad， you should have taken me to the football match this morning.
—I had intended to， but I couldn’t spare any time. I ????a report.
had written B. wrote C. was writing D. would write
【答案】?C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——爸爸，你今天早上应该带我去看足球赛的。——我本打算带你去的，但我抽不出时间。我在写一份报告。由should have taken可知是对过去情况的虚拟，由语境可知，说的是过去正在发生的事情，故用过去进行时。故答案选C。
【考例4】（2017·天津卷8.）I ________down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
A. was driving B. have driven C. would drive D. drove
【答案】A。
【解析】考查时态。句意：我正开车去伦敦，突然发现我走错路了。根据句意可知，when?I?suddenly? found…我突然发现我走错路了，说明当时我正在路上开着车，叙述是过去某个时间点正在进行的动作，故使用过去进行时，故答案选A。
【考例5】(2017江苏，27)He hurried home， never once looking back to see if he ????.
A. was being followed B. was following C. had been followed D. followed
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：他匆忙往家赶，从未回头看看是否有人跟着他。 根据句意可知，设空处是被动语态，因此排除B项和D项。从题干中的hurried可知语境为过去。C项是过去完成时，表示跟踪这个动作发生在往家赶之前，与语境不符，因此选择A项，表示当时正在被跟踪。故答案选A。
★知识链接★
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。常与状语：at that time，at this time，from 8 to 9等连用。
用于故事中情节、场面的描述；go，start，come，leave，arrive等的过去进行式常表示过去将来时。
On a cold morning．a hunter was walking through a forest when he saw abear．他穿过森林时，看见了一只熊。
He was leaving for London the next week．在一个寒冷的早晨。他下个星期就要去伦敦了。
七、考查过去完成时及被动语态
【考例1】（2018·江苏30）I?was?sent?to?the?village?last?month?to?see?how?the?development?plan?
_______ in?the?past two years.
A. had?been?carried?out B. would be carried out
C. is?being?carried?out D. has been carried out
【答案】A。
【解析】考查时态。句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。根据句中时间状语last month和in the past two years可知用过去完成时。故答案选A。
【考例2】(2018北京，9)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ???? in the mountains for two days.
A.are trapping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：一位救援人员冒着生命危险营救了两名已经在山中被困两天的游客。 根据主句的谓语动词risked可知事情发生在过去，而“被困”发生在risked之前，故用过去完成时。定语从句的先行词是two tourists，与从句的谓语动词trap之间是被动关系，因此设空处应用过去完成时的被动语态。故答案选D。
【考例3】(2018天津红桥区二模，10)—Did you see Tom at the party?
—No， he ????by the time I got there.
A. left B. was leaving C. has left D. had left
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：—你在聚会上见到汤姆了吗?—没有，我到的时候他已经走了。由时间状语by the time I got there可知，此处表示“过去之前”的事，故用过去完成时，故答案选D。
【考例4】(2018天津南开中学4月月考，2)In order to escape from being punished， they tried to hide the truth that their neglect ????the accident.
A. would cause B. caused C. had caused D. has caused
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：为了逃避惩罚，他们试图隐瞒是他们的疏忽引起了事故的真相。由语境可知“引起事故”发生在“tried to hide”的动作之前，即“过去之前”，故用过去完成时，故答案选C。
【考例5】（2017·北京卷29） In the 1950s in the USA， most families had just one phone at home， and wireless phones _______ yet.
A. haven’t invented B. haven’t been invented
C. hadn’t invented D. hadn’t been invented
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态。句意：在美国20世纪50年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话，并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除AC，事情发生在过去，与现在无关，不用现在完成时，排除B，故答案选D，过去完成时的被动语态。
方法探究 此类试题首先要搞清楚题中所有动作和行为之间的关系，是否有先后顺序。其次，还要重点掌握用过去完成时的固定结构。
★知识链接★
1. 表示在过去某一时刻或某一事件之前已经发生或完成的动作、状态。即：过去的过去。常用by，before等短语或when，before等从句引导。
Tom and I became friends in 2000，although we had actually met several years before.汤姆和我在2000年成为朋友，尽管几年前我们就见过面。
I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.我发现演讲很难懂，因为当我到达时已经开始了。
By eleven o'clock they had had lunch.他们十一点就吃了午饭。
Before she arrived at this school， she hadn't known anything about it.在到达这所学校之前，她对这所学校的情况一无所知。
How many English words had you learned by the end of last term? 到上学期末你们学了多少英语单词？
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常由for或since引导的表示段时间的短语或从句连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来时，我在车站已经等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来，他就在那家工厂工作。
3. 用于I had expected／thought／intended／meant…等结构中表示过去未曾实现的愿望、
打算或企图。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get there in time.他们本打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我们本来希望能看看你。
4. 在hardly／scarcely．．．when．．．和no sooner．．．than．．．句式中主句用过去完成时，且位于句首常用倒装。译为“……·就……”和it was the first（second，...... etc） time （that）......等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。
5. 过去完成时此种用法常见于as if／if／if only引导的虚拟从句中以及1 wish／I’d rather的宾语从句中，表示与过去完全相反的假设。例如：
If he had known the fact，he would not have phoned Mr．Li for it．如果他知道这个事实，他就不会打电话给李先生。
I wish I had known him before．我真希望我以前就认识他。
八、考查一般将来时及被动语态
【考例1】(2018天津河西区一模，13)Please wear your best clothes on Monday， as your class photos ????????then.
A. will take B. will be taken C. have taken D. have been taken
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：星期一请穿上你们最好的衣服，因为届时你们将拍班级照。由句中的时间状语on Monday和then可知，此处指的是将来。class photos与take之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；故用一般将来时的被动语态，故答案选B。
【考例2】(2018·扬州、南通、连云港调研)—I hear a Tibetan student in your school________ and that you’ve raised money for him.
—Well， the doctors are considering a conservative therapy.
A．was operated on B．will be operated on
C．is being operated on D．has been operated on
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：——我听说你们学校一名西藏的学生将进行手术， 你们为他募捐了。 ——哦。 医生们正在考虑一种保守治疗的方法。 根据答语判断手术还没有进行， 应是将来发生的动作， student是operate的动作承受者， 故答案选B。
【考例3】(2017北京海淀区二模，32)—Do you know when your mother ???? to pick you up?
—At 11：40 am.
A.had come B. is coming C. has come D. would come
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你知道你妈妈什么时候来接你吗?——上午11：40。考查动词时态。此处用表示位置移动的动词的现在进行时表示将来，故答案选B。
【考例4】(2016北京，30)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ????with success in the end.
A .rewarded B. were rewarded C. will reward D. will be rewarded
【答案】?D???
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。?句意：学生们一直都很努力学习功课，最终回报他们的努力的将是成功。their efforts与reward之间为被动关系，and前的分句为现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，并且还可能持续下去，结合后一分句中的in the end可知应用一般将来时的被动语态。故答案选D。
【方法探究】 除一般现在时和现在进行时可用来表示按计划、安排就要发生的动作或行为以外，be going to，be to do，be about to do等结构也可以表示将来，特别要注意它们之间的区别。
★知识链接★
1. 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow， next week（year，month）等表示时间的副词或副词短语连用。例如：
Will he be back in an hour? 他一小时候回来吗？
We shan't watch TV this evening.今晚我们不看电视。
2. 某些终止性动词的现在进行时可表示将来。这类动词常见的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，spent，sail，meet等这种结构常用来表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。例如：
The train is leaving at 8：00.火车八点开。
She is spending her holiday in China.她将要到中国度假。
3. 某些动词也可用一般现在时表示将来时。一般现在时表示将来时，通常强调已决定的、有计划的或者即将发生的行为。而且通常应与表示未来的时间状语连用。用于这种结构的动词通常为：begin， come，go， leave，sail， start， arrive， meet， return， dine等。例如：
We meet tomorrow morning at the school gate.我们明天早上在学校门口碰头。
I leave for Shanghai on Saturday.我星期六起程去上海。
4. 表示将来时的几种特殊表达方法：
① be about to do表示马上或立刻就要做的事情或发生的动作，很少与表示将来的时间
状语连用。常用来搭配的结构为be about to do…when…，意思是“正要……就在这时……”。
Many of the coal mines are about to be closed.其中许多煤矿就要被关闭了。
② be to do表示按照计划即将做某事或发生的动作，时间上没有be about to do那么近，
但发生的时间也不会很远；还可以表示注定、应该或表示命令、禁止和宣布决定等。也可用
于过去时，was／were to do，表示曾经计划或打算要做的事。
The meeting is to be held this afternoon.这个会将在今天下午召开。
③be going to do多用于口语，表示事先经过考虑甚至作了周密计划而要做某事或要发
生的动作和行为。也可以表示根据现在的迹象，对未来作出推断。
We are going to play football after school.我们放学后去踢足球。
注意：如果表示说话人的判断，不宜用will代替 be going to。例如：
Look at the dark clouds. It’s going to rain.看那乌云。要下雨了。（这里不用will代替 be going to.）
但是，如果表示交谈时的临时决定，则不宜用be going to 应用will 或shall。例如：
---I'm sorry. I forgot to post your letter.—“对不起，我忘记给你寄信了。”
---That's all right. I'll post it myself.—“没关系，我自己去寄。”（这里不用I'm going to post it myself。）
④祈使句+and／then／or+陈述句这个结构中，陈述句用一般将来时。例如：
Watch closely and you will find how it works．仔细观察，你会发现它是如何工作的。
九、考查将来进行时及被动语态
【考例1】(2018天津高考压轴卷，15)You’ll recognize me when you get out of the station. I ???? jeans and a white T-shirt.
A. will be wearing B. had worn C. was wearing D. have worn
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：当你出站的时候，你就会认出我来。我将穿一条牛仔裤和一件白T恤。由句意可知此处表示将来某时正在发生的事，需用将来进行时，故答案选A。
【考例2】(2018天津六校二月联考，28)—Shall we set out at five sharp in the morning?
—No， don’t ring me up that early. I ????.
A. sleep B. will be sleeping C. am sleeping D. will sleep
【答案】?B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——我们早上5点整出发好吗?——不，别那么早给我打电话。我那时还在睡觉。语境表示“早上5点整”这个未来时间正在发生的动作，故用将来进行时，故答案选B。
【考例3】(2017天津和平区一模，10)—Have you heard from Jane recently?
—No， but I ???? her over Christmas.
A. saw B. will be seeing C. have seen D. have been seeing
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——你最近有简的消息吗?——没有，但我会在圣诞节期间见到她。问句时态为现在完成时，表示“最近有简的消息吗?”由回答为否定的可知，最近“我”没有简的任何消息，由此可排除A、C、D，选将来进行时will be seeing。over Christmas =during Christmas， 表示“在圣诞节期间”。 故答案选B。
【考例4】—Could I use your car tomorrow morning?
—Sure.I ________ a report at home.
A．will be writing B．will have written C．have written D．have been writing
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意为：明天早上我可以用你的车吗？——当然可以。明天早上我在写一份报告。根据时间状语tomorrow morning可知，表示将来正在发生的动作，所以用将来进行时，故答案选A。
★知识链接★
①表示将来某时正在进行的动作，它一般不表意愿，常表已安排好的事，给人一种期待之感，多与表示将来的时间状语连用。
②表示“纯粹”将来，将来进行时不带感彩，而一般将来时中的will起着情态动词的作用，常表示意愿、决心等，因此，现代口语中常用此时态表示将来发生的动作或情况。
③表示推测，will还有“大概”或“一定”的意味，即表示一种揣测和表示某种倾向或习惯性的动作，不表将来现在，常与now连用。
We will be seeing a fashion show this time tomorrow．明天这时候我们将在看时装表演。
I’1l be taking my holidays soon．我不久将要度假了。
Will you be telephoning him tomorrow?你明天会不会给他打电话?
试比较：
I will go to Shanghai tomorrow．我明天要去上海(表意愿、打算、决心等)。
I will be going to Shanghai tomorrow．我明天要去上海了(单纯表将来时间)。
I’1l be having classes tomorrow morning．明天上午我有课。
They will be watching football game now．他们现在大概在观看足球赛呢。
It's Sunday．She won't be studying now．今天是星期天，她不会在学习的。
十、考查将来完成时及被动语态
【考例】（2018·江苏31）Hopefully?in?2025?we?will?no?longer?be?e-mailing?each?other， for?we _______ more convenient electronic communication?tools?by?then.
A. have developed B. had?developed C. will?have?developed D. developed
【答案】C。
【解析】考查时态。句意：希望在2025年，我们不再互相发电子邮件，因为到那时候我们将开发更方便的电子通信工具。根据时间状语in 2025，可知用将来时；再根据时间状语by then到那时，可知用完成时。结合两者可知用将来完成时。故答案选C。
将来完成时表示在未来的某个日期或某个动作发生之前将要完成的动作。它也可以用来表示一种假设。例如：
They will have been here for ten years next July．到明年7月份他们就在这里住10年了。
I shall have finished the work before he returns． 在他回来之前， 我将已经做完这项工作了。
She'll have arrived by now． 她这时可能已经到了 。
十一、过去将来时及被动语态
【考例1】(2018天津市第一中学下学期第四次月考，14)—What were you up to when he went to see you?
—I ???? TV for a moment and ???? some housework.
A. had watched； did B. had watched； was going to do
C. watched； did D. was watching； was going to do
?【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：—他去看你的时候你在干什么?—我看了一会儿电视，正打算做些家务。由语境可知，此处叙述的是过去的事，所以基调是一般过去时；又由and可知，此处表示两个动作一前一后发生“刚做完某事，正要……”。第一个设空处有“过去之前”之意，故用过去完成时；第二个设空处强调“正要做某事”，需用过去将来时。故答案选B。
【考例2】 Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child， few people guessed that he a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
A. has been B. had been C. was going to be D. was
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态。句意：爱因斯坦出生于1879年，小的时候很少人猜到他将会成为一个伟大的科学家，他的理论将会改变全世界。根据句意，结合以上的表述以及后句使用的情态动词would（will 的过去时，用于过去将来时），分析可知应该是表达过去将来时，故答案选C。
【方法探究】表示从过去某时看将要发生的事，或表示过去习惯性的动作，它常用在宾语从句中。另外，在时间、条件状语从句中过去将来时还可用一般过去式代替非真实的动作或状态。
★知识链接★
1. 一般过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看将要发生的事或存在的状态。时间的出发点是过去。该时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。而主句的谓语动词常常是过去时间或有过去完成时。例如：
My brother told me that he would be back on Saturday.我哥哥告诉我他星期天回来。
He said that the meeting would begin at half past nine this morning.他说会议将在今天早晨九点半开始。
No one knew which country would hold the next Olympic Games.没有人知道哪个国家将举行下次奥林匹克运动会。
2. 表示过去将来时的几种方法：
①was（were） going to do sth表示已经决定或已经安排要做的事，也可以用来表示很可能或必然发生的事。例如：
He said he was going to start for Guangzhou next week.他说他打算下星期动身去广州。
I was going to play volleyball on Monday， but I can't now.我打算星期一打排球，而现在不行。
②was（were ）about to do表示即将做或正要做，不能与表示具体将来的时间状语连用。例如：
They were about to start when it rained.他们正要出发，天就下起雨来了。
③was（were）to do sth表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务应该在短期内将要发生的动作。例如：
This experience was to change his life.这个经历后来改变了他的生活道路。
He said all these things were to be answered for.他说所有这一切都是要偿还的。
④某些终止性动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时。这类动词常见的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，spent，sail，meet等这种结构常用来表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。例如：
I didn't know that they were coming.我不知道他们什么时候来。
There they found a wounded boy， who was dying.在那儿，他们发现了一个受伤的男孩，快要死了。
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1.(2018天津高考压轴卷，2)Up till now， more than 120 world-famous enterprises ????companies in this city.
A. have established B. established
C. will establish D. have been established
2.(2018天津河东区一模，3)—Got your driving license?
—No. I ????too busy to have enough practice， so I didn’t take the driving test last week.
was B. am C. have been D. had been
3.(2018天津部分区高三质调一，11)Various efforts ???? in the past decades to protect the environment.
A. had made B. have made C. were made D. have been made
4. (2018天津高考压轴卷，14)—Listen! What’s on upstairs?
—Mrs Li ????the exchange students to perform Beijing Opera.
A. teaches B. taught C .is teaching D. was teaching
5.(2018天津六校二月联考，20)This sort of clothing material， which feels soft， ????.
A. catches fire easily B. is caught fire easily
C. is easy caught fire D. is easily to catch fire
6.(2018天津和平区一模，6)By the end of last year， another new hospital ????in our city.
A. would complete B. would be completed
C. was completed D .had been completed
7.(2018天津市第一中学五月月考，2)Up to now， he ????chairman of the Students?? Union twice in our college.
A. has elected B. elects C. is elected D. has been elected
8.(2018北京通州区四月模拟，4)He noticed that he ????by a stranger when he was walking in the street.
A. was being followed B. was following C. had followed D. followed
9. (2018·江苏扬州中学开学考试)—I didn’t expect that John would be absent from my last Sunday’s birthday party.
—As far as I know， he ________ to see his parents in the countryside on Sundays.
A．goes B．went C．has gone D．had gone
10.(2018·苏州一模)In order to pay off his debts， Mike had to sell his car. After all， he ________ it for five years.
A．has had B．has bought C．had had D．had bought
11.(2017天津南开区二模，11)—Monitor?
—I’m not monitor of our class. I ????the teacher until the monitor is elected.
A. will just help B. am just to help
C. am just helping D. have just helped
12.(2017 天津红桥区二模，7) They must be very tired now， for they ???? in the field the whole morning.
A. worked B. are working C. had worked D. have been working
13.(2017天津河东区二模，1)It’s very hard to describe how it ???? to really be in love.
A. is felt B. feels C. feeling D. is feeling
14. (2016北京海淀区二模，30)—Let’s go to the cinema this Sunday morning.
—I’d love to， but I ???? as a volunteer in my community then.
A. will work B. have worked C. will be working D .was working
15. (2016天津高三八校联考，6)—Have you persuaded him?
—Yes. After hours of discussion， I ????to persuade him into accepting the new plan.
A. managed B. would manage C. have managed D. had managed
16 .(2016浙江浙大附中高考全真模拟，15)—Has Billy finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He ???? it this morning.
would do B. was doing C .has done D. had done
17.(2016江苏苏锡常镇二模，27)I could have finished my self-reflection last weekend， but the math classes and exercises ???? all my spare time.
A. take up B. had taken up???? C. took up D. had been taking up
18. —How come you are all wet?
—I ________in the rain on the way here.
A．caught B．got caught C．have caught D．had got caught
19. —Guess what! We’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
—How nice! You ________ a different culture then.
A．will be experiencing B．have experienced
C．have been experiencing D．will have experienced
20. Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she ______ a class at that time.
A. will teach B. would teach C. has taught D. will be teaching
二、句型训练（Choose the right words in brackets）
1. 还要过很长一段时间，普通人才能去太空旅行。（before）
2.只要你对自己充满信心，你迟早会实现童年的梦想。(as long as)
3.你认为在中国发射人造飞船到月球之前将要多长时间？（before）
4．一旦那个工程师下定决心，就没有谁能说服他改变最初的决定。(once)
5.他们本来计划在太阳落山前到达目的地，但是意外发生了。(occur)
6.仔细检查作文的话，许多拼写错误时可以避免的。(check)
7. 这是自从我到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。（since）
8. 到目前为止此会议已在我的家乡举行三次了。（“It is the＋序数词＋time＋that从句）
9. 最近一些年，中国在环保方面取得了很大的成就。
10. 令我高兴的是，在成百上千的申请者中我被选中参加开幕式。
三、Translate the following into Chinese（英译汉）
1.Internet economy is providing China’s foreign and domestic trade with new opportunities.
2.It is/has been fifteen years since China entered WTO， during which time dramatic changes have taken place in both ordinary people’s life and the country’s pillar industry.
3.The government has taken several measures to create more jobs for the unemployed/laid-off people.
4.Please make up your mind/make your decision as early as possible， or you’ll miss the good/golden chance/opportunity.
5.Unless you keep a balanced diet， you will put on weight.
6.The places of interest in Xi'an attract my family all the time，and I hope we will be enjoying ourselves this time next year.
7. It is reported that China will have completed its first orbiting space station by around 2022.
8. This nationwide smog should serve as a reminder to all, indicating a high time that we reflected on what we've done to the environment.
9. I have been thinking about what you’ve said and I’ve decided to take your advice.
10. I could have finished my self-reflection last weekend, but the math classes and exercises took up all my spare time.
四、Translate the following into English（汉译英）
1.在我们学校，教师和学生都可以免费上网。
2.没有清洁水源，几年后这个地区将会是什么样子？
3.人们越来越依赖互联网。(dependent)
4.他去年写的小说卖的很好，这使得他一夜成名。?(which)???
5.她刚一坐下门铃就响了。
6.再试一下，你很有可能就成功了。
7.他训练了很长的一段时间，所以获得比赛的胜利是他应得的。（so， deserve）
8.世上的一切事情都在不断地发生着变化。
9.等到史密斯先生到达超市时，我们将已经在那里待一个小时了。
10.这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了，不是吗？
11.汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。
12.昨天我把那台不能用的空调退还给了出售它的商店并得到了退款。（where）
13.那位科学家认为还要好几年这个理论才能付诸于实践。(before)
14.我们每个人要对为了养育我们而牺牲了自己事业的母亲报恩。(sacrifice)
三、完形填空
（湖南湖北八市十二校2019届高三第一次调研联考）When I was a young man I had much ego (自负). I thought I ___1____ everything. I looked forward to fame and success. I can even remember once in college ___2____ telling one of my friends: “If only everyone listened to me, then they would all be happy.” I ___3____ left school, ready to take on the world. Little did I know the world was about to take on me.
In the ___4____ following college, instead of success, I found struggles. I had __5_____ in finding work. My jobs were either temporary or were ____6___ badly. When my wife and I had children, we were ___7____ to learn that both of our sons had Autism (自闭症) and would need to be ___8____ for the rest of their lives. I had no ___9____why this had happened to us.
In time, however, I began to ____10____. My ego was decreasing fast. Instead of success, I found my ___11_____ in moments of love. Playing and ____12____ with my sons brought me so much happiness. My boys ___13_____ me more about peace, patience, joy and love than I could have ever learned on my own. I began to share the ____14____ I learned through my writings and my life. I finally realized that my ____15____ in this world had nothing to do with fame or success. ____16____, it had everything to do with allowing love and light into my life and ____17____ it with everyone I could.
You may not be happy 100% of the time. ____18____ can be in this world. Yet, you will find a joy no earthly (世俗的) ____19____ could ever give. Put all of your moments, days, and years to good use then. ___20_____ them with love.
1．A． knew B． deserved C． possessed D． confirmed
2．A． calmly B． honestly C． proudly D． eagerly
3．A． frequently B． finally C． suddenly D． smoothly
4．A． years B． months C． weeks D． days
5．A． fun B． regret C． power D． trouble
6．A． done B． paid C． prepared D． judged
7．A． exhausted B． annoyed C． shocked D． embarrassed
8．A． taken charge of B． paid attention to
C． put up with D． taken care of
9．A． belief B． hope C． opinion D． idea
10．A． agree B． change C． struggle D． improve
11．A． challenge B． joy C． luck D． goal
12．A． laughing B． toying C． swimming D． working
13．A． fetched B． brought C． prepared D． taught
14．A． theories B． contents C． lessons D． truths
15．A． demand B． career C． purpose D． world
16．A． Therefore B． Again C． Also D． Instead
17．A． sharing B． owning C． admiring D． enjoying
18．A． Somebody B． Nobody C． Everybody D． Anybody
19．A． person B． matter C． success D． experience
20．A． Live B． Fill C． Exchange D． Equip
四、语法填空（黄冈市2018年高三年级9月质量检测）Chinese-American community groups are preparing to hold their second annual International Confucius Cultural Festival（孔子文化节）on Sept, 8 in Flushing Queens, New York City's easternmost borough.
The event serves not only ___1___ a spectacular ceremony to memorize the world-famous Chinese philosopher, but a chance ___2___celebrate) Chinese culture together with other local communities, said Wang Lizhi, president of America East Shandong Association( AESA).
Co-sponsored by AESA, America East Shandong Chamber of Commerce and Confucius Education Foundation Inc, the festival ___3___ (feature) recitation of the“Di Zi Gui，”literally translated as "Standards for being a Good Pupil and Child," a book ___4___ (write) based on Confucius' teachings that emphasize the ___5___ (base) necessities for being a good person and guidelines for ___6___ (live)in harmony with others, as well as Chinese traditional dances, Shan- dong folk music and photo exhibitions.
The groups hosted the___7___ (one) International Confucius Cultural Festival in flushing on Sept. 8 Last year to celebrate the 2,18th anniversary of the birth of Confucius (511 BC -79 BC).
Confucius was ___8___ extraordinary educator and philosopher, and founded Confucianism. It was he ___9___ first set up private schools and received students from every walk of life without ___10___ (consider) of their social status.
专题八 动词时态&语态（解析版）
动词的时态和语态问题仍然是高考考查的重点，同时也是很多同学学习起来比较吃力的语法现象。英语有十六种时态，但常考的主要有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时及完成进行时等。语态一般不单独设题，通常结合时态进行综合考查。高考中对动词时态的考查热点主要有：(1)一般现在时和现在进行时表示将来；(2)将来时表示计划和安排；(3)过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的假设；(4)完成时的进行时；(5)固定句型中的时态分布。动词的语态是历年高考的重点，也是高考的必考点。高考主要以语法填空、短文改错等形式对被动语态这一考点进行考查，动词的语态在语法填空和短文改错中是必考点。同时一般把动词的语态和时态放在一起考查.今后时态和语态还将是高考中的重点和难点所在。
一、考查一般现在时及被动语态
【考例1】 (2018天津和平区三模，5)A Midsummer Night’s Dream ????at the Theatre Royal on 19th June， and then tours throughout Scotland.
A. opens B. is opened C. will open D. will be opened
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：《仲夏夜之梦》于6月19日在皇家剧院首演，然后在苏格兰巡演。表示动作按照计划发生，用一般现在时表将来。由后面的tours也可知，设空处应使用一般现在时。open表示“开始公映，开始公演”，是不及物动词，故排除表被动的B项，故答案选A。
【考例2】（北京中国人民大学附属中学2018届高三考前热身8） Rent usually up in the summer， when college graduates are moving out of their dormitories and seeking for new places to move in.
A. will go B. goes C. has gone D. went
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：租金通常在夏天上涨，在那时大学毕业生走出宿舍，寻找新的居住的地方。根据usually可知句子用一般现在时态，再根据句子主语Rent，故答案选B。
【考例3】（南京师范大学附属中学2018届5月模考26） —Have you heard of yesterday's gas explosion?
—Yes. Only two of the 35 miners at the scene ________ to have made it out safely.
A. have thought B. are thought C. had thought D. were thought
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态语态。根据be thought to have done的用法可排除A，C；同时此用法已经表示为过去时了，故答案选B。
【考例4】（2017·北京卷33.）People______ better access to health care than they used to， and they’re living longer as a result.
A. will have B. have C. had D. had had
【答案】B
【解析】句意：人们有着比过去更好的医疗保险，结果他们更长寿。与过去对比是现在，所以than前一句话是用现在的时间，而且后一句用的就是现在时态，所以前面也用现在时态，故答案选B。
【考例5】（2017·江苏卷31.）He’s been informed that he _______ for the scholarship because of his academic background.
A. hasn’t qualified B. hadn’t qualified
C. doesn’t qualify D. wasn’t qualifying
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：他已经被告知由于教育背景的原因而没有资格获得奖学金。qualify for sth达标，获得参赛资格。由于条件不满足而没有资格做某事，是客观事实，故答案选C。
★知识链接★
1. 一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态、特征。句中常用every day／year，often，usually，never，sometimes，always等时间状语。
We always care for each other and help each other.我们一直相互关心相互照顾。
2. 表示客观真理；格言、谚语；书报的标题、小说、戏剧、图、文等的介绍。
Light travels faster than sound.光比声音传播的快。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
3. 一般现在时的替代用法：在由 when， after， before， until， till， as soon as， the minute / second / moment， the next time 等引导的时间状语中或由 if， so / as long as， once， even if， although， whether…or…， in case， whatever， whenever， wherever 等引导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
I'll come to help you if I'm free tomorrow.如果我明天有空的话，我将帮助你。
I'll telephone you as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就打电话给你。
When they leave school， they will go back to the country.他们离校将去农村。
注意：（1）表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. （2）在make sure (certain)， see to it， mind， care， matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 ?So long as he works hard， I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. ? 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。 （3）在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中， 若主句是一般将来时， 从句通常用一般现在时。 ?The harder you study， the better results you will get.
二、考查现在进行时及被动语态
【考例1】（2018·天津13）My washing machine ___________this week， so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
A. was repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态。句意：这周我的洗衣机正在修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。根据后句so I have to wash my clothes by hand.可知，洗衣机正在修，故用现在进行时态的被动语态。故答案选C。
【考例2】(2018天津部分区高三质调一，14)—Hello， I ???? to ask if I can book a flight ticket to Hainan tomorrow?
—Sorry， we’ve already sold out.
A. phone B. will phone C. am phoning D. have phoned
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——你好，我打电话是想问一下我能预订一张明天去海南的机票吗?——对不起，机票我们已经售罄。由句意可知打电话是“此时正在发生的事”，故用现在进行时，故答案选C。
【考例3】(2017天津和平区一模，6)—Are we about to have dinner?
—Yes， it ???? in the dining room.
A. serves B. is serving C. is being served D. has been serving
【答案】 C
【解析】句意：—我们准备吃饭吗?—是的，餐厅里正在上饭。考查动词时态和语态。由语境可知说的是现在的事，答句中的it指dinner，serve表示“端上”，饭是“被端上桌的”，故需用被动语态，四个选项中只有C项为被动语态，故答案为C。
【考例4】(2016江苏高考押题卷一，31)Look， what a mess in the room!You ???? things about.
A. have always thrown B. are always throwing
C. always throw D. will always throw
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：看，房间一团糟!你总是把东西四处乱丢。此处考查带有感彩的be always doing“总是……”结构，既可以表示表扬也可以表示抱怨之意，此处表示抱怨。 故答案选B。
【方法探究】从时间上看“现在时刻”，着眼于描述动作。
★知识链接★
现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，或现阶段一直进行的动作(说话时未必正在做)。
They are talking about the coming weekend.他们正在谈论即将到来的周末。
现在进行时的特殊几种用法：
1）现在进行时可用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有一个表示将来的时间状语）用于这种情况的动词主要有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，play，have，wear， get（to）等。例如：
Bob is coming with me to the airport.鲍勃将同我一道到机场来。
We're having a holiday next Monday.我们将在下星期一放假。
2）be + dying ，表示“病危”“即将死亡”。例如：
He is dying.他快要死了。
3）现在进行时还可表示一个经常性动作或状态。这时，或是为了表示一种感情（如赞叹、埋怨、厌烦、批评、不满等）或是为了强调情况的暂时性。这时，可以与always， often等副词连用。例如：
How are you feeling today? 你今天觉得怎么样？ （这比How do you feel today?更显得亲切些。）
She is always thinking of helping others.她总是想着帮助别人。（表示“赞扬”）
He is always borrowing money.他老是向别人借钱。（表示“厌烦”）
He is walking to work， because his bike is being repaired.他现在走着上班，因为他的自行车在修理。（表示暂时情况）
4）有些表状态的动词不能用于进行时的动词。
这一类通常是表示感觉、感情、存在、从属、思维等的动词。如：
（1）表示感觉的动词：see， hear，smell，taste，feel， notice， look， seem， appear；
（2）表示感情的动词：hate， love， fear， like， want， wish， prefer， refuse，forgive；
（3）表示存在状况：be， exist， remain，stay， obtain；
（4）表示占有与从属：have， possess， own， contain，belong， consist of，form；
（5）表示思考、理解understand， know， believe， think， doubt， forget， remember
5）在由while引起的状语从句中，动词通常要用进行时（现在进行时、过去进行时等）。例如：
While you are resting， I will read you today's news.当你休息的时候，我看你今天的报纸。
While I was having my breakfast the morning post came.当我正在吃早饭的时候，早班邮件送来了。
6）如果句中有look， listen等提示语，其后应考虑使用现在进行时。例如：
Look! The children are flying kites over there.看！孩子们正在那边放风筝。
Listen! Han Mei is singing an English song in the classroom.听！韩梅正在教室里唱英语歌。
三、考查现在完成时及被动语态
【考例1】（南京市 2019 届高三年级学情调研）The founding of Shanghai Cooperation Organization， which widely recognized and praised， aims to build friendly international relations.
A．was B. were C. has been D. had been
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态语态。句子给出的时态背景是aims一般现在时，根据句子的意思分析，要排 除一般过去时，并且该动作也不存在“过去的过去”即过去完成时，因此 D 也排除，选 C 现在完成时， 表示到现在为止“已经是……”。故答案选C。
【考例2】（2018·北京7.）China’s high-speed railways _________ from 9，000 to 25，000 kilometers in the past few years.
A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9，000公里增长到25，000公里。该句时间状语为in the past few years。中国高速铁路的增长是从过去一直到现在几年里的情况，故该句应用现在完成时态。故答案选B。
【考例3】（2018·江苏30.）I?was?sent?to?the?village?last?month?to?see?how?the?development?plan
______ in?the?past two years.
A. had?been?carried?out B. would be carried out
C. is?being?carried?out D. has been carried out
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态。句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。根据句中时间状语last month和in the past two years可知用过去完成时。故答案选A。
【考例4】（北京市精华学校2018年高三考前测试4）—Why did you come by taxi?
—My car broke down last week and I still it repaired.
A. didn’t have B. hadn’t had C. haven’t had D. won’t have
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态：句意：--你为什么乘出租车来？--我的车上个星期坏了，我还没请人修呢。说明是到说话的时候还没有修，是现在的结果，用现在完成时，故答案选C。
【考例5】(2018天津南开区一模，15)Oh， my God! The ceiling ????in and the kitchen is flooded. Come quickly， Jack!
A. fell B. had fallen C. has fallen D. was falling
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：哦，天哪!天花板掉了，厨房被淹了。快点，杰克!语境表明此处说的是和“现在”有关的事，排除表示过去的A、B、D三项。故答案选C。
★知识链接★
现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作到现在已完成，或过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
①表示动作在过去发生，但其动作现已完成，但对现在仍有影响。强调对现在造成直接的影响，有完成型和延续型两种。
I have just had my breakfast．我刚刚吃过早饭。
He has left his keys in his office．So he can't enter now．(因此，他现在进不去。)
②表示发生在过去的动作到现在为止已经完成或者一直延续到现在。常和下面的时间状语连用，如：these days，lately，recently，for a long time，for ages，since July，yet，still，ever，already，so far，up to now，in the past few years等词连用。例如：
We haven't seen much of each other these days．
I have known Li Lei for over five years．
Tom has lived in China since 2001．从2001年起汤姆一直住在中国。
Have you finished your work today? 今天你已干完你的工作了吗?
③现在完成时还可用在“时间、条件”状语从句中，表示将来的，比主句的动作早完成的动作。
Don't open the door until the bus has stopped．车停稳才开门。(即：车没停稳不要开门。)
If it has stopped snowing，we'll go to the park．
④have，has been和have／has gone的区别：前者表示“到过某地”(表示某人的经历)；后者表示“去了某地”(人现在不在这儿)。
I have been to the library.我刚从图书馆回来了。
I have gone to the library.他到图书馆去了。（总之，现在她不在这儿。）
⑤现在完成时可与 since连用， since后加时间点或一般过去时态。
He has never been to see him since he has been ill.他生病以来他从没来看过他。
I haven't seen him since I've been back. 我回来后还没有见过他。
⑥It(This)is the first(second)time that……从句常用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I've heard her sing.这是我第一次听她唱歌。
It is the second time we've met each other.这是我们第二次见面了。
⑦"It/This is the best/worst/most interesting+名词+that..."结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。
It is the best film I've ever seen.这是我所看过的最好的一部电影。
四、考查现在完成进行时及被动语态
【考例1】（2018年江苏省南通，徐州等七市五月联考28）Senior 3 students in our school are motivated to study harder and evaluated on a monthly basis to find out how they ______.
A. have been learning B. will learn C. had learnt D. learned
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态语态。句意：我们学校高三的学生被鼓励要努力学习并且他们每个月都会有评估他们之前学的怎么样。have 表达的是过去，并且延伸到现在，D的learnt表示的是过去的动作，现在已经停止，不符合语境。故答案选A。
【考例2】(2018天津河西区三模，6)A report on food safety in Beijing ????on January 15th， 2018 and it has received positive reviews.
A. published B. was published C. has published D. has been published
【答案】?B
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：在北京一篇关于食品安全的报道于2018年1月15日发表。它得到了积极的评价。主语A report和谓语动词publish之间为被动关系，故需用被动语态；由时间状语on January 15th， 2018可知，此处说的是过去发生的事，需用一般过去时；故答案为B。
【考例3】（2016·北京23） —Excuse me， which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars. We ________ here for more than two hours.
A. waited B. wait C. would be waiting D. have been waiting
【答案】D。
【解析】考查时态。句意：——打扰了，你们在等哪一部电影？——《星球大战》，我们已经在这儿等了两个多小时了。“for+时间段”与完成时连用，根据语境可知，说话的时候仍然在等，因此用现在完成进行时，故答案选D。
.【考例4】（2016·江苏29）Dashan， who_________crosstalk， the Chinese comedic tradition， for decades， wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
A. will be learning B. is learning C. had been learning D. has been learning
【答案】D。
【解析】考查时态。句意：大山，一直潜心研究中国的传统戏剧--相声好几十年，想把相声和西方的脱口秀结合起来。根据句中的时间状语for?decades可知应该使用完成时，所以排除A和B两项；由句意"一直潜心研究中国的传统戏剧--相声好几十年"和常识可知，大山研究中国的相声还在进行中，所以用现在完成进行时；故答案选D。
【方法探究】既然是关于时态的问题，那就应该首先从时间状语或状语从句入手，在熟练把握时态结构构成的情况下，结合题干的含义就可以选择出正确的答案。
★知识链接★
现在完成进行时主要表示动作开始于过去某时，一直持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。也就是说，现在完成进行时除了表示动作“已完成”的概念外，也可表示动作“未完成还可能继续”的概念。
I've been waiting for an hour．but he still hasn’t come． 我已经等了一个小时，但他还没有来。
Be careful! The worker has been painting the door．(强调“油漆尚未干”。)
The worker has painted the door．(油漆可能已干。)
五、考查一般过去时及被动语态
【考例1】（2018·北京1） —Hi， I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around?
—Hello， Peter. I’m Bob. I just _________ on Monday.
A. start B. have started C. started D. had started
【答案】C。
【解析】考查时态。句意：—嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。—你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一刚刚开始住在这儿。根据两人谈话内容可知，Bob现在在这儿，他开始(start)住在这儿是发生在周一的事情，周一是一个过去的时间，该句应用一般过去时态，故答案选C。
【考例2】(2018天津十二校二联，8)—Have you played the piano for a long time?
—Yes，since I ????the Aiqin Club.
A. joined B. joins C. had joined D. has joined
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——你弹钢琴很久了吗?——是的，自从我加入了爱琴俱乐部以来。由since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，表示“自……以来”。 故答案选A。
【考例3】(2018北京丰台区一模，3)A splendid eight-minute show on Beijing ????at the closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics.
A. staged B. will be staged C. had staged D. was staged
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：在2018年冬季奥运会闭幕式上，上演了精彩绝伦的“北京八分钟”。根据at the closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics 可知，时间为过去；句子主语A splendid eight-minute show 与stage 之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态，故答案选D。
【考例4】(2018天津春，8)I jumped with joy the moment I ????my driver’s license in the mail.
A. receive B. received C. had received D. would receive
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：收到我驾照的邮件后，我高兴得跳了起来。the moment(=as soon as)“一……就……”，引导时间状语从句，表示两个动作先后发生，即从句动作发生后主句动作随即发生，故答案选B。
【考例5】（北京市精华学校2018年高三考前测试9）—You know quite a lot about the fashion show.
—Well，Cathy ________ it to me during lunch.
A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. will introduce
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你对这次时装表演知道得真多。——是的，Cathy在吃午饭时给我介绍过了。从对话的语境可以判断吃午饭时为过去时间，所以用过去时。故答案选B。
【考例6】（2017·北京卷24） —______ that company to see how they think of our product yesterday?
—Yes. They are happy with it.
A. Did you call B. Have you called C. Will you call D. Were you calling
【答案】A。
【解析】句意：--你昨天有没有给那家公司打电话问问他们对我们的产品感觉怎么样？--打了，他们此刻正用得很开心。空格所在题干有一个很明显的时间状语yesterday，发生在过去，肯定用过去式，故答案选A。
★知识链接★
1. 表示过去发生的事、存在的状态或反复发生的动作。常和表示过去的时间连用。
1）yesterday及相关短语 如：yesterday morning/afternoon/evening?昨天上午/下午/晚上。
2）“last+?时间状语”构成的短语。如：last night/month/spring/year?昨晚/上个月/去年春天/去年。
3）?“一段时间+ago”组成的短语。
如：three days ago?三天以前??four years ago四年以前。??4）“介词+?时间名词”组成的短语。如：in 1999?在1999年；on the morning of December 25th??在12月25号早上。
I went to school at 7：00 yesterday morning.我昨天早晨七点去上学。
She was not at home last night.她昨晚八点没在家。
2. 过去发生的连惯性动作、经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态。
He often had lunch at school last month.他上个月经常在学校吃午饭。
3. 在时间、条件、让步等从句中表示“过去的将来”。
He?asked?me?if?I?would?stay?here.??他问我是否要待在这儿。
If?I?had?a?chance?to?study?abroad，?I?would?study?at?Harvard?University.?如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去哈佛大学。?
六、考查过去进行时及被动语态
【考例1】（2018·北京4）Susan had quit her well-paid job and _________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
A. is working B. was working C. has worked D. had worked
【答案】B。
【解析】考查时态。句意：Susan已经辞去了高薪工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。Susan辞职发生在她当志愿者之前，had quit时过去完成时态，过去完成时通俗的说就是“过去的过去”，且结合时间状语when I visited her last year可知，Susan做志愿者的是过去的某个时间段发生的情况，故用过去进行时，故答案选B。
【考例2】(2018天津河西区一模，7)—I dropped by at 6：00 pm yesterday but failed to see you at your house.
—I ????in a gym at that time.
A. was exercising B. am exercising C. have exercised D. had exercised
?【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——我昨天下午6点来过，但没能在你家见到你。——当时我正在健身房锻炼。此处表示“在过去特定的时间点(下午六点)正在发生的事”，故用过去进行时，故答案选A。
【考例3】(2018天津十二所重点中学高三一联，8)—Dad， you should have taken me to the football match this morning.
—I had intended to， but I couldn’t spare any time. I ????a report.
had written B. wrote C. was writing D. would write
【答案】?C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——爸爸，你今天早上应该带我去看足球赛的。——我本打算带你去的，但我抽不出时间。我在写一份报告。由should have taken可知是对过去情况的虚拟，由语境可知，说的是过去正在发生的事情，故用过去进行时。故答案选C。
【考例4】（2017·天津卷8.）I ________down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
A. was driving B. have driven C. would drive D. drove
【答案】A。
【解析】考查时态。句意：我正开车去伦敦，突然发现我走错路了。根据句意可知，when?I?suddenly? found…我突然发现我走错路了，说明当时我正在路上开着车，叙述是过去某个时间点正在进行的动作，故使用过去进行时，故答案选A。
【考例5】(2017江苏，27)He hurried home， never once looking back to see if he ????.
A. was being followed B. was following C. had been followed D. followed
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：他匆忙往家赶，从未回头看看是否有人跟着他。 根据句意可知，设空处是被动语态，因此排除B项和D项。从题干中的hurried可知语境为过去。C项是过去完成时，表示跟踪这个动作发生在往家赶之前，与语境不符，因此选择A项，表示当时正在被跟踪。故答案选A。
★知识链接★
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。常与状语：at that time，at this time，from 8 to 9等连用。
用于故事中情节、场面的描述；go，start，come，leave，arrive等的过去进行式常表示过去将来时。
On a cold morning．a hunter was walking through a forest when he saw abear．他穿过森林时，看见了一只熊。
He was leaving for London the next week．在一个寒冷的早晨。他下个星期就要去伦敦了。
七、考查过去完成时及被动语态
【考例1】（2018·江苏30）I?was?sent?to?the?village?last?month?to?see?how?the?development?plan?
_______ in?the?past two years.
A. had?been?carried?out B. would be carried out
C. is?being?carried?out D. has been carried out
【答案】A。
【解析】考查时态。句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。根据句中时间状语last month和in the past two years可知用过去完成时。故答案选A。
【考例2】(2018北京，9)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ???? in the mountains for two days.
A.are trapping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：一位救援人员冒着生命危险营救了两名已经在山中被困两天的游客。 根据主句的谓语动词risked可知事情发生在过去，而“被困”发生在risked之前，故用过去完成时。定语从句的先行词是two tourists，与从句的谓语动词trap之间是被动关系，因此设空处应用过去完成时的被动语态。故答案选D。
【考例3】(2018天津红桥区二模，10)—Did you see Tom at the party?
—No， he ????by the time I got there.
A. left B. was leaving C. has left D. had left
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：—你在聚会上见到汤姆了吗?—没有，我到的时候他已经走了。由时间状语by the time I got there可知，此处表示“过去之前”的事，故用过去完成时，故答案选D。
【考例4】(2018天津南开中学4月月考，2)In order to escape from being punished， they tried to hide the truth that their neglect ????the accident.
A. would cause B. caused C. had caused D. has caused
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：为了逃避惩罚，他们试图隐瞒是他们的疏忽引起了事故的真相。由语境可知“引起事故”发生在“tried to hide”的动作之前，即“过去之前”，故用过去完成时，故答案选C。
【考例5】（2017·北京卷29） In the 1950s in the USA， most families had just one phone at home， and wireless phones _______ yet.
A. haven’t invented B. haven’t been invented
C. hadn’t invented D. hadn’t been invented
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态。句意：在美国20世纪50年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话，并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除AC，事情发生在过去，与现在无关，不用现在完成时，排除B，故答案选D，过去完成时的被动语态。
方法探究 此类试题首先要搞清楚题中所有动作和行为之间的关系，是否有先后顺序。其次，还要重点掌握用过去完成时的固定结构。
★知识链接★
1. 表示在过去某一时刻或某一事件之前已经发生或完成的动作、状态。即：过去的过去。常用by，before等短语或when，before等从句引导。
Tom and I became friends in 2000，although we had actually met several years before.汤姆和我在2000年成为朋友，尽管几年前我们就见过面。
I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.我发现演讲很难懂，因为当我到达时已经开始了。
By eleven o'clock they had had lunch.他们十一点就吃了午饭。
Before she arrived at this school， she hadn't known anything about it.在到达这所学校之前，她对这所学校的情况一无所知。
How many English words had you learned by the end of last term? 到上学期末你们学了多少英语单词？
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常由for或since引导的表示段时间的短语或从句连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来时，我在车站已经等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来，他就在那家工厂工作。
3. 用于I had expected／thought／intended／meant…等结构中表示过去未曾实现的愿望、
打算或企图。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get there in time.他们本打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我们本来希望能看看你。
4. 在hardly／scarcely．．．when．．．和no sooner．．．than．．．句式中主句用过去完成时，且位于句首常用倒装。译为“……·就……”和it was the first（second，...... etc） time （that）......等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。
5. 过去完成时此种用法常见于as if／if／if only引导的虚拟从句中以及1 wish／I’d rather的宾语从句中，表示与过去完全相反的假设。例如：
If he had known the fact，he would not have phoned Mr．Li for it．如果他知道这个事实，他就不会打电话给李先生。
I wish I had known him before．我真希望我以前就认识他。
八、考查一般将来时及被动语态
【考例1】(2018天津河西区一模，13)Please wear your best clothes on Monday， as your class photos ????????then.
A. will take B. will be taken C. have taken D. have been taken
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：星期一请穿上你们最好的衣服，因为届时你们将拍班级照。由句中的时间状语on Monday和then可知，此处指的是将来。class photos与take之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；故用一般将来时的被动语态，故答案选B。
【考例2】(2018·扬州、南通、连云港调研)—I hear a Tibetan student in your school________ and that you’ve raised money for him.
—Well， the doctors are considering a conservative therapy.
A．was operated on B．will be operated on
C．is being operated on D．has been operated on
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：——我听说你们学校一名西藏的学生将进行手术， 你们为他募捐了。 ——哦。 医生们正在考虑一种保守治疗的方法。 根据答语判断手术还没有进行， 应是将来发生的动作， student是operate的动作承受者， 故答案选B。
【考例3】(2017北京海淀区二模，32)—Do you know when your mother ???? to pick you up?
—At 11：40 am.
A.had come B. is coming C. has come D. would come
【答案】B
【解析】考查时态。句意：——你知道你妈妈什么时候来接你吗?——上午11：40。考查动词时态。此处用表示位置移动的动词的现在进行时表示将来，故答案选B。
【考例4】(2016北京，30)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ????with success in the end.
A .rewarded B. were rewarded C. will reward D. will be rewarded
【答案】?D???
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。?句意：学生们一直都很努力学习功课，最终回报他们的努力的将是成功。their efforts与reward之间为被动关系，and前的分句为现在完成进行时，表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，并且还可能持续下去，结合后一分句中的in the end可知应用一般将来时的被动语态。故答案选D。
【方法探究】 除一般现在时和现在进行时可用来表示按计划、安排就要发生的动作或行为以外，be going to，be to do，be about to do等结构也可以表示将来，特别要注意它们之间的区别。
★知识链接★
1. 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow， next week（year，month）等表示时间的副词或副词短语连用。例如：
Will he be back in an hour? 他一小时候回来吗？
We shan't watch TV this evening.今晚我们不看电视。
2. 某些终止性动词的现在进行时可表示将来。这类动词常见的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，spent，sail，meet等这种结构常用来表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。例如：
The train is leaving at 8：00.火车八点开。
She is spending her holiday in China.她将要到中国度假。
3. 某些动词也可用一般现在时表示将来时。一般现在时表示将来时，通常强调已决定的、有计划的或者即将发生的行为。而且通常应与表示未来的时间状语连用。用于这种结构的动词通常为：begin， come，go， leave，sail， start， arrive， meet， return， dine等。例如：
We meet tomorrow morning at the school gate.我们明天早上在学校门口碰头。
I leave for Shanghai on Saturday.我星期六起程去上海。
4. 表示将来时的几种特殊表达方法：
① be about to do表示马上或立刻就要做的事情或发生的动作，很少与表示将来的时间
状语连用。常用来搭配的结构为be about to do…when…，意思是“正要……就在这时……”。
Many of the coal mines are about to be closed.其中许多煤矿就要被关闭了。
② be to do表示按照计划即将做某事或发生的动作，时间上没有be about to do那么近，
但发生的时间也不会很远；还可以表示注定、应该或表示命令、禁止和宣布决定等。也可用
于过去时，was／were to do，表示曾经计划或打算要做的事。
The meeting is to be held this afternoon.这个会将在今天下午召开。
③be going to do多用于口语，表示事先经过考虑甚至作了周密计划而要做某事或要发
生的动作和行为。也可以表示根据现在的迹象，对未来作出推断。
We are going to play football after school.我们放学后去踢足球。
注意：如果表示说话人的判断，不宜用will代替 be going to。例如：
Look at the dark clouds. It’s going to rain.看那乌云。要下雨了。（这里不用will代替 be going to.）
但是，如果表示交谈时的临时决定，则不宜用be going to 应用will 或shall。例如：
---I'm sorry. I forgot to post your letter.—“对不起，我忘记给你寄信了。”
---That's all right. I'll post it myself.—“没关系，我自己去寄。”（这里不用I'm going to post it myself。）
④祈使句+and／then／or+陈述句这个结构中，陈述句用一般将来时。例如：
Watch closely and you will find how it works．仔细观察，你会发现它是如何工作的。
九、考查将来进行时及被动语态
【考例1】(2018天津高考压轴卷，15)You’ll recognize me when you get out of the station. I ???? jeans and a white T-shirt.
A. will be wearing B. had worn C. was wearing D. have worn
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：当你出站的时候，你就会认出我来。我将穿一条牛仔裤和一件白T恤。由句意可知此处表示将来某时正在发生的事，需用将来进行时，故答案选A。
【考例2】(2018天津六校二月联考，28)—Shall we set out at five sharp in the morning?
—No， don’t ring me up that early. I ????.
A. sleep B. will be sleeping C. am sleeping D. will sleep
【答案】?B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——我们早上5点整出发好吗?——不，别那么早给我打电话。我那时还在睡觉。语境表示“早上5点整”这个未来时间正在发生的动作，故用将来进行时，故答案选B。
【考例3】(2017天津和平区一模，10)—Have you heard from Jane recently?
—No， but I ???? her over Christmas.
A. saw B. will be seeing C. have seen D. have been seeing
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——你最近有简的消息吗?——没有，但我会在圣诞节期间见到她。问句时态为现在完成时，表示“最近有简的消息吗?”由回答为否定的可知，最近“我”没有简的任何消息，由此可排除A、C、D，选将来进行时will be seeing。over Christmas =during Christmas， 表示“在圣诞节期间”。 故答案选B。
【考例4】—Could I use your car tomorrow morning?
—Sure.I ________ a report at home.
A．will be writing B．will have written C．have written D．have been writing
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意为：明天早上我可以用你的车吗？——当然可以。明天早上我在写一份报告。根据时间状语tomorrow morning可知，表示将来正在发生的动作，所以用将来进行时，故答案选A。
★知识链接★
①表示将来某时正在进行的动作，它一般不表意愿，常表已安排好的事，给人一种期待之感，多与表示将来的时间状语连用。
②表示“纯粹”将来，将来进行时不带感彩，而一般将来时中的will起着情态动词的作用，常表示意愿、决心等，因此，现代口语中常用此时态表示将来发生的动作或情况。
③表示推测，will还有“大概”或“一定”的意味，即表示一种揣测和表示某种倾向或习惯性的动作，不表将来现在，常与now连用。
We will be seeing a fashion show this time tomorrow．明天这时候我们将在看时装表演。
I’1l be taking my holidays soon．我不久将要度假了。
Will you be telephoning him tomorrow?你明天会不会给他打电话?
试比较：
I will go to Shanghai tomorrow．我明天要去上海(表意愿、打算、决心等)。
I will be going to Shanghai tomorrow．我明天要去上海了(单纯表将来时间)。
I’1l be having classes tomorrow morning．明天上午我有课。
They will be watching football game now．他们现在大概在观看足球赛呢。
It's Sunday．She won't be studying now．今天是星期天，她不会在学习的。
十、考查将来完成时及被动语态
【考例】（2018·江苏31）Hopefully?in?2025?we?will?no?longer?be?e-mailing?each?other， for?we _______ more convenient electronic communication?tools?by?then.
A. have developed B. had?developed C. will?have?developed D. developed
【答案】C。
【解析】考查时态。句意：希望在2025年，我们不再互相发电子邮件，因为到那时候我们将开发更方便的电子通信工具。根据时间状语in 2025，可知用将来时；再根据时间状语by then到那时，可知用完成时。结合两者可知用将来完成时。故答案选C。
将来完成时表示在未来的某个日期或某个动作发生之前将要完成的动作。它也可以用来表示一种假设。例如：
They will have been here for ten years next July．到明年7月份他们就在这里住10年了。
I shall have finished the work before he returns． 在他回来之前， 我将已经做完这项工作了。
She'll have arrived by now． 她这时可能已经到了 。
十一、过去将来时及被动语态
【考例1】(2018天津市第一中学下学期第四次月考，14)—What were you up to when he went to see you?
—I ???? TV for a moment and ???? some housework.
A. had watched； did B. had watched； was going to do
C. watched； did D. was watching； was going to do
?【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：—他去看你的时候你在干什么?—我看了一会儿电视，正打算做些家务。由语境可知，此处叙述的是过去的事，所以基调是一般过去时；又由and可知，此处表示两个动作一前一后发生“刚做完某事，正要……”。第一个设空处有“过去之前”之意，故用过去完成时；第二个设空处强调“正要做某事”，需用过去将来时。故答案选B。
【考例2】 Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child， few people guessed that he a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
A. has been B. had been C. was going to be D. was
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态。句意：爱因斯坦出生于1879年，小的时候很少人猜到他将会成为一个伟大的科学家，他的理论将会改变全世界。根据句意，结合以上的表述以及后句使用的情态动词would（will 的过去时，用于过去将来时），分析可知应该是表达过去将来时，故答案选C。
【方法探究】表示从过去某时看将要发生的事，或表示过去习惯性的动作，它常用在宾语从句中。另外，在时间、条件状语从句中过去将来时还可用一般过去式代替非真实的动作或状态。
★知识链接★
1. 一般过去将来时主要表示从过去某时看将要发生的事或存在的状态。时间的出发点是过去。该时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。而主句的谓语动词常常是过去时间或有过去完成时。例如：
My brother told me that he would be back on Saturday.我哥哥告诉我他星期天回来。
He said that the meeting would begin at half past nine this morning.他说会议将在今天早晨九点半开始。
No one knew which country would hold the next Olympic Games.没有人知道哪个国家将举行下次奥林匹克运动会。
2. 表示过去将来时的几种方法：
①was（were） going to do sth表示已经决定或已经安排要做的事，也可以用来表示很可能或必然发生的事。例如：
He said he was going to start for Guangzhou next week.他说他打算下星期动身去广州。
I was going to play volleyball on Monday， but I can't now.我打算星期一打排球，而现在不行。
②was（were ）about to do表示即将做或正要做，不能与表示具体将来的时间状语连用。例如：
They were about to start when it rained.他们正要出发，天就下起雨来了。
③was（were）to do sth表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务应该在短期内将要发生的动作。例如：
This experience was to change his life.这个经历后来改变了他的生活道路。
He said all these things were to be answered for.他说所有这一切都是要偿还的。
④某些终止性动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时。这类动词常见的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，spent，sail，meet等这种结构常用来表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。例如：
I didn't know that they were coming.我不知道他们什么时候来。
There they found a wounded boy， who was dying.在那儿，他们发现了一个受伤的男孩，快要死了。
一、选择题（Choose the best answer）
1.(2018天津高考压轴卷，2)Up till now， more than 120 world-famous enterprises ????companies in this city.
A. have established B. established
C. will establish D. have been established
【答案】?A
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：到目前为止，已有120多家世界知名企业在本市设立了公司。 由时间状语Up till now可知，此处需用现在完成时；enterprises和动词establish之间为主动关系，故排除D，故答案选A。
2.(2018天津河东区一模，3)—Got your driving license?
—No. I ????too busy to have enough practice， so I didn’t take the driving test last week.
was B. am C. have been D. had been
【答案】?D
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——拿到你的驾驶执照了吗?——没有，我之前太忙了，练习得不够，所以我上周没有参加驾驶考试。语境表示“上周考试之前(过去之前)很忙”，故用过去完成时。故答案选D。
3.(2018天津部分区高三质调一，11)Various efforts ???? in the past decades to protect the environment.
A. had made B. have made C. were made D. have been made
?【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：在过去的几十年间，为了保护环境人们做了各种努力。in the past decades是现在完成时的标志；复数名词efforts是句子主语，和谓语动词make之间是被动关系，所以此处用现在完成时的被动语态have been made，故答案选D。
4. (2018天津高考压轴卷，14)—Listen! What’s on upstairs?
—Mrs Li ????the exchange students to perform Beijing Opera.
A. teaches B. taught C .is teaching D. was teaching
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——听!楼上在做什么?——李老师正在教交换生表演京剧。根据语境中的“Listen!”可知，此处表示现在正在发生的动作，即此刻正在教学生京剧，需要现在进行时，故答案选C。
5.(2018天津六校二月联考，20)This sort of clothing material， which feels soft， ????.
A. catches fire easily B. is caught fire easily
C. is easy caught fire D. is easily to catch fire
【答案】??A
【解析】考查动词的语态。句意：这种摸上去柔软的服装材料容易着火。句子的核心结构为“This sort of clothing material catches fire easily.”。表示物的属性和功能用主动表被动。sth. catches fire easily某物容易着火。故答案选A。
6.(2018天津和平区一模，6)By the end of last year， another new hospital ????in our city.
A. would complete B. would be completed
C. was completed D .had been completed
【答案】?D
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：到去年年底，我市又建成了一家新医院。考查动词时态和语态。由时间状语By the end of last year可知，此处指的时间是“过去之前”，即过去的过去，故用过去完成时；又主语hospital与动词complete之间为被动关系，故需用过去完成时的被动语态，故答案选D。
7.(2018天津市第一中学五月月考，2)Up to now， he ????chairman of the Students?? Union twice in our college.
A. has elected B. elects C. is elected D. has been elected
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：迄今为止，他在我们学院已经两次当选学生会主席。由时间状语Up to now“到现在为止，迄今为止”可知，此处需用现在完成时；又由主语he和动词elect之间的被动关系可知，应用被动语态；故需用现在完成时的被动语态，故答案选D。
8.(2018北京通州区四月模拟，4)He noticed that he ????by a stranger when he was walking in the street.
A. was being followed B. was following C. had followed D. followed
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：他注意到当他在街上走着的时候，有一个陌生人跟着他。由主句谓语动词noticed可知，此处叙述的是过去发生的事；由时间状语when he was walking in the street可知，说的是过去正在发生的事；由主语he和动词follow之间的被动关系，可知需用被动语态。由此可知此处需用过去进行时的被动语态，故答案选A。
9. (2018·江苏扬州中学开学考试)—I didn’t expect that John would be absent from my last Sunday’s birthday party.
—As far as I know， he ________ to see his parents in the countryside on Sundays.
A．goes B．went C．has gone D．had gone
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词的时态。根据回答“据我所知， 他周日去看望农村的父母”可知是经常性的动作， 因此用一般现在时。故答案选A。
10.(2018·苏州一模)In order to pay off his debts， Mike had to sell his car. After all， he ________ it for five years.
A．has had B．has bought C．had had D．had bought
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。 句意：为了还清债务， Mike不得不卖掉他的小汽车。 毕竟， 他买这部汽车已经五年了。 “买汽车”的动作先于“卖汽车”的动作， 故用过去完成时， 表示“过去的过去”，又因此处表示延续性动作，故答案选C。
11.(2017天津南开区二模，11)—Monitor?
—I’m not monitor of our class. I ????the teacher until the monitor is elected.
A. will just help B. am just to help
C. am just helping D. have just helped
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：——班长?——我不是我们班的班长。我只是临时协助老师直到班长选出来。现在进行时表示“暂时性和临时性”，故答案选C。
12.(2017 天津红桥区二模，7) They must be very tired now， for they ???? in the field the whole morning.
A. worked B. are working C. had worked D. have been working
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：他们现在一定很累，因为他们在田地里劳作了一上午了语 境表明动作一直持续到现在，并且还可能持续下去，故用现在完成进行时，故答案选D。
13.(2017天津河东区二模，1)It’s very hard to describe how it ???? to really be in love.
A. is felt B. feels C. feeling D. is feeling
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：很难描述真正恋爱的感觉。feel在此处为系动词，没有被动语态，且语境表示的是“常态性”的东西，没有“正在进行”之意，故答案选B。
14. (2016北京海淀区二模，30)—Let’s go to the cinema this Sunday morning.
—I’d love to， but I ???? as a volunteer in my community then.
A. will work B. have worked C. will be working D .was working
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词的时态句意：——咱们这个周日上午去看电影吧。——我想去，但是那个时候我将正在社区当志愿者。后面的时间状语then指的是上句中的this Sunday morning，表示的是将来某个时间段正在发生的事，故应用将来进行时。故答案选C。
15. (2016天津高三八校联考，6)—Have you persuaded him?
—Yes. After hours of discussion， I ????to persuade him into accepting the new plan.
A. managed B. would manage C. have managed D. had managed
【答案】?A
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：——你说服他了吗?——是的，经过了数个小时的讨论，我成功说服他接受了这项新计划。 问句问的是和现在有关的情况，用了现在完成时。答句说的是过去的事，需用一般过去时。故答案选A。
16 .(2016浙江浙大附中高考全真模拟，15)—Has Billy finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He ???? it this morning.
would do B. was doing C .has done D. had done
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词的时态句意：——Billy今天完成他的作业了吗?——我不知道。今天早晨他还正在做。语境说的是过去某一特定的时间段(this morning)正在发生的事，故用过去进行时。故答案选B。
17.(2016江苏苏锡常镇二模，27)I could have finished my self-reflection last weekend， but the math classes and exercises ???? all my spare time.
A. take up B. had taken up???? C. took up D. had been taking up
【答案】C????
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：我原本可以在上周末完成我的自我反思，但是数学课和练习占据了我所有的空闲时间。考查时态。从could have finished和last weekend可知说的是过去的事，故用一般过去时。故答案选C。
18. —How come you are all wet?
—I ________in the rain on the way here.
A．caught B．got caught C．have caught D．had got caught
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。get caught in the rain“被雨淋”， 是习惯用法，根据语境可知，在路上被雨淋是过去发生的动作， 所以用一般过去时。故答案选B。
19. —Guess what! We’ve got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
—How nice! You ________ a different culture then.
A．will be experiencing B．have experienced
C．have been experiencing D．will have experienced
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意为：—猜猜怎么着？我们已经拿到了今年夏天去英国短期参观的签证。—太好了，那时你将体验不同的文化。由答句中的then可知，描述将来的动作，故排除B、C两项，D项句意未体现，故答案选A。
20. Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she ______ a class at that time.
A. will teach B. would teach C. has taught D. will be teaching
【答案】D
【解析】考查时态。句意：简不能参加今天下午3点钟的会议，因为她那个时候在一个班上课。根据句中的时间状语at that time，指代at 3 o’clock this afternoon，表示在将来的某一时刻正在做某事，故用将来完成时。故答案选D。
二、句型训练（Choose the right words in brackets）
1. 还要过很长一段时间，普通人才能去太空旅行。（before）
【答案】It will be a long time before common people can travel to space/ can go travelling in space.
2.只要你对自己充满信心，你迟早会实现童年的梦想。(as long as)
【答案】As long as you are confident about yourself， you will realize your childhood dream sooner or later.
3.你认为在中国发射人造飞船到月球之前将要多长时间？（before）
【答案】How long do you think it will be before China sends a manned spaceship to the moon?
4．一旦那个工程师下定决心，就没有谁能说服他改变最初的决定。(once)
【答案】Nobody can persuade the engineer to change his original decision once he has made up his mind
5.他们本来计划在太阳落山前到达目的地，但是意外发生了。(occur)
【答案】They had planned/planned to have reached the destination before the sunset， but something unexpected occurred.
6.仔细检查作文的话，许多拼写错误时可以避免的。(check)
【答案】Many spelling mistakes can be avoided if you check your composition carefully.
7. 这是自从我到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。（since）
【答案】It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
8. 到目前为止此会议已在我的家乡举行三次了。（“It is the＋序数词＋time＋that从句）
【答案】It is the third time so far that such a meeting has been held in my hometown.
9. 最近一些年，中国在环保方面取得了很大的成就。
【答案】In the last few years, China has made great achievements in environmental protection.
10. 令我高兴的是，在成百上千的申请者中我被选中参加开幕式。
【答案】To my delight, I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
三、Translate the following into Chinese（英译汉）
1.Internet economy is providing China’s foreign and domestic trade with new opportunities.
【答案】互联网经济在为中国的国内外贸易提供新的机遇。
2.It is/has been fifteen years since China entered WTO， during which time dramatic changes have taken place in both ordinary people’s life and the country’s pillar industry.
【答案】中国加入世贸已有15年时间，在此期间，无论是普通人的生活还是国家的支柱产业都发生了翻天覆地的变化。
3.The government has taken several measures to create more jobs for the unemployed/laid-off people.
【答案】政府已经采取多种措施为失业人员创造更多就业。
4.Please make up your mind/make your decision as early as possible， or you’ll miss the good/golden chance/opportunity.
【答案】请尽早作出决定，不然你会坐失良机。
5.Unless you keep a balanced diet， you will put on weight.
【答案】除非你保持均衡的饮食，否则将会增加体重。
6.The places of interest in Xi'an attract my family all the time，and I hope we will be enjoying ourselves this time next year.
【答案】西安的名胜古迹一直吸引着我们一家人，我希望明年的这个时候我们正玩得愉快。
7. It is reported that China will have completed its first orbiting space station by around 2022.
【答案】据报道，到2022年左右中国将建成第一个轨道太空站。
8. This nationwide smog should serve as a reminder to all, indicating a high time that we reflected on what we've done to the environment.
【答案】这次全国范围的雾霾承担了提醒者的作用，暗示着到了我们反思我们对环境做了些什么的时候了。
9. I have been thinking about what you’ve said and I’ve decided to take your advice.
【答案】我一直都在考虑你所说的话而且我已经决定采纳你的建议了。
10. I could have finished my self-reflection last weekend, but the math classes and exercises took up all my spare time.
【答案】我原本可以在上周末完成我的自我反思,但是数学课和练习占据了我所有的 空闲时间。
四、Translate the following into English（汉译英）
1.在我们学校，教师和学生都可以免费上网。
【答案】In our school， the teachers and students have free access to the Internet.
2.没有清洁水源，几年后这个地区将会是什么样子？
【答案】What will the area look like in a few years without clean water resources?
3.人们越来越依赖互联网。(dependent)
【答案】People have become/ are becoming more and more dependent on the Internet
4.他去年写的小说卖的很好，这使得他一夜成名。?(which)???
【答案】The novel he wrote last year sold well， which made him famous overnight.
5.她刚一坐下门铃就响了。
【答案】Hardly had she sat down when the doorbell rang.
6.再试一下，你很有可能就成功了。
【答案】One more try， and you will be likely to succeed.
7.他训练了很长的一段时间，所以获得比赛的胜利是他应得的。（so， deserve）
【答案】He’s been training for a long time， so he deserved to win the race.
8.世上的一切事情都在不断地发生着变化。
【答案】Everything in the world is constantly changing.
9.等到史密斯先生到达超市时，我们将已经在那里待一个小时了。
【答案】By the time Mr Smith arrives at the supermarket，we will have stayed there for one hour.
10.这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了，不是吗？
【答案】It is the third time that you have been late for work this week，isn't it?
11.汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。
【答案】Tom is always coming late for meetings，which makes his boss very angry.
12.昨天我把那台不能用的空调退还给了出售它的商店并得到了退款。（where）
【答案】Yesterday I returned the useless air-conditioner to the shop where it was sold.
13.那位科学家认为还要好几年这个理论才能付诸于实践。(before)
【答案】The scientist believed that it would be years before the theory was put into practice.
14.我们每个人要对为了养育我们而牺牲了自己事业的母亲报恩。(sacrifice)
【答案】All of us should repay our mothers who have sacrificed own careers to bring us up/ raise us.
三、完形填空
（湖南湖北八市十二校2019届高三第一次调研联考）When I was a young man I had much ego (自负). I thought I ___1____ everything. I looked forward to fame and success. I can even remember once in college ___2____ telling one of my friends: “If only everyone listened to me, then they would all be happy.” I ___3____ left school, ready to take on the world. Little did I know the world was about to take on me.
In the ___4____ following college, instead of success, I found struggles. I had __5_____ in finding work. My jobs were either temporary or were ____6___ badly. When my wife and I had children, we were ___7____ to learn that both of our sons had Autism (自闭症) and would need to be ___8____ for the rest of their lives. I had no ___9____why this had happened to us.
In time, however, I began to ____10____. My ego was decreasing fast. Instead of success, I found my ___11_____ in moments of love. Playing and ____12____ with my sons brought me so much happiness. My boys ___13_____ me more about peace, patience, joy and love than I could have ever learned on my own. I began to share the ____14____ I learned through my writings and my life. I finally realized that my ____15____ in this world had nothing to do with fame or success. ____16____, it had everything to do with allowing love and light into my life and ____17____ it with everyone I could.
You may not be happy 100% of the time. ____18____ can be in this world. Yet, you will find a joy no earthly (世俗的) ____19____ could ever give. Put all of your moments, days, and years to good use then. ___20_____ them with love.
1．A． knew B． deserved C． possessed D． confirmed
2．A． calmly B． honestly C． proudly D． eagerly
3．A． frequently B． finally C． suddenly D． smoothly
4．A． years B． months C． weeks D． days
5．A． fun B． regret C． power D． trouble
6．A． done B． paid C． prepared D． judged
7．A． exhausted B． annoyed C． shocked D． embarrassed
8．A． taken charge of B． paid attention to
C． put up with D． taken care of
9．A． belief B． hope C． opinion D． idea
10．A． agree B． change C． struggle D． improve
11．A． challenge B． joy C． luck D． goal
12．A． laughing B． toying C． swimming D． working
13．A． fetched B． brought C． prepared D． taught
14．A． theories B． contents C． lessons D． truths
15．A． demand B． career C． purpose D． world
16．A． Therefore B． Again C． Also D． Instead
17．A． sharing B． owning C． admiring D． enjoying
18．A． Somebody B． Nobody C． Everybody D． Anybody
19．A． person B． matter C． success D． experience
20．A． Live B． Fill C． Exchange D． Equip
【答案】1． A 2． C 3． B 4． A 5． D 6． B 7． C 8． D 9． D 10． B
11． B 12 A 13． D 14． C 15． C 16． D 17． A 18． B 19． C 20． A
【解析】本文为夹叙夹议文。作者年轻时很自负，认为自己一定会成功成名。不料毕业后不仅没有成功反而生活很困难，尤其是当听到两个儿子又有自闭症时，极度震惊。然而随着时间的推移，作者发生了变化。在与儿子的相处中找到了快乐和爱，找到了超越世俗的快乐，就是好好利用你所有的时间，用爱激活他们。
1．考查动词。A. knew知道；B. deserved值得，应得；C. possessed拥有；D. confirmed确认，证实。根据第一句“When I was a young man I had much ego (自负)”可知，我很自负，所以我认为我什么都知道（knew）。分析选项可知A符合题意。
2．考查副词辨析。A. calmly冷静地；B. honestly诚实地；C. proudly骄傲地，自豪地；D. eagerly热切的。根据前文可知，我很自负，认为什么都懂，所以才会骄傲地（proudly）告诉我的朋友…..。故选C项。
3．考查副词辨析。A. frequently频繁地，屡次地；B. finally最后，终于；C. suddenly突然地；D. smoothly顺利地。最终大学毕业了，找工作。因此选B项。
4．考查名词辨析。根据上下文可知，在大学毕业后的几年里（years），我没有取得成功，反而是很艰难。故选A。
5．考查固定搭配。A. fun有趣；B. regret遗憾，后悔；C. power动力，能力；D. trouble麻烦，困难。根据“instead of success, I found struggles. ”。struggle意为“难事”，可推断出我找工作很困难。故选D项。
6．考查动词辨析。A. done做；B. paid有报酬，领取报酬，领钱，付费；C. prepared准备；D. judged判断正确的。根据“My jobs were either temporary”可知，我的工作要么是临时的，要么是报酬差的。分析选项只有B（被付报酬），故选B项。
7．考查形容词辨析。A. exhausted筋疲力尽的；B. annoyed恼怒的；C. shocked震惊的；D. embarrassed为难的，尴尬的。根据…learn that both of our sons had Autism (自闭症)，知道两个儿子都是自闭症，一定是很震惊的（shocked）。故选C项。
8．考查动词短语辨析。A. taken charge of负责；B. paid attention to注意；C. put up with提出；D. taken care of照顾。根据上文可知，两个孩子都有自闭症，所以作者夫妇要照顾（taken care of）他们余生，故选D项。
9．考查固定搭配。have no idea为固定搭配，意为“不知道”。此句意为“我不知道为什么这事会发生在我们身上。”故选D项。
10．考查动词辨析。A. agree同意，赞成；B. change改变，变化；C. struggle努力，挣扎；D. improve提高，改善。根据文章可知，以前我是一个自负的人，但随着时间的推移，我不再自负。故可知我开始改变（change）了。故选B项。
11．考查动词辨析。A. challenge挑战；B. joy快乐；C. luck幸运，运气；D. goal目标。我在爱的瞬间找到了快乐，故选B项。
12 考查动词辨析。根据后面的“和孩子一起玩带给我那么多的快乐”可知，带来快乐的还有和孩子们一起笑（laughing），故选A。
13．考查动词辨析。A. fetched取来；B. brought带来；C. prepared准备；D. taught教。孩子们教给我的更多的是和平、耐心、欢乐和爱，这是我自己无法学会的。分析选项可知D项符合题意。
14．考查名词辨析。A. theories理论；B. contents内容；C. lessons课程，经验教训；D. truths事实。根据前文说孩子们教会我许多东西，这是我自已无法学到的经验教训。可推断出通过写作我开始分享我学到的经验教训（lessons），故选C项。
15．考查名词辨析。A. demand要求；B. career事业；C. purpose目的；D. world世界。我终于意识到我在这个世界上的目的与名声和成功无关。故选C项。
16．考查副词辨析。A. Therefore因此；B. Again再，又；C. Also也，和；D. Instead相反。根据前一句说在这个世界上目的与名声和成功无关，而是与生活中的爱与阳光有关。前后两句是相反的，故选D项。
17．考查固定搭配。share sth.with sb为固定搭配，意为“与某人分享某事”。本句意为“生活的目的也与我能与大家分享这些有关。”故选A。
18．考查人称代词。A. Somebody某人；B. Nobody没人；C. Everybody每个人；D. Anybody任何人。根据前一句“You may not be happy 100% of the time.”可知，世界上没人能一直快乐。故选B。
19．考查名词辨析。A. person人；B. matter事情；C. success成功；D. experience经历，经验。本文中主要说自己年轻时很自负，期待成功。然而事与愿违。毕业后一直没有成功，两个自闭症儿子让作者发生了改变，虽然没有物质上的成功，但却从儿子身上学到了许多，也可以说是取得了超越世俗的成功（success）。而且这个success贯穿全文，故选C项。
20．考查动词辨析。A. Live实践，生存；B. Fill充满，（使）装满；C. Exchange交换，互换；D. Equip装备，配备。然后好好利用你所有的时间、日子和年岁。用爱来实践。故选A。
四、语法填空（黄冈市2018年高三年级9月质量检测）Chinese-American community groups are preparing to hold their second annual International Confucius Cultural Festival（孔子文化节）on Sept, 8 in Flushing Queens, New York City's easternmost borough.
The event serves not only ___1___ a spectacular ceremony to memorize the world-famous Chinese philosopher, but a chance ___2___celebrate) Chinese culture together with other local communities, said Wang Lizhi, president of America East Shandong Association( AESA).
Co-sponsored by AESA, America East Shandong Chamber of Commerce and Confucius Education Foundation Inc, the festival ___3___ (feature) recitation of the“Di Zi Gui，”literally translated as "Standards for being a Good Pupil and Child," a book ___4___ (write) based on Confucius' teachings that emphasize the ___5___ (base) necessities for being a good person and guidelines for ___6___ (live)in harmony with others, as well as Chinese traditional dances, Shan- dong folk music and photo exhibitions.
The groups hosted the___7___ (one) International Confucius Cultural Festival in flushing on Sept. 8 Last year to celebrate the 2,18th anniversary of the birth of Confucius (511 BC -79 BC).
Confucius was ___8___ extraordinary educator and philosopher, and founded Confucianism. It was he ___9___ first set up private schools and received students from every walk of life without ___10___ (consider) of their social status.
【答案】1. as 2. to celebrate 3. features 4. written 5. basic 6. living
7. first 8. an 9. that/who 10. consideration
【解析】本文介绍了中美社区团体准备举办第二届国际孔子文化节的目的，活动内容和意义。
考查介词。此处指庆祝孔子文化节活动不仅是作为一个壮观的仪式来纪念世界著名的中国哲学家，表示“作为”用介词as，故填as.
考查动词不定式。此处指这个活动还是与其他当地社区一起庆祝中国文化的机会，此处是不定式作chance的定语，故填to celebrate.
考查动词形式。此处指这个节目以背诵弟子规为特色，与上下文时态一致用一般现在时，主语是the festival是单数，动词也用第三人称单数。故填features.
考查过去分词。句中a book与动词write是被动关系，指书被写。用过去分词作定语表被动，故填written.
考查形容词。此处修饰名词necessities用形容词，指基本的需要。故填basic.
考查动词形式。句中介词for后用动词-ing形式作宾语，故填living.
考查序数词。此处由the限制，根据开头hold their second annual International Confucius Cultural Festival（孔子文化节）on Sept, 8可知今年是第二届，去年是第一届。故填first
考查冠词。此处指孔子是一位杰出的教育家和哲学家，表示“一个”且extraordinary开头音标是元音音标。故填冠词an.
考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是he指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词that/who引导。故填that/who.
考查名词。此处指孔子接收来自各行各业的学生，而不考虑他们的社会地位。介词without后加名词作宾语，故填consideration.
