第28课 动词的语态
课堂突破
基本概念 语态（Voice）是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。动词中只有及物动词有被动语态。
种类 英语动词有两种语态：主动语态（Active Voice）和被动语态（Passive Voice）。
构成 基本结构 被动语态的基本结构是：be+动词过去分词，而对于动词的各种时态的被动结构需将被动式与时态的构成式“合二为一”，即将被动语态构成中的be看作时态构成中的动词，而将其做相应的变化。各种时态的主动式和被动式见下表：
时态 主动式 被动式
一般现在时 动词原形 am/is/are+动词过去分词
现在进行时 be+v.-ing形式 am/is/are being+动词过去分词
一般将来时 will/be going to+动词原形 will/be going to be+动词过去分词
一般过去时 动词过去式 was/were+动词过去分词
过去进行时 was/were+v.-ing形式 was/were being+动词过去分词
现在完成时 have/has+动词过去分词 have/has been+动词过去分词
过去将来时 would/was（were） going to+动词原形 would/was（were） going to be+动词过去分词
过去完成时 had+动词过去分词 had been+动词过去分词
情态动词 情态动词+动词原形 情态动词+be+动词过去分词
基本用法 1. 不知道动作的执行者是谁，或没有必要指出动作的执行者时用被动语态。如： ①Letters are collected at eight every morning. 信件每天早晨8点被收取。 ②His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车已经被偷走了。 2. 为了强调或突出动作的承受者时用被动语态。如： ①The bag was taken away by his elder sister. 那个包被他姐姐拿走了。 ②The plan has already been made. 计划已经制定好了。 3. 在上下文中，为了使句子间衔接紧密，常用被动语态。如：I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father. 我有辆新摩托车。它是父亲作为生日礼物送给我的。
主动语态和被动语态的转换 1. 主动语态变为被动语态时，应注意三个方面： （1）把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，若是代词，要变宾格为主格。 （2）把主动语态的谓语动词改为相应的被动语态结构：be+及物动词的过去分词，放在主语之后。 （3）把主动语态的主语改为“by+原主语（若是代词，要变主格为宾格）”，放在主谓结构之后。在意思明确时by短语可以省略。如： 2. 含有双宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时有两种情况： （1）把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍留在原来的位置。 （2）把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或for。如： He gave the boy an apple. →The boy was given an apple by him. 或An apple was given to the boy by him. 他给了这个男孩一个苹果。 3. 若动词短语是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时，要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可漏掉。如： We must take good care of the young trees.→The young trees must be taken good care of. 我们必须好好照顾这些小树。 4. 主动语态中感官动词feel, hear, see, watch等以及某些使役动词make, have, let后须跟省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，改为被动语态时，不定式前要加to。如： We saw the children sing that morning. →The children were seen to sing that morning. 那天早晨我们看见孩子们唱歌了。 5. 有些被动语态结构是习惯用法。如：It is said that...据说……；It is/was reported that...据报道……；It is well-known that... 众所周知……；It is believed that... 人们都相信……。
主动形式表示被动意义的情况 1. 某些由及物动词转化而来的不及物动词，如read, write, clean, wash, draw, cut, open, sell等，常与副词well, easily, smoothly等连用，且通常用主动结构表示被动意义。如：The pen writes well. 这支钢笔很好用。 2. 动词need, require, want, deserve等后接v.-ing的主动结构表示被动意义，相当于sth. need（s）/require（s）/want（s）/deserve（s） to be done。如：The car needs cleaning. 这辆汽车需要清洗了。 3. 有些动词如cook, print等，常用主动结构表示被动意义。如：The lunch is cooking. 正在做午饭。 4. 某些连系动词如feel, prove, smell, taste, sound等加上形容词，也可用主动式表示被动意义。如：The food tastes delicious. 这种食物尝起来很美味。 5. be worth doing意为“值得做”，表示被动含义。如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
不用被动语态的5种情况 1. 谓语为连系动词时，不用被动语态。如：He looks fine. 他气色很好。 2. 谓语为不及物动词（短语）时，不用被动语态。如： ①The war broke out in the end. 战争终于爆发了。 ②I happened to meet him there. 我碰巧在那儿见到了他。 3. 宾语为动词不定式、v.-ing形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如： ①He decided to go with us. 他决定跟我们一起去。 ②I want to buy a computer. 我想买一台电脑。 4. 宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。如： ①We should help each other. 我们应该相互帮助。 ②He thinks of himself too much. 他为自己考虑得太多。 ③We live a happy life here. 我们在这儿过着幸福的生活。 5. 宾语表示处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如： ①We will reach the station in two hours. 我们两个小时内就到站了。 ②He has gone to London. 他去伦敦了。
当堂检测
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. （2018·台州）I handed in my test paper and the last question__________ （leave） unanswered.
2. You may go fishing if your work__________ （do）.
3. A terrorist attack__________（happen）at Kunming Railway Station, and 29 people__________ （kill） in the event.
4. Although everyone wants to succeed in what he tries to do, sometimes failure can’t__________ （avoid）.
5. —How soon__________ all the work__________（finish）?
—In a week.
6. —Tell me one thing you’re proud of in your junior high school.
—I was__________（choose） as captain of the school football team.
7. I will finish the work if I__________（give） another ten minutes.
二、用方框中所给词的适当形式填空，每词限用一次。（2018·诸暨中考模拟）
among mad two my separate
1. Although Jane’s schoolbag is very nice, I still prefer__________.
2. Tom is such a lazy boy that he exercises only a year.
3. Nowadays, many students are__________ from each other by iPads.
4. Heart trouble is the most serious reason of death__________ old people.
5. How strange he is!Maybe he is the__________ man I have ever seen.
三、任务型阅读。（2018·湖州市南浔区中考模拟）
下面是Maria的一封求职信。假设你是经理Mr. Green，请根据求职信内容，完成Maria的应聘条件分析图（每空限填一词）。
Dear Mr. Green, I am attracted by your advertisement（广告） and I would like to work with you from July to September. I am a 19-year-old Portuguese（葡萄牙的） student and now I am studying at Porto University, in the north of Portugal. I have studied English since I was 8 years old, so I can speak English very well. I have been to England twice where I attended two summer courses. I feel I would be suitable（合适的） for the job. I love children and I am good at playing with them. So I am popular with the children. Besides, I love sports and I exercise every day, so I can take part in any sports activities. I have some work experience and have already done a few part-time jobs during summer holidays. Last summer I worked in a primary school to take care of school children while some teachers were on holiday. I also babysit for my neighbors when they need help. I am looking forward to your reply. Yours, Maria Gonzales
参考答案
当堂检测
一、1. was left 2. is done 3. happened, were killed
4. be avoided
5. is, going to be finished 【解析】问句的主语是all the work，所以应该用被动语态，且由how soon可知应该用一般将来时的被动语态。
6. chosen 7. am given
二、1. mine 2. twice 3. separated
4. among 5. maddest
三、1. student 2. England 3. well
4. experience
课后练习28 动词的语态
温馨提示：为满足部分老师批改时的评估需要，本课时的题量已按满分100分来设置，请需要的老师自行规划。
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. After hearing about sacrifices（牺牲） made by firemen, she___________ （move） by the risks they faced, so Savannah made 200 “thank-you” cards for them.
2. Milk and juice must___________ （put） in the fridge.
3. The plan for the trip must___________ （make） today.
4. Nobody___________ （allow） to enter the hall.
5. More than 200 books___________ （send） to the school students since 2010.
6. Many trees___________ （plant） in our garden tomorrow.
7. Jim___________ （invite） to our party by Lucy yesterday.
8. The little baby___________ （take） good care of by her parents.
二、句型转换
1. Tea plants are grown to make tea. （改为主动语态）
They___________ tea plants_________________________________ .
2. They were invented by Julie Thompson. （对画线部分提问）
______________________ they invented___________ ?
3. Lily asked me to go to her birthday party. （改为被动语态）
I______________________ to go to Lily’s birthday party.
4. People believe that Bell invented the first telephone in 1876. （改为同义句）
______________________________ that Bell invented the first telephone in 1876.
5. My mother made this shirt last month. （改为被动语态）
This shirt______________________ by my mother last month.
6. The students were made to finish the homework at once by the teacher. （改为主动语态）
The teacher___________ the students___________ the homework at once.
7. The water is used for watering the flowers. （对画线部分提问）
______________________ the water used for?
8. What do people use the pen to do? （改为被动语态）
What___________ the pen___________ to do by people?
9. I was asked to play the piano. （对画线部分提问）
______________________ you___________ to do?
10. A large number of books have been sent to the Hope School in that village. （改为主动语态）
We_____________________ a large number of books to the Hope School in that village.
三、阅读理解（2018·永嘉模拟）
2017 Global Conference on Women and Entrepreneurship was held on July 10 in Hangzhou by Alibaba Group. It started dia-logues and actions on what could be done to encourage more women to achieve their professional and personal dreams.
The topic of women and entrepreneurship Alibaba’s main business. To make it easy to do business anywhere, Alibaba Group has helped millions of women to become entrepreneurs（创业者） in the fast-growing field of e-business. More than one third of its founders are women and nearly 50% of workers in Alibaba are women. Also, half of the sellers on its well-known Tmall and Taobao marketplaces are women, and most users with higher positive comments are women owners too.
Alibaba Group Chairman Jack Ma, known as the “friend to women”, participated in the meeting and gave an important speech. He pointed out that women are the “secret sauce” behind Alibaba Group’s success, and warned men of losing jobs to women and artificial（人工的） intelligence in 30 to 50 years.
“In the society of the future, physical work, espe-cially men’s, will be replaced by artificial intelligence. Women’s love, care and opinions will become the main-stream of the future world,” and “Mothers play an im-portant role in a family. An educated mother, a mother who has received college education, will not give up the chance to educate her children. She will raise them to give them even better education and living conditions.”
“There’s no doubt that the world will be a better place because of women’s creations and contributions（贡献）. We know that women will lead us to a better and brighter future. And we are happy to host so many creative and smart women to join the meeting. During the following days, we will start our dialogues and actions to work together to empower the next women leaders and entrepreneurs in China,” said Ma. “For Alibaba, women have always been an important part of Alibaba Group since it was formed. Without them, we would not be where we are today.”
（ ）1. Which of the following is the best expression for the blank in Paragraph 2?
A. almost keeps clear of
B. has nothing to do with
C. is quite different from
D. is extremely important to
（ ）2. The underlined phrase “participated in” in Paragraph 3 means “___________ ”.
A. missed B. changed
C. attended D. canceled
（ ）3. Which of the following sentences shows Jack Ma’s opinion towards women?
A. More and more women will be the leaders in the world.
B. Women’s love, care and opinions are better than men’s.
C. Women’s creations and contributions will bring a better world.
D. Women will play a more important role than men in Alibaba Group.
（ ）4. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. Women’s future jobs.
B. An educated mother.
C. Jack Ma and Alibaba Group.
D. Women’s social importance.
四、用所给词或词组的适当形式完成短文
Hong Kong 1___________（hand） back to China in 1997 by the British. In the past years many high buildings 2___________（build）. Many factories and schools 3___________（set up）.
The population of Hong Kong is over six million. 98 percent of the population are Chinese. Both the British and the Chinese spoke English in Hong Kong, as it 4___________（rule） by Britain since 1841.
Clothes, computers, radios and TV sets 5___________ （make） in Hong Kong. You can buy all kinds of things there.
There are many kinds of Chinese cooking in Hong Kong. Guangzhou cooking, Beijing cooking, Sichuan cooking and Shandong cooking 6___________ （welcome） by lots of people in Hong Kong. And some other wonderful amusement places 7___________（design） now. Welcome to Hong Kong.
五、语法填空（2018·宁波市北仑区模拟）
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空（每空不多于3个单词）。
Jack was a young man of twenty-nine. He had a small farm but he always thought 1 was tiring（令人劳累的） to work on it. He preferred lying in bed to looking after the corn. So there was a 2___________ of grass in the field and he was often hungry in winter. He had to live alone in an old house that needed repairing.
Now those who were 3___________ （young） than him had married and some of them had children. Jack was 4___________ （worry） about this and asked his friends to help him. But no girl liked a man like him.His friends told him to get much money if he wanted to have a wife. He thought 5___________ a long time and at last found a way. One night, he went into a shop while the shopkeeper 6___________ （sleep）. He found some gold coins in a box and took them 7___________ （quick）. But he was afraid the police would come, so he tried to find a safe place to hide them. He looked around and hoped to make a mark. Just then he saw there was a cloud in the 8___________ . He dug a hole under it and put the coins in it.
Several days later, Jack decided to take the coins out; 9___________ he couldn’t find the place and he couldn’t find the cloud, either.
“Perhaps someone has taken the coins,” Jack said to himself. “But whose 10___________ （arm） are long enough to take the cloud?”
参考答案
一、1. was moved 2. be put 3. be made
is allowed 5. have been sent 6. will be planted
7. was invited 8. is taken
二、1. grow, to make tea 2. Who/Whom were, by 3. was asked
It is believed 5. was made6. made, finish 7. What is
8. is, used 9. What were, asked 10. have sent
三、1—3. DCC
4. D 【解析】这篇文章主要讲了妇女的社会重要性。
四、1. was handed 2. have been built 3. have been set up 4. had been ruled
5. are made 6. are welcomed 7. are being designed
五、1. it 2. lot 3. younger 4. worried
5. for 6. was sleeping 7. quickly 8. sky
9. but 10. arms
