第二篇 中考语法专项
第22课 冠词与名词
课堂突破
冠 词
概念 冠词是一种虚词，是最典型的限定词，本身不能单独使用，只能附在一个名词前帮助说明名词的含义。
类 别 不定冠词 a/an的用法 1. 不定冠词a/an用于单数可数名词前，其中a用于以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前，而an则用于以元音音素开头的单数可数名词前。如：a boy, a city, a girl, a useful tool, a red apple, an old man, an honest boy等。 2. 用来表示“一”的意思，但不强调数的观念，只说明名词为不特定者，即不具体说明是何人何物。如：We work five days a week. 我们一星期工作5天。 3. 不定冠词含有“一”的意思，但数量观念没有one强烈，在句子里一般可以不必译出，但若有“一个”的意思则须译出。如：An apple a day keeps the doctor away． 每天一苹果，医生远离我。 4. 一般用在单数可数名词前，指人或事物的某一种类。如：Bill is a doctor． 比尔是一位医生。 5. 用于两件通常配在一起的物品前，第二个名词前不再重复不定冠词。如：a knife and fork一副刀叉。 6. 注意不定冠词在下列搭配中的位置：在half, such, what, rather, many之后，在as, so, how, too修饰的形容词之后。如：I’ve never met such a nice girl.（或I’ve never met so nice a girl.） 我从未见过这么好的女孩。 7. 用在某些固定词组中。如：a lot of, a moment ago, a few, a little等。
定冠词 the的用法 1. 特指某些人与物。如：The book on the chair is Jack’s． 椅子上的书是杰克的。 2. 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或物。如：What’s the new student’s name? 那个新生叫什么名字？ 3. 指上文提到过的人或物。如：He lives in a house. The house is not big． 他住在一所房子里。那所房子不大。 4. 用于世界上独一无二的事物前。如：The earth is bigger than the moon． 地球比月球大。 5. 用于序数词或形容词最高级前。如：The first island is the largest of the three． 第一座岛是三座岛中最大的。 6. 与形容词连用，表示一类人。如：We need to look after the old． 我们需要照顾老人。 7. 与表示姓氏的词的复数形式连用，表示其全家人或夫妇二人。如：The Smiths are from England． 史密斯一家（夫妇）来自英国。 8. 用于表示西洋乐器的名词前。如：The little girl can play the piano well． 这个小女孩钢琴弹得很好。 9. 指方位。如：the east东方；the left左边。 10. 用于发明物的单数名词前。如：Who invented the wheel? 谁发明了轮子？ 11. 代替所有格，指已提到过的人的身体或衣着的某部分。如：hit sb. in the face打某人的脸。 12. 用于集合（体）名词前，指一个整体。如：the people人民；the public公众。 13. 用于河流、运河、海、洋、海峡、山脉、朝代名称前。如：the Yellow River黄河；the Pacific太平洋；the Alps阿尔卑斯山（脉）；the Tang Dynasty唐朝。 14. 用于逢十的数词的复数形式前，指世纪中的特定年代。如：in the 1970s在20世纪70年代。 15. 用于“the+形容词/副词比较级，the+形容词/副词比较级”表示“越……越……”。如：The sooner you go, the sooner you will be back. 去得越早，你就回得越早。 16. 用于一些固定短语中。如：by the way, in the morning, on the left, the day before yesterday, all the same等。
零冠词 的用法 1. 名词前已有this， that， my， your， some， any等限定词。如：I want to ask you some questions． 我想问你一些问题。 2. 国名、地名、人名前。如：He went to Hangzhou last week． 他上周去杭州了。 3. 表示颜色、语言、学科、国家的全称名词前。如：They can speak English and Chinese． 他们会说英文和中文。 4. 表示球类运动的名词和三餐饭前。如：He had lunch with us yesterday. 昨天他和我们一起吃午饭。 5. 节日、季节、星期、月份前。如：If winter comes， can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ 6. 在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。如：After dinner Aunt Li came in． 晚饭后李阿姨进来了。 7. 在物质名词和抽象名词前。如：We can’t live without air. 没有空气我们不能生存。 8. 表示泛指（一类人或事物）的复数名词前。如：Horses are useful animals. 马是有用的动物。 9. 用在某些固定搭配中。如：at home在家；on foot步行；by plane坐飞机；at noon在中午。
【活学活用】
用a, an, the或“/”填空。
1. —Mary, who’s__________ woman over there?
—She’s my aunt,__________ English teacher.
2. —Do you often play__________ tennis after school?
—No, I don’t like sports. I often play__________ guitar.
3. His uncle usually goes on a business trip by__________ air.
4. All his neighbors came to the party except__________ Whites.
5. Mrs. Smith works as__________ art teacher in this school.
名 词
名词 的分类 专有名词 个人、地方、机构等专有名称。如： Shanghai, Li Lei等。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如：Jim, China, July, Friday, Christmas, English等。
普通名词 1. 个体名词：某类人或东西中的个体。如：fighter, gun, country, cup, desk, student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。 2. 集体名词：若干个体组成的集合体。如：family, class, team, police。一般看作复数，谓语动词要用复数形式。（具体见“主谓一致”这一课“特殊的情况4”） 3. 物质名词：无法分为个体的实物。如：cotton, tea, air等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 4. 抽象名词：动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。如：health, happiness, love, work, life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。
名词 的数 规则的可数 名词的复数 变化规则 1. 一般情况加-s。如：books, mouths, houses, girls等。 2. 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的加-es。如：classes, boxes, matches等。 3. 辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i，再加-es。如：cities, countries, parties, factories等。 4. 以o结尾的有些词加-es。如：heroes, Negroes, tomatoes, potatoes等。 5. 以o结尾加-s的名词。如：radios, zoos, bamboos, pianos, kilos, photos等。 6. 以f, fe结尾的多数把f或fe改为v，再加-es。如：leaves, lives, wives, knives, halves, wolves等。 7. 以f, fe结尾直接加-s的名词。如：roofs, proofs, gulfs, beliefs等。
不规则的可数名词的复数变化规则 1. 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如：man→men, woman→women, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse（老鼠）→mice, child→children等。 2. 单复数形式相同。如：sheep, deer, fish等，以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如：yuan。另外以ese或ss结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词也一样单复数同形。如：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等。以an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s。如：Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。 注：1. Englishman→Englishmen， Frenchman→Frenchmen 2. fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes。如：There are many kinds of fishes in that lake． 那个湖里有各种各样的鱼；fish作“鱼肉”讲时是不可数名词，没有复数。 3. man, woman等修饰名词构成合成词时，一般两个词都变化。如：man servant→men servants, woman doctor→women doctors等。但是其他合成名词只需把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式即可。如：shoe factory→shoe factories鞋厂。
多种特 殊形式 1. 字母及阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加-’s或-s。如： ①There are two l’s in the word “all”． 单词all里面有两个l。 ②Your 7’s and 9’s look alike. 你的那些7和9写得差不多。 2. 定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人或夫妇二人。如：the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs等。 3. 集体名词people, police总是用作复数。如：Several police are on duty. 几名警察在值班。 4. 集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew等单复数概念都有，但意义不同。如： ①The class is big. 这个班级很大。 The class are taking notes in English． 全班学生都在用英语记笔记。 ②The population in China is larger. 中国的人口比较大。 80% of the population in China are peasants． 80%的中国人口是农民。 以s结尾的学科名词只作单数。如：mathematics, physics, politics等，news也是如此。 5. glasses, trousers等常用复数。但如果这些词前用a pair of.../this pair of.../that pair of...等修饰时，谓语动词由pair的单复数来决定。如： ①My new pair of trousers is too long. 我那条新裤子太长了。 ②Here are some new pairs of shoes． 这里有几双新鞋子。 6. 不可数名词没有复数形式，如果要表示“一个”的概念，可用单位词修饰。如：a piece of news/information/advice/bread/cake/paper/meat/coal, a bottle of ink, a grain of rice, a cake of soap等。 7. 中考常考的不可数名词。如：information, weather, news, advice, fun等。 注：可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限，可数名词可以转变为不可数名词，同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词，要看清整个上下文的具体内容。
名词 的格 概念 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫作名词所有格。
构成形式 1. 单数名词应加’s。如：the boy’s mother那个男孩的母亲；the dog’s face这只狗的脸。 2. 不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s。如：Children’s Palace少年宫；men’s clothes男装。 3. 以s结尾的复数名词后加’。如：the birds’ nests鸟巢；the teachers’ office教师办公室。 4. 并列名词表示各自所属时在两个名词之后都加’s。如：Mary’s and Tom’s fathers玛丽的父亲和汤姆的父亲。 5. 并列名词表示共同所属时在最后一个名词后加’s。如：Mary and Tom’s father玛丽和汤姆的父亲。 6. 表示“店铺；某某家；诊所”的名词所有格后面，一般省去被修饰的名词。如：at his brother’s在他弟弟家；at the doctor’s在诊所；at the barber’s在理发店。 7. 用所有格表示时间或距离的方法。如：ten minutes’ drive十分钟车程；a month’s holiday一个月的假期。 8. 用所有格表示节日的方法。如：Teachers’ Day教师节；Children’s Day儿童节。 注：除了父亲节、母亲节和愚人节外，其他节日都用名词复数的所有格表示。如：Mother’s Day母亲节；Father’s Day父亲节；April Fool’s Day愚人节。 9. 以of构成短语的所有格形式。如：a picture of mine我的一张照片；a photo of my family我家的一张合照；the door of the classroom教室的门。 10. 以to构成短语的所有格形式。如：the key to the door门的钥匙；the answer to the question问题的答案；the ticket to the game比赛的门票。 11. “of+-’s所有格/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格。如： ①Tom is a friend of mine. 汤姆是我的一个朋友。 ②That’s a piece of Mozart’s. 那是莫扎特的一首曲子。
【活学活用】
用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. Lucy was surprised to see some__________ （mouse） running inside her room at night.
2. The soldier saved the boy from the flood with a piece of__________ （wooden）.
3. Everyone knows that__________ （library） are places for people to study.
4. Yuan Longping and Yang Liwei are great national （hero） of China.
5. A number of__________ （foreign） are becoming more and more interested in Chinese culture.
6. It is said that__________ （tomorrow） sports meeting has been put off because of the bad weather.
7. The second Sunday in May is__________ （mother） Day, and I’m thinking about what to buy for my mother.
8. All the children are happy on__________ （child） Day.
9. I hope that in a few__________ （year） time, you’ll come back to visit our school.
10. The pen isn’t mine. It’s my__________ （brother）.
当堂检测
一、用a, an, the或“/”填空。
1. （2018·台州中考）I thought it was__________ joke.
2. —Do you know__________ man in the photo?
—Sure. It’s Mr. Johnson, our head teacher.
3. My birthday is coming up. Daniel will send me MP4 as my birthday present.
4. Eric is not going to Nanjing by__________ plane. Instead, he is taking__________ train.
5. I think English is__________ useful language, and it’s also__________ important language.
6. —Do you play__________ piano in your free time?
—No. I like sports. I often play__________ soccer with my friends.
二、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. （衢州中考）The mother and father birds fed them every day. The__________ （baby） grew bigger and bigger.
2. Kate was excited to receive some beautiful roses from her husband on__________ （woman） Day.
3. —How far is your home from school?
—It’s about two__________ （hour） walk.
4. Could you tell me the__________ （high） of Qomolangma?
5. The show I Am a Singer helps audiences rediscover many good__________ （voice）.
三、根据短文内容和所给汉语提示在空白处写出单词的正确形式。每空限填一词。（2018·绍兴市柯桥区中考模拟）
It was Friday morning and a young businessman finally decided to ask his boss for a raise. Before 1__________（离开） for work, he told his wife what he was about to do.
2__________（在……期间） the whole day he felt nervous. Finally, in the late afternoon, he had the 3__________（勇气） to speak to his leader and to his joy, the boss in 4__________（意大利） agreed to the raise.
The husband arrived home and was surprised to see a beautiful table set with their best china and 5__________（点燃） candles. Smelling the aroma of a festive meal, he believed that someone from the office had called his wife.
Finding her in the kitchen, he shared the details of his good news 6__________（自豪地）. They danced around the room and 7__________（拥抱） before sitting down to the wonderful meal. Next to his plate, he found a 8 （可爱的） note that read: “Congratulations, darling. I knew you’d get the raise. This dinner is to show you how much I love you.”
Later on his way to the kitchen to help his wife serve dessert, he noticed that a 9__________（第二） card had fallen from her pocket. Picking it up, he read: “Don’t worry about not getting the raise. You’re worth it 10 （不管怎样）. This dinner is to show how much I love you.”
参考答案
课堂突破
冠词
the, an 2. /, the 3. / 4. the
5. an
名词
mice 2. wood 3. libraries 4. heroes
5. foreigners 6. tomorrow’s 7. Mother’s 8. Children’s
9. years’ 10. brother’s
当堂检测
一、1. a 2. the 3. an 4. /, a/the
5. a, an 6. the, /
二、1. babies 2. Women’s 3. hours’ 4. height
5. voices
三、1. leaving 2. During 3. courage 4. Italy
5. lit/lighted 6. proudly 7. hugged 8. lovely/cute
9. second 10. anyway
课后练习22 冠词与名词
温馨提示：为满足部分老师批改时的评估需要，本课时的题量已按满分100分来设置，请需要的老师自行规划。
冠词
一、用a, an或the填空
1. Savannah is__________ girl from Texas.
2. There is__________ ancient castle（城堡） and we’re going there next week.
3. That is__________ English map, and this is__________Chinese map.
4.__________ eraser in the pencil box is Rick’s.
5. I have__________ uncle and__________ aunt.
6. Look at__________picture. That is__________orange.
7. This is__________ eraser and that is__________ ID card.
8. There is__________ “s” and__________ “k” in the word “ask”.
9. I found some keys in__________ classroom.
10.__________ orange is my father’s.__________ orange is orange.
11. —Who’s that little girl?
—You mean__________ girl with glasses?
12. —What are you going to be when you grow up, John?
—Er,__________ policeman like you.
13. We are going to have supper with__________ Greens tomorrow evening.
14. —Do you often play__________ piano?
—No, I like playing soccer.
15. —What’s__________ most useful invention in
__________21st century?
—The iPad, I think.
二、阅读理解（2018·新昌模拟）
I’m very grateful to the cat and he always makes me think of the time I spent with him.
Five years ago, when my father was dying, I traveled a thousand miles from home to be with him in his last days. I felt very sad and it was one of the most difficult and painful times in my life. After he passed away, I stayed alone in his flat. There were so many things to deal with. I was lonely and I hated the silence of the flat.
But one evening the silence was broken when I heard something crying outside. I opened the door to find a little cat on the steps. He was thin and poor. He looked the way I felt. I brought him inside and gave him a can of fish. He ate it and then almost immediately fell asleep.
The next morning I checked with neighbors and learned that the cat had been left by his owner. His owner had moved out, so the little cat was there all alone, just like I was. As I walked back to the flat, I tried to work out what to do with him. Having something else to take care of seemed like the very last thing I needed. But as soon as I opened the flat door, he ran to me and jumped into my arms. It was clear from that moment that he didn’t want to go anywhere. I started calling him Willis in order to remember my father’s best friend.
From then on, things grew easier. With Willis in my lap, time seemed to pass much faster.
When the time finally came for me to return home, I had to decide what to do about Willis. There was absolutely no way I would leave without him.
It’s been five years since my father died. Over the years, several people have said how nice it was of me to rescue the cat. But I know that we rescued each other. I may have given him a home but he gave me something greater.
（ ）1. As soon as the writer saw the cat, she__________ .
A. drove him away
B. had pity on him
C. showed no interest
D. felt angry with his crying
（ ）2. From the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4, we can infer that the writer__________.
A. was too busy to keep the cat
B. was used to staying alone in this flat
C. needed something to fill her empty flat
D. needed to cheer herself up by doing some-thing
（ ）3. According to the passage, we can know that__________.
A. the writer and the cat were both homeless
B. the writer felt nervous after her father died
C. Willis was the writer’s father’s name
D. the cat made the writer feel better in her hard times
（ ）4. The best title for the passage is__________.
A. A Lovely Cat
B. My Father and a Cat
C. What I Got from a Cat
D. How to Take Care of a Cat
名词
一、用所给词的适当形式填空
1. In this case, you don’t have enough time to go to both__________（place）.
2. There are some__________（potato） in the basket.
3. How many__________（radio） are there on the desk?
4. He won a gold medal in the__________（man） singles of the World Table Tennis Championships in 2011.
5. They have invited a__________（science） to give them a speech on space.
6. The camera was one of the greatest__________（invent）.
7. Are there any__________（watch） in the box?
8. The Palace Museum has a large__________（collect）. People can learn a lot in it.
9. When the fire happened, the firemen hurried there and carried the children to__________（safe）.
10. The Chinese government has made great contribu-tions to the__________（develop） of the world’s high speed railway.
11. We would like to buy two__________（pair） of new shoes for our daughters.
12. Last month, I took my first direct__________（fly） from Shanghai to Taiwan.
13. Please tell me the__________（win） telephone number. I want to interview him.
14. The__________（Green） will come to visit us to-morrow afternoon.
15. You’d better brush your__________（tooth） every day.
二、语法填空（2018·临海模拟）
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空（每空不多于3个单词）。
Funmi Ilori is a former primary school teacher from Nigeria（尼日利亚）. In 2003, she started 1
program called Book in a Basket and went door to door to ask people if they wanted to borrow a book. She met some 2__________（child） who had never read a book and decided to do something 3__________（help） them develop a love for reading.
Years after she started the program, Funmi Ilori came up 4__________the idea of building a mobile library. She bought a minibus and filled it with books. She drove to one of the 5__________（poor） areas in Nigeria and lent kids books for free.
Five years has passed 6__________Funmi Ilori started the mobile library. She now has four minibuses filled with 1,900 books. She 7__________（visit） four to six primary schools every day. Students can choose a book 8__________（free） to read at home and bring it back the following week. They are also 9__________（ask） to write a book review after reading the book.
The kind lady also sets up reading clubs in the evenings and on weekends for children 10__________have never been to school or have dropped out of school.
参考答案
冠词
一、1. a 2. an 3. an, a 4. The
5. an, an 6. the, an 7. an, an 8. an, a
9. the 10. The, The 11. the 12. a
13. the 14. the 15. the, the
二、1—3. BDD
4. C 【解析】本文讲了作者和猫同病相怜，互相安慰，所以作者很感激猫带给她的一切。
名词
一、1. places 2. potatoes 3. radios 4. men’s
5. scientist
6. inventions 【解析】one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数形式，意为“最……的……之一”。
7. watches 8. collection 9. safety 10. development
11. pairs 12. flight 13. winner’s 14. Greens
15. teeth
二、1. a 2. children 3. to help 4. with
poorest 6. since 7. visits 8. freely
9. asked 10. who/that
