高考必备之非谓语动词重点知识讲与练（精选练习）
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| 名称 | 高考必备之非谓语动词重点知识讲与练（精选练习） |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2019-03-05 20:07:29 | ||
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高考必备之非谓语动词重点知识讲与练
概述：
在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、分词、动名词
（一）动词不定式
动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1、不定式的形式：
?
主??? 动
被?????? 动
一般式
to write
to be written
进行式
to be writing
/
完成式
to have written
to have been written
否定式：not + (to) do
1）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
2）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2、不定式的句法功能：
1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
A）动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to sent?
Have you got anything to be sent?
B）说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
C）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here. 6）作状语：
A）表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right: To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
B）表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.
C）表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
D）表程度：
It’s too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.
8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.
9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1、动名词的形式：
?????????? 语? 态
? 式
?
主动语态
?
被动语态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定式：not + 动名词
1）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
2）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2、动名词的句法功能：
1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It’s no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。
2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
3）作宾语：
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…（from）,protect…from,set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
4）作定语： He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school.你们学校有游泳池吗？
5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式：
现在
及? 物? 动? 词? write（与动名词结构一样）
不及物动词go（无被动）
分词
主动语态
被动语态
主动语态
一般式
writing
being written
going
完成式
having written
having been written
having gone
否定式：not + 现在分词
1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打兰球。
2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2、现在分词的句法功能：
1）作定语：
现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father. 正与老师谈话的人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改为the man who is speaking.
2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
4）现在分词作状语：
A）作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
B）作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
C）作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
D）作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
E）作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
F）作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
G）作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
H）与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
H）作独立成分：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
（四）过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能：
1、过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2、过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
The were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水）?????????????????????????????????? fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货）?? the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4、过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。
5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他开始撒种子。
非谓语动词用法对比
知识要点：
1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如：
Collecting information about children’s health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。
It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。
2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：
（1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do
（2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.
3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：
It’s no good (use, fun) doing.
It’s (a) waste of time （one’s ）doing.
It’s worth while doing.
4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。
The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。
This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。
The situation in Russian required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。
5、有些动词后面既可跟动词不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，注意它们的不同意思。
??????
doing sth????????????????
to do sth?????????????????
remember
记得做过某事，（动作已发生）
记得去做某事（动作未发生）
?? forget
忘了做过某事（动作已发生）
忘了去做某事（动作未发生）
?? regret
后悔过去做过的事
遗憾地去做事
?? mean
意味着做某事
?? 意欲、打算做某事
??? try
试着做某事（看会发生什么）
努力、设法、企图做某事
??? stop
??????? 停止做某事
停下来去做另一事
? go on
继续原来的事
接着做另一件事
can’t help
禁不住、情不自禁地做某事
无法帮助去做某事
?? learn
学会做某事
学着、开始学做某事
need / want/require
某事需要被做（= to be done）
需要做某事（主动意思）
6、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后将要发生的动作。例如：
He had a lot of work to do. 他有很多活要干。
7、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：
动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词正在进行的动作。
a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walking）
a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为a car for sleeping）
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为the sun which was rising）
the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing）
8、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如：
? a flying bird
? the running water
a well dressed woman 衣着讲究的女士（意同a woman who is dressed well）
a car parked at the gate 停在门口的小汽车（意同a car which was parked at the gate）
9、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：
He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。（结果状语）
To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（目的状语）
All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。(原因状语)
10、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：
Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市很美。（条件状语）
Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 当走进房时，他发现父亲生气了。（时间状语）
Being tired, they went on working. 虽然累了，但他们继续工作。（让步状语）
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。（原因状语）
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。（伴随状语）
课后练习题
1. The play ??????????next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
A. produced????????????? B. being producedC. to be produced???????? D. having been produced
2 For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _____ on his own farm.??
A. grown?? B. being grown?? C. to be grown?? D. to grow K
3. The way the guests _____ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service?
A. treated??? B. were treated?? C. would treat?? D. would be treated?
4. All of them try to use the power of the workstation information in a more effective way.??
A. presenting??? B. presented??? C. being presented??? D. to present?
5. _ __ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.??
A. Being bitten??? B. Bitten??? C. Having bitten????? D. To be bitten?
6. ?? ?not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.??
A. Reminding???? ?????? B. Reminded???? ??????? C. To remind???? ??? D. Having reminded
8．When he ???????the door, he found his keys were nowhere. ????????????? ????
A. would open ???????????? B. opened ?????????????????? C. had opened ???????????? D. was to open
9．At the age of 29, Dave was a worker,in a small apartment near Boston and ____ what to do about his future.
A. living; wondering ???? B. lived; wonderingC. lived; wondered ??? D. living; wondered
10. Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it ??????.
A. reusing ??????????????? B. reused ?????????????? C. reuses ????????????????? D. to be reused
11. Please do me a favor — ______ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight.
A. to invite ?????????????? B. inviting ????????????? C. invite ??????????????????? D. invited
12. _________ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.?
A. Giving???? B. Having given???? C. To give?????? D. Given?
13. The government plans to bring in new laws __ parents to take more responsibility for the education of children.?
A. forced?????? B. forcing??? C. to be forced???? D. having forced?
14 The children all turned????the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
A. looked at?? ???????B. to look atC. to looking at?? ???????? D. look at
15. Now that we’ve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions???
A. taking?? ???????????????? B. take? ????????????????????? C. taken?????????????????????? D. to take
16. We are invited to a party _________in? our club next Friday.??
A. to be held??????? B. held???????? C. being held???????? D. holding??
17。 I still remember?to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.??
A. to take???? B. to be taken???? C. taking????? D. being taken?
18. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____all four people on board.?
A. killed????????? B. killing?????????? C. kills???????? D. to kill?
19. With the government’s aid, those _____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.?
A. affect????????? B. affecting???????? C. affected??????? D. were affected?
20. Bill suggested _____ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.?
A. having held???? B. to hold?????????? C. holding???????? D. hold?
21. Ladies and gentlemen, please remain __________ until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A. seated? ???B. seating??? C. to seat??? D. seat
22. David threatened?????? ?his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.?
A. to be reported????????????????? B. reporting?C. to report?????????????????????? D. having reported?
23. He told us whether _________ a picnic was still under discussion
A. to have???? B. having??? C. have??? D. had
24. ________ many times, he finally understood it.?
A. Told???? B. Telling??? C. Having told??? D. Having been told?
25. ______ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
A. Competing??? B. Having completed?? C. To have completed? D. To complete
26. ____ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
A. Being encouraged????? B. EncouragingC. Encouraged?????????? D. Having encouraged
27．_____and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.
?????? A. the; a ???????????????????? B. Tired??????????????????????? C. Tiring????????????????????? D. Being tired
28．There is a great deal of evidence _______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.
???? A. indicate?????????????? B. indicating????????????????? C. to indicate??????????????? D. to be indicating
29. Michael’s?new?house?is?like?a?huge?palace, ______with?his?old?one.??
A. comparing????B. compares?C. to?compare???D. compared?
30. With the world changing fast, we have something new?????????? with all by ourselves every day.
A. deal?????????B. dealt?C. to?deal??????D. dealing?
31. They use computers to keep the ???????smoothly.????
A. being run?????? B. run???????? C. to run??????? D. running???
32. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, ??????reduce unemployment pressures.
A. help????????????? B. to have helped???? C. to help??? D. having helped
33.Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school, ???????the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad.
A. Attend????? B. To attend????? ???C. Attending??????? D. Having attended
概述：
在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、分词、动名词
（一）动词不定式
动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1、不定式的形式：
?
主??? 动
被?????? 动
一般式
to write
to be written
进行式
to be writing
/
完成式
to have written
to have been written
否定式：not + (to) do
1）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
2）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2、不定式的句法功能：
1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
A）动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to sent?
Have you got anything to be sent?
B）说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
C）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here. 6）作状语：
A）表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right: To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
B）表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.
C）表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
D）表程度：
It’s too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.
8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.
9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1、动名词的形式：
?????????? 语? 态
? 式
?
主动语态
?
被动语态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定式：not + 动名词
1）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
2）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2、动名词的句法功能：
1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It’s no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。
2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
3）作宾语：
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…（from）,protect…from,set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
4）作定语： He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school.你们学校有游泳池吗？
5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式：
现在
及? 物? 动? 词? write（与动名词结构一样）
不及物动词go（无被动）
分词
主动语态
被动语态
主动语态
一般式
writing
being written
going
完成式
having written
having been written
having gone
否定式：not + 现在分词
1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打兰球。
2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2、现在分词的句法功能：
1）作定语：
现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father. 正与老师谈话的人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改为the man who is speaking.
2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
4）现在分词作状语：
A）作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
B）作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
C）作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
D）作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
E）作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
F）作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
G）作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
H）与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
H）作独立成分：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
（四）过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能：
1、过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2、过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
The were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水）?????????????????????????????????? fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货）?? the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4、过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。
5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他开始撒种子。
非谓语动词用法对比
知识要点：
1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如：
Collecting information about children’s health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。
It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。
2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：
（1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do
（2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.
3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：
It’s no good (use, fun) doing.
It’s (a) waste of time （one’s ）doing.
It’s worth while doing.
4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。
The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。
This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。
The situation in Russian required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。
5、有些动词后面既可跟动词不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，注意它们的不同意思。
??????
doing sth????????????????
to do sth?????????????????
remember
记得做过某事，（动作已发生）
记得去做某事（动作未发生）
?? forget
忘了做过某事（动作已发生）
忘了去做某事（动作未发生）
?? regret
后悔过去做过的事
遗憾地去做事
?? mean
意味着做某事
?? 意欲、打算做某事
??? try
试着做某事（看会发生什么）
努力、设法、企图做某事
??? stop
??????? 停止做某事
停下来去做另一事
? go on
继续原来的事
接着做另一件事
can’t help
禁不住、情不自禁地做某事
无法帮助去做某事
?? learn
学会做某事
学着、开始学做某事
need / want/require
某事需要被做（= to be done）
需要做某事（主动意思）
6、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后将要发生的动作。例如：
He had a lot of work to do. 他有很多活要干。
7、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：
动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词正在进行的动作。
a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walking）
a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为a car for sleeping）
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为the sun which was rising）
the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing）
8、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如：
? a flying bird
? the running water
a well dressed woman 衣着讲究的女士（意同a woman who is dressed well）
a car parked at the gate 停在门口的小汽车（意同a car which was parked at the gate）
9、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：
He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。（结果状语）
To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（目的状语）
All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。(原因状语)
10、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：
Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市很美。（条件状语）
Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 当走进房时，他发现父亲生气了。（时间状语）
Being tired, they went on working. 虽然累了，但他们继续工作。（让步状语）
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。（原因状语）
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。（伴随状语）
课后练习题
1. The play ??????????next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
A. produced????????????? B. being producedC. to be produced???????? D. having been produced
2 For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _____ on his own farm.??
A. grown?? B. being grown?? C. to be grown?? D. to grow K
3. The way the guests _____ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service?
A. treated??? B. were treated?? C. would treat?? D. would be treated?
4. All of them try to use the power of the workstation information in a more effective way.??
A. presenting??? B. presented??? C. being presented??? D. to present?
5. _ __ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.??
A. Being bitten??? B. Bitten??? C. Having bitten????? D. To be bitten?
6. ?? ?not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.??
A. Reminding???? ?????? B. Reminded???? ??????? C. To remind???? ??? D. Having reminded
8．When he ???????the door, he found his keys were nowhere. ????????????? ????
A. would open ???????????? B. opened ?????????????????? C. had opened ???????????? D. was to open
9．At the age of 29, Dave was a worker,in a small apartment near Boston and ____ what to do about his future.
A. living; wondering ???? B. lived; wonderingC. lived; wondered ??? D. living; wondered
10. Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it ??????.
A. reusing ??????????????? B. reused ?????????????? C. reuses ????????????????? D. to be reused
11. Please do me a favor — ______ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight.
A. to invite ?????????????? B. inviting ????????????? C. invite ??????????????????? D. invited
12. _________ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.?
A. Giving???? B. Having given???? C. To give?????? D. Given?
13. The government plans to bring in new laws __ parents to take more responsibility for the education of children.?
A. forced?????? B. forcing??? C. to be forced???? D. having forced?
14 The children all turned????the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
A. looked at?? ???????B. to look atC. to looking at?? ???????? D. look at
15. Now that we’ve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions???
A. taking?? ???????????????? B. take? ????????????????????? C. taken?????????????????????? D. to take
16. We are invited to a party _________in? our club next Friday.??
A. to be held??????? B. held???????? C. being held???????? D. holding??
17。 I still remember?to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.??
A. to take???? B. to be taken???? C. taking????? D. being taken?
18. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____all four people on board.?
A. killed????????? B. killing?????????? C. kills???????? D. to kill?
19. With the government’s aid, those _____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.?
A. affect????????? B. affecting???????? C. affected??????? D. were affected?
20. Bill suggested _____ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.?
A. having held???? B. to hold?????????? C. holding???????? D. hold?
21. Ladies and gentlemen, please remain __________ until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A. seated? ???B. seating??? C. to seat??? D. seat
22. David threatened?????? ?his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.?
A. to be reported????????????????? B. reporting?C. to report?????????????????????? D. having reported?
23. He told us whether _________ a picnic was still under discussion
A. to have???? B. having??? C. have??? D. had
24. ________ many times, he finally understood it.?
A. Told???? B. Telling??? C. Having told??? D. Having been told?
25. ______ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
A. Competing??? B. Having completed?? C. To have completed? D. To complete
26. ____ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
A. Being encouraged????? B. EncouragingC. Encouraged?????????? D. Having encouraged
27．_____and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.
?????? A. the; a ???????????????????? B. Tired??????????????????????? C. Tiring????????????????????? D. Being tired
28．There is a great deal of evidence _______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.
???? A. indicate?????????????? B. indicating????????????????? C. to indicate??????????????? D. to be indicating
29. Michael’s?new?house?is?like?a?huge?palace, ______with?his?old?one.??
A. comparing????B. compares?C. to?compare???D. compared?
30. With the world changing fast, we have something new?????????? with all by ourselves every day.
A. deal?????????B. dealt?C. to?deal??????D. dealing?
31. They use computers to keep the ???????smoothly.????
A. being run?????? B. run???????? C. to run??????? D. running???
32. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, ??????reduce unemployment pressures.
A. help????????????? B. to have helped???? C. to help??? D. having helped
33.Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school, ???????the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad.
A. Attend????? B. To attend????? ???C. Attending??????? D. Having attended